Gimson's pronunciation of English:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Hodder Education
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 7. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke. - Ab 8. Aufl. u.d.T: Cruttenden, Alan: Gimson's pronunciation of English |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 362 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780340958773 |
Internformat
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Pronunciation of English |
| 250 | |a 7. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Hodder Education |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 362 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a English language |x Pronunciation | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137772933447681 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Foreword to the
First
Edition
(1962) xi
Foreword to the Seventh Edition
(2008) xiii
List of Phonetic Symbols and Signs, and Abbreviations
xv
Part I Language and Speech
1
1
Introduction
3
1.1
Language and Linguistics
3
1.1.1
Phonetics as Part of Linguistics
3
1.1.2
Phonetics, Phonology and Phonemics
3
1.1.3
Pronunciation and Spelling
4
1.2
Change and Variation
4
1.3
Learning
5
1.3.1
Functional Load, Phonetic Cues and Redundancy
5
1.3.2
Acquiring English as an LI
5
1.3.3
Acquiring English as an Additional Language
6
2
The Production of Speech: The Physiological Aspect
7
2.1
The Speech Chain
7
2.2
The Speech Mechanism
7
2.2.1
Sources of Energy: The Lungs
8
2.2.2
The Larynx and the Vocal Folds
8
2.2.3
The Resonating Cavities
11
2.2.3.1
The Pharynx
11
2.2.3.2
The Mouth
12
3
The Sounds of Speech: The Acoustic and Auditory Aspects
17
3.1
Sound Quality
17
3.2
The Acoustic Spectrum
19
3.2.1
Fundamental Frequency: Pitch
21
3.2.2
Intensity: Loudness
22
3.2.3
Duration: Length
22
3.2.4
Stress
23
3.3
Hearing
24
iv Contents
4 The
Description and Classification
of
Speech Sounds 25
4.1
Phonetic Description
25
4.2
Vowel and Consonant
25
4.3
Consonants
26
4.3.1
Egressive Pulmonic Consonants
27
4.3.2
Voicing
27
4.3.3
Place of Articulation
27
4.3.4
Manner of Articulation
28
4.3.5
Obstruents and Sonorants
29
4.3.6
Fortis and Lenis
30
4.3.7
Classification of Consonants
30
4.3.8
Ingressive
Pulmonic Consonants
30
4.3.9
Egressive Glottalic Consonants
30
4.3.10
Ingressive
Glottalic Consonants
32
4.3.11
Ingressive
Velarte
Consonants
32
4.4
Vowels
32
4.4.1
Difficulties of Description
33
4.4.2
Cardinal Vowels
34
4.4.3
Nasality
36
4.4.4
Relatively Pure Vowels vs Gliding Vowels
36
4.4.5
Articulatory Classification of Vowels
37
5
Sounds in Language
39
5.1
Speech Sounds and Linguistic Units
39
5.2
The Linguistic Hierarchy
40
5.3
Phonemes
41
5.3.1
Diversity of Phonemic Solutions
42
5.3.2
Distinctive Features
42
5.3.3
Allophones
43
5.3.4
Neutralization
45
5.3.5
Phonemic Systems
45
5.4
Transcription
46
5.5
Syllables
47
5.5.1
The Sonority Hierarchy
48
5.5.2
Syllable Constituency
49
5.5.3
Syllable Boundaries
50
5.6
Vowel and Consonant
50
5.7
Prosodie
Features
51
5.8
Paralinguistic and Extralinguistic Features
52
Part II The Sounds of English
53
6
The Historical Background
55
6.1
Phonetic Studies in Britain
55
6.1.1
Palsgrave and Salesbury
55
6.1.2
Spelling Reformers
—
Smith, Hart and Gil
56
6.1.3
Phoneticians—
Wallis, Wilkins
and Cooper
57
Contents
v
6.1.4
Eighteenth Century—Johnson, Sheridan,
Walker and Steele
59
6.1.5
Nineteenth Century—Pitman, Ellis, Bell and Sweet
60
6.2
Sound Change
62
6.2.1
Types of Change
62
6.2.2
Consonant and Vowel Changes
64
6.2.3
Sound Change and the Linguistic System
65
6.2.4
Sources of Evidence for Reconstruction
66
6.2.5
Classical Old English Sound System
70
6.2.6
Middle English Sound System
71
6.2.7
Early Modern English Sound System
72
6.2.8
Present English Sound System
73
6.2.9
Summary of Historical Changes in the English
Sound System
73
6.2.9.1
Vowels
73
6.2.9.2
Consonants
74
7
Standard and Regional Accents
75
7.1
Standards of Pronunciation
75
7.2
The Emergence of a Standard
75
7.3
The Present-day Situation: RP
77
7.4
Current Changes within RP
80
7.4.1
Changes Almost Complete
80
7.4.2
Changes Well-established
80
7.4.3
Recent Innovations
81
7.4.4
Innovations on the Verge of RP
82
7.5
Comparing Systems of Pronunciation
82
7.6
Systems and Standards Other than RP (and their Influence
on Regional RPs)
83
7.6.1
General American (GA)
84
7.6.2
Standard Scottish English (SSE)
85
7.6.3
London English
86
7.6.4
Northern English
(NE)
87
7.6.5
Australian English
(ANE)
88
7.6.6
Caribbean English
89
8
The English Vowels
91
8.1
The Distinctive Vowels
91
8.2
Vowel Glides with a Non-prominent First Element
93
8.3
Glides to
[э]
94
8.4
Vowel Length
94
8.4.1
Phonetic Relationships
94
8.4.2
Morphophonemic Alternations
96
8.5
Transcriptions of English Vowels
97
8.6
Acoustics of RP Vowels
98
8.7
Learning of Vowels
100
8.7.1
Acquisition of Vowels by Native Learners
100
8.7.2
Advice to Foreign Learners
100
vi
Contents
8.8
Descriptions
of the Vowels
104
8.9
(Relatively)
Fure
Vowels
105
8.9.1
/hi
105
8.9.2
/i/
107
8.9.3
/e/
110
8.9.4
/ae/
112
8.9.5
/л/
114
8.9.6
/α:/
117
8.9.7
/d/
119
8.9.8
h-J
121
8.9.9
/ϋ/
124
8.9.10
/u:/
126
8.9.11
/з:/
129
8.9.12
/э/
131
8.10
Diphthongal Vowel Glides
134
8.10.1
/ei/
134
8.10.2
/ai/
136
8.10.3
/зі/
138
8.10.4
/эо/
140
8.10.5
/ao/
143
8.11
Diphthongs
+
[э]
145
8.12
Centring Diphthongs
148
8.12.1
/із/
148
8.12.2
/еэ/
150
8.12.3
/из/
152
8.13
Vowels in Syllables Without Primary Accent
154
8.14
Frequency of Occurrence of RP Vowels
156
9
The English Consonants
157
9.1
The Distinctive Consonants
157
Class A: Obstruents
158
9.2
Plosives
158
9.2.1
The Phonetic Features of English Plosives
159
9.2.2
Acoustic Features of English Plosives
162
9.2.3
Acquisition of Plosives by Native Learners
165
9.2.4
The Release Stage of English Plosives
165
9.2.5
Bilabial Plosives /p,b/
168
9.2.6
Alveolar Plosives /t,d/
171
9.2.7
Velar Plosives
/к,д/
175
9.2.8
Glottal Plosive
[ľ]
178
9.3
Affricates
181
9.3.1
Palato-alveolar Affricates /^dj/
184
9.4
Fricatives
188
9.4.1
Acoustic Features of English Fricatives
190
9.4.2
Acquisition of Fricatives by Native Learners
191
9.4.3
Labiodental Fricatives /f,v/
192
9.4.4
Dental Fricatives
/θ,ο/
194
9.4.5
Alveolar Fricatives /s.z/
197
Contents
vii
9.4.6 Palato-alveolar
Fricatives
/ƒ,3/
201
9.4.7
Glottal Fricative /h/
204
9.5
Voiced and Voiceless as Phonological Categories
205
Class B: Sonorants
206
9.6
Nasals
206
9.6.1
Bilabial Nasal /m/
208
9.6.2
Alveolar Nasal /n/
210
9.6.3
Velar Nasal
/η/
212
9.7
Oral Approximants
214
9.7.1
Lateral Approximant
/1/ 214
9.7.2
Post-alveolar Approximant /r/
219
9.7.3
Palatal and Labial-velar Approximants
(or Semi-vowels)
224
9.7.4
Unrounded Palatal Approximant /j/
225
9.7.5
Labial-velar Approximant/w/
228
9.8
The Frequency of Occurrence of RP Consonants
232
Part III Words and Connected Speech
233
10
Words
235
10.1
Accent
235
10.2
Accent and Prominence
236
10.3
Word Accentual Patterns
238
10.3.1
Roots
238
10.3.2
Suffixes
240
10.3.3
Prefixes
241
10.3.4
Secondary Accent
242
10.3.5
Compounds
242
10.4
Word Accentual Instability
245
10.5
Distinctive Word Accentual Patterns
246
10.6
Acquisition of Word Accent by Native Learners
249
10.7
Word Accent
—
Advice to Foreign Learners
249
10.8
Elision and
Epenthesis 249
10.9
Variability in the Phonemic Structure of Words
252
10.10
Phonotactics
253
10.10.1
Word-initial and Word-final Phoneme Sequences
254
10.10.2
Word-medial Syllable Division
258
10.10.3
Inflexional Suffix
Formatton
260
10.10.4
Acquisition of Phonotactics by Native Learners
261
10.10.5
Phonotactics—Advice to Foreign Learners
261
10.11
Consonant Harmony in the Word Structure of Native
Learners
262
11
Connected Speech
263
11.1
Accent
263
11.2
Prominence, Accent and Rhythm
264
11.3
Weak Forms
266
viii Contents
11.4
Acquisition of Rhythm and Weak Forms by Native Learners
269
11.5
Rhythm and Weak Forms—Advice to Foreign Learners
269
11.6
Intonation
270
11.6.1
The Forms of Intonation
270
11.6.1.1
Intonational Phrases
270
11.6.1.2
Primary Accents
271
11.6.1.3
Types of Nuclear Tone
271
11.6.1.4
Secondary Accents
276
11.6.1.5
The Pitch of Unaccented Syllables
277
11.6.2
The Functions of Intonation
279
11.6.2.1
Intonational Phrasing
279
11.6.2.2
Primary Accents and New Information
280
11.6.2.3
The Meanings of Tones
282
11.6.2.4
The Use of Secondary Accents
289
11.6.3
Regional Variation in Intonation
289
11.6.4
Pitch Range
289
11.6.5
Intonation and Punctuation
290
11.6.6
Acquisition of Intonation by Native Learners
291
11.6.7
Intonation
—
Advice to Foreign Learners
291
11.7
Hesitations
292
11.8
Voice Quality
293
12
Words in Connected
Speech
294
12.1
Citation Forms and Connected Speech
294
12.2
Neutralization of Weak Forms
294
12.3
Variation in the Accentual Pattern of Words
296
12.4
Phonetic Variations within Words and at Boundaries
297
12.4.1
Allophonic Variations
297
12.4.2
Phonemic Variations
299
12.4.3
Voiced/Voiceless Variations
299
12.4.4
Nasality and Labialization
300
12.4.5
Variations of Place
301
12.4.6
Elision
303
12.4.7
Liaison
305
12.4.8
Juncture
307
12.5
Frequency of Occurrence of Monosyllabic and
Polysyllabic Words
308
12.6
Advice to Foreign Learners
308
12.7
Stylistic Variation
309
Part IV Language Teaching and Learning
313
13
Teaching and Learning the Pronunciation of English as an
Additional Language
315
13.1
The Place of Pronunciation
315
13.2
Models and Targets
316
13.2.1
Native Speaker Targets
316
13.2.2
RP and Regional RPs
316
Contents
ix
13.2.3
Amalgam English and International English
317
13.3
RP and Regional RPs: Priorities and Tolerances
318
13.3.1
Consonants
318
13.3.1.1
Plosives
318
13.3.1.2
Fricatives
319
13.3.1.3
Affricates
319
13.3.1.4
Approximants
319
13.3.1.5
Nasals
319
13.3.1.6
Consonant Clusters
319
13.3.2
Vowels
320
13.3.3
Accent and Rhythm
322
13.3.4
Sounds in Connected Speech
323
13.3.5
Intonation
324
13.4
Amalgam English: Priorities and Tolerances
325
13.4.1
Consonants
325
13.4.1.1
Plosives
325
13.4.1.2
Fricatives
326
13.4.1.3
Affricates
326
13.4.1.4
Approximants
326
13.4.1.5
Nasals
327
13.4.1.6
Consonant Clusters
327
13.4.2
Vowels
328
13.4.3
Accentuation, Intonation and Connected Speech
328
13.4.4
Summary: Amalgam English
329
13.5
International English: Priorities and Tolerances
330
13.5.1
Consonants
330
13.5.1.1
Plosives
330
13.5.1.2
Fricatives
330
13.5.1.3
Affricates
331
13.5.1.4
Approximants
331
13.5.1.5
Nasals
331
13.5.1.6
Consonant Clusters
331
13.5.2
Vowels
331
13.5.3
Accentuation, Intonation and Connected Speech
332
13.5.4
Summary: International English
333
13.6
Teaching Methods
333
13.6.1
Consonants
335
13.6.2
Vowels
335
13.6.3
Accentuation
336
13.6.4
Intonation
337
13.7
Pronouncing Dictionaries
337
13.8
Assessment
338
13.8.1
Comprehension
338
13.8.2
Production
339
Bibliography
341
Index
355
This seventh edition has been revised throughout
with particular emphasis on those areas that have
seen rapid change in recent years. A new
Introduction gives an overview of phonetics,
examines the notion of a standard English accent
and outlines key concepts in the learning of
English as a first language and as an additional
language. All the central chapters have been
updated, notably by checking the
articulator}
figures against recent
MRI
scans.
This new edition considers the developing status
of English as an international language and
discusses the current debate about the idea of a
global pronunciation standard as an alternative to
Received Pronunciation and General American.
The layout of the book is now more
user-friendly with the use of text boxes to
summarise key information and an accompanying
website www.hodderplus.com/linguistics contains
exercises for learners; fMRI scans of English
phrases, including all the vowels and consonants;
and recordings by the author of part of the book.
Since its
hrst
publication Gimsons Pronunciation of
English has been the essential reference book for
anyone studying or teaching the phonetics of
English. It includes comprehensive coverage of
individual vowels and consonants together with
their variation and history, their articulation and
acoustics, their rhythm and intonation, and how
they develop in young children and foreign
learners. All this ensures that Gimson s
Pronunciation of English will remain universally
acknowledged as the standard description of
modern spoken English.
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Foreword to the
First
Edition
(1962) xi
Foreword to the Seventh Edition
(2008) xiii
List of Phonetic Symbols and Signs, and Abbreviations
xv
Part I Language and Speech
1
1
Introduction
3
1.1
Language and Linguistics
3
1.1.1
Phonetics as Part of Linguistics
3
1.1.2
Phonetics, Phonology and Phonemics
3
1.1.3
Pronunciation and Spelling
4
1.2
Change and Variation
4
1.3
Learning
5
1.3.1
Functional Load, Phonetic Cues and Redundancy
5
1.3.2
Acquiring English as an LI
5
1.3.3
Acquiring English as an Additional Language
6
2
The Production of Speech: The Physiological Aspect
7
2.1
The Speech Chain
7
2.2
The Speech Mechanism
7
2.2.1
Sources of Energy: The Lungs
8
2.2.2
The Larynx and the Vocal Folds
8
2.2.3
The Resonating Cavities
11
2.2.3.1
The Pharynx
11
2.2.3.2
The Mouth
12
3
The Sounds of Speech: The Acoustic and Auditory Aspects
17
3.1
Sound Quality
17
3.2
The Acoustic Spectrum
19
3.2.1
Fundamental Frequency: Pitch
21
3.2.2
Intensity: Loudness
22
3.2.3
Duration: Length
22
3.2.4
'Stress'
23
3.3
Hearing
24
iv Contents
4 The
Description and Classification
of
Speech Sounds 25
4.1
Phonetic Description
25
4.2
Vowel and Consonant
25
4.3
Consonants
26
4.3.1
Egressive Pulmonic Consonants
27
4.3.2
Voicing
27
4.3.3
Place of Articulation
27
4.3.4
Manner of Articulation
28
4.3.5
Obstruents and Sonorants
29
4.3.6
Fortis and Lenis
30
4.3.7
Classification of Consonants
30
4.3.8
Ingressive
Pulmonic Consonants
30
4.3.9
Egressive Glottalic Consonants
30
4.3.10
Ingressive
Glottalic Consonants
32
4.3.11
Ingressive
Velarte
Consonants
32
4.4
Vowels
32
4.4.1
Difficulties of Description
33
4.4.2
Cardinal Vowels
34
4.4.3
Nasality
36
4.4.4
Relatively Pure Vowels vs Gliding Vowels
36
4.4.5
Articulatory Classification of Vowels
37
5
Sounds in Language
39
5.1
Speech Sounds and Linguistic Units
39
5.2
The Linguistic Hierarchy
40
5.3
Phonemes
41
5.3.1
Diversity of Phonemic Solutions
42
5.3.2
Distinctive Features
42
5.3.3
Allophones
43
5.3.4
Neutralization
45
5.3.5
Phonemic Systems
45
5.4
Transcription
46
5.5
Syllables
47
5.5.1
The Sonority Hierarchy
48
5.5.2
Syllable Constituency
49
5.5.3
Syllable Boundaries
50
5.6
Vowel and Consonant
50
5.7
Prosodie
Features
51
5.8
Paralinguistic and Extralinguistic Features
52
Part II The Sounds of English
53
6
The Historical Background
55
6.1
Phonetic Studies in Britain
55
6.1.1
Palsgrave and Salesbury
55
6.1.2
Spelling Reformers
—
Smith, Hart and Gil
56
6.1.3
Phoneticians—
Wallis, Wilkins
and Cooper
57
Contents
v
6.1.4
Eighteenth Century—Johnson, Sheridan,
Walker and Steele
59
6.1.5
Nineteenth Century—Pitman, Ellis, Bell and Sweet
60
6.2
Sound Change
62
6.2.1
Types of Change
62
6.2.2
Consonant and Vowel Changes
64
6.2.3
Sound Change and the Linguistic System
65
6.2.4
Sources of Evidence for Reconstruction
66
6.2.5
Classical Old English Sound System
70
6.2.6
Middle English Sound System
71
6.2.7
Early Modern English Sound System
72
6.2.8
Present English Sound System
73
6.2.9
Summary of Historical Changes in the English
Sound System
73
6.2.9.1
Vowels
73
6.2.9.2
Consonants
74
7
Standard and Regional Accents
75
7.1
Standards of Pronunciation
75
7.2
The Emergence of a Standard
75
7.3
The Present-day Situation: RP
77
7.4
Current Changes within RP
80
7.4.1
Changes Almost Complete
80
7.4.2
Changes Well-established
80
7.4.3
Recent Innovations
81
7.4.4
Innovations on the Verge of RP
82
7.5
Comparing Systems of Pronunciation
82
7.6
Systems and Standards Other than RP (and their Influence
on Regional RPs)
83
7.6.1
General American (GA)
84
7.6.2
Standard Scottish English (SSE)
85
7.6.3
London English
86
7.6.4
Northern English
(NE)
87
7.6.5
Australian English
(ANE)
88
7.6.6
Caribbean English
89
8
The English Vowels
91
8.1
The Distinctive Vowels
91
8.2
Vowel Glides with a Non-prominent First Element
93
8.3
Glides to
[э]
94
8.4
Vowel Length
94
8.4.1
Phonetic Relationships
94
8.4.2
Morphophonemic Alternations
96
8.5
Transcriptions of English Vowels
97
8.6
Acoustics of RP Vowels
98
8.7
Learning of Vowels
100
8.7.1
Acquisition of Vowels by Native Learners
100
8.7.2
Advice to Foreign Learners
100
vi
Contents
8.8
Descriptions
of the Vowels
104
8.9
(Relatively)
Fure
Vowels
105
8.9.1
/hi
105
8.9.2
/i/
107
8.9.3
/e/
110
8.9.4
/ae/
112
8.9.5
/л/
114
8.9.6
/α:/
117
8.9.7
/d/
119
8.9.8
h-J
121
8.9.9
/ϋ/
124
8.9.10
/u:/
126
8.9.11
/з:/
129
8.9.12
/э/
131
8.10
Diphthongal Vowel Glides
134
8.10.1
/ei/
134
8.10.2
/ai/
136
8.10.3
/зі/
138
8.10.4
/эо/
140
8.10.5
/ao/
143
8.11
Diphthongs
+
[э]
145
8.12
Centring Diphthongs
148
8.12.1
/із/
148
8.12.2
/еэ/
150
8.12.3
/из/
152
8.13
Vowels in Syllables Without Primary Accent
154
8.14
Frequency of Occurrence of RP Vowels
156
9
The English Consonants
157
9.1
The Distinctive Consonants
157
Class A: Obstruents
158
9.2
Plosives
158
9.2.1
The Phonetic Features of English Plosives
159
9.2.2
Acoustic Features of English Plosives
162
9.2.3
Acquisition of Plosives by Native Learners
165
9.2.4
The Release Stage of English Plosives
165
9.2.5
Bilabial Plosives /p,b/
168
9.2.6
Alveolar Plosives /t,d/
171
9.2.7
Velar Plosives
/к,д/
175
9.2.8
Glottal Plosive
[ľ]
178
9.3
Affricates
181
9.3.1
Palato-alveolar Affricates /^dj/
184
9.4
Fricatives
188
9.4.1
Acoustic Features of English Fricatives
190
9.4.2
Acquisition of Fricatives by Native Learners
191
9.4.3
Labiodental Fricatives /f,v/
192
9.4.4
Dental Fricatives
/θ,ο/
194
9.4.5
Alveolar Fricatives /s.z/
197
Contents
vii
9.4.6 Palato-alveolar
Fricatives
/ƒ,3/
201
9.4.7
Glottal Fricative /h/
204
9.5
Voiced and Voiceless as Phonological Categories
205
Class B: Sonorants
206
9.6
Nasals
206
9.6.1
Bilabial Nasal /m/
208
9.6.2
Alveolar Nasal /n/
210
9.6.3
Velar Nasal
/η/
212
9.7
Oral Approximants
214
9.7.1
Lateral Approximant
/1/ 214
9.7.2
Post-alveolar Approximant /r/
219
9.7.3
Palatal and Labial-velar Approximants
(or Semi-vowels)
224
9.7.4
Unrounded Palatal Approximant /j/
225
9.7.5
Labial-velar Approximant/w/
228
9.8
The Frequency of Occurrence of RP Consonants
232
Part III Words and Connected Speech
233
10
Words
235
10.1
Accent
235
10.2
Accent and Prominence
236
10.3
Word Accentual Patterns
238
10.3.1
Roots
238
10.3.2
Suffixes
240
10.3.3
Prefixes
241
10.3.4
Secondary Accent
242
10.3.5
Compounds
242
10.4
Word Accentual Instability
245
10.5
Distinctive Word Accentual Patterns
246
10.6
Acquisition of Word Accent by Native Learners
249
10.7
Word Accent
—
Advice to Foreign Learners
249
10.8
Elision and
Epenthesis 249
10.9
Variability in the Phonemic Structure of Words
252
10.10
Phonotactics
253
10.10.1
Word-initial and Word-final Phoneme Sequences
254
10.10.2
Word-medial Syllable Division
258
10.10.3
Inflexional Suffix
Formatton
260
10.10.4
Acquisition of Phonotactics by Native Learners
261
10.10.5
Phonotactics—Advice to Foreign Learners
261
10.11
Consonant Harmony in the Word Structure of Native
Learners
262
11
Connected Speech
263
11.1
Accent
263
11.2
Prominence, Accent and Rhythm
264
11.3
Weak Forms
266
viii Contents
11.4
Acquisition of Rhythm and Weak Forms by Native Learners
269
11.5
Rhythm and Weak Forms—Advice to Foreign Learners
269
11.6
Intonation
270
11.6.1
The Forms of Intonation
270
11.6.1.1
Intonational Phrases
270
11.6.1.2
Primary Accents
271
11.6.1.3
Types of Nuclear Tone
271
11.6.1.4
Secondary Accents
276
11.6.1.5
The Pitch of Unaccented Syllables
277
11.6.2
The Functions of Intonation
279
11.6.2.1
Intonational Phrasing
279
11.6.2.2
Primary Accents and New Information
280
11.6.2.3
The Meanings of Tones
282
11.6.2.4
The Use of Secondary Accents
289
11.6.3
Regional Variation in Intonation
289
11.6.4
Pitch Range
289
11.6.5
Intonation and Punctuation
290
11.6.6
Acquisition of Intonation by Native Learners
291
11.6.7
Intonation
—
Advice to Foreign Learners
291
11.7
Hesitations
292
11.8
Voice Quality
293
12
Words in Connected
Speech
294
12.1
Citation Forms and Connected Speech
294
12.2
Neutralization of Weak Forms
294
12.3
Variation in the Accentual Pattern of Words
296
12.4
Phonetic Variations within Words and at Boundaries
297
12.4.1
Allophonic Variations
297
12.4.2
Phonemic Variations
299
12.4.3
Voiced/Voiceless Variations
299
12.4.4
Nasality and Labialization
300
12.4.5
Variations of Place
301
12.4.6
Elision
303
12.4.7
Liaison
305
12.4.8
Juncture
307
12.5
Frequency of Occurrence of Monosyllabic and
Polysyllabic Words
308
12.6
Advice to Foreign Learners
308
12.7
Stylistic Variation
309
Part IV Language Teaching and Learning
313
13
Teaching and Learning the Pronunciation of English as an
Additional Language
315
13.1
The Place of Pronunciation
315
13.2
Models and Targets
316
13.2.1
Native Speaker Targets
316
13.2.2
RP and Regional RPs
316
Contents
ix
13.2.3
Amalgam English and International English
317
13.3
RP and Regional RPs: Priorities and Tolerances
318
13.3.1
Consonants
318
13.3.1.1
Plosives
318
13.3.1.2
Fricatives
319
13.3.1.3
Affricates
319
13.3.1.4
Approximants
319
13.3.1.5
Nasals
319
13.3.1.6
Consonant Clusters
319
13.3.2
Vowels
320
13.3.3
Accent and Rhythm
322
13.3.4
Sounds in Connected Speech
323
13.3.5
Intonation
324
13.4
Amalgam English: Priorities and Tolerances
325
13.4.1
Consonants
325
13.4.1.1
Plosives
325
13.4.1.2
Fricatives
326
13.4.1.3
Affricates
326
13.4.1.4
Approximants
326
13.4.1.5
Nasals
327
13.4.1.6
Consonant Clusters
327
13.4.2
Vowels
328
13.4.3
Accentuation, Intonation and Connected Speech
328
13.4.4
Summary: Amalgam English
329
13.5
International English: Priorities and Tolerances
330
13.5.1
Consonants
330
13.5.1.1
Plosives
330
13.5.1.2
Fricatives
330
13.5.1.3
Affricates
331
13.5.1.4
Approximants
331
13.5.1.5
Nasals
331
13.5.1.6
Consonant Clusters
331
13.5.2
Vowels
331
13.5.3
Accentuation, Intonation and Connected Speech
332
13.5.4
Summary: International English
333
13.6
Teaching Methods
333
13.6.1
Consonants
335
13.6.2
Vowels
335
13.6.3
Accentuation
336
13.6.4
Intonation
337
13.7
Pronouncing Dictionaries
337
13.8
Assessment
338
13.8.1
Comprehension
338
13.8.2
Production
339
Bibliography
341
Index
355
This seventh edition has been revised throughout
with particular emphasis on those areas that have
seen rapid change in recent years. A new
Introduction gives an overview of phonetics,
examines the notion of a standard English accent
and outlines key concepts in the learning of
English as a first language and as an additional
language. All the central chapters have been
updated, notably by checking the
articulator}'
figures against recent
MRI
scans.
This new edition considers the developing status
of English as an international language and
discusses the current debate about the idea of a
global pronunciation standard as an alternative to
Received Pronunciation and General American.
The layout of the book is now more
user-friendly with the use of text boxes to
summarise key information and an accompanying
website www.hodderplus.com/linguistics contains
exercises for learners; fMRI scans of English
phrases, including all the vowels and consonants;
and recordings by the author of part of the book.
Since its
hrst
publication Gimsons Pronunciation of
English has been the essential reference book for
anyone studying or teaching the phonetics of
English. It includes comprehensive coverage of
individual vowels and consonants together with
their variation and history, their articulation and
acoustics, their rhythm and intonation, and how
they develop in young children and foreign
learners. All this ensures that Gimson's
Pronunciation of English will remain universally
acknowledged as the standard description of
modern spoken English. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Gimson, A. C. 1917-1985 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)129573744 |
| author_facet | Gimson, A. C. 1917-1985 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gimson, A. C. 1917-1985 |
| author_variant | a c g ac acg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023393992 |
| callnumber-first | P - Language and Literature |
| callnumber-label | PE1135 |
| callnumber-raw | PE1135 |
| callnumber-search | PE1135 |
| callnumber-sort | PE 41135 |
| callnumber-subject | PE - English Languages |
| classification_rvk | HF 190 HF 210 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)634044330 (DE-599)BVBBV023393992 |
| dewey-full | 421/.5822 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 421 - Writing system, phonology, phonetics |
| dewey-raw | 421/.58 22 |
| dewey-search | 421/.58 22 |
| dewey-sort | 3421 258 222 |
| dewey-tens | 420 - English & Old English (Anglo-Saxon) |
| discipline | Anglistik / Amerikanistik |
| discipline_str_mv | Anglistik / Amerikanistik |
| edition | 7. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:17:37Z |
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| publisher | Hodder Education |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Gimson, A. C. 1917-1985 Verfasser (DE-588)129573744 aut Gimson's pronunciation of English rev. by Alan Cruttenden Pronunciation of English 7. ed. London Hodder Education 2008 XVIII, 362 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke. - Ab 8. Aufl. u.d.T: Cruttenden, Alan: Gimson's pronunciation of English Englisch English language Phonetics English language Pronunciation Aussprache (DE-588)4003877-4 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd rswk-swf Phonetik (DE-588)4045830-1 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 s Aussprache (DE-588)4003877-4 s DE-604 Phonetik (DE-588)4045830-1 s 2\p DE-604 Cruttenden, Alan Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016576888&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016576888&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Gimson, A. C. 1917-1985 Gimson's pronunciation of English Englisch English language Phonetics English language Pronunciation Aussprache (DE-588)4003877-4 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Phonetik (DE-588)4045830-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003877-4 (DE-588)4014777-0 (DE-588)4045830-1 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Gimson's pronunciation of English |
| title_alt | Pronunciation of English |
| title_auth | Gimson's pronunciation of English |
| title_exact_search | Gimson's pronunciation of English |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Gimson's pronunciation of English |
| title_full | Gimson's pronunciation of English rev. by Alan Cruttenden |
| title_fullStr | Gimson's pronunciation of English rev. by Alan Cruttenden |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gimson's pronunciation of English rev. by Alan Cruttenden |
| title_short | Gimson's pronunciation of English |
| title_sort | gimson s pronunciation of english |
| topic | Englisch English language Phonetics English language Pronunciation Aussprache (DE-588)4003877-4 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Phonetik (DE-588)4045830-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Englisch English language Phonetics English language Pronunciation Aussprache Phonetik Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016576888&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016576888&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gimsonac gimsonspronunciationofenglish AT cruttendenalan gimsonspronunciationofenglish AT gimsonac pronunciationofenglish AT cruttendenalan pronunciationofenglish |