Ludność miasta Łodzi w latach 1918 - 1939:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Łódź
Ibidem
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Includes bibliographical references (p. [127]-134) and index |
| Beschreibung: | 192 p. graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788388679698 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Rzepkowski, Arkadiusz |d ca. 20./21. Jh. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1139516078 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ludność miasta Łodzi w latach 1918 - 1939 |c Arkadiusz Rzepkowski |
| 264 | 1 | |a Łódź |b Ibidem |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a 192 p. |b graph. Darst. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. [127]-134) and index | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1918-1939 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Bevölkerung |0 (DE-588)4006287-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Łódź (Poland) / Population / History | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Łódź (Poland) |x Population |x History | |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Bevölkerung |0 (DE-588)4006287-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1918-1939 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016568919&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016568919&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1816254159038447616 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
.5
1.
Charakterystyka literatury poświęconej problematyce demograficznej
Łodzi
.5
2.
Przedmiot pracy
.7
3.
Metody pracy
.7
4.
Konstrukcja pracy
.8
Rozdział I Źródła do badań nad ludnością Łodzi
w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego
.9
1.
Początki państwowej statystyki ludnościowej na ziemiach polskich
.9
2.
Powszechne spisy ludności w
Π
Rzeczypospolitej
.18
3.
Gromadzenie i opracowywanie w latach
1918-1939
danych
statystycznych dotyczących ludności Łodzi
.29
Rozdział
Π
Dynamika rozwoju ludności Łodzi
w latach
1918-1939.39
1.
Zaludnienie Łodzi przed
1918
r
.39
2.
Rozwój liczebny populacji Łodzi w latach
1918-1939.45
3.
Ruch naturalny ludności
.50
4.
Pochodzenie terytorialne ludności napływowej i jej struktura
.58
Rozdział
Ш
Struktura według płci i wieku
.69
1.
Płeć
.69
2.
Wiek
.73
Rozdział
IV
Struktura społeczno-zawodowa
.81
1.
Grupy społeczne
.81
2.
Grupy zawodowe
.94
3.
Poziom wykształcenia
.
Ю1
4.
Stan cywilny
.105
192
Rozdział
V
Struktura narodowościowo-wyznaniowa
i językowa
.109
1.
Skład narodowościowy
.109
2.
Stosunki wyznaniowe
.114
3.
Stosunki językowe
.121
Zakończenie
.123
1.
Rezultaty pracy
.123
2.
Postulaty badawcze
.;.124
Aneks
.125
Bibliografia
.127
Aneksy
.,.135
Summary
.175
Wykaz tabel
.183
Wykaz wykresów
.,.187
Wykaz skrótów
.189
Sta&hblbiiothek
Summary
The subject of the research the results of which I shall present in the hereby
work, was the population of
Łódź
within the years
1918-1939.
The chronologi¬
cal range of the work contains between the last year of the First World War and
the first year of the Second World War (so it includes the whole interwar period.
Łódź
obtained its municipal rights in the first half of the 15th century. Before
the launch of industrial development that took place in 19th century, it used to be
a town of predominantly agricultural character. There is no precise demograph¬
ical data that would enable to determine the rate of population in
Łódź
in the
early days of its existence. A considerable majority of the town citizens occupied
with agriculture
-
as the craft was the source of income for only some part of
citizens (like it happened in other towns of the first Polish republic.
After
1820,
Łódź
went through the period of demographical explosion In the
19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century there was no other city in
Europe whose demographical growth was so violent and expansive. To compare,
from
1800
till
1910,
the number of population increased
20
times in
Lipsk,
16
times in Budapest,
12
times in Berlin and
10
times in Brussels, Glasgow and
Cologne while at the same time the population of
Łódź
went up
600
times.
The First World war resulted in considerable drop in a number of population
in the city. While the First World war lasted de-population of the city took place,
which was primarily caused by emigration of working people, who became de¬
prived of the means of living as a result of industrial production slump, to the
countryside. In January
1918,
newly-established Statistical Office of the Town
Hall carried out the census of the city population that showed that
341 472
peo¬
ple lived in
Łódź
at that time. In comparison with
1914,
a drop in a number of
people was considerable. It should be noted, however, that the population de¬
crease during the First World War affected the whole area of the former Con¬
gress Poland. In
1919,
as a result of massive re-emigration, the population of
Łódź
increased up to
433 472
people and in
1920
it made
432 881.
During the
first years after the First World war was finished, demographical reconstruction
176
of the city took place, although there were some fluctuations in a number of its
citizens, which can be reflected by a slight drop of the population number in
Łódź
in
1920
in comparison with the situation from
1919.
On the
ЗО*
September
1921,
the first common census was carried in the Second Polish Republic which
showed that
Łódź
counted
451 974
people.
Within the years of
1918 - 1939,
the rate of population of pre-First World
War period was not only achieved but also exceeded. Without taking into con¬
sideration the first years after the First World war, so
19191- 1921
period when
the situation was not rally stabilized, it can be assumed that the population of
Łódź
within the interwar period increased at
50%.
Particularly fast pace of
population growth in
Łódź
took place in the second decade of the 20th century, to
be more precise in the first half of the decade, while in the third decade one
could observe the stagnation (in the beginning of the period) and later a slower
demographical growth than in the 20s.
The birth rate in
Łódź
just after the First World War (up till
1920)
was of
negative value. The highest values of relative numbers came up in
1922, 1923
and
1925.
Since
1927
a distinct drop of the birth rate can be observed, which,
apart from a short period of growth in
1929,
was intensified after
1932
in order
to achieve negative values since
1935
when a higher number of births was ac¬
companied by a higher number of deaths.
Within the whole interwar period, a definite majority of people who arrived
into the city came from the territory of Poland. There is no information in the
documents of the Statistical Office, which provinces or poviats the people who
settled in
Łódź
originated from; it is impossible to determine the structure of
immigrant people taking into account their administrative origin, of course with
the exception of the moment of the first common census in
1921.
It is probable
that the majority or at least a considerable part of the population arriving to
Łódź
originated from the territory of the
Łódź
province.
People from abroad who migrated to
Łódź
during the whole interwar period
came mainly from Europe. They always made about
5%
of the whole population
arriving to
Łódź.
Considering the European states, the biggest number of immi¬
grants came from Germany. People who flocked to
Łódź
also originated from
France, Great Britain, Austria, the Soviet Republic, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland,
Italy, Romania, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Denmark, Sweden,
Norway, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Spain, Portugal which means almost all the states
existing in Europe at that time. Some part of people originated from both Ameri¬
cas, mainly from the USA, Brazil or Argentina but people from Asia, Africa or
Australia also appeared in
Łódź.
As for the data related to the sex structure of population in
Łódź,
it was pro¬
vided by the first common census carried out in
1921.
The data was later pub¬
lished in
"Statystyka Polski"
(Statistics of Poland). The results of the census pre¬
sented information about the number of men and women within the whole city.
177
In
1921
men made
45.3%
of the city's citizens while women constituted
54.6%
of the population. Masculinization ratio was
0.82
while feminization ratio was
higher
- 1.20.
What could be observed is a distinct advantage of female number
over male in reference to the
Łódź
community in the early 20s of the 20th cen¬
tury. During that period a surplus of women over men resulted from the recently
finished First World War, although the above-discussed demographical tendency
that prevailed in
Łódź
before the First World War also affected the situation.
The information on sex structure of the
Łódź
population was also provided by
the second common census carried out on the 9th December
1931,
whose results
Oust like the ones of the
1921
census) were published in
"Statystyka Polski".
In
the same publishing house the data referring to the number of men and women in
the whole city as well as in individual districts was deposited. Men constituted
46.0%
of the whole population while women made
53.9%.
Masculinization ratio
was
0.85
while feminization ratio was
1.17.
Women still dominated over men in
their number.
The data considering the age structure of the
Łódź
population in
1921
on
the basis of the
1921
first common census was published in
"Statystyka Polski".
The population got divided into age groups, and in case of
6-21
year-olds, the
number of citizen was given. The following age groups were distinguished:
0-5,
22-24, 25-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59,
from
60
upwards. A minor group of people
was recognized as the one whose age cannot be determined. What was also
characteristic for
Łódź
was a high share of young people and productivity-age
people in the age structure.
The information on the
Łódź
population age structure was provided by the
second common census. Similarly, as in the case of the first census the data was
published in
"Statystyka Polski".
The following age ranges were distinguished:
0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60-
64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79, 80-84, 90-94, 100
years and more. In relation to the
1921
census results much more age ranges were distinguished. The number of
people in the individual age ranges was also given. Within the years
1921-1931
a
percentage drop of people in pre-productivity age occurred with simultaneous
percentage increase of people in productive age as well as an increase in the
share of people in post-productive age. A definite majority of the city's
inhabitants were young people or middle-age people, although in case of
1931
census, the share of
60
or more year-olds was considerably higher in comparison
with
1921.
The changes were not significant in case of
Łódź,
however they
illustrate a slow aging of the population in the decade. They were analogical in
reference to the whole urban population and the population of the state. In case
of
Łódź,
the fact that was very influential was that
Łódź
as an industrial city was
particularly attractive as a place of settlement for people in the productive age.
Reconstruction of the
Łódź
social structure in reference to the interwar period
is only possible on the basis of two common censuses carried out respectively in
178
1921
and
1931.
The data referring to the city's social structure can be found in
the materials of the Statistical department. The file devoted to the
Łódź
popula¬
tion contains the data related to the social structure of its population, both in gen¬
eral context and in the context of professionally active people, according to their
social status. The data on the
Łódź
population's social structure of
1931
was in¬
cluded in
"Statystyka Polski",
where the results of the second common census in
reference to
Łódź
were published. The data included there reflect the population
categories according to the social status (both in relation to the whole city as well
as to individual districts). In the both censuses the following social categories
were distinguished: independent employees who employed hired employees; in¬
dependent employees who did not employ hired employees; hired employees
who in turn were subdivided into white collar workers, blue collar workers and
outworkers; alternatively people of undetermined social status. The white collar
workers were regarded to great extent as the representative of intelligentsia. The
category labeled as "hired employees" embraced all kinds of employees/workers
as well as the group of outworkers who were not independent as for their eco¬
nomical status, so their social status was identical as in case of workers. As for
the social situation, some part of outworkers was even in a worse position that
workers. Outworkers should then be included into the working class. A separate
category was constituted by people with undefined social status. Particularly, the
people from underclass could be classified into the category.
m
reference to the interwar period, the class-and-stratum social structure
seemed appropriate and it was not changed in principle in comparison with the
period of the Partitions of Poland. The society was divided into the following
classes or strata: bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie, white collar workers, working
class and peasants. In case of
Łódź,
all the above mentioned social groups ex¬
isted here with the exception of peasants. The bourgeoisie was constituted by
owners of industrial and trade companies. Owners of smaller industrial, trade or
service enterprises or of craft workshops made petty bourgeoisie. White collar
workers constituted the educated part of the society, whose source of income was
provided by intellectual work and who worked for different branches of the
economy. This social class consisted of engineers, clerks, doctors, scientists,
teachers, army and police officers, judges, prosecutors, barristers, notaries, ad¬
visers, economists, journalists, employees of cultural institutions and of middle
technical supervision in industrial companies. The working class included people
who performed physical jobs and who were employed mainly in industrial enter¬
prises. The group that should be also distinguished were people of undefined so¬
cial status. The group included also the people of underclass milieu.
In the early
1920s
(taking into consideration the whole
Łódź
community)
workers considerably dominated the social structure of the city
- 55.7%,
petty
bourgeoisie made
27.4%
of the city's inhabitants, while bourgeoisie made
-
0.7%,
and white collar workers
- 8.8%.
After separation of the group of
profes-
179
sionally
active
people out of the total number of
Łódź
inhabitants, the classifica¬
tion slightly differed: workers made
61.4%,
petty bourgeoisie
- 18.4%,
bourgeoi¬
sie-
0.9%,
white collar workers
- 9.0%.
In the social structure of the
Łódź
population the group workers prevailed with a considerable percentage of petty
bourgeoisie and small share of bourgeoisie.
Ten years later, in
1931,
when the second common census took place, the
social structure of
Łódź
was similar to the status of
1921.
In case of the census
we have data refering to the composition of the whole population of the city as
well as to the inhabitants of individual districts (statistical areas). Taking into
consideration the total of
Łódź
population workers constituted
63.6%
of the city
population, petty bourgeoisie
— 23,8%,
bourgeoisie
- 0.5%,
white collar workers
- 9.2%.
In case of professionally active population workers made
67.7%
of pro¬
fessionally active, petty bourgeoisie
- 16.7%,
bourgeoisie
- 0.4%,
white collar
workers
- 9.4%.
The transformation of the political system that took place in
1989
led, under
new social and economic conditions, to renunciation of the description of popu¬
lation social structure that had been used before in Marxist categories for the
sake of the western theory of social stratification worked out on the ground of the
American sociology.
The research taken into consideration embraced the 19th and 20th century,
which was the period where huge economical and social changes occurred. The
theory states that each society consists of various segments which are co-depend¬
ent in relationships of superiority and subordination (power, privileges, prestige).
Three-module description of the social structure prevails with sub-division of
classes into: higher, middle or lower, also with inner divisions of the classes into
segments that place a human higher or lower on the social ladder. In the literature
of sociology, but not only there
-
it is pointed out that such classification is ap¬
propriate for societies of stabilized hierarchy of professional roles and range of
obtained income.
The changes that have taken place after
1989
show distinctly that the Polish
society evolves into the direction of another system and its final objective is so¬
cial capitalistic economy, which was the system that dominated in the interwar
Poland. The interwar period resulted from a simple necessity of changes that oc¬
curred in the 19th and 20th century.
The above mentioned subdivision into classes: higher, middle and lower that
takes into account their inner diversification must be interpreted in the way that
the middle class does not exist as such, but there are communities of middle class
who consist of people who characterize with a particular type of approaches and
attitudes. So we describe groups that take
te
middle position in the social struc¬
ture. Analogically, we can discuss the communities of higher and lower classes.
In fact, "middle class" cannot be a separate segment of the class type, but it
functions as a social fact. The objective is a model pattern of middle class that
180
exists in the market economy. Such groups have never created an integrated
whole, but despite essential differences, some common features that distinguish
the group can be listed. In case of middle class, one can name
entrepreneurship,
high activity, aspirations for economic or professional success, presentation of
one's values and style of life. Intellectual work has always been valued higher
that physical work. The groups of middle class have always been accompanied
with a want of strengthening one's achieved position and a want of using one's
property. In the 19th century, the economical success lead to the development of
great business. Its creators abandoned middle class creating huge economical
organisms. Great and medium capital started to resemble more higher class that
rich bourgeoisie.
The presentation of the national composition of
Łódź
is possible only in rela¬
tion to
1921
when the above described common census of the Second Republic
of Poland's population was carried out. People of Polish nationality had a defi¬
nite majority as they constituted
60%
of the total population of the city, similarly
as in the pre-First World war period; the second position was taken by people of
Jewish origin, however its percentage grew lower in comparison with the pre-war
period. A considerable decrease could be noted, in comparison with the period of
the Partitions, both in case of absolute and relative values, in reference to the
number of the German community. It should be underlined that
Łódź
still re¬
mained an important cluster of German population in the territory of the Second
Republic of Poland.
The common census, carried out within the area of the Second republic of
Poland on the
30*
September
1921,
provided the data on the religious structure
of
Łódź.
There were
451 974
people living within the area of
Łódź.
The share of
Catholics in the religious structure of
Łódź
constituted
50%,
which was undoubt¬
edly related to the demographical development of the city after the First World
War was finished, which caused the growth of the Catholic community in the
city, which in turn affected a decrease in the percentage of the Judaism believers.
It can be concluded that the dominant religious group in the city were Catholics.
One can note a relatively stable religious structure within thirteen years since the
end of the First World War, although a slow but continuous growth of the
Catholic community in
Łódź
after the end of the war should be underlined.
The most commonly used languages in the interwar
Łódź
were Polish, which
was named by
59.0%
of the population in the
193
ľ
census, Yiddish
- 29.3%
and
German
8.8%.
The issue that raises some doubts is a relatively significant part of
the Jewish population who declared to use Hebrew, which as opposed from Yid¬
dish that was a colloquial language, necessary for everyday existence in the cir¬
cle of the family or Jewish community, was known and used by a narrow circle
of Jewish clergy or intellectuals. Naming Hebrew as a mother tongue in the
1931
common census by some part of the Jewish community was possibly a result of
Zionists' activity who propagated the idea of the Jews return to Palestine and
181
called for declarations of national distinction. It should be pointed out that there
was a number of Jews among people who declared Polish as their mother tongue,
and possibly a part of Germans named Polish as their language during the second
common census. In case of
Łódź,
the significant factor was the process of recip¬
rocal influences of Polish, Jewish, German and Russian cultures that started in
the 19th century. Polonization of at least some part of the German population had
been taking place since the first half of the century reaching its peak at the turn
of 1880s and 1890s.
Within the interwar period we can still observe further intensive demograph-
ical development of
Łódź,
which was, however less distinct and violent than
within the years
1820-1914.
Despite the population loss, which
Łódź
suffered as
a result of the First World War and negative effects of the war on the age
structure of the
Łódź
community, in the period of the Second Republic of Poland
the city not only made up for losses but continued its buoyant demographical de¬
velopment. |
| adam_txt |
SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
.5
1.
Charakterystyka literatury poświęconej problematyce demograficznej
Łodzi
.5
2.
Przedmiot pracy
.7
3.
Metody pracy
.7
4.
Konstrukcja pracy
.8
Rozdział I Źródła do badań nad ludnością Łodzi
w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego
.9
1.
Początki państwowej statystyki ludnościowej na ziemiach polskich
.9
2.
Powszechne spisy ludności w
Π
Rzeczypospolitej
.18
3.
Gromadzenie i opracowywanie w latach
1918-1939
danych
statystycznych dotyczących ludności Łodzi
.29
Rozdział
Π
Dynamika rozwoju ludności Łodzi
w latach
1918-1939.39
1.
Zaludnienie Łodzi przed
1918
r
.39
2.
Rozwój liczebny populacji Łodzi w latach
1918-1939.45
3.
Ruch naturalny ludności
.50
4.
Pochodzenie terytorialne ludności napływowej i jej struktura
.58
Rozdział
Ш
Struktura według płci i wieku
.69
1.
Płeć
.69
2.
Wiek
.73
Rozdział
IV
Struktura społeczno-zawodowa
.81
1.
Grupy społeczne
.81
2.
Grupy zawodowe
.94
3.
Poziom wykształcenia
.
Ю1
4.
Stan cywilny
.105
192
Rozdział
V
Struktura narodowościowo-wyznaniowa
i językowa
.109
1.
Skład narodowościowy
.109
2.
Stosunki wyznaniowe
.114
3.
Stosunki językowe
.121
Zakończenie
.123
1.
Rezultaty pracy
.123
2.
Postulaty badawcze
.;.124
Aneks
.125
Bibliografia
.127
Aneksy
.,.135
Summary
.175
Wykaz tabel
.183
Wykaz wykresów
.,.187
Wykaz skrótów
.189
Sta&hblbiiothek
Summary
The subject of the research the results of which I shall present in the hereby
work, was the population of
Łódź
within the years
1918-1939.
The chronologi¬
cal range of the work contains between the last year of the First World War and
the first year of the Second World War (so it includes the whole interwar period.
Łódź
obtained its municipal rights in the first half of the 15th century. Before
the launch of industrial development that took place in 19th century, it used to be
a town of predominantly agricultural character. There is no precise demograph¬
ical data that would enable to determine the rate of population in
Łódź
in the
early days of its existence. A considerable majority of the town citizens occupied
with agriculture
-
as the craft was the source of income for only some part of
citizens (like it happened in other towns of the first Polish republic.
After
1820,
Łódź
went through the period of demographical explosion In the
19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century there was no other city in
Europe whose demographical growth was so violent and expansive. To compare,
from
1800
till
1910,
the number of population increased
20
times in
Lipsk,
16
times in Budapest,
12
times in Berlin and
10
times in Brussels, Glasgow and
Cologne while at the same time the population of
Łódź
went up
600
times.
The First World war resulted in considerable drop in a number of population
in the city. While the First World war lasted de-population of the city took place,
which was primarily caused by emigration of working people, who became de¬
prived of the means of living as a result of industrial production slump, to the
countryside. In January
1918,
newly-established Statistical Office of the Town
Hall carried out the census of the city population that showed that
341 472
peo¬
ple lived in
Łódź
at that time. In comparison with
1914,
a drop in a number of
people was considerable. It should be noted, however, that the population de¬
crease during the First World War affected the whole area of the former Con¬
gress Poland. In
1919,
as a result of massive re-emigration, the population of
Łódź
increased up to
433 472
people and in
1920
it made
432 881.
During the
first years after the First World war was finished, demographical reconstruction
176
of the city took place, although there were some fluctuations in a number of its
citizens, which can be reflected by a slight drop of the population number in
Łódź
in
1920
in comparison with the situation from
1919.
On the
ЗО*
September
1921,
the first common census was carried in the Second Polish Republic which
showed that
Łódź
counted
451 974
people.
Within the years of
1918 - 1939,
the rate of population of pre-First World
War period was not only achieved but also exceeded. Without taking into con¬
sideration the first years after the First World war, so
19191- 1921
period when
the situation was not rally stabilized, it can be assumed that the population of
Łódź
within the interwar period increased at
50%.
Particularly fast pace of
population growth in
Łódź
took place in the second decade of the 20th century, to
be more precise in the first half of the decade, while in the third decade one
could observe the stagnation (in the beginning of the period) and later a slower
demographical growth than in the 20s.
The birth rate in
Łódź
just after the First World War (up till
1920)
was of
negative value. The highest values of relative numbers came up in
1922, 1923
and
1925.
Since
1927
a distinct drop of the birth rate can be observed, which,
apart from a short period of growth in
1929,
was intensified after
1932
in order
to achieve negative values since
1935
when a higher number of births was ac¬
companied by a higher number of deaths.
Within the whole interwar period, a definite majority of people who arrived
into the city came from the territory of Poland. There is no information in the
documents of the Statistical Office, which provinces or poviats the people who
settled in
Łódź
originated from; it is impossible to determine the structure of
immigrant people taking into account their administrative origin, of course with
the exception of the moment of the first common census in
1921.
It is probable
that the majority or at least a considerable part of the population arriving to
Łódź
originated from the territory of the
Łódź
province.
People from abroad who migrated to
Łódź
during the whole interwar period
came mainly from Europe. They always made about
5%
of the whole population
arriving to
Łódź.
Considering the European states, the biggest number of immi¬
grants came from Germany. People who flocked to
Łódź
also originated from
France, Great Britain, Austria, the Soviet Republic, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland,
Italy, Romania, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Denmark, Sweden,
Norway, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Spain, Portugal which means almost all the states
existing in Europe at that time. Some part of people originated from both Ameri¬
cas, mainly from the USA, Brazil or Argentina but people from Asia, Africa or
Australia also appeared in
Łódź.
As for the data related to the sex structure of population in
Łódź,
it was pro¬
vided by the first common census carried out in
1921.
The data was later pub¬
lished in
"Statystyka Polski"
(Statistics of Poland). The results of the census pre¬
sented information about the number of men and women within the whole city.
177
In
1921
men made
45.3%
of the city's citizens while women constituted
54.6%
of the population. Masculinization ratio was
0.82
while feminization ratio was
higher
- 1.20.
What could be observed is a distinct advantage of female number
over male in reference to the
Łódź
community in the early 20s of the 20th cen¬
tury. During that period a surplus of women over men resulted from the recently
finished First World War, although the above-discussed demographical tendency
that prevailed in
Łódź
before the First World War also affected the situation.
The information on sex structure of the
Łódź
population was also provided by
the second common census carried out on the 9th December
1931,
whose results
Oust like the ones of the
1921
census) were published in
"Statystyka Polski".
In
the same publishing house the data referring to the number of men and women in
the whole city as well as in individual districts was deposited. Men constituted
46.0%
of the whole population while women made
53.9%.
Masculinization ratio
was
0.85
while feminization ratio was
1.17.
Women still dominated over men in
their number.
The data considering the age structure of the
Łódź
population in
1921
on
the basis of the
1921
first common census was published in
"Statystyka Polski".
The population got divided into age groups, and in case of
6-21
year-olds, the
number of citizen was given. The following age groups were distinguished:
0-5,
22-24, 25-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59,
from
60
upwards. A minor group of people
was recognized as the one whose age cannot be determined. What was also
characteristic for
Łódź
was a high share of young people and productivity-age
people in the age structure.
The information on the
Łódź
population age structure was provided by the
second common census. Similarly, as in the case of the first census the data was
published in
"Statystyka Polski".
The following age ranges were distinguished:
0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60-
64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79, 80-84, 90-94, 100
years and more. In relation to the
1921
census results much more age ranges were distinguished. The number of
people in the individual age ranges was also given. Within the years
1921-1931
a
percentage drop of people in pre-productivity age occurred with simultaneous
percentage increase of people in productive age as well as an increase in the
share of people in post-productive age. A definite majority of the city's
inhabitants were young people or middle-age people, although in case of
1931
census, the share of
60
or more year-olds was considerably higher in comparison
with
1921.
The changes were not significant in case of
Łódź,
however they
illustrate a slow aging of the population in the decade. They were analogical in
reference to the whole urban population and the population of the state. In case
of
Łódź,
the fact that was very influential was that
Łódź
as an industrial city was
particularly attractive as a place of settlement for people in the productive age.
Reconstruction of the
Łódź
social structure in reference to the interwar period
is only possible on the basis of two common censuses carried out respectively in
178
1921
and
1931.
The data referring to the city's social structure can be found in
the materials of the Statistical department. The file devoted to the
Łódź
popula¬
tion contains the data related to the social structure of its population, both in gen¬
eral context and in the context of professionally active people, according to their
social status. The data on the
Łódź
population's social structure of
1931
was in¬
cluded in
"Statystyka Polski",
where the results of the second common census in
reference to
Łódź
were published. The data included there reflect the population
categories according to the social status (both in relation to the whole city as well
as to individual districts). In the both censuses the following social categories
were distinguished: independent employees who employed hired employees; in¬
dependent employees who did not employ hired employees; hired employees
who in turn were subdivided into white collar workers, blue collar workers and
outworkers; alternatively people of undetermined social status. The white collar
workers were regarded to great extent as the representative of intelligentsia. The
category labeled as "hired employees" embraced all kinds of employees/workers
as well as the group of outworkers who were not independent as for their eco¬
nomical status, so their social status was identical as in case of workers. As for
the social situation, some part of outworkers was even in a worse position that
workers. Outworkers should then be included into the working class. A separate
category was constituted by people with undefined social status. Particularly, the
people from underclass could be classified into the category.
m
reference to the interwar period, the class-and-stratum social structure
seemed appropriate and it was not changed in principle in comparison with the
period of the Partitions of Poland. The society was divided into the following
classes or strata: bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie, white collar workers, working
class and peasants. In case of
Łódź,
all the above mentioned social groups ex¬
isted here with the exception of peasants. The bourgeoisie was constituted by
owners of industrial and trade companies. Owners of smaller industrial, trade or
service enterprises or of craft workshops made petty bourgeoisie. White collar
workers constituted the educated part of the society, whose source of income was
provided by intellectual work and who worked for different branches of the
economy. This social class consisted of engineers, clerks, doctors, scientists,
teachers, army and police officers, judges, prosecutors, barristers, notaries, ad¬
visers, economists, journalists, employees of cultural institutions and of middle
technical supervision in industrial companies. The working class included people
who performed physical jobs and who were employed mainly in industrial enter¬
prises. The group that should be also distinguished were people of undefined so¬
cial status. The group included also the people of underclass milieu.
In the early
1920s
(taking into consideration the whole
Łódź
community)
workers considerably dominated the social structure of the city
- 55.7%,
petty
bourgeoisie made
27.4%
of the city's inhabitants, while bourgeoisie made
-
0.7%,
and white collar workers
- 8.8%.
After separation of the group of
profes-
179
sionally
active
people out of the total number of
Łódź
inhabitants, the classifica¬
tion slightly differed: workers made
61.4%,
petty bourgeoisie
- 18.4%,
bourgeoi¬
sie-
0.9%,
white collar workers
- 9.0%.
In the social structure of the
Łódź
population the group workers prevailed with a considerable percentage of petty
bourgeoisie and small share of bourgeoisie.
Ten years later, in
1931,
when the second common census took place, the
social structure of
Łódź
was similar to the status of
1921.
In case of the census
we have data refering to the composition of the whole population of the city as
well as to the inhabitants of individual districts (statistical areas). Taking into
consideration the total of
Łódź
population workers constituted
63.6%
of the city
population, petty bourgeoisie
— 23,8%,
bourgeoisie
- 0.5%,
white collar workers
- 9.2%.
In case of professionally active population workers made
67.7%
of pro¬
fessionally active, petty bourgeoisie
- 16.7%,
bourgeoisie
- 0.4%,
white collar
workers
- 9.4%.
The transformation of the political system that took place in
1989
led, under
new social and economic conditions, to renunciation of the description of popu¬
lation social structure that had been used before in Marxist categories for the
sake of the western theory of social stratification worked out on the ground of the
American sociology.
The research taken into consideration embraced the 19th and 20th century,
which was the period where huge economical and social changes occurred. The
theory states that each society consists of various segments which are co-depend¬
ent in relationships of superiority and subordination (power, privileges, prestige).
Three-module description of the social structure prevails with sub-division of
classes into: higher, middle or lower, also with inner divisions of the classes into
segments that place a human higher or lower on the social ladder. In the literature
of sociology, but not only there
-
it is pointed out that such classification is ap¬
propriate for societies of stabilized hierarchy of professional roles and range of
obtained income.
The changes that have taken place after
1989
show distinctly that the Polish
society evolves into the direction of another system and its final objective is so¬
cial capitalistic economy, which was the system that dominated in the interwar
Poland. The interwar period resulted from a simple necessity of changes that oc¬
curred in the 19th and 20th century.
The above mentioned subdivision into classes: higher, middle and lower that
takes into account their inner diversification must be interpreted in the way that
the middle class does not exist as such, but there are communities of middle class
who consist of people who characterize with a particular type of approaches and
attitudes. So we describe groups that take
te
middle position in the social struc¬
ture. Analogically, we can discuss the communities of higher and lower classes.
In fact, "middle class" cannot be a separate segment of the class type, but it
functions as a social fact. The objective is a model pattern of middle class that
180
exists in the market economy. Such groups have never created an integrated
whole, but despite essential differences, some common features that distinguish
the group can be listed. In case of middle class, one can name
entrepreneurship,
high activity, aspirations for economic or professional success, presentation of
one's values and style of life. Intellectual work has always been valued higher
that physical work. The groups of middle class have always been accompanied
with a want of strengthening one's achieved position and a want of using one's
property. In the 19th century, the economical success lead to the development of
great business. Its creators abandoned middle class creating huge economical
organisms. Great and medium capital started to resemble more higher class that
rich bourgeoisie.
The presentation of the national composition of
Łódź
is possible only in rela¬
tion to
1921
when the above described common census of the Second Republic
of Poland's population was carried out. People of Polish nationality had a defi¬
nite majority as they constituted
60%
of the total population of the city, similarly
as in the pre-First World war period; the second position was taken by people of
Jewish origin, however its percentage grew lower in comparison with the pre-war
period. A considerable decrease could be noted, in comparison with the period of
the Partitions, both in case of absolute and relative values, in reference to the
number of the German community. It should be underlined that
Łódź
still re¬
mained an important cluster of German population in the territory of the Second
Republic of Poland.
The common census, carried out within the area of the Second republic of
Poland on the
30*
September
1921,
provided the data on the religious structure
of
Łódź.
There were
451 974
people living within the area of
Łódź.
The share of
Catholics in the religious structure of
Łódź
constituted
50%,
which was undoubt¬
edly related to the demographical development of the city after the First World
War was finished, which caused the growth of the Catholic community in the
city, which in turn affected a decrease in the percentage of the Judaism believers.
It can be concluded that the dominant religious group in the city were Catholics.
One can note a relatively stable religious structure within thirteen years since the
end of the First World War, although a slow but continuous growth of the
Catholic community in
Łódź
after the end of the war should be underlined.
The most commonly used languages in the interwar
Łódź
were Polish, which
was named by
59.0%
of the population in the
193
ľ
census, Yiddish
- 29.3%
and
German
8.8%.
The issue that raises some doubts is a relatively significant part of
the Jewish population who declared to use Hebrew, which as opposed from Yid¬
dish that was a colloquial language, necessary for everyday existence in the cir¬
cle of the family or Jewish community, was known and used by a narrow circle
of Jewish clergy or intellectuals. Naming Hebrew as a mother tongue in the
1931
common census by some part of the Jewish community was possibly a result of
Zionists' activity who propagated the idea of the Jews return to Palestine and
181
called for declarations of national distinction. It should be pointed out that there
was a number of Jews among people who declared Polish as their mother tongue,
and possibly a part of Germans named Polish as their language during the second
common census. In case of
Łódź,
the significant factor was the process of recip¬
rocal influences of Polish, Jewish, German and Russian cultures that started in
the 19th century. Polonization of at least some part of the German population had
been taking place since the first half of the century reaching its peak at the turn
of 1880s and 1890s.
Within the interwar period we can still observe further intensive demograph-
ical development of
Łódź,
which was, however less distinct and violent than
within the years
1820-1914.
Despite the population loss, which
Łódź
suffered as
a result of the First World War and negative effects of the war on the age
structure of the
Łódź
community, in the period of the Second Republic of Poland
the city not only made up for losses but continued its buoyant demographical de¬
velopment. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Rzepkowski, Arkadiusz ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1139516078 |
| author_facet | Rzepkowski, Arkadiusz ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rzepkowski, Arkadiusz ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | a r ar |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023385897 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HB3608 |
| callnumber-raw | HB3608.7.L63 |
| callnumber-search | HB3608.7.L63 |
| callnumber-sort | HB 43608.7 L63 |
| callnumber-subject | HB - Economic Theory and Demography |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)227213078 (DE-599)BVBBV023385897 |
| era | Geschichte 1918-1939 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1939 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Łódź (Poland) / Population / History Łódź (Poland) Population History Lodz (DE-588)4074299-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Łódź (Poland) / Population / History Łódź (Poland) Population History Lodz |
| id | DE-604.BV023385897 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:18:11Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-20T15:02:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788388679698 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016568919 |
| oclc_num | 227213078 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 192 p. graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Ibidem |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rzepkowski, Arkadiusz ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1139516078 aut Ludność miasta Łodzi w latach 1918 - 1939 Arkadiusz Rzepkowski Łódź Ibidem 2008 192 p. graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Includes bibliographical references (p. [127]-134) and index Geschichte 1918-1939 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd rswk-swf Łódź (Poland) / Population / History Łódź (Poland) Population History Lodz (DE-588)4074299-4 gnd rswk-swf Lodz (DE-588)4074299-4 g Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 s Geschichte 1918-1939 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016568919&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016568919&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Rzepkowski, Arkadiusz ca. 20./21. Jh Ludność miasta Łodzi w latach 1918 - 1939 Geschichte Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006287-9 (DE-588)4074299-4 |
| title | Ludność miasta Łodzi w latach 1918 - 1939 |
| title_auth | Ludność miasta Łodzi w latach 1918 - 1939 |
| title_exact_search | Ludność miasta Łodzi w latach 1918 - 1939 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Ludność miasta Łodzi w latach 1918 - 1939 |
| title_full | Ludność miasta Łodzi w latach 1918 - 1939 Arkadiusz Rzepkowski |
| title_fullStr | Ludność miasta Łodzi w latach 1918 - 1939 Arkadiusz Rzepkowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ludność miasta Łodzi w latach 1918 - 1939 Arkadiusz Rzepkowski |
| title_short | Ludność miasta Łodzi w latach 1918 - 1939 |
| title_sort | ludnosc miasta lodzi w latach 1918 1939 |
| topic | Geschichte Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Bevölkerung Łódź (Poland) / Population / History Łódź (Poland) Population History Lodz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016568919&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016568919&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rzepkowskiarkadiusz ludnoscmiastałodziwlatach19181939 |