Izvestnye diplomaty Rossii: ministry inostrannych del ; XX vek ; [otečestvennym diplomatam prošlogo i sovremennosti posvjaščaetsja]
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Moskva
Moskovskie Učebniki
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Izdatelʹskaja programma Pravitelʹstva Moskvy
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Noted diplomats of Russia. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Einf. in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 479 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9785785308084 |
Internformat
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Noted diplomats of Russia |
| 264 | 1 | |a Moskva |b Moskovskie Učebniki |c 2007 | |
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| 500 | |a PST: Noted diplomats of Russia. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Einf. in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1918-1989 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1900-1917 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Revjakin, A. V. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
-O-
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Торкунов ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
МИНИСТРЫ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ДЕЛ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ
22
Министры иностранных дел России и определение
ее внешнеполитических приоритетов в начале
XX
столетия
27
В.Н.Ламздорф
35
А.П. Извольский
57
СД.
Сазонов
79
Б.В. Штюрмер
81
H.H.
Покровский
83
П.Н. Милюков
96
М.И. Терещенко
(AB.
Игнатьев)
МИНИСТРЫ
ИНОСТРАННЫХ ДЕЛ
СССР
103
Г.В. Чичерин
-
«красный нарком» или реальный политик?
(Л.Н. Нежинский,
A.B.
Ревякин)
156
В.В. Боровский (Н
JO.
Васильева)
164
Л.М. Карахан (А.Ю. Сидоров)
172
Х.Г. Раковский (НЮ. Васильева)
179
М.М. Литвинов
-
блестящий дипломат,
выдающийся нарком
(ММ. Наринский, НЮ. Васильева)
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 478
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
228 H.H.
Крестинский СА.Ю. Сидоров)
233
Ф.Ф. Раскольников (Н.Ю. Васильева)
240
Б.С. Стомоняков
(AJO.
Сидоров)
245
Я.З.Суриц (Н.Ю. Васильева)
251
В.М. Молотов
-
самый сталинский нарком
(В. О. Печатное)
318
А.М. Коллонтай (НЮ.Васильева)
325
И.М. Майский (НЮ.Васильева)
331
А.Я. Вышинский: министр-прокурор
(АМ. Филитов)
351
Д.Т. Шепилов: министр-нонконформист
(AM.
Филитов)
373 A.A.
Громыко: в дипломатии
XX
века равных ему не было
(БД. Пядышев)
421
М.С.Капица (ЮА. Дубинин)
428 O.A.
Трояновский (ЮА. Дубинин)
437
В.И. Якунин СЛОВО К ЧИТАТЕЛЯМ
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ
442
Примечания
462
Список иллюстраций
472
Указатель имен
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 479 ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦
<>
о -о- о
<- <>
о о
♦
-о- о
<> <> <> <>
о
<>
о
<>
о
♦
о
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о
^
The book that you, my dear reader, are currently holding in your ^
♦
hands is the continuation of a serious Famous Russian Diplomats ,
♦
that is published by virtue of close cooperation between the Moscow ^
♦
State Institute of International Relations
-
University, MFA Russia and
the biggest polygraph company of our capital
-
OJSC Moscow text-
books and Cartolithography . It is devoted to the poorly studied chap- ^
.
ters and contentious issues of history of the Russian diplomacy from ^
^ the beginning of the XXth century to the middle of the
1980s.
^
♦
I shall assure you that this is one of the rare pieces of work of our
♦
♦
historical literature that satisfies at the same time to the highest
♦
♦
criteria and scientific approach, that said objectivity, depth of the
♦
+
insight into the innermost essence of the past events, and popular-
*
■*■
ity, perspicuity of narration for a laymen. Its authors are reputable
*
■*■
specialists in the sphere of history of foreign policy and diplomacy
of Russia as well as international relations studies. Essays prepared
are of an exploratory, creative character. They are based on a wide
variety of materials, including little-known, not published before
archival documents, that became accessible to the historians only
.
.
recently. Data retrieved from these sources are really astounding, ^
^ that by themselves can get the zetetic reader intrigued. But it is also ^
a. true that authors do not limit themselves with simple statement of
^.
^.
facts, but express on the basis original and free of any prejudice and
+
+
notorious dogmatism, but moreover bear well-founded conceptual
4
+
character. The further away the twentieth century is, the bigger be-
+
4.
comes the distance between us and the events of those times, that
+
+
is, the wider our opportunities are for unbiased and objective as-
+
-f sessment.
+
nevertheless this book, as well as the previous publications1 of this
series, is written in a popular style of biographical essays. Its heroes
^ are the heads of the diplomatic institution of our country, no matter
♦ ♦
♦ ♦
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦
INTRODUCTION
how it was called at different periods of history. But at the same time
the reader would find there biographical sketches of a number of
other famous diplomats, who s names will stay prominently in the
o
o
^ history of the Russian foreign policy. It is clear that this book of
*
biographical sketches does not claim, and cannot do so, to be a
comprehensive, encyclopedically complete exposure of the history
of Russian diplomacy. But it covers not only in a great deal of detail,
^ but also very vividly and prominently its main milestones, turning
points and sustainable, dominating trends in its development. We
_.
л
should all agree that a real drama of history can be understood only
.
,φ.
through the example of specific human fates. ^
^*
The portrait gallery of well-known diplomats is opened by the minis-
♦
^ ters of foreign affairs of imperial Russia of the beginning of the XX
♦
^ century. Two of them, A.Izvolsky arid S.Sazonov, are of special inter-
♦
^
est
since they laid the foundation for the course of active
coopera-
*
^
tion
and alliance with the western democracies. They undertook
*
great responsibility. The new policy at the same time opened new
prospects of raising international prestige of our state, but also was
dangerous for it could involve Russia into the international conflicts
and hostilities, that Russia were not directly affected by. The reader
.
finds out that both ministers experienced grand personal failures in
.
.
the diplomatic field. But the most important thing
-
they turned
un-
.
л
able to prevent the breakup of the imperial Russia, that didn t
sur- ^
ж
vive
through the tests of the World War I, which it entered on the side
^.
+
of Triple Entente with their active participation.
+
♦
Judging from today we can well see that as such there arose a ques-
♦
♦
tion
of if not complete, but significant adjustment of the Russian
♦
♦
foreign policy since the February revolution, nevertheless the Inter-
*
♦ im
Government was clearly not in a hurry to fulfill this task. The
*
♦
reader can be surprised at the obstinacy of the new minister of
*
♦ ♦
♦ ♦
♦ ♦
mum + UU
15 +♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦
^
foreign affairs P.Milukov who held on to the policy of active partici-
♦
pation
of Russia in the war till the victorious end without taking into v
♦
account real capabilities of the country. Although the diplomacy of ^
♦
the Interim Government quite rightly rejected the idea of separate ^
.
peace it at the same time couldn t achieve what it could and had to ^
ж
do
-
to facilitate to the maximum the burden of war for Russia. ^
♦
The crisis in relationship with the allies, that broke out at the very
О
♦
climax of the world war can only partially explain such a steep turn, that ^
♦
occurred in the foreign policy of Russia after the October revolution. ^
♦
The authors of the book show what a great importance can be accorded ^
♦
to the ideological factor
-
obsession of Bolsheviks, especially at the ^
♦
first stages, with the idea of the world proletarian revolution. In the end,
♦
the foreign policy of the Soviet state from the very beginning acquired
powerful ideological overtone and anti-capitalist direction, notably, while
choosing partners in the West, the soviet leaders clearly preferred re-
lationship with Germany. The reader would find out about the evolution
.
and establishment of the Soviet diplomacy, the goals it pursued and the
.,
л
tasks fulfilled from the thorough essay on life and activities of
л
^ G.Chicherin. Although the authors point out some inconsistencies in ^
ж.
his views and diplomacy, they definitely renounce the dilemma: So
+
+
what kind
о
person Chicherin was
-
Red People s Commissar or a real
«$.
+
politician? It is forcefully demonstrated in the article that he was both.
4.
+
There is already a huge deal of literature on the divergences be-
*
♦
tween G.Chicherin and his long time deputy M.
Litvínov,
who later on
*
took up his post of the head of Peoples Commissariat of Foreign
Affairs. But in this case authors managed to highlight new, exception-
ally important sides of the issue. From the essay devoted to
Litvínov
we find out that unlike many of his colleagues he was able to ap-
proach the analysis of international events unbiased, without
ideo-
_.
^ logical conformity, as the authors underline, in the tideway of the
.
^ political realism . It is quite logical that while under Litvinov s guid- ^
+
ance
the Soviet diplomacy picked up the positive dialogue with the
+
+
western countries, assuring rapprochement of the USSR with France,
+
+
and actively joined in to create a system of collective security in
+
+
Europe. Authors valued Litvinov s merits highly stressing that it was
+
+
him who formulated the program of actions that is capable of build-
+
+
ing obstacles to development of the riazi Germany aggression . Many -f
♦ ♦
♦ ♦
♦ ♦
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦
* <>
*
о
ideas and statements of the eminent People s Commissar are very ^
relevant today, in particular his ideas of indivisibility of peace as
^
_.
related to the threat of war and aggression. ^
*
The materials of the book convince that the dramatic changes in the
О
*
leadership of the People s Commissariat at the end of the
1930s
О
*
were all but accidental. On the eve and during the World War II the
<>
*
tendency that prevailed in the Soviet diplomacy was, if it can be
О
*
called this was, political cynicism, counter to realism of M.
Litvínov.
<*
*
In the essay about life and activities of V.
Molotov
it is described in ^
■*■
detail how the Soviet diplomacy under the leadership of the Stalin s ^
People s Commissar started a brazen bargaining first with the Hitler ^
Germany, and later on, when it attacked the USSR
-
with the allies
+
within anti-Hitler coalition. Fates of the whole countries and peoples
*
were at stake of this bargaining. If the reader regards this assess-
_.
ment as
too rough, then one should better reflect on the sense and
_.
meaning of the facts and documents mentioned in the book. They
^ talk for themselves.
.
*
We can agree with the authors of the book: it is difficult to logically
♦
*
explain the forced resignation of
Molotov
from the post of the head
♦
■*■
of the MFA of the USSR, which followed several years later after the
♦
*
great Victory. Was the main reason the morbid suspicion of the age-
♦
■*■
ing leader? Or was it that during the cold war there was no more need
♦
*
not only in political realism of
Litvínov
type, but also in the
Molotov
♦
*
diplomacy of tough bargaining ? One way or another, when
♦
*
A.Vyshinsky came to head the MFA of the USSR the Soviet diplomacy
+
*
to certain extent restored the methods, that were peculiar to it ear-
*
Z_
lier,
during the times of irreconcilable political and ideological con-
*
Τ
frontation with the West. These methods are characterized in the
+
essay devoted to the activities of the minister-procurator , of whom ^
4.
it is accurately said that he was more often taking up the role not the ^
4.
diplomat as such, but more of an propagandist, yeller-chief itch and ^
4.
rub . -f
*
Separate essay is devoted to D.Shepilov, who was appointed minis-
♦
*
ter
of foreign affairs in the middle
1950s.
Someone would just smile
♦
*
sarcastically when mentioning his name: he occupied his post for
♦
*
only
8
months and was fired with scandal for unknown delinquencies
♦
*
as the one who joined the anti-party group . But we should remind
♦
4. ♦
* ♦
о
-О-
-
^
the reader, what kind of times were those
-
times of changes, with ^
^ the impulse given by the XX Communist Party Central Committee ^
^ Convention, that awakened so much energy and hopes in the
soci- ^
^
ety.
But the only fault of Shepilov was essentially only for being too ^
.
independent and initiative minister in the eyes of the political lead- ^
і
ership. Even within such a short period of time non-conforming ^
^ minister did enough for the period of his heading the MFA to be ^
4.
evaluated as one of the most productive in the history of post-war ^
+
foreign policy of the USSR .
<>
♦
The book is closing with the biographical portrait of A.Gromyko. His ^
■*■
monumental image stays in the memories of recently living genera- ^
**
tions of our countrymen. But how it can be different?! He headed the ^
♦
Soviet MFA just short of
30
years -uncommonly long by all standards ^
-
whether historical or human. Unprecedented military and political
might of the Soviet Union attached particular importance to his words
and deeds. But the style of the minister, the laconic man, not ex-
_.
pressing his emotions in public, corresponded with the image. It is
.
ж
impossible to deny Gromyko s merits before the country and the ^
4.
world community. He played the great role in settlement of
interna- ^
4.
tional conflicts and crisis, contributed to the process of detente. But ^
4.
the authors of the book don t turn the blind eye to his blunders and ^
4.
mistakes. Till the end of his days Gromyko view the international
4.
4.
events through the ideological prism, proudly characterizing himself
4.
4.
as the communist to the backbone . Who knows, whether this is the
4.
4-
source of those fatal mistakes, he bears responsibility for along with
4.
♦
the other Soviet leaders, that is his support for unjustified by its
4-
♦
scale military preparations , as well as longstanding and senseless
4-
♦
war in Afghanistan .
4-
+ 4-
^ Authors and publishes of this book broke one of the traditions of the
^ Russian historical literature, that is drawing the clear line between
.
^ the events that happened before and after the revolution of
1917. .
^ Indeed what can be found in common between the ministers of for- ^
4.
eign affairs of imperial Russian and the Soviet Union? If the reader ^
4.
has this kind of question, I have to bowl him down: he was not ^
4.
reading the book attentively, since one of its most vivid advantages
4,
4.
is the fact that authors of separate essays, without prior consulting
<>
4.
each other (believe me!) clearly enucleated the continuity in evolu-
<>
♦
о
■ ■■>
о
<>
-о- -о-
<>
о о
<>
о о
<>
о
<>
-о о
<>
-о о о о-
·>
о о о о
<>
о о
<>
-о
о
<>
^
tion
of the Russian diplomacy at different stages of our history. This ^
continuity is contained in the fact that the Russian diplomacy has ^
always defined as its priority the task of defending state interests.
Political conjuncture considerations, particular ideological preferenc-
Л
es
could sometimes move aside this task to the middle ground. But
.
^ all this only temporarily! Common sense, understanding of
respon-
.
a sibility before the citizens and the society in the end always
pre-
a,
^ vailed over other reasons. ^
^ But it is also true that the state interests themselves in different ^
^ periods of our history could be interpreted differently, depending on ^
^ many circumstances. In the beginning of the XX century the most ^
^ forward-looking statesmen of Russia, including Ministers A.Izvolsky
^
^ and S.Sazonov, always aspired to securing longstanding peace for
*
Russia
-
the main condition for its economic growth and successful
modernization. Soviet diplomacy pursued similar goals under the
*
leadership of G.Chicherin and M.
Litvínov.
One can find multiple
.
support for this assumption in the book. When V.
Molotov
came to
.
lead the People s Commissariat of Foreign
Äffairs
the other
geo-
ж
graphical concept of the USSR security prevailed
-
based on the
,
ж
division of spheres of influence with the major states in order to ^
4.
secure deep defense of the country s borders. Wonder if it is worth
4.
4.
specifying that such a concept considerably stepped up the risk of
+
4.
the country involvement in the military conflicts with other coun-
4.
4.
tries. This view is not expressed directly in the book, but by all
4.
4-
appearances Qromyko was inclined to such a concept. It seems that
4.
♦
the Russian diplomacy experience could be usefully taken into ac-
>
♦
count while discussing the national interests of modern Russia.
♦
*
Hope that the book will attract attention of the diplomats and
politi-
*
cians, professors and students
-
all those, who are interested in the ^
л
past and the modern stage of the Russian diplomacy and who is not
4.
indifferent to the destiny of our country. ^
4-
I strongly recommend it to the public!
♦
4
A. Torkunov,
4-
4
Φ
φ.
Member-correspondent of
RAS,
Rector of MQIMO(U) MFA of Russia, ^
ж
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
л.
|
| adam_txt |
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
-O-
<>♦■<><>♦<><> <> <>
О О О
<> <>
О
<> <>
О
<> *>
v' v'
<> <
Aß.
Торкунов ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
МИНИСТРЫ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ДЕЛ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ
22
Министры иностранных дел России и определение
ее внешнеполитических приоритетов в начале
XX
столетия
27
В.Н.Ламздорф
35
А.П. Извольский
57
СД.
Сазонов
79
Б.В. Штюрмер
81
H.H.
Покровский
83
П.Н. Милюков
96
М.И. Терещенко
(AB.
Игнатьев)
МИНИСТРЫ
ИНОСТРАННЫХ ДЕЛ
СССР
103
Г.В. Чичерин
-
«красный нарком» или реальный политик?
(Л.Н. Нежинский,
A.B.
Ревякин)
156
В.В. Боровский (Н
JO.
Васильева)
164
Л.М. Карахан (А.Ю. Сидоров)
172
Х.Г. Раковский (НЮ. Васильева)
179
М.М. Литвинов
-
блестящий дипломат,
выдающийся нарком
(ММ. Наринский, НЮ. Васильева)
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 478
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
228 H.H.
Крестинский СА.Ю. Сидоров)
233
Ф.Ф. Раскольников (Н.Ю. Васильева)
240
Б.С. Стомоняков
(AJO.
Сидоров)
245
Я.З.Суриц (Н.Ю. Васильева)
251
В.М. Молотов
-
самый сталинский нарком
(В. О. Печатное)
318
А.М. Коллонтай (НЮ.Васильева)
325
И.М. Майский (НЮ.Васильева)
331
А.Я. Вышинский: министр-прокурор
(АМ. Филитов)
351
Д.Т. Шепилов: министр-нонконформист
(AM.
Филитов)
373 A.A.
Громыко: в дипломатии
XX
века равных ему не было
(БД. Пядышев)
421
М.С.Капица (ЮА. Дубинин)
428 O.A.
Трояновский (ЮА. Дубинин)
437
В.И. Якунин СЛОВО К ЧИТАТЕЛЯМ
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ
442
Примечания
462
Список иллюстраций
472
Указатель имен
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 479 ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦
<>
о -о- о
<- <>
о о
♦
-о- о
<> <> <> <>
о
<>
о
<>
о
♦
о
<>
о
^
The book that you, my dear reader, are currently holding in your ^
♦
hands is the continuation of a serious "Famous Russian Diplomats",
♦
that is published by virtue of close cooperation between the Moscow ^
♦
State Institute of International Relations
-
University, MFA Russia and
"
the biggest polygraph company of our capital
-
OJSC "Moscow text-
books and Cartolithography". It is devoted to the poorly studied chap- ^
.
ters and contentious issues of history of the Russian diplomacy from ^
^ the beginning of the XXth century to the middle of the
1980s.
^
♦
I shall assure you that this is one of the rare pieces of work of our
♦
♦
historical literature that satisfies at the same time to the highest
♦
♦
criteria and scientific approach, that said objectivity, depth of the
♦
+
insight into the innermost essence of the past events, and popular-
*
■*■
ity, perspicuity of narration for a laymen. Its authors are reputable
*
■*■
specialists in the sphere of history of foreign policy and diplomacy
of Russia as well as international relations studies. Essays prepared
are of an exploratory, creative character. They are based on a wide
variety of materials, including little-known, not published before
archival documents, that became accessible to the historians only
.
.
recently. Data retrieved from these sources are really astounding, ^
^ that by themselves can get the zetetic reader intrigued. But it is also ^
a. true that authors do not limit themselves with simple statement of
^.
^.
facts, but express on the basis original and free of any prejudice and
+
+
notorious dogmatism, but moreover bear well-founded conceptual
4
+
character. The further away the twentieth century is, the bigger be-
+
4.
comes the distance between us and the events of those times, that
+
+
is, the wider our opportunities are for unbiased and objective as-
+
-f sessment.
+
nevertheless this book, as well as the previous publications1 of this
series, is written in a popular style of biographical essays. Its heroes
^ are the heads of the diplomatic institution of our country, no matter
♦ ♦
♦ ♦
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦
INTRODUCTION
how it was called at different periods of history. But at the same time
the reader would find there biographical sketches of a number of
other famous diplomats, who's names will stay prominently in the
o
o
"^ history of the Russian foreign policy. It is clear that this book of
*
biographical sketches does not claim, and cannot do so, to be a
comprehensive, encyclopedically complete exposure of the history
of Russian diplomacy. But it covers not only in a great deal of detail,
^ but also very vividly and prominently its main milestones, turning
points and sustainable, dominating trends in its development. We
_.
л
should all agree that a real drama of history can be understood only
.
,φ.
through the example of specific human fates. ^
^*
The portrait gallery of well-known diplomats is opened by the minis-
♦
^ ters of foreign affairs of imperial Russia of the beginning of the XX
♦
"^ century. Two of them, A.Izvolsky arid S.Sazonov, are of special inter-
♦
"^
est
since they laid the foundation for the course of active
coopera-
*
^
tion
and alliance with the western democracies. They undertook
*
great responsibility. The new policy at the same time opened new
prospects of raising international prestige of our state, but also was
dangerous for it could involve Russia into the international conflicts
and hostilities, that Russia were not directly affected by. The reader
.
finds out that both ministers experienced grand personal failures in
.
.
the diplomatic field. But the most important thing
-
they turned
un-
.
л
able to prevent the breakup of the imperial Russia, that didn't
sur- ^
ж
vive
through the tests of the World War I, which it entered on the side
^.
+
of Triple Entente with their active participation.
+
♦
Judging from today we can well see that as such there arose a ques-
♦
♦
tion
of if not complete, but significant adjustment of the Russian
♦
♦
foreign policy since the February revolution, nevertheless the Inter-
*
♦ im
Government was clearly not in a hurry to fulfill this task. The
*
♦
reader can be surprised at the obstinacy of the new minister of
*
♦ ♦
♦ ♦
♦ ♦
mum + UU
15 +♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦
^
foreign affairs P.Milukov who held on to the policy of active partici-
♦
pation
of Russia in the war till the "victorious end" without taking into v
♦
account real capabilities of the country. Although the diplomacy of ^
♦
the Interim Government quite rightly rejected the idea of separate ^
.
peace it at the same time couldn't achieve what it could and had to ^
ж
do
-
to facilitate to the maximum the burden of war for Russia. ^
♦
The crisis in relationship with the allies, that broke out at the very
О
♦
climax of the world war can only partially explain such a steep turn, that "^
♦
occurred in the foreign policy of Russia after the October revolution. ^
♦
The authors of the book show what a great importance can be accorded ^
♦
to the ideological factor
-
obsession of Bolsheviks, especially at the ^
♦
first stages, with the idea of the world proletarian revolution. In the end,
♦
the foreign policy of the Soviet state from the very beginning acquired
powerful ideological overtone and anti-capitalist direction, notably, while
choosing partners in the West, the soviet leaders clearly preferred re-
lationship with Germany. The reader would find out about the evolution
.
and establishment of the Soviet diplomacy, the goals it pursued and the
.,
л
tasks fulfilled from the thorough essay on life and activities of
л
^ G.Chicherin. Although the authors point out some inconsistencies in ^
ж.
his views and diplomacy, they definitely renounce the dilemma: "So
+
+
what kind
о
person Chicherin was
-
"Red People's Commissar" or a real
«$.
+
politician?" It is forcefully demonstrated in the article that he was both.
4.
+
There is already a huge deal of literature on the divergences be-
*
♦
tween G.Chicherin and his long time deputy M.
Litvínov,
who later on
*
took up his post of the head of Peoples Commissariat of Foreign
Affairs. But in this case authors managed to highlight new, exception-
ally important sides of the issue. From the essay devoted to
Litvínov
we find out that unlike many of his colleagues he was able to ap-
proach the analysis of international events unbiased, without
ideo-
_.
^ logical conformity, as the authors underline, "in the tideway of the
.
^ political realism". It is quite logical that while under Litvinov's guid- ^
+
ance
the Soviet diplomacy picked up the positive dialogue with the
+
+
western countries, assuring rapprochement of the USSR with France,
+
+
and actively joined in to create a system of collective security in
+
+
Europe. Authors valued Litvinov's merits highly stressing that it was
+
+
him who "formulated the program of actions that is capable of build-
+
+
ing obstacles to development of the riazi Germany aggression". Many -f
♦ ♦
♦ ♦
♦ ♦
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦
* <>
*
о
ideas and statements of the "eminent People's Commissar" are very ^
relevant today, in particular his ideas of "indivisibility of peace" as
^
_.
related to the threat of war and aggression. ^
*
The materials of the book convince that the dramatic changes in the
О
*
leadership of the People's Commissariat at the end of the
1930s
О
*
were all but accidental. On the eve and during the World War II the
<>
*
tendency that prevailed in the Soviet diplomacy was, if it can be
О
*
called this was, political cynicism, counter to "realism" of M.
Litvínov.
<*
*
In the essay about life and activities of V.
Molotov
it is described in ^
■*■
detail how the Soviet diplomacy under the leadership of the "Stalin's "^
People's Commissar" started a brazen bargaining first with the Hitler ^
Germany, and later on, when it attacked the USSR
-
with the allies
+
within anti-Hitler coalition. Fates of the whole countries and peoples
*
were at stake of this bargaining. If the reader regards this assess-
_.
ment as
too rough, then one should better reflect on the sense and
_.
meaning of the facts and documents mentioned in the book. They
^ talk for themselves.
.
*
We can agree with the authors of the book: it is difficult to logically
♦
*
explain the forced resignation of
Molotov
from the post of the head
♦
■*■
of the MFA of the USSR, which followed several years later after the
♦
*
great Victory. Was the main reason the morbid suspicion of the age-
♦
■*■
ing leader? Or was it that during the cold war there was no more need
♦
*
not only in political realism of
Litvínov
type, but also in the
Molotov
♦
*
diplomacy of "tough bargaining"? One way or another, when
♦
*
A.Vyshinsky came to head the MFA of the USSR the Soviet diplomacy
+
*
to certain extent restored the methods, that were peculiar to it ear-
*
Z_
lier,
during the times of irreconcilable political and ideological con-
*
Τ
frontation with the West. These methods are characterized in the
+
essay devoted to the activities of the "minister-procurator", of whom ^
4.
it is accurately said that he was more often taking up the role not the ^
4.
diplomat as such, but more of an "propagandist, yeller-chief itch and ^
4.
rub". -f
*
Separate essay is devoted to D.Shepilov, who was appointed minis-
♦
*
ter
of foreign affairs in the middle
1950s.
Someone would just smile
♦
*
sarcastically when mentioning his name: he occupied his post for
♦
*
only
8
months and was fired with scandal for unknown delinquencies
♦
*
as the one who "joined" the "anti-party group". But we should remind
♦
4. ♦
* ♦
о
-О-
"-'
^
the reader, what kind of times were those
-
times of changes, with ^
^ the impulse given by the XX Communist Party Central Committee ^
^ Convention, that awakened so much energy and hopes in the
soci- ^
^
ety.
But the only "fault" of Shepilov was essentially only for being too ^
.
independent and initiative minister in the eyes of the political lead- ^
і
ership. Even within such a short period of time "non-conforming ^
^ minister" did enough for the period of his heading the MFA to be ^
4.
evaluated as "one of the most productive in the history of post-war ^
+
foreign policy of the USSR".
<>
♦
The book is closing with the biographical portrait of A.Gromyko. His ^
■*■
monumental image stays in the memories of recently living genera- ^
**
tions of our countrymen. But how it can be different?! He headed the ^
♦
Soviet MFA just short of
30
years -uncommonly long by all standards ^
-
whether historical or human. Unprecedented military and political
might of the Soviet Union attached particular importance to his words
and deeds. But the style of the minister, the laconic man, not ex-
_.
pressing his emotions in public, corresponded with the image. It is
.
ж
impossible to deny Gromyko's merits before the country and the ^
4.
world community. He played the great role in settlement of
interna- ^
4.
tional conflicts and crisis, contributed to the process of detente. But ^
4.
the authors of the book don't turn the blind eye to his blunders and ^
4.
mistakes. Till the end of his days Gromyko view the international
4.
4.
events through the ideological prism, proudly characterizing himself
4.
4.
as the communist "to the backbone". Who knows, whether this is the
4.
4-
source of those fatal mistakes, he bears responsibility for along with
4.
♦
the other Soviet leaders, that is his support for "unjustified by its
4-
♦
scale military preparations", as well as "longstanding and senseless
4-
♦
war in Afghanistan".
4-
+ 4-
^ Authors and publishes of this book broke one of the traditions of the
^ Russian historical literature, that is drawing the clear line between
.
^ the events that happened "before" and "after" the revolution of
1917. .
^ Indeed what can be found in common between the ministers of for- ^
4.
eign affairs of imperial Russian and the Soviet Union? If the reader ^
4.
has this kind of question, I have to bowl him down: he was not ^
4.
reading the book attentively, since one of its most vivid advantages
4,
4.
is the fact that authors of separate essays, without prior consulting
<>
4.
each other (believe me!) clearly enucleated the continuity in evolu-
<>
♦
о
■ ■■>
о
<>
-о- -о-
<>
о о
<>
о о
<>
о
<>
-о о
<>
-о о о о-
·>
о о о о
<>
о о
<>
-о
о
<>
^
tion
of the Russian diplomacy at different stages of our history. This ^
continuity is contained in the fact that the Russian diplomacy has ^
always defined as its priority the task of defending state interests.
Political conjuncture considerations, particular ideological preferenc-
Л
es
could sometimes move aside this task to the middle ground. But
.
^ all this only temporarily! Common sense, understanding of
respon-
.
a sibility before the citizens and the society in the end always
pre-
a,
^ vailed over other reasons. ^
"^ But it is also true that the state interests themselves in different "^
^ periods of our history could be interpreted differently, depending on ^
^ many circumstances. In the beginning of the XX century the most ^
^ forward-looking statesmen of Russia, including Ministers A.Izvolsky
^
^ and S.Sazonov, always aspired to securing longstanding peace for
*
Russia
-
the main condition for its economic growth and successful
modernization. Soviet diplomacy pursued similar goals under the
*
leadership of G.Chicherin and M.
Litvínov.
One can find multiple
.
support for this assumption in the book. When V.
Molotov
came to
.
lead the People's Commissariat of Foreign
Äffairs
the other
"geo-
ж
graphical" concept of the USSR security prevailed
-
based on the
,
ж
division of spheres of influence with the major states in order to ^
4.
secure "deep defense" of the country's borders. Wonder if it is worth
4.
4.
specifying that such a concept considerably stepped up the risk of
+
4.
the country involvement in the military conflicts with other coun-
4.
4.
tries. This view is not expressed directly in the book, but by all
4.
4-
appearances Qromyko was inclined to such a concept. It seems that
4.
♦
the Russian diplomacy experience could be usefully taken into ac-
>
♦
count while discussing the national interests of modern Russia.
♦
*
Hope that the book will attract attention of the diplomats and
politi-
*
cians, professors and students
-
all those, who are interested in the ^
л
past and the modern stage of the Russian diplomacy and who is not
4.
indifferent to the destiny of our country. ^
4-
I strongly recommend it to the public!
♦
4
A. Torkunov,
4-
4
Φ
φ.
Member-correspondent of
RAS,
Rector of MQIMO(U) MFA of Russia, ^
ж
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
л. |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:18:20Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:17:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785785308084 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016569322 |
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| physical | 479 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
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| publisher | Moskovskie Učebniki |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Izdatelʹskaja programma Pravitelʹstva Moskvy |
| spelling | Izvestnye diplomaty Rossii ministry inostrannych del ; XX vek ; [otečestvennym diplomatam prošlogo i sovremennosti posvjaščaetsja] Moskovskij Gosudarstvennyj Institut Meždunarodnych Otnošenij (Universitet) MID RF. [Sost. i obšč. red. A. V. Revjakina] Noted diplomats of Russia Moskva Moskovskie Učebniki 2007 479 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Izdatelʹskaja programma Pravitelʹstva Moskvy PST: Noted diplomats of Russia. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Einf. in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1918-1989 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1900-1917 gnd rswk-swf Außenminister (DE-588)4143621-0 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Außenminister (DE-588)4143621-0 s Geschichte 1900-1917 z DE-604 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Geschichte 1918-1989 z Revjakin, A. V. Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016569322&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016569322&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Izvestnye diplomaty Rossii ministry inostrannych del ; XX vek ; [otečestvennym diplomatam prošlogo i sovremennosti posvjaščaetsja] Außenminister (DE-588)4143621-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4143621-0 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Izvestnye diplomaty Rossii ministry inostrannych del ; XX vek ; [otečestvennym diplomatam prošlogo i sovremennosti posvjaščaetsja] |
| title_alt | Noted diplomats of Russia |
| title_auth | Izvestnye diplomaty Rossii ministry inostrannych del ; XX vek ; [otečestvennym diplomatam prošlogo i sovremennosti posvjaščaetsja] |
| title_exact_search | Izvestnye diplomaty Rossii ministry inostrannych del ; XX vek ; [otečestvennym diplomatam prošlogo i sovremennosti posvjaščaetsja] |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Izvestnye diplomaty Rossii ministry inostrannych del ; XX vek ; [otečestvennym diplomatam prošlogo i sovremennosti posvjaščaetsja] |
| title_full | Izvestnye diplomaty Rossii ministry inostrannych del ; XX vek ; [otečestvennym diplomatam prošlogo i sovremennosti posvjaščaetsja] Moskovskij Gosudarstvennyj Institut Meždunarodnych Otnošenij (Universitet) MID RF. [Sost. i obšč. red. A. V. Revjakina] |
| title_fullStr | Izvestnye diplomaty Rossii ministry inostrannych del ; XX vek ; [otečestvennym diplomatam prošlogo i sovremennosti posvjaščaetsja] Moskovskij Gosudarstvennyj Institut Meždunarodnych Otnošenij (Universitet) MID RF. [Sost. i obšč. red. A. V. Revjakina] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Izvestnye diplomaty Rossii ministry inostrannych del ; XX vek ; [otečestvennym diplomatam prošlogo i sovremennosti posvjaščaetsja] Moskovskij Gosudarstvennyj Institut Meždunarodnych Otnošenij (Universitet) MID RF. [Sost. i obšč. red. A. V. Revjakina] |
| title_short | Izvestnye diplomaty Rossii |
| title_sort | izvestnye diplomaty rossii ministry inostrannych del xx vek otecestvennym diplomatam proslogo i sovremennosti posvjascaetsja |
| title_sub | ministry inostrannych del ; XX vek ; [otečestvennym diplomatam prošlogo i sovremennosti posvjaščaetsja] |
| topic | Außenminister (DE-588)4143621-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenminister Russland Sowjetunion Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016569322&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016569322&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT revjakinav izvestnyediplomatyrossiiministryinostrannychdelxxvekotecestvennymdiplomatamproslogoisovremennostiposvjascaetsja AT revjakinav noteddiplomatsofrussia |