Wireless communications: principles and practice
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Upper Saddle River, NJ
Prentice Hall PTR
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed., 17. print. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Prentice Hall communications engineering and emerging technologies series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 707 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0130422320 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Rappaport, Theodore S. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Wireless communications |b principles and practice |c Theodore S. Rappaport |
| 250 | |a 2. ed., 17. print. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Upper Saddle River, NJ |b Prentice Hall PTR |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 707 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Prentice Hall communications engineering and emerging technologies series | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mobilfunk | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137774130921472 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xix
Introduction
to Wireless Communication Systems
1
1.1
Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
1
1.2
Mobile Radiotelephony in the U.S.
4
1.3
Mobile Radio Systems Around the World
6
1.4
Examples of Wireless Communication Systems
9
1.4.1
Paging Systems
11
1.4.2
Cordless Telephone Systems
12
1.4.3
Cellular Telephone Systems
13
1.4.3.1
How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made
15
1.4.4
Comparison of Common Wireless Communication Systems
18
1.5
Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications
20
1.6
Problems
22
Modern Wireless Communication Systems
25
2.1
Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks
26
2.1.1
Evolution to 2.5G Wireless Networks
29
2.1.2
Evolution for 2.5G TDMA Standards
30
2.1.2.1
HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
30
2.1.2.2
GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-
136 31
2.1.2.3
EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-
136 33
2.1.3
IS-95B for 2.5G CDMA
34
2.2
Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks
34
2.2.1
3G W-CDMA (UMTS)
37
2.2.2
3G cdma2000
38
2.2.3
3G TD-SCDMA
39
2.3
Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS
40
2.4
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
46
2.5
Bluetooth and Personal Area Networks (PANs)
52
2.6
Summary
54
2.7
Problems
55
The Cellular Concept
—
System Design Fundamentals
57
3.1
Introduction
57
3.2
Frequency Reuse
58
3.3
Channel Assignment Strategies
62
3.4
Handoff Strategies
62
3.4.1
Prioritizing
Handoffs 65
3.4.2
Practical Handoff Considerations
66
3.5
Interference and System Capacity
67
3.5.1
Co-channel Interference and System Capacity
68
3.5.2
Channel Planning for Wireless Systems
72
3.5.3
Adjacent Channel Interference
74
3.5.4
Power Control for Reducing Interference
76
3.6
Trunking and Grade of Service
77
3.7
Improving Coverage
&
Capacity in Cellular Systems
86
3.7.1
Cell Splitting
86
3.7.2
Sectoring
90
3.7.3
Repeaters for Range Extension
93
3.7.4
A Microcell Zone Concept
93
3.8
Summary
96
3.9
Problems
97
Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss
105
4.1
Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation
105
4.2
Free Space Propagation Model
107
4.3
Relating Power to Electric Field
110
4.4
The Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms
113
4.5
Reflection
114
4.5.1
Reflection from Dielectrics
114
4.5.2
Brewster Angle
119
4.5.3
Reflection from Perfect Conductors
120
4.6
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
120
4.7
Diffraction
126
4.7.1
Fresnel Zone Geometry
126
4.7.2
Knife-edge Diffraction Model
129
4.7.3
Multiple Knife-edge Diffraction
134
4.8
Scattering
135
4.8.1
Radar Cross Section Model
136
4.9
Practical
Link Budget
Design
Using Path Loss
Models 138
4.9.1
Log-distance Path Loss Model
138
4.9.2
Log-normal Shadowing
139
4.9.3
Determination of Percentage of Coverage Area
141
4.10
Outdoor Propagation Models
145
4.10.1
Longley-Rice Model
145
4.10.2
Durkin s Model—A Case Study
146
4.10.3
Okumura Model
150
4.10.4
Hata
Model
153
4.10.5
PCS Extension to
Hata
Model
154
4.10.6 Walfisch
and
Bertoni
Model
155
4.10.7
Wideband PCS Microcell Model
155
4.11
Indoor Propagation Models
157
4.11.1
Partition Losses (same floor)
157
4.11.2
Partition Losses between Floors
160
4.11.3
Log-distance Path Loss Model
161
4.11.4
Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model
161
4.11.5
Attenuation Factor Model
163
4.12
Signal Penetration into Buildings
166
4.13
Ray Tracing and Site Specific Modeling
167
4.14
Problems
168
Mobile Radio Propagation: Small-Scale Fading and Multipath
177
5.1
Small-Scale Multipath Propagation
177
5.1.1
Factors Influencing Small-Scale Fading
178
5.1.2
Doppler
Shift
179
5.2
Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel
181
5.2.1
Relationship Between Bandwidth and Received Power
185
5.3
Small-Scale Multipath Measurements
192
5.3.1
Direct RF Pulse System
192
5.3.2
Spread Spectrum Sliding Correlator Channel Sounding
193
5.3.3
Frequency Domain Channel Sounding
196
5.4
Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels
197
5.4.1
Time Dispersion Parameters
199
5.4.2
Coherence Bandwidth
202
5.4.3
Doppler
Spread and Coherence Time
203
5.5
Types of Small-Scale Fading
205
5.5.1
Fading Effects Due to Multipath Time Delay Spread
205
5.5.1.1
Flat fading
205
5.5.1.2
Frequency Selective Fading
207
5.5.2
Fading Effects Due to
Doppler
Spread
208
5.5.2.1
Fast Fading
208
5.5.2.2
Slow Fading
209
5.6
Rayleigh
and Ricean Distributions
210
5.6.1
Rayleigh Fading Distribution
210
5.6.2
Ricean Fading Distribution
212
5.7
Statistical Models for Multipath Fading Channels
214
5.7.1
Clarke s Model for Flat Fading
214
5.7.1.1
Spectral Shape Due to
Doppler
Spread in Clarke s Model
217
5.7.2
Simulation of Clarke and
Gans
Fading Model
220
5.7.3
Level Crossing and Fading Statistics
223
5.7.4
Two-ray Rayleigh Fading Model
226
5.7.5
Saleh and Valenzuela Indoor Statistical Model
227
5.7.6
SIRCIM and SMRCIM Indoor and Outdoor Statistical Models
227
5.8
Theory of Multipath Shape Factors for Small-Scale Fading Wireless Channels
229
5.8.1
Introduction to Shape Factors
230
5.8.1.1
Multipath Shape Factors
232
Angular Spread,
Λ
232
Angular Constriction,
γ
233
Azimuthai
Direction of Maximum Fading, Qmax
233
5.8.1.2
Fading Rate Variance Relationships
233
Complex Received Voltage, V(r)
233
Received Power, P(r)
234
Received Envelope, R(r)
234
5.8.1.3
Comparison to Omnidirectional Propagation
234
5.8.2
Examples of Fading Behavior
236
5.8.2.1
Sector Channel Model
236
5.8.2.2
Double Sector Channel Model
239
5.8.2.3
Ricean Channel Model
240
5.8.3
Second-Order Statistics Using Shape Factors
240
5.8.3.1
Level-Crossing Rates and Average Fade Duration
242
5.8.3.2
Spatial Autocovariance
242
5.8.3.3
Coherence Distance
243
5.8.4
Applying Shape Factors to Wideband Channels
243
5.8.5
Revisiting Classical Channel Models with Shape Factors
244
5.9
Summary
247
5.10
Problems
248
Modulation Techniques for Mobile Radio
255
6.1
Frequency Modulation vs. Amplitude Modulation
256
6.2
Amplitude Modulation
257
6.2.1
Single Sideband AM
260
6.2.2
Pilot Tone SSB
261
6.2.3
Demodulation of AM signals
262
6.3
Angle Modulation
264
6.3.1
Spectra and Bandwidth of
FM
Signals
266
6.3.2 FM
Modulation Methods
267
6.3.3 FM
Detection Techniques
268
6.3.4
Tradeoff Between
SNR
and Bandwidth in an
FM
Signal
276
6.4
Digital Modulation
—
an Overview
277
6.4.1
Factors That Influence the Choice of Digital Modulation
278
6.4.2
Bandwidth and Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals
281
6.5
Line Coding
282
6.6
Pulse Shaping Techniques
282
6.6.1
Nyquist Criterion for
ISI
Cancellation
282
6.6.2
Raised Cosine Rolloff Filter
287
6.6.3
Gaussian Pulse-Shaping Filter
290
6.7
Geometric Representation of Modulation Signals
291
6.8
Linear Modulation Techniques
294
6.8.1
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
295
6.8.2
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
298
6.8.3
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
300
6.8.4
QPSK Transmission and Detection Techniques
301
6.8.5
Offset QPSK
303
6.8.6
π/4
QPSK
305
6.8.7
π/4
QPSK Transmission Techniques
305
6.8.8
π/4
QPSK Detection Techniques
308
6.9
Constant Envelope Modulation
311
6.9.1
Binary Frequency Shift Keying
312
6.9.2
Minimum Shift Keying
(MSK)
314
6.9.3
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
318
6.10
Combined Linear and Constant Envelope Modulation Techniques
322
6.10.1
M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK)
323
6.10.2
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
325
6.10.3
M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK) and OFDM
328
6.11
Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques
329
6.11.1
Pseudo-Noise (PN) Sequences
330
6.11.2
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)
331
6.11.3
Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FH-SS)
334
6.11.4
Performance of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
335
6.11.5
Performance of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
338
6.12
Modulation Performance in Fading and Multipath Channels
339
6.12.1
Performance of Digital Modulation in Slow Flat-Fading Channels
340
6.12.2
Digital Modulation in Frequency Selective Mobile Channels
344
6.12.3
Performance of
π/4
DQPSK in Fading and Interference
346
6.13
Problems
350
Equalization, Diversity, and Channel Coding
355
7.1
Introduction
355
7.2
Fundamentals of Equalization
356
7.3
Training A Generic Adaptive Equalizer
359
7.4
Equalizers
in a Communications Receiver
7.5
Survey of Equalization Techniques
7.6
Linear Equalizers
7.7
Nonlinear Equalization
7.7.1
Decision Feedback Equalization (DFE)
7.7.2
Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation
(MLSE)
Equalizer
7.8
Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization
7.8.1
Zero Forcing Algorithm
7.8.2
Least Mean Square Algorithm
7.8.3
Recursive Least Squares Algorithm
7.8.4
Summary of Algorithms
7.9
Fractionally Spaced Equalizers
7.10
Diversity Techniques
7.10.1
Derivation of Selection Diversity Improvement
7.10.2
Derivation of Maximal Ratio Combining Improvement
7.10.3
Practical Space Diversity Considerations
7.10.3.1
Selection Diversity
7.10.3.2
Feedback or Scanning Diversity
7.10.3.3
Maximal Ratio Combining
7.10.3.4
Equal Gain Combining
7.10.4
Polarization Diversity
7.10.5
Frequency Diversity
7.10.6
Time Diversity
7.11
RAKE Receiver
7.12
Interleaving
7.13
Fundamentals of Channel Coding
7.14
Block Codes and Finite Fields
7.14.1
Examples of Block Codes
7.14.2
Case Study: Reed-Solomon Codes for CDPD
7.14.2.1
Reed-Solomon Encoding
7.14.2.2
Reed-Solomon Decoding
7.15
Convolutional Codes
7.15.1
Decoding of Convolutional Codes
7.15.1.1
The Viterbi Algorithm
7.15.1.2
Other Decoding Algorithms for Convolutional Codes
7.16
Coding Gain
7.17
Trellis Coded Modulation
7.18
Turbo Codes
7.19
Problems
Speech Coding
415
8.1
Introduction
415
8.2
Characteristics of Speech Signals
417
8.3
Quantization
Techniques
418
8.3.1
Uniform Quantization
418
8.3.2
Nonuniform
Quantization
419
8.3.3
Adaptive Quantization
421
8.3.4
Vector Quantization
422
8.4
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM)
423
8.5
Frequency Domain Coding of Speech
425
8.5.1
Sub-band Coding
425
8.5.2
Adaptive Transform Coding
428
8.6
Vocoders
429
8.6.1
Channel Vocoders
429
8.6.2
Formant
Vocoders
430
8.6.3
Cepstrum Vocoders
430
8.6.4
Voice-Excited Vocoder
431
8.7
Linear Predictive Coders
431
8.7.1
LPC Vocoders
431
8.7.2
Multipulse Excited LPC
434
8.7.3
Code-Excited LPC
434
8.7.4
Residual Excited LPC
436
8.8
Choosing Speech Codecs for Mobile Communications
436
8.9
The GSM Codec
440
8.10
The USDC Codec
442
8.11
Performance Evaluation of Speech Coders
442
8.12
Problems
445
Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications
447
9.1
Introduction
447
9.1.1
Introduction to Multiple Access
448
9.2
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
449
9.3
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
453
9.4
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
456
9.4.1
Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA)
457
9.4.2
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
458
9.4.3
Hybrid Spread Spectrum Techniques
459
9.5
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
461
9.6
Packet Radio
462
9.6.1
Packet Radio Protocols
463
9.6.1.1
Pure ALOHA
464
9.6.1.2
Slotted ALOHA
465
9.6.2
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Protocols
466
9.6.3
Reservation Protocols
467
9.6.3.1
Reservation ALOHA
467
9.6.3.2
Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA)
468
9.6.4
Capture Effect in Packet Radio
468
9.7
Capacity of Cellular Systems
469
9.7.1
Capacity of Cellular CDMA
474
9.7.2
Capacity of CDMA with Multiple Cells
477
9.7.3
Capacity of Space Division Multiple Access
484
9.8
Problems
488
1
0
Wireless Networking
491
10.1
Introduction to Wireless Networks
491
10.2
Differences Between Wireless and Fixed Telephone Networks
493
10.2.1
The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
493
10.2.2
Limitations in Wireless Networking
495
10.2.3
Merging Wireless Networks and the PSTN
496
10.3
Development of Wireless Networks
497
10.3.1
First Generation Wireless Networks
497
10.3.2
Second Generation Wireless Networks
499
10.3.3
Third Generation Wireless Networks
500
10.4
Fixed Network Transmission Hierarchy
501
10.5
Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks
502
10.5.1
Circuit Switching
503
10.5.2
Packet Switching
504
10.5.3
The X.25 Protocol
505
10.6
Wireless Data Services
506
10.6.1
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)
506
10.6.2
Advanced Radio Data Information Systems
(ARDIS)
508
10.6.3
RAM Mobile Data (RMD)
508
10.7
Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
510
10.7.1
The Distributed Central Switching Office for CCS
510
10.8
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
512
10.8.1
Broadband ISDN and ATM
513
10.9
Signaling System No.
7
(SS7)
514
10.9.1
Network Services Part (NSP) of SS7
515
10.9.1.1
Message Transfer Part (MTP) of SS7
516
10.9.1.2
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) of SS7
517
10.9.2
The SS7 User Part
517
10.9.2.1
Integrated Services Digital Network User Part (ISUP)
517
10.9.2.2
Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)
518
10.9.2.3
Operation Maintenance and Administration Part
(ОМАР)
518
10.9.3
Signaling Traffic in SS7
518
10.9.4
SS7 Services
519
10.9.5
Performance of SS7
519
10.10
An Example of SS7
—
Global Cellular Network Interoperability
520
10.11 Personal
Communication
Services/Networks (PCS/PCNs)
522
10.11.1
Packet vs. Circuit Switching for
PCN
523
10.11.2
Cellular Packet-Switched Architecture
523
10.11.2.1
Network Functionality in Cellular Packet-Switched Architecture
527
10.12
Protocols for Network Access
527
10.12.1
Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA)
528
10.13
Network Databases
529
10.13.1
Distributed Database for Mobility Management
529
10.14
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
530
10.15
Summary
531
11
Wireless Systems and Standards
533
11.1
AMPS and ETACS
533
11.1.1
AMPS and ETACS System Overview
534
11.1.2
Call Handling in AMPS and ETACS
535
11.1.3
AMPS and ETACS Air Interface
537
11.1.4
N-AMPS
540
11.2
United States Digital Cellular (IS-54 and IS-
136) 541
11.2.1
USDC Radio Interface
542
11.2.2
United States Digital Cellular Derivatives (IS-94 and IS-
136) 548
11.3
Global System for Mobile (GSM)
549
11.3.1
GSM Services and Features
550
11.3.2
GSM System Architecture
551
11.3.3
GSM Radio Subsystem
553
11.3.4
GSM Channel Types
555
11.3.4.1
GSM Traffic Channels (TCHs)
555
11.3.4.2
GSM Control Channels (CCH)
557
11.3.5
Example of a GSM Call
560
11.3.6
Frame Structure for GSM
561
11.3.7
Signal Processing in GSM
563
11.4
CDMA Digital Cellular Standard (IS-95)
567
11.4.1
Frequency and Channel Specifications
567
11.4.2
Forward CDMA Channel
569
11.4.2.1
Convolutional Encoder and Repetition Circuit
569
11.4.2.2
Block Interleaver
571
11.4.2.3
Long PN Sequence
571
11.4.2.4
Data Scrambler
572
11.4.2.5
Power Control Subchannel
572
11.4.2.6
Orthogonal Covering
573
11.4.2.7
Quadrature Modulation
574
11.4.3
Reverse CDMA Channel
575
11.4.3.1
Convolutional Encoder and Symbol Repetition
576
11.4.3.2
Block Interleaver
576
11.4.3.3
Orthogonal Modulation
576
11.4.3.4 Variable Data Rate Transmission 576
11.4.3.5
Direct
Sequence Spreading
578
11.4.3.6
Quadrature Modulation
580
11.4.4
IS-95 with
14.4
kbps Speech Coder [ANS95]
580
11.5
CT2 Standard for Cordless Telephones
580
11.5.1
CT2 Services and Features
580
11.5.2
The CT2 Standard
581
11.6
Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT)
582
11.6.1
Features and Characteristics
582
11.6.2
DECT Architecture
582
11.6.3
DECT Functional Concept
584
11.6.4
DECT Radio Link
584
11.7
PACS
—
Personal Access Communication Systems
587
11.7.1
PACS System Architecture
587
11.7.2
PACS Radio Interface
587
11.8
Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC)
590
11.9
Personal Handyphone System (PHS)
590
11.10
US PCS and ISM Bands
591
11.11
US Wireless Cable Television
593
11.12
Summary of Standards Throughout the World
594
11.13
Problems
597
Appendices
A Trunking Theory
601
A.I
Erlang
В
602
Α.
1.1
Derivation of
Erlang
В
602
A.2
Erlang
С
607
A.2.1
Derivation of
Erlang
С
607
В
Noise Figure Calculations for Link Budgets
611
С
Rate Variance Relationships for Shape Factor Theory
615
C.I Rate Variance for Complex Voltage
615
C.2 Rate Variance for Power
617
C.3 Rate Variance for Envelope
617
D
Approximate Spatial Autocovariance Function
for Shape Factor Theory
619
E
Gaussian Approximations for Spread Spectrum CDMA
621
E.
1
The Gaussian Approximation
629
E.2 The Improved Gaussian Approximation
(IGA)
635
E.3 A Simplified Expression for the Improved Gaussian Approximation (SEIGA)
637
F Q,
erf
&
erfc
Functions
645
F.l The
ß-Function 645
F.2 The erfand
еф
Functions
648
G
Mathematical Tables, Functions, and Transforms
651
H
Abbreviations and Acronyms
661
I References
675
INDEX
693
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface
xix
Introduction
to Wireless Communication Systems
1
1.1
Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
1
1.2
Mobile Radiotelephony in the U.S.
4
1.3
Mobile Radio Systems Around the World
6
1.4
Examples of Wireless Communication Systems
9
1.4.1
Paging Systems
11
1.4.2
Cordless Telephone Systems
12
1.4.3
Cellular Telephone Systems
13
1.4.3.1
How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made
15
1.4.4
Comparison of Common Wireless Communication Systems
18
1.5
Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications
20
1.6
Problems
22
Modern Wireless Communication Systems
25
2.1
Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks
26
2.1.1
Evolution to 2.5G Wireless Networks
29
2.1.2
Evolution for 2.5G TDMA Standards
30
2.1.2.1
HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
30
2.1.2.2
GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-
136 31
2.1.2.3
EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-
136 33
2.1.3
IS-95B for 2.5G CDMA
34
2.2
Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks
34
2.2.1
3G W-CDMA (UMTS)
37
2.2.2
3G cdma2000
38
2.2.3
3G TD-SCDMA
39
2.3
Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS
40
2.4
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
46
2.5
Bluetooth and Personal Area Networks (PANs)
52
2.6
Summary
54
2.7
Problems
55
The Cellular Concept
—
System Design Fundamentals
57
3.1
Introduction
57
3.2
Frequency Reuse
58
3.3
Channel Assignment Strategies
62
3.4
Handoff Strategies
62
3.4.1
Prioritizing
Handoffs 65
3.4.2
Practical Handoff Considerations
66
3.5
Interference and System Capacity
67
3.5.1
Co-channel Interference and System Capacity
68
3.5.2
Channel Planning for Wireless Systems
72
3.5.3
Adjacent Channel Interference
74
3.5.4
Power Control for Reducing Interference
76
3.6
Trunking and Grade of Service
77
3.7
Improving Coverage
&
Capacity in Cellular Systems
86
3.7.1
Cell Splitting
86
3.7.2
Sectoring
90
3.7.3
Repeaters for Range Extension
93
3.7.4
A Microcell Zone Concept
93
3.8
Summary
96
3.9
Problems
97
Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss
105
4.1
Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation
105
4.2
Free Space Propagation Model
107
4.3
Relating Power to Electric Field
110
4.4
The Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms
113
4.5
Reflection
114
4.5.1
Reflection from Dielectrics
114
4.5.2
Brewster Angle
119
4.5.3
Reflection from Perfect Conductors
120
4.6
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
120
4.7
Diffraction
126
4.7.1
Fresnel Zone Geometry
126
4.7.2
Knife-edge Diffraction Model
129
4.7.3
Multiple Knife-edge Diffraction
134
4.8
Scattering
135
4.8.1
Radar Cross Section Model
136
4.9
Practical
Link Budget
Design
Using Path Loss
Models 138
4.9.1
Log-distance Path Loss Model
138
4.9.2
Log-normal Shadowing
139
4.9.3
Determination of Percentage of Coverage Area
141
4.10
Outdoor Propagation Models
145
4.10.1
Longley-Rice Model
145
4.10.2
Durkin's Model—A Case Study
146
4.10.3
Okumura Model
150
4.10.4
Hata
Model
153
4.10.5
PCS Extension to
Hata
Model
154
4.10.6 Walfisch
and
Bertoni
Model
155
4.10.7
Wideband PCS Microcell Model
155
4.11
Indoor Propagation Models
157
4.11.1
Partition Losses (same floor)
157
4.11.2
Partition Losses between Floors
160
4.11.3
Log-distance Path Loss Model
161
4.11.4
Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model
161
4.11.5
Attenuation Factor Model
163
4.12
Signal Penetration into Buildings
166
4.13
Ray Tracing and Site Specific Modeling
167
4.14
Problems
168
Mobile Radio Propagation: Small-Scale Fading and Multipath
177
5.1
Small-Scale Multipath Propagation
177
5.1.1
Factors Influencing Small-Scale Fading
178
5.1.2
Doppler
Shift
179
5.2
Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel
181
5.2.1
Relationship Between Bandwidth and Received Power
185
5.3
Small-Scale Multipath Measurements
192
5.3.1
Direct RF Pulse System
192
5.3.2
Spread Spectrum Sliding Correlator Channel Sounding
193
5.3.3
Frequency Domain Channel Sounding
196
5.4
Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels
197
5.4.1
Time Dispersion Parameters
199
5.4.2
Coherence Bandwidth
202
5.4.3
Doppler
Spread and Coherence Time
203
5.5
Types of Small-Scale Fading
205
5.5.1
Fading Effects Due to Multipath Time Delay Spread
205
5.5.1.1
Flat fading
205
5.5.1.2
Frequency Selective Fading
207
5.5.2
Fading Effects Due to
Doppler
Spread
208
5.5.2.1
Fast Fading
208
5.5.2.2
Slow Fading
209
5.6
Rayleigh
and Ricean Distributions
210
5.6.1
Rayleigh Fading Distribution
210
5.6.2
Ricean Fading Distribution
212
5.7
Statistical Models for Multipath Fading Channels
214
5.7.1
Clarke's Model for Flat Fading
214
5.7.1.1
Spectral Shape Due to
Doppler
Spread in Clarke's Model
217
5.7.2
Simulation of Clarke and
Gans
Fading Model
220
5.7.3
Level Crossing and Fading Statistics
223
5.7.4
Two-ray Rayleigh Fading Model
226
5.7.5
Saleh and Valenzuela Indoor Statistical Model
227
5.7.6
SIRCIM and SMRCIM Indoor and Outdoor Statistical Models
227
5.8
Theory of Multipath Shape Factors for Small-Scale Fading Wireless Channels
229
5.8.1
Introduction to Shape Factors
230
5.8.1.1
Multipath Shape Factors
232
Angular Spread,
Λ
232
Angular Constriction,
γ
233
Azimuthai
Direction of Maximum Fading, Qmax
233
5.8.1.2
Fading Rate Variance Relationships
233
Complex Received Voltage, V(r)
233
Received Power, P(r)
234
Received Envelope, R(r)
234
5.8.1.3
Comparison to Omnidirectional Propagation
234
5.8.2
Examples of Fading Behavior
236
5.8.2.1
Sector Channel Model
236
5.8.2.2
Double Sector Channel Model
239
5.8.2.3
Ricean Channel Model
240
5.8.3
Second-Order Statistics Using Shape Factors
240
5.8.3.1
Level-Crossing Rates and Average Fade Duration
242
5.8.3.2
Spatial Autocovariance
242
5.8.3.3
Coherence Distance
243
5.8.4
Applying Shape Factors to Wideband Channels
243
5.8.5
Revisiting Classical Channel Models with Shape Factors
244
5.9
Summary
247
5.10
Problems
248
Modulation Techniques for Mobile Radio
255
6.1
Frequency Modulation vs. Amplitude Modulation
256
6.2
Amplitude Modulation
257
6.2.1
Single Sideband AM
260
6.2.2
Pilot Tone SSB
261
6.2.3
Demodulation of AM signals
262
6.3
Angle Modulation
264
6.3.1
Spectra and Bandwidth of
FM
Signals
266
6.3.2 FM
Modulation Methods
267
6.3.3 FM
Detection Techniques
268
6.3.4
Tradeoff Between
SNR
and Bandwidth in an
FM
Signal
276
6.4
Digital Modulation
—
an Overview
277
6.4.1
Factors That Influence the Choice of Digital Modulation
278
6.4.2
Bandwidth and Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals
281
6.5
Line Coding
282
6.6
Pulse Shaping Techniques
282
6.6.1
Nyquist Criterion for
ISI
Cancellation
282
6.6.2
Raised Cosine Rolloff Filter
287
6.6.3
Gaussian Pulse-Shaping Filter
290
6.7
Geometric Representation of Modulation Signals
291
6.8
Linear Modulation Techniques
294
6.8.1
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
295
6.8.2
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
298
6.8.3
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
300
6.8.4
QPSK Transmission and Detection Techniques
301
6.8.5
Offset QPSK
303
6.8.6
π/4
QPSK
305
6.8.7
π/4
QPSK Transmission Techniques
305
6.8.8
π/4
QPSK Detection Techniques
308
6.9
Constant Envelope Modulation
311
6.9.1
Binary Frequency Shift Keying
312
6.9.2
Minimum Shift Keying
(MSK)
314
6.9.3
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
318
6.10
Combined Linear and Constant Envelope Modulation Techniques
322
6.10.1
M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK)
323
6.10.2
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
325
6.10.3
M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK) and OFDM
328
6.11
Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques
329
6.11.1
Pseudo-Noise (PN) Sequences
330
6.11.2
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)
331
6.11.3
Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FH-SS)
334
6.11.4
Performance of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
335
6.11.5
Performance of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
338
6.12
Modulation Performance in Fading and Multipath Channels
339
6.12.1
Performance of Digital Modulation in Slow Flat-Fading Channels
340
6.12.2
Digital Modulation in Frequency Selective Mobile Channels
344
6.12.3
Performance of
π/4
DQPSK in Fading and Interference
346
6.13
Problems
350
Equalization, Diversity, and Channel Coding
355
7.1
Introduction
355
7.2
Fundamentals of Equalization
356
7.3
Training A Generic Adaptive Equalizer
359
7.4
Equalizers
in a Communications Receiver
7.5
Survey of Equalization Techniques
7.6
Linear Equalizers
7.7
Nonlinear Equalization
7.7.1
Decision Feedback Equalization (DFE)
7.7.2
Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation
(MLSE)
Equalizer
7.8
Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization
7.8.1
Zero Forcing Algorithm
7.8.2
Least Mean Square Algorithm
7.8.3
Recursive Least Squares Algorithm
7.8.4
Summary of Algorithms
7.9
Fractionally Spaced Equalizers
7.10
Diversity Techniques
7.10.1
Derivation of Selection Diversity Improvement
7.10.2
Derivation of Maximal Ratio Combining Improvement
7.10.3
Practical Space Diversity Considerations
7.10.3.1
Selection Diversity
7.10.3.2
Feedback or Scanning Diversity
7.10.3.3
Maximal Ratio Combining
7.10.3.4
Equal Gain Combining
7.10.4
Polarization Diversity
7.10.5
Frequency Diversity
7.10.6
Time Diversity
7.11
RAKE Receiver
7.12
Interleaving
7.13
Fundamentals of Channel Coding
7.14
Block Codes and Finite Fields
7.14.1
Examples of Block Codes
7.14.2
Case Study: Reed-Solomon Codes for CDPD
7.14.2.1
Reed-Solomon Encoding
7.14.2.2
Reed-Solomon Decoding
7.15
Convolutional Codes
7.15.1
Decoding of Convolutional Codes
7.15.1.1
The Viterbi Algorithm
7.15.1.2
Other Decoding Algorithms for Convolutional Codes
7.16
Coding Gain
7.17
Trellis Coded Modulation
7.18
Turbo Codes
7.19
Problems
Speech Coding
415
8.1
Introduction
415
8.2
Characteristics of Speech Signals
417
8.3
Quantization
Techniques
418
8.3.1
Uniform Quantization
418
8.3.2
Nonuniform
Quantization
419
8.3.3
Adaptive Quantization
421
8.3.4
Vector Quantization
422
8.4
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM)
423
8.5
Frequency Domain Coding of Speech
425
8.5.1
Sub-band Coding
425
8.5.2
Adaptive Transform Coding
428
8.6
Vocoders
429
8.6.1
Channel Vocoders
429
8.6.2
Formant
Vocoders
430
8.6.3
Cepstrum Vocoders
430
8.6.4
Voice-Excited Vocoder
431
8.7
Linear Predictive Coders
431
8.7.1
LPC Vocoders
431
8.7.2
Multipulse Excited LPC
434
8.7.3
Code-Excited LPC
434
8.7.4
Residual Excited LPC
436
8.8
Choosing Speech Codecs for Mobile Communications
436
8.9
The GSM Codec
440
8.10
The USDC Codec
442
8.11
Performance Evaluation of Speech Coders
442
8.12
Problems
445
Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications
447
9.1
Introduction
447
9.1.1
Introduction to Multiple Access
448
9.2
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
449
9.3
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
453
9.4
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
456
9.4.1
Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA)
457
9.4.2
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
458
9.4.3
Hybrid Spread Spectrum Techniques
459
9.5
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
461
9.6
Packet Radio
462
9.6.1
Packet Radio Protocols
463
9.6.1.1
Pure ALOHA
464
9.6.1.2
Slotted ALOHA
465
9.6.2
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Protocols
466
9.6.3
Reservation Protocols
467
9.6.3.1
Reservation ALOHA
467
9.6.3.2
Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA)
468
9.6.4
Capture Effect in Packet Radio
468
9.7
Capacity of Cellular Systems
469
9.7.1
Capacity of Cellular CDMA
474
9.7.2
Capacity of CDMA with Multiple Cells
477
9.7.3
Capacity of Space Division Multiple Access
484
9.8
Problems
488
1
0
Wireless Networking
491
10.1
Introduction to Wireless Networks
491
10.2
Differences Between Wireless and Fixed Telephone Networks
493
10.2.1
The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
493
10.2.2
Limitations in Wireless Networking
495
10.2.3
Merging Wireless Networks and the PSTN
496
10.3
Development of Wireless Networks
497
10.3.1
First Generation Wireless Networks
497
10.3.2
Second Generation Wireless Networks
499
10.3.3
Third Generation Wireless Networks
500
10.4
Fixed Network Transmission Hierarchy
501
10.5
Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks
502
10.5.1
Circuit Switching
503
10.5.2
Packet Switching
504
10.5.3
The X.25 Protocol
505
10.6
Wireless Data Services
506
10.6.1
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)
506
10.6.2
Advanced Radio Data Information Systems
(ARDIS)
508
10.6.3
RAM Mobile Data (RMD)
508
10.7
Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
510
10.7.1
The Distributed Central Switching Office for CCS
510
10.8
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
512
10.8.1
Broadband ISDN and ATM
513
10.9
Signaling System No.
7
(SS7)
514
10.9.1
Network Services Part (NSP) of SS7
515
10.9.1.1
Message Transfer Part (MTP) of SS7
516
10.9.1.2
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) of SS7
517
10.9.2
The SS7 User Part
517
10.9.2.1
Integrated Services Digital Network User Part (ISUP)
517
10.9.2.2
Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)
518
10.9.2.3
Operation Maintenance and Administration Part
(ОМАР)
518
10.9.3
Signaling Traffic in SS7
518
10.9.4
SS7 Services
519
10.9.5
Performance of SS7
519
10.10
An Example of SS7
—
Global Cellular Network Interoperability
520
10.11 Personal
Communication
Services/Networks (PCS/PCNs)
522
10.11.1
Packet vs. Circuit Switching for
PCN
523
10.11.2
Cellular Packet-Switched Architecture
523
10.11.2.1
Network Functionality in Cellular Packet-Switched Architecture
527
10.12
Protocols for Network Access
527
10.12.1
Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA)
528
10.13
Network Databases
529
10.13.1
Distributed Database for Mobility Management
529
10.14
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
530
10.15
Summary
531
11
Wireless Systems and Standards
533
11.1
AMPS and ETACS
533
11.1.1
AMPS and ETACS System Overview
534
11.1.2
Call Handling in AMPS and ETACS
535
11.1.3
AMPS and ETACS Air Interface
537
11.1.4
N-AMPS
540
11.2
United States Digital Cellular (IS-54 and IS-
136) 541
11.2.1
USDC Radio Interface
542
11.2.2
United States Digital Cellular Derivatives (IS-94 and IS-
136) 548
11.3
Global System for Mobile (GSM)
549
11.3.1
GSM Services and Features
550
11.3.2
GSM System Architecture
551
11.3.3
GSM Radio Subsystem
553
11.3.4
GSM Channel Types
555
11.3.4.1
GSM Traffic Channels (TCHs)
555
11.3.4.2
GSM Control Channels (CCH)
557
11.3.5
Example of a GSM Call
560
11.3.6
Frame Structure for GSM
561
11.3.7
Signal Processing in GSM
563
11.4
CDMA Digital Cellular Standard (IS-95)
567
11.4.1
Frequency and Channel Specifications
567
11.4.2
Forward CDMA Channel
569
11.4.2.1
Convolutional Encoder and Repetition Circuit
569
11.4.2.2
Block Interleaver
571
11.4.2.3
Long PN Sequence
571
11.4.2.4
Data Scrambler
572
11.4.2.5
Power Control Subchannel
572
11.4.2.6
Orthogonal Covering
573
11.4.2.7
Quadrature Modulation
574
11.4.3
Reverse CDMA Channel
575
11.4.3.1
Convolutional Encoder and Symbol Repetition
576
11.4.3.2
Block Interleaver
576
11.4.3.3
Orthogonal Modulation
576
11.4.3.4 Variable Data Rate Transmission 576
11.4.3.5
Direct
Sequence Spreading
578
11.4.3.6
Quadrature Modulation
580
11.4.4
IS-95 with
14.4
kbps Speech Coder [ANS95]
580
11.5
CT2 Standard for Cordless Telephones
580
11.5.1
CT2 Services and Features
580
11.5.2
The CT2 Standard
581
11.6
Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT)
582
11.6.1
Features and Characteristics
582
11.6.2
DECT Architecture
582
11.6.3
DECT Functional Concept
584
11.6.4
DECT Radio Link
584
11.7
PACS
—
Personal Access Communication Systems
587
11.7.1
PACS System Architecture
587
11.7.2
PACS Radio Interface
587
11.8
Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC)
590
11.9
Personal Handyphone System (PHS)
590
11.10
US PCS and ISM Bands
591
11.11
US Wireless Cable Television
593
11.12
Summary of Standards Throughout the World
594
11.13
Problems
597
Appendices
A Trunking Theory
601
A.I
Erlang
В
602
Α.
1.1
Derivation of
Erlang
В
602
A.2
Erlang
С
607
A.2.1
Derivation of
Erlang
С
607
В
Noise Figure Calculations for Link Budgets
611
С
Rate Variance Relationships for Shape Factor Theory
615
C.I Rate Variance for Complex Voltage
615
C.2 Rate Variance for Power
617
C.3 Rate Variance for Envelope
617
D
Approximate Spatial Autocovariance Function
for Shape Factor Theory
619
E
Gaussian Approximations for Spread Spectrum CDMA
621
E.
1
The Gaussian Approximation
629
E.2 The Improved Gaussian Approximation
(IGA)
635
E.3 A Simplified Expression for the Improved Gaussian Approximation (SEIGA)
637
F Q,
erf
&
erfc
Functions
645
F.l The
ß-Function 645
F.2 The erfand
еф
Functions
648
G
Mathematical Tables, Functions, and Transforms
651
H
Abbreviations and Acronyms
661
I References
675
INDEX
693 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Rappaport, Theodore S. |
| author_facet | Rappaport, Theodore S. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rappaport, Theodore S. |
| author_variant | t s r ts tsr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023394735 |
| classification_rvk | ZN 6400 ZN 6550 ZN 6560 |
| classification_tum | ELT 745f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)552213709 (DE-599)BVBBV023394735 |
| dewey-full | 621.382 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.382 |
| dewey-search | 621.382 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.382 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Elektrotechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| edition | 2. ed., 17. print. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023394735 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:21:25Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:17:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0130422320 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016577620 |
| oclc_num | 552213709 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-83 |
| physical | XXIII, 707 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Prentice Hall PTR |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Prentice Hall communications engineering and emerging technologies series |
| spelling | Rappaport, Theodore S. Verfasser aut Wireless communications principles and practice Theodore S. Rappaport 2. ed., 17. print. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall PTR 2008 XXIII, 707 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Prentice Hall communications engineering and emerging technologies series Mobilfunk Mobilfunk (DE-588)4170280-3 gnd rswk-swf Mobile Telekommunikation (DE-588)4341131-9 gnd rswk-swf Kommunikationstechnik (DE-588)4031888-6 gnd rswk-swf Funknetz (DE-588)4216130-7 gnd rswk-swf Funktechnik (DE-588)4018908-9 gnd rswk-swf Mobilfunk (DE-588)4170280-3 s DE-604 Kommunikationstechnik (DE-588)4031888-6 s Funknetz (DE-588)4216130-7 s Mobile Telekommunikation (DE-588)4341131-9 s Funktechnik (DE-588)4018908-9 s 1\p DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016577620&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless communications principles and practice Mobilfunk Mobilfunk (DE-588)4170280-3 gnd Mobile Telekommunikation (DE-588)4341131-9 gnd Kommunikationstechnik (DE-588)4031888-6 gnd Funknetz (DE-588)4216130-7 gnd Funktechnik (DE-588)4018908-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4170280-3 (DE-588)4341131-9 (DE-588)4031888-6 (DE-588)4216130-7 (DE-588)4018908-9 |
| title | Wireless communications principles and practice |
| title_auth | Wireless communications principles and practice |
| title_exact_search | Wireless communications principles and practice |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Wireless communications principles and practice |
| title_full | Wireless communications principles and practice Theodore S. Rappaport |
| title_fullStr | Wireless communications principles and practice Theodore S. Rappaport |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wireless communications principles and practice Theodore S. Rappaport |
| title_short | Wireless communications |
| title_sort | wireless communications principles and practice |
| title_sub | principles and practice |
| topic | Mobilfunk Mobilfunk (DE-588)4170280-3 gnd Mobile Telekommunikation (DE-588)4341131-9 gnd Kommunikationstechnik (DE-588)4031888-6 gnd Funknetz (DE-588)4216130-7 gnd Funktechnik (DE-588)4018908-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mobilfunk Mobile Telekommunikation Kommunikationstechnik Funknetz Funktechnik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016577620&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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