Fundamentals of materials science and engineering: an integrated approach
Gespeichert in:
Hauptverfasser: | , |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
2008
|
Ausgabe: | Internat. student version, 3. ed. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Publisher description Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXIII, 882 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 9780470234631 9780470125373 0470125373 |
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100 | 1 | |a Callister, William D. |d 1940- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)135540461 |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fundamentals of materials science and engineering |b an integrated approach |c William D. Callister ; David G. Rethwisch |
250 | |a Internat. student version, 3. ed. | ||
264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley |c 2008 | |
300 | |a XXIII, 882 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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700 | 1 | |a Rethwisch, David G. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0814/2007040687-d.html |3 Publisher description | |
856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0814/2007040687-t.html |3 Table of contents only | |
856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016573438&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804137767457783808 |
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adam_text | Contents
List of Symbols
xxi
1
Introduction to
Materiah
Science and Engineering
1
Learning Objectives
2
1.1
Historical Perspective
2
1.2
Materials Science and Engineering
3
1.3
Why Study Materials Science and Engineering?
5
1.4
Classification of Materials
5
1.5
Advanced Materials
10
1.6
Modern Materials Needs
13
References
14
Questions
14
2
Atomic Structure and Bonding in Solids
15
Learning Objectives
16
2.1
Introduction
16
Atomic Structure
16
2.2
Fundamental Concepts
16
2.3
Electrons in Atoms
17
2.4
The Periodic Table
23
Atomic Bonding in Solids
24
2.5
Bonding Forces and Energies
24
2.6
Primary Interatomic Bonds
27
2.7
Secondary Bonding or van
der Waals
Bonding
31
2.8
Molecules
34
Summary
34
Important Terms and Concepts
35
References
35
Questions and Problems
35
3
Metallic and
Ceranúc
Structures
37
Learning Objectives
38
3.1
Introduction
38
3.2
Fundamental Concepts
38
XIII
xiv ·
Contents
Crystal Structures
38
3.3
Unit Cells
39
3.4
Metallic Crystal Structures
3.5
Density Computations
—
Metals
44
3.6
Ceramic Crystal Structures
3.7
Density Computations
—
Ceramics
52
3.8
Silicate Ceramics
54
3.9
Carbon
58
3.10
Polymorphism and
Allotropy
61
3.11
Crystal Systems
61
Crystallography Points,
Directions, and Planes
64
40
45
3.12
Point Coordinates
64
3.13
Crystallographic Directions
66
D. D
5.6
3.14
Crystallographic Planes
70
3.15
Linear and Planar Densities
75
3.16
Close-Packed Crystal
Structures
77
5.7
Crystalline and Noncrystalljne
Materials
80
5.8
3.17
Single Crystals
80
5.9
3.18
Polycrystalline Materials
80
5.10
3.19
Anisotropy
82
3.20
Х
-Ray Diffraction:
5.11
Determination of Crystal
5.12
Structures
83
5.13
3.21
Noncrystalline Solids
87
Summary
89
Important Terms and Concepts
91
References
92
Questions and Problems
92
4.11
Polymer Crystallinity
117
4.12
Polymer Crystals
121
Summary
123
Important Terms and Concepts
124
References
124
Questions and Problems
125
5
Defects in Solids
127
Learning Objectives
128
5.1
Introduction
128
Point Defects
128
5.2
Point Defects in Metals
128
5.3
Point Defects in Ceramics
130
5.4
Impurities in Solids
133
Point Defects in Polymers
136
Specification of
Composition
136
Miscellaneous Imperfections
140
Dislocations
—
Linear
Defects
140
Interfacial
Defects
144
Bulk or Volume Defects
147
Atomic Vibrations
147
Microscopic Examination
149
General
149
Microscopic Techniques
150
Grain Size Determination
155
Summary
156
Important Terms and Concepts
158
References
158
Questions and Problems
158
4
Structures of Polymers
97
Learning Objectives
98
4.1
Introduction
98
4.2
Hydrocarbon Molecules
98
4.3
Polymer Molecules
100
4.4
The Chemistry of Polymer
Molecules
101
4.5
Molecular Weight
106
4.6
Molecular Shape
108
4.7
Molecular Structure
109
4.8
Molecular Configurations 111
4.9
Thermoplastic and
Thermosetting Polymers
115
4.10
Copolymers
116
6
Diffusion in Solids
161
Learning Objectives
162
6.1
Introduction
162
6.2
Diffusion Mechanisms
163
6.3
Steady-State Diffusion
165
6.4
Nonsteady-State Diffusion
167
6.5
Factors That Influence
Diffusion
171
6.6
Other Diffusion Paths
177
6.7
Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric
Materials
177
Summary
181
Important Terms and Concepts
182
References
182
Questions and Problems
182
Contents · xv
7
Mechanical Properties
of Solids
186
187
Learning Objectives
7.1
Introduction
187
7.2
Concepts of Stress and
Strain
188
Elastic Deformation
192
7.3
Stress-Strain Behavior
192
7.4
Anelasticity
196
7.5
Elastic Properties
of Materials
196
Mechanical Behavior—Metals
199
7.6
Tensile Properties
200
7.7
True Stress and Strain
207
7.8
Elastic Recovery After Plastic
Deformation
210
7.9
Compressive,
Shear, and
Torsionai
Deformation
211
Mechanical Behavior-
Ceramics
211
7.10
Flexural Strength
211
7.11
Elastic Behavior
213
7.12
Influence of Porosity on the
Mechanical Properties of
Ceramics
213
Mechanical Behavior-
Polymers
214
7.13
Stress-Strain Behavior
215
7.14
Macroscopic Deformation
217
7.15
Viscoelastic Deformation
218
Hardness and Other
8
Deformation and
Strengthening Mechanisms
ofMateriaL·
242
Learning Objectives
243
8.1
Introduction
243
Deformation Mechanisms for
Metals
243
8.2
Historical
244
8.3
Basic Concepts of
Dislocations
244
8.4
Characteristics of
Dislocations
246
8.5
Slip Systems
248
8.6
Slip in Single Crystals
250
8.7
Plastic Deformation of
Polycrystalline Metals
253
8.8
Deformation by
Twinning
255
Mechanisms of Strengthening in
Metals
256
8.9
Strengthening by Grain Size
Reduction
257
8.10
Solid-Solution
Strengthening
259
8.11
Strain Hardening
260
Recovery, Recrystauization, and
Grain Growth
263
8.12
Recovery
264
8.13
Recrystallization
264
8.14
Grain Growth
269
Deformation Mechanisms for
Ceramic Materials
270
Considerations
222
8.15
Crystalline Ceramics
271
7.16
Hardness
222
8.16
Noncrystalline Ceramics
271
7.17
Hardness of Ceramic
Mechanisms of Deformation
and for Strengthening of
Materials
228
Polymers
272
7.18
Tear Strength and Hardness
of Polymers
228
8.17
Deformation of Semicrystalline
Polymers
272
Property Variability and
8.18
Factors That Influence the
Design/Safety Factors
229
Mechanical Properties of
7.19
Variability of Material
Semicrystalline Polymers
274
Properties
229
8.19
Deformation of
7.20
Design/Safety Factors
232
Elastomers
278
Summary
233
Summary
281
Important Terms
Important Terms and
and Concepts
235
Concepts
283
References
235
References
283
Questions and Problems
236
Questions and Problems
284
xvi
Contents
9
Failure
o f
Materials 2SS
Learning Objectives
289
9.1
Introduction
289
Fracture
289
9.2
Fundamentals of Fracture
289
9.3
Ductile Fracture
290
9.4
Brittle Fracture
293
9.5
Principles of Fracture
Mechanics
293
9.6
Brittle Fracture of
Ceramics
304
9.7
Fracture of Polymers
308
9.8
Impact Fracture
Testing
309
Fatigue
314
9.9
Cyclic Stresses
315
9.10
The S-N Curve
317
9.11
Fatigue in Polymeric
Materials
319
9.12
Crack Initiation and
Propagation
320
9.13
Factors that Affect Fatigue
Life
322
9.14
Environmental Effects
325
Creep
326
9.15
Generalized Creep
Behavior
326
9.16
Stress and Temperature
Effects
328
9.17
Data Extrapolation
Methods
329
9.18
Alloys for High-Temperature
Use
331
9.19
Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric
Materials
331
Summary
332
Important Terms and Concepts
334
References
334
Questions and Problems
335
10.4
Microstructure
342
10.5
Phase Equilibria
342
10.6
One-Component (or Unary)
Phase Diagrams
343
Binary Phase Diagrams
345
10.7
Binary Isomorphous
Systems
345
10.8
Interpretation of Phase
Diagrams
347
10.9
Development of
Microstructure
in Isomorphous Alloys
351
10.10
Mechanical Properties of
Isomorphous Alloys
355
10.11
Binary Eutectic Systems
356
10.12
Development of
Microstructure
in Eutectic Alloys
361
10.13
Equilibrium Diagrams Having
Intermediate Phases or
Compounds
369
10.14
Eutectoid and Peritectic
Reactions
371
10.15
Congruent Phase
Transformations
372
10.16
Ceramic Phase Diagrams
373
10.17
Ternary Phase Diagrams
378
10.18
The Gibbs Phase Rule
378
The Iron-Carbon System
380
10.19
The Iron-Iron Carbide
(Fe-FesC) Phase Diagram
380
10.20
Development of
Microstructure
in Iron-Carbon Alloys
384
10.21
The Influence of Other Alloying
Elements
391
Summary
392
Important Terms and Concepts
394
References
394
Questions and Problems
394
11
Pitase
Transformations
400
Learning Objectives
401
10
Phase Diagrams
339
11.1
Introduction
401
Phase Transformations
Learning Objectives
340
in Metals
401
10.1
Introduction
340
11.2
Basic Concepts
402
DEFINITIONS AND BASIC
11.3
The Kinetics of Phase
Concepts
340
Transformations
402
10.2
Solubility Limit
341
11.4
Metastable Versus Equilibrium
10.3
Phases
341
States
413
Contents · xvii
mlcrostructural
and property
Changes in Iron-Carbon
Alloys
414
11.5
Isothermal Transformation
Diagrams
414
11.6
Continuous Cooling
Transformation Diagrams
426
11.7
Mechanical Behavior of
Iron-Carbon Alloys
430
11.8
Tempered Martensite
434
11.9
Review of Phase
Transformations and Mechanical
Properties for Iron-Carbon
Alloys
437
Precipitation Hardening
438
11.10
Heat Treatments
441
11.11
Mechanism of Hardening
443
11.12
Miscellaneous
Considerations
446
Crystallization. Melting, and Glass
Transition phenomena in polymers
447
11.13
Crystallization
447
11.14
Melting
448
11.15
The Glass Transition
448
11.16
Melting and Glass Transition
Temperatures
449
11.17
Factors That Influence Melting
and Glass Transition
Temperatures
450
Summary
452
Important Terms and Concepts
454
References
454
Questions and Problems
454
12
Electrical Properties
of Materials
460
Learning Objectives
461
12.1
Introduction
461
Electrical Conduction
461
12.2
Ohm s Law
461
12.3
Electrical Conductivity
462
12.4
Electronic and Ionic
Conduction
463
12.5
Energy Band Structures in
Solids
463
12.6
Conduction in Terms of Band
and Atomic Bonding
Models
466
12.7
Electron Mobility
467
12.8
Electrical Resistivity of
Metals
469
12.9
Electrical Characteristics of
Commercial Alloys
471
SEMICONDUCnVfTY
474
12.10
Intrinsic Semiconduction
474
12.11
Extrinsic Semiconduction
477
12.12
The Temperature Dependence
of Carrier Concentration
481
12.13
Factors That Affect Carrier
Mobility
483
12.14
The Hall Effect
488
12.15
Semiconductor Devices
489
Electrical Conduction in Ionk
Ceramics and in Polymers
496
12.16
Conduction in Ionic
Materials
497
12.17
Electrical Properties of
Polymers
497
Dielectric Behavior
498
12.18
Capacitance
498
12.19
Field Vectors and
Polarization
500
12.20
Types of Polarization
504
12.21
Frequency Dependence of the
Dielectric Constant
505
12.22
Dielectric Strength
506
12.23
Dielectric Materials
507
Other Electrical Characteristics
of
Matériau
507
12.24
Ferroelectricity
507
12.25
Piezoelectricity
508
Summary
509
Important Terms and Concepts
511
References
511
Questions and Problems
512
13
Types and Applications
of Metals
j
Ceramics,
and Polymers
516
Learning Objectives
517
13.1
Introduction
517
Types of Metal Alloys
517
13.2
Ferrous Alloys
517
13.3
Nonferrous Alloys
530
Types of Ceramics
540
13.4
Glasses
541
xviii
Contents
13.5 Glass-Ceramics 541
13.6
Clay
Products 543
13.7
Refractories
543
13.8
Abrasives
545
13.9
Cements
546
13.10
Advanced Ceramics
547
13.11
Diamond and Graphite
550
Types of Polymers
552
13.12
Plastics
552
13.13
Elastomers
552
13.14
Fibers
557
13.15
Miscellaneous
Applications
557
13.16
Advanced Polymeric
Materials
559
Summary
563
Important Terms and Concepts
565
References
565
Questions and Problems
566
14
Synthesis, Fabrication,
and Processing of
Metals, Ceramics,
and Polymers
568
Learning Objectives
Introduction
569
569
14.1
Fabrication of Metals
569
14.2
Forming Operations
569
14.3
Casting
571
14.4
Miscellaneous Techniques
573
Thermal Processing of Metals
574
14.5
Annealing Processes
575
14.6
Heat Treatment of Steels
577
Fabrication of Ceramic
Materials
589
14.7
Fabrication and Processing
of Glasses and Glass-
Ceramics
589
14.8
Fabrication and Processing
of Clay Products
594
14.9
Powder Pressing
600
14.10
Tape Casting
602
Synthesis and Fabrication of
Polymers
603
14.11
Polymerization
603
14.12
Polymer Additives
606
14.13
Forming Techniques for
Plastics
607
14.14
Fabrication of Elastomers
610
14.15
Fabrication of Fibers and
Films
610
Summary
612
Important Terms and Concepts
613
References
614
Questions and Problems
614
15
Composites MateriaL·
617
Learning Objectives
15.1
Introduction
618
Particle-Reinforced
Composites
620
618
620
15.2
Large-Particle Composites
15.3
Dispersion-Strengthened
Composites
624
Fiber-Reinforced Composites
625
15.4
Influence of Fiber Length
625
15.5
Influence of Fiber Orientation
and Concentration
626
15.6
The Fiber Phase
635
15.7
The Matrix Phase
637
15.8
Polymer-Matrix
Composites
637
15.9
Metal-Matrix Composites
644
15.10
Ceramic-Matrix
Composites
645
15.11
Carbon-Carbon
Composites
646
15.12
Hybrid Composites
647
15.13
Processing of Fiber-Reinforced
Composites
648
Structural Composites
650
15.14
Laminar Composites
651
15.15
Sandwich Panels
651
Summary
654
important Terms and Concepts
656
References
656
Questions and Problems
656
16
Corrosion and
Degradation
660
Learning Objectives
661
16.1
Introduction
661
Corrosion of Metals
661
16.2
Electrochemical
Considerations
662
16.3
Corrosion Rates
670
Contents * xbt
16.4
Prediction of Corrosion
Summary
753
Rates
671
Important Terms and
16.5
Passivity
678
Concepts
755
16.6
Environmental Effects
680
References
755
16.7
Forms of Corrosion
680
Questions and Problems
755
16.8
Corrosion Environments
688
16.9
Corrosion Prevention
689
19
Optical Properties
16.10
Oxidation
691
ofMateriab
759
Corrosion of Ceramic
Materials
694
Learning Objectives
760
16.11
Swelling and Dissolution
695
19.1
Introduction
760
16.12
Bond Rupture
697
Basic Concepts
760
16.13
Weathering
699
19.2
Electromagnetic Radiation
760
Summary
699
19.3
Light Interactions With
Important Terms and Concepts
701
Solids
762
References
701
19.4
Atomic and Electronic
Questions and Problems
701
Interactions
763
Optical Properties of Metals
764
17
Thermal Properties
ofMaterUUs
705
Optical Properties of
Nonmftals
765
Learning Objectives
706
19.5
Refraction
765
17.1
Introduction
706
19.6
Reflection
767
17.2
Heat Capacity
706
19.7
Absorption
768
17.3
Thermal Expansion
708
19.8
Transmission
771
17.4
Thermal Conductivity
711
19.9
Color
772
17.5
Thermal Stresses
716
19.10
Opacity and Translucency in
Summary
718
Insulators
774
Important Terms and Concepts
719
Applications of Optical
References
719
Phenomena
775
18
Magnetic Properties
ofMateriab
722
Learning Objectives
723
18.1
Introduction
723
18.2
Basic Concepts
723
18.3
Diamagnetism and
Paramagnetism
727
18.4
Ferromagnetism
729
18.5
Antiferromagnetism and
Ferrimagnetism
731
18.6
The Influence of Temperature
on Magnetic Behavior
735
18.7
Domains and Hysteresis
736
18.8
Magnetic Anisotropy
740
18.9
Soft Magnetic Materials
741
18.10
Hard Magnetic Materials
744
18.11
Magnetic Storage
747
18.12
Superconductivity
750
19.11
Luminescence
775
19.12
Photoconductivity
775
19.13
Lasers
778
19.14
Optical Fibers in
Communications
781
Summary
785
Important Terms and Concepts
787
References
787
Questions and Problems
787
20
Economic, Environmental,
and Societal Issues
789
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
Learning Objectives
Introduction
790
790
Economic Considerations
790
Component Design
791
Materials
791
Manufacturing Techniques
791
Environmental and Societal
Considerations
792
xx · Contents
20.5 Recycling
Issues
in Materials
Science and Engineering 794
Summary
797
References
798
Design
Questions
798
Appendix
A
The International
System
of
Uniti (SI)
799
Appendix
В
Properties of Selected
Engineering
Matériau
801
В.
10
Metal Alloy
Compositions
827
B.1
Density
801
B.2
Modulus of Elasticity
804
B.3
Poisson s Ratio
808
B.4
Strength and Ductility
809
B.5
Plane Strain Fracture
Toughness
814
B.6
Linear Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion
815
B.7
Thermal Conductivity
819
B.8
Specific Heat
822
B.9
Electrical Resistivity
824
Appendix
С
Costs and Relative
Costs for Selected Engineering
Matériau
829
Appendix
D
Repeat Unit
Structures for Common
Polymers
834
Appendix
E
Glass Transition
and Melting Temperatures for
Common Polymeric
Materials
838
Glossary
839
Answers to Selected
Problems
855
Index
859
|
adam_txt |
Contents
List of Symbols
xxi
1
Introduction to
Materiah
Science and Engineering
1
Learning Objectives
2
1.1
Historical Perspective
2
1.2
Materials Science and Engineering
3
1.3
Why Study Materials Science and Engineering?
5
1.4
Classification of Materials
5
1.5
Advanced Materials
10
1.6
Modern Materials Needs
13
References
14
Questions
14
2
Atomic Structure and Bonding in Solids
15
Learning Objectives
16
2.1
Introduction
16
Atomic Structure
16
2.2
Fundamental Concepts
16
2.3
Electrons in Atoms
17
2.4
The Periodic Table
23
Atomic Bonding in Solids
24
2.5
Bonding Forces and Energies
24
2.6
Primary Interatomic Bonds
27
2.7
Secondary Bonding or van
der Waals
Bonding
31
2.8
Molecules
34
Summary
34
Important Terms and Concepts
35
References
35
Questions and Problems
35
3
Metallic and
Ceranúc
Structures
37
Learning Objectives
38
3.1
Introduction
38
3.2
Fundamental Concepts
38
XIII
xiv ·
Contents
Crystal Structures
38
3.3
Unit Cells
39
3.4
Metallic Crystal Structures
3.5
Density Computations
—
Metals
44
3.6
Ceramic Crystal Structures
3.7
Density Computations
—
Ceramics
52
3.8
Silicate Ceramics
54
3.9
Carbon
58
3.10
Polymorphism and
Allotropy
61
3.11
Crystal Systems
61
Crystallography Points,
Directions, and Planes
64
40
45
3.12
Point Coordinates
64
3.13
Crystallographic Directions
66
D. D
5.6
3.14
Crystallographic Planes
70
3.15
Linear and Planar Densities
75
3.16
Close-Packed Crystal
Structures
77
5.7
Crystalline and Noncrystalljne
Materials
80
5.8
3.17
Single Crystals
80
5.9
3.18
Polycrystalline Materials
80
5.10
3.19
Anisotropy
82
3.20
Х
-Ray Diffraction:
5.11
Determination of Crystal
5.12
Structures
83
5.13
3.21
Noncrystalline Solids
87
Summary
89
Important Terms and Concepts
91
References
92
Questions and Problems
92
4.11
Polymer Crystallinity
117
4.12
Polymer Crystals
121
Summary
123
Important Terms and Concepts
124
References
124
Questions and Problems
125
5
Defects in Solids
127
Learning Objectives
128
5.1
Introduction
128
Point Defects
128
5.2
Point Defects in Metals
128
5.3
Point Defects in Ceramics
130
5.4
Impurities in Solids
133
Point Defects in Polymers
136
Specification of
Composition
136
Miscellaneous Imperfections
140
Dislocations
—
Linear
Defects
140
Interfacial
Defects
144
Bulk or Volume Defects
147
Atomic Vibrations
147
Microscopic Examination
149
General
149
Microscopic Techniques
150
Grain Size Determination
155
Summary
156
Important Terms and Concepts
158
References
158
Questions and Problems
158
4
Structures of Polymers
97
Learning Objectives
98
4.1
Introduction
98
4.2
Hydrocarbon Molecules
98
4.3
Polymer Molecules
100
4.4
The Chemistry of Polymer
Molecules
101
4.5
Molecular Weight
106
4.6
Molecular Shape
108
4.7
Molecular Structure
109
4.8
Molecular Configurations 111
4.9
Thermoplastic and
Thermosetting Polymers
115
4.10
Copolymers
116
6
Diffusion in Solids
161
Learning Objectives
162
6.1
Introduction
162
6.2
Diffusion Mechanisms
163
6.3
Steady-State Diffusion
165
6.4
Nonsteady-State Diffusion
167
6.5
Factors That Influence
Diffusion
171
6.6
Other Diffusion Paths
177
6.7
Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric
Materials
177
Summary
181
Important Terms and Concepts
182
References
182
Questions and Problems
182
Contents · xv
7
Mechanical Properties
of Solids
186
187
Learning Objectives
7.1
Introduction
187
7.2
Concepts of Stress and
Strain
188
Elastic Deformation
192
7.3
Stress-Strain Behavior
192
7.4
Anelasticity
196
7.5
Elastic Properties
of Materials
196
Mechanical Behavior—Metals
199
7.6
Tensile Properties
200
7.7
True Stress and Strain
207
7.8
Elastic Recovery After Plastic
Deformation
210
7.9
Compressive,
Shear, and
Torsionai
Deformation
211
Mechanical Behavior-
Ceramics
211
7.10
Flexural Strength
211
7.11
Elastic Behavior
213
7.12
Influence of Porosity on the
Mechanical Properties of
Ceramics
213
Mechanical Behavior-
Polymers
214
7.13
Stress-Strain Behavior
215
7.14
Macroscopic Deformation
217
7.15
Viscoelastic Deformation
218
Hardness and Other
8
Deformation and
Strengthening Mechanisms
ofMateriaL·
242
Learning Objectives
243
8.1
Introduction
243
Deformation Mechanisms for
Metals
243
8.2
Historical
244
8.3
Basic Concepts of
Dislocations
244
8.4
Characteristics of
Dislocations
246
8.5
Slip Systems
248
8.6
Slip in Single Crystals
250
8.7
Plastic Deformation of
Polycrystalline Metals
253
8.8
Deformation by
Twinning
255
Mechanisms of Strengthening in
Metals
256
8.9
Strengthening by Grain Size
Reduction
257
8.10
Solid-Solution
Strengthening
259
8.11
Strain Hardening
260
Recovery, Recrystauization, and
Grain Growth
263
8.12
Recovery
264
8.13
Recrystallization
264
8.14
Grain Growth
269
Deformation Mechanisms for
Ceramic Materials
270
Considerations
222
8.15
Crystalline Ceramics
271
7.16
Hardness
222
8.16
Noncrystalline Ceramics
271
7.17
Hardness of Ceramic
Mechanisms of Deformation
and for Strengthening of
Materials
228
Polymers
272
7.18
Tear Strength and Hardness
of Polymers
228
8.17
Deformation of Semicrystalline
Polymers
272
Property Variability and
8.18
Factors That Influence the
Design/Safety Factors
229
Mechanical Properties of
7.19
Variability of Material
Semicrystalline Polymers
274
Properties
229
8.19
Deformation of
7.20
Design/Safety Factors
232
Elastomers
278
Summary
233
Summary
281
Important Terms
Important Terms and
and Concepts
235
Concepts
283
References
235
References
283
Questions and Problems
236
Questions and Problems
284
xvi
Contents
9
Failure
o f
Materials 2SS
Learning Objectives
289
9.1
Introduction
289
Fracture
289
9.2
Fundamentals of Fracture
289
9.3
Ductile Fracture
290
9.4
Brittle Fracture
293
9.5
Principles of Fracture
Mechanics
293
9.6
Brittle Fracture of
Ceramics
304
9.7
Fracture of Polymers
308
9.8
Impact Fracture
Testing
309
Fatigue
314
9.9
Cyclic Stresses
315
9.10
The S-N Curve
317
9.11
Fatigue in Polymeric
Materials
319
9.12
Crack Initiation and
Propagation
320
9.13
Factors that Affect Fatigue
Life
322
9.14
Environmental Effects
325
Creep
326
9.15
Generalized Creep
Behavior
326
9.16
Stress and Temperature
Effects
328
9.17
Data Extrapolation
Methods
329
9.18
Alloys for High-Temperature
Use
331
9.19
Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric
Materials
331
Summary
332
Important Terms and Concepts
334
References
334
Questions and Problems
335
10.4
Microstructure
342
10.5
Phase Equilibria
342
10.6
One-Component (or Unary)
Phase Diagrams
343
Binary Phase Diagrams
345
10.7
Binary Isomorphous
Systems
345
10.8
Interpretation of Phase
Diagrams
347
10.9
Development of
Microstructure
in Isomorphous Alloys
351
10.10
Mechanical Properties of
Isomorphous Alloys
355
10.11
Binary Eutectic Systems
356
10.12
Development of
Microstructure
in Eutectic Alloys
361
10.13
Equilibrium Diagrams Having
Intermediate Phases or
Compounds
369
10.14
Eutectoid and Peritectic
Reactions
371
10.15
Congruent Phase
Transformations
372
10.16
Ceramic Phase Diagrams
373
10.17
Ternary Phase Diagrams
378
10.18
The Gibbs Phase Rule
378
The Iron-Carbon System
380
10.19
The Iron-Iron Carbide
(Fe-FesC) Phase Diagram
380
10.20
Development of
Microstructure
in Iron-Carbon Alloys
384
10.21
The Influence of Other Alloying
Elements
391
Summary
392
Important Terms and Concepts
394
References
394
Questions and Problems
394
11
Pitase
Transformations
400
Learning Objectives
401
10
Phase Diagrams
339
11.1
Introduction
401
Phase Transformations
Learning Objectives
340
in Metals
401
10.1
Introduction
340
11.2
Basic Concepts
402
DEFINITIONS AND BASIC
11.3
The Kinetics of Phase
Concepts
340
Transformations
402
10.2
Solubility Limit
341
11.4
Metastable Versus Equilibrium
10.3
Phases
341
States
413
Contents · xvii
mlcrostructural
and property
Changes in Iron-Carbon
Alloys
414
11.5
Isothermal Transformation
Diagrams
414
11.6
Continuous Cooling
Transformation Diagrams
426
11.7
Mechanical Behavior of
Iron-Carbon Alloys
430
11.8
Tempered Martensite
434
11.9
Review of Phase
Transformations and Mechanical
Properties for Iron-Carbon
Alloys
437
Precipitation Hardening
438
11.10
Heat Treatments
441
11.11
Mechanism of Hardening
443
11.12
Miscellaneous
Considerations
446
Crystallization. Melting, and Glass
Transition phenomena in polymers
447
11.13
Crystallization
447
11.14
Melting
448
11.15
The Glass Transition
448
11.16
Melting and Glass Transition
Temperatures
449
11.17
Factors That Influence Melting
and Glass Transition
Temperatures
450
Summary
452
Important Terms and Concepts
454
References
454
Questions and Problems
454
12
Electrical Properties
of Materials
460
Learning Objectives
461
12.1
Introduction
461
Electrical Conduction
461
12.2
Ohm's Law
461
12.3
Electrical Conductivity
462
12.4
Electronic and Ionic
Conduction
463
12.5
Energy Band Structures in
Solids
463
12.6
Conduction in Terms of Band
and Atomic Bonding
Models
466
12.7
Electron Mobility
467
12.8
Electrical Resistivity of
Metals
469
12.9
Electrical Characteristics of
Commercial Alloys
471
SEMICONDUCnVfTY
474
12.10
Intrinsic Semiconduction
474
12.11
Extrinsic Semiconduction
477
12.12
The Temperature Dependence
of Carrier Concentration
481
12.13
Factors That Affect Carrier
Mobility
483
12.14
The Hall Effect
488
12.15
Semiconductor Devices
489
Electrical Conduction in Ionk
Ceramics and in Polymers
496
12.16
Conduction in Ionic
Materials
497
12.17
Electrical Properties of
Polymers
497
Dielectric Behavior
498
12.18
Capacitance
498
12.19
Field Vectors and
Polarization
500
12.20
Types of Polarization
504
12.21
Frequency Dependence of the
Dielectric Constant
505
12.22
Dielectric Strength
506
12.23
Dielectric Materials
507
Other Electrical Characteristics
of
Matériau
507
12.24
Ferroelectricity
507
12.25
Piezoelectricity
508
Summary
509
Important Terms and Concepts
511
References
511
Questions and Problems
512
13
Types and Applications
of Metals
j
Ceramics,
and Polymers
516
Learning Objectives
517
13.1
Introduction
517
Types of Metal Alloys
517
13.2
Ferrous Alloys
517
13.3
Nonferrous Alloys
530
Types of Ceramics
540
13.4
Glasses
541
xviii
Contents
13.5 Glass-Ceramics 541
13.6
Clay
Products 543
13.7
Refractories
543
13.8
Abrasives
545
13.9
Cements
546
13.10
Advanced Ceramics
547
13.11
Diamond and Graphite
550
Types of Polymers
552
13.12
Plastics
552
13.13
Elastomers
552
13.14
Fibers
557
13.15
Miscellaneous
Applications
557
13.16
Advanced Polymeric
Materials
559
Summary
563
Important Terms and Concepts
565
References
565
Questions and Problems
566
14
Synthesis, Fabrication,
and Processing of
Metals, Ceramics,
and Polymers
568
Learning Objectives
Introduction
569
569
14.1
Fabrication of Metals
569
14.2
Forming Operations
569
14.3
Casting
571
14.4
Miscellaneous Techniques
573
Thermal Processing of Metals
574
14.5
Annealing Processes
575
14.6
Heat Treatment of Steels
577
Fabrication of Ceramic
Materials
589
14.7
Fabrication and Processing
of Glasses and Glass-
Ceramics
589
14.8
Fabrication and Processing
of Clay Products
594
14.9
Powder Pressing
600
14.10
Tape Casting
602
Synthesis and Fabrication of
Polymers
603
14.11
Polymerization
603
14.12
Polymer Additives
606
14.13
Forming Techniques for
Plastics
607
14.14
Fabrication of Elastomers
610
14.15
Fabrication of Fibers and
Films
610
Summary
612
Important Terms and Concepts
613
References
614
Questions and Problems
614
15
Composites MateriaL·
617
Learning Objectives
15.1
Introduction
618
Particle-Reinforced
Composites
620
618
620
15.2
Large-Particle Composites
15.3
Dispersion-Strengthened
Composites
624
Fiber-Reinforced Composites
625
15.4
Influence of Fiber Length
625
15.5
Influence of Fiber Orientation
and Concentration
626
15.6
The Fiber Phase
635
15.7
The Matrix Phase
637
15.8
Polymer-Matrix
Composites
637
15.9
Metal-Matrix Composites
644
15.10
Ceramic-Matrix
Composites
645
15.11
Carbon-Carbon
Composites
646
15.12
Hybrid Composites
647
15.13
Processing of Fiber-Reinforced
Composites
648
Structural Composites
650
15.14
Laminar Composites
651
15.15
Sandwich Panels
651
Summary
654
important Terms and Concepts
656
References
656
Questions and Problems
656
16
Corrosion and
Degradation
660
Learning Objectives
661
16.1
Introduction
661
Corrosion of Metals
661
16.2
Electrochemical
Considerations
662
16.3
Corrosion Rates
670
Contents * xbt
16.4
Prediction of Corrosion
Summary
753
Rates
671
Important Terms and
16.5
Passivity
678
Concepts
755
16.6
Environmental Effects
680
References
755
16.7
Forms of Corrosion
680
Questions and Problems
755
16.8
Corrosion Environments
688
16.9
Corrosion Prevention
689
19
Optical Properties
16.10
Oxidation
691
ofMateriab
759
Corrosion of Ceramic
Materials
694
Learning Objectives
760
16.11
Swelling and Dissolution
695
19.1
Introduction
760
16.12
Bond Rupture
697
Basic Concepts
760
16.13
Weathering
699
19.2
Electromagnetic Radiation
760
Summary
699
19.3
Light Interactions With
Important Terms and Concepts
701
Solids
762
References
701
19.4
Atomic and Electronic
Questions and Problems
701
Interactions
763
Optical Properties of Metals
764
17
Thermal Properties
ofMaterUUs
705
Optical Properties of
Nonmftals
765
Learning Objectives
706
19.5
Refraction
765
17.1
Introduction
706
19.6
Reflection
767
17.2
Heat Capacity
706
19.7
Absorption
768
17.3
Thermal Expansion
708
19.8
Transmission
771
17.4
Thermal Conductivity
711
19.9
Color
772
17.5
Thermal Stresses
716
19.10
Opacity and Translucency in
Summary
718
Insulators
774
Important Terms and Concepts
719
Applications of Optical
References
719
Phenomena
775
18
Magnetic Properties
ofMateriab
722
Learning Objectives
723
18.1
Introduction
723
18.2
Basic Concepts
723
18.3
Diamagnetism and
Paramagnetism
727
18.4
Ferromagnetism
729
18.5
Antiferromagnetism and
Ferrimagnetism
731
18.6
The Influence of Temperature
on Magnetic Behavior
735
18.7
Domains and Hysteresis
736
18.8
Magnetic Anisotropy
740
18.9
Soft Magnetic Materials
741
18.10
Hard Magnetic Materials
744
18.11
Magnetic Storage
747
18.12
Superconductivity
750
19.11
Luminescence
775
19.12
Photoconductivity
775
19.13
Lasers
778
19.14
Optical Fibers in
Communications
781
Summary
785
Important Terms and Concepts
787
References
787
Questions and Problems
787
20
Economic, Environmental,
and Societal Issues
789
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
Learning Objectives
Introduction
790
790
Economic Considerations
790
Component Design
791
Materials
791
Manufacturing Techniques
791
Environmental and Societal
Considerations
792
xx · Contents
20.5 Recycling
Issues
in Materials
Science and Engineering 794
Summary
797
References
798
Design
Questions
798
Appendix
A
The International
System
of
Uniti (SI)
799
Appendix
В
Properties of Selected
Engineering
Matériau
801
В.
10
Metal Alloy
Compositions
827
B.1
Density
801
B.2
Modulus of Elasticity
804
B.3
Poisson's Ratio
808
B.4
Strength and Ductility
809
B.5
Plane Strain Fracture
Toughness
814
B.6
Linear Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion
815
B.7
Thermal Conductivity
819
B.8
Specific Heat
822
B.9
Electrical Resistivity
824
Appendix
С
Costs and Relative
Costs for Selected Engineering
Matériau
829
Appendix
D
Repeat Unit
Structures for Common
Polymers
834
Appendix
E
Glass Transition
and Melting Temperatures for
Common Polymeric
Materials
838
Glossary
839
Answers to Selected
Problems
855
Index
859 |
any_adam_object | 1 |
any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
author | Callister, William D. 1940- Rethwisch, David G. |
author_GND | (DE-588)135540461 |
author_facet | Callister, William D. 1940- Rethwisch, David G. |
author_role | aut aut |
author_sort | Callister, William D. 1940- |
author_variant | w d c wd wdc d g r dg dgr |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV023390488 |
callnumber-first | T - Technology |
callnumber-label | TA403 |
callnumber-raw | TA403 |
callnumber-search | TA403 |
callnumber-sort | TA 3403 |
callnumber-subject | TA - General and Civil Engineering |
classification_rvk | UQ 8000 ZM 3000 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)255839864 (DE-599)BVBBV023390488 |
dewey-full | 620.1/1 620.11 |
dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
dewey-ones | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
dewey-raw | 620.1/1 620.11 |
dewey-search | 620.1/1 620.11 |
dewey-sort | 3620.1 11 |
dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
discipline | Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
discipline_str_mv | Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
edition | Internat. student version, 3. ed. |
format | Book |
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id | DE-604.BV023390488 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-02T21:19:35Z |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:17:32Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9780470234631 9780470125373 0470125373 |
language | English |
lccn | 2007040687 |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016573438 |
oclc_num | 255839864 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-20 DE-384 DE-703 DE-83 DE-573 DE-29T |
owner_facet | DE-20 DE-384 DE-703 DE-83 DE-573 DE-29T |
physical | XXIII, 882 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
publishDate | 2008 |
publishDateSearch | 2008 |
publishDateSort | 2008 |
publisher | Wiley |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Callister, William D. 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)135540461 aut Fundamentals of materials science and engineering an integrated approach William D. Callister ; David G. Rethwisch Internat. student version, 3. ed. Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2008 XXIII, 882 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Werkstoffkunde Materials Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd rswk-swf Stoffeigenschaft (DE-588)4192147-1 gnd rswk-swf Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 s Stoffeigenschaft (DE-588)4192147-1 s 1\p DE-604 Rethwisch, David G. Verfasser aut http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0814/2007040687-d.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0814/2007040687-t.html Table of contents only Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016573438&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Callister, William D. 1940- Rethwisch, David G. Fundamentals of materials science and engineering an integrated approach Werkstoffkunde Materials Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd Stoffeigenschaft (DE-588)4192147-1 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4079184-1 (DE-588)4192147-1 |
title | Fundamentals of materials science and engineering an integrated approach |
title_auth | Fundamentals of materials science and engineering an integrated approach |
title_exact_search | Fundamentals of materials science and engineering an integrated approach |
title_exact_search_txtP | Fundamentals of materials science and engineering an integrated approach |
title_full | Fundamentals of materials science and engineering an integrated approach William D. Callister ; David G. Rethwisch |
title_fullStr | Fundamentals of materials science and engineering an integrated approach William D. Callister ; David G. Rethwisch |
title_full_unstemmed | Fundamentals of materials science and engineering an integrated approach William D. Callister ; David G. Rethwisch |
title_short | Fundamentals of materials science and engineering |
title_sort | fundamentals of materials science and engineering an integrated approach |
title_sub | an integrated approach |
topic | Werkstoffkunde Materials Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd Stoffeigenschaft (DE-588)4192147-1 gnd |
topic_facet | Werkstoffkunde Materials Stoffeigenschaft |
url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0814/2007040687-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0814/2007040687-t.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016573438&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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