Materiały do badań osadnictwa mezolitycznego w mikroregionie Luta, województwo lubelskie:
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Wydawn. Inst. Archeologii i Etnologii PAN
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Materiały do badań osadnictwa mezolitycznego w mikroregionie Luta, województwo lubelskie |c Hanna Więckowska ; Maria Chmielewska |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
THE MESOLITHIC SETTLEMENT IN THE
LUTA
MICROREGION,
LUBLIN VOIVODESHIP. MATERIALS
SUMMARY
1.1.-1.5.
INTRODUCTION (Figs
1-16)
The
Luta microregion
is located between the
Vistula and Bug rivers, in the north-eastern part of
the
Łęczna-Włodawa
Plain (also called
Łęczna-
Włodawa
Lake District). The Plain is part of the
Lublin Woodland. The area is drained by the river
Krzemianka, a tributary of the
Włodawka
river,
which flows into the Bug near the town of
Włoda¬
wa.
During the last, North-Polish,
glaciation
there
developed dunes on the terraces of the Bug river
and its larger tributaries. They are relatively promi¬
nent only at the junction of the Bug and
Włodawka
rivers. In the Holocene, the beds of river and lake
valleys became marshes and peatlands. The pre¬
dominantly sandy subsoil is covered with
podzols
and marshy soils with very rich vegetation (J. Kon-
dracki,
1977, 1978;
J.E. Mojski,
1972;
D.
Fijał-
kowski,
1959).
The nearest neighbourhood of the investigated
area
-
between
Włodawka
to the north and a chalky
area to the south
-
is rich in large marshes and sandy
islands with dunes. This is a big forest complex,
part of which has been included in the
Sobibór
Landscape Park (Sobiborski Park
Krajobrazowy,
1987).
The peat layers in the area of
Luta
go down
to the depth of several metres. This is sedge and
sedge-reed peat.
Numerous analogies of excavations on Late Plei¬
stocene sand sites have been found in, especially
Polish, literature (Chapter
1.2).
However, there are
few publications for eastern Poland and the area
adjacent to it from the east. The investigations in
the
Luta
microregion thus fill a painful gap and
present an outline of the little studied problems of
late Paleolithic and Mesolithic settlement of that
region.
In
1965, 1968-1970, 1975,
and
1980,
three sites
were excavated at
Luta: Luta
I,
Luta
III, and
Luta
IV,
and a field survey of a flint workshop
Luta
II
(H.
Więckowska,
1968, 1969, 1970, 1975, 1981)
was conducted.
Luta
I and
Luta II are
located on
a large dune bank, called
"Wójtowa Góra,"
on the
left-hand side of the Krzemianka river
proglacial
valley while
Luta
III and
Luta
IV, on the opposite
side, at the area called
"Sosnowe."
The former lies
on a dune terrace and the latter on a small dune (with
a geodetic position:
169
m
above the sea level). The
specialist investigations are presented in respective
Appendices.
Sites
Luta
I, III, and IV were explored with the
use of a
10x10
m2 grid with axes oriented to the
NS-EW, along one-metre wide bands of from sev¬
eral to more than a dozen metres long. The finds
were recorded within respective square metres and
marked with letters (compass points) and figures
(the section along the axis) within
5-10
cm thick
arbitrary layers. The areas of the excavated sites are:
Luta
I:
459
m2,
Luta
II:
30
refi, Luta
III:
44
щ2,
and
Luta
IV: 106 m2. In order to establish the strati¬
graphy of the features several longitudinal and trans¬
verse sections of different scales were drawn.
Site
Luta
I represents a, topographical type of
settlement adapted to the layout of the terrain. The
finds did not make up clear concentrations. In or¬
der not to mix the material the main trench was
156
SUMMARY
divided into four assemblages
(1,
la,
2, 3).
Assem¬
blage la is the lower part of Assemblage
1,
as it
was expected to consist of more 'culturally pure'
finds. Assemblage
4
consists of all trial pits in the
NW part of the trench, and Assemblage
5
comprises
two pits in its
S
part. The stratigraphy of Site
Luta
I
is represented at a transverse section of the slope of
the dune. It is
46
m long
and reaches the peatland
supporting the dune from the south. The geological
structure of the dune part is similar to the ones
known from other sand sites in Poland. Starting from
the top it consists of:
podzol
with a low content of
humus, strong illuvium, weak illuvium, and discol¬
oured sand. At the place where the dune adjoins the
peatland the formations characteristic for the upper
zone are replaced by the ones connected with water
activity. All the strata follow the slant of the slope.
The artefacts were found mainly in the
podzol,
strong illuvium and, more rarely, in the weak illu¬
vium, reaching sporadically to the depth of
0.8-1
m.
It is important that in the contact zone they were,
including the characteristic form, under the layer of
peat dating from the Atlantic period, which did not
contain any traces of human settlement. In many
parts of the trench later pits and pockets were dis¬
covered: most of them were identified by the au¬
thors as windfalls (E. Kempisty, Z. Sulgostowska,
1991).
Site
Luta
I has three radiocarbon dates: Gd-4458,
7.630ІІ60
BP (Mesolitic settlement), Gd-8025-
4.370±120 BP (Late Neolithic) and Gd-6124
-
960±80 BP. The two last-mentioned dates do not
have clear equivalents in the archaeological mate¬
rial. Bone fragments dated with the fmoro-chloro-
apatite and collagen methods yielded the date of ca
1950
BP. This date and the presence of pig, sheep/
goat, and 'deer or cattle' bones suggest that these
finds are in no way connected with the flint mate¬
rial (A. Lasota-Moskalewska, T.
Wysoczański-Min-
kowicz
-
Appendices).
At Site
Luta
II two separate flint workshops
(A and B) as well as some scattered material have
been found.
Site
Luta
III consists of two trial trenches and
this is how the material has been divided (Assem¬
blage
1
and
2).
The second trench cuts across
a terrace and reaches the peatland. The
stratigraphie
arrangement of the material was found at a consid¬
erable depth and the cross-section revealed macro-
remains (W. Dembek
-
Appendix). The strata fol¬
low the slant of the slope and the juncture of the
terrace and peatland is visible.
Site
Luta
IV was located mainly in the upper part
of the dune (Assemblage
2).
Moreover, two trial pits
(Assemblage
1)
were made as well as a bore-hole.
The humus and the upper part of the strong illu¬
vium were in some places disturbed by ploughing
and later pits. The material comes from a poorly
noticeable, not particularly rich concentration
(5
re¬
fitted nodules
-
Chapter II.
1.1).
Near Site
Luta
IV, in the peat-logged valley of
the river Krzemianka, several drillings with a hand-
drill were made and two cores were collected with
the use of a driving rod. They reached to the sand
formations under the peat. A palynological analy¬
sis was made on one of the cores (K.
Bałaga
-
Appendix).
11.1.-11.4.
ANALYSIS
OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS
FROM THE SITES AT
LUTA
11.1.1.-11.1.5.
Site
Luta
I. There are no well-
distinguished concentrations of flint material, which
is diversified as to its age and can not be grouped
with the use of the stratygraphy (the site is located
on a dune). Thus in all the formations, possibly Neo¬
lithic (Fig.
57),
Mesolitic and Late Paleolitchic (see
Table
25)
material was found. This is also reflected
by the refitted nodules, some of which come from
different layers and depths.
159
refittings of flint artefacts (Fig.
46).
Among
them some groups of greater concentration have
been distinguished. In two of these cases
(Э-Шх
6-9,5W and 10-17NX10-14W) the connecting lines
create a similar pattern and do not overlap almost
in any place, making up two separate units, or two
settlement episodes. Two- and three-bit Mesolithic
refitted nodules may be tentatively interpreted as
a proof of cultural homogeneity of some of the
material ascribed to the Narvian industry (the Ko-
mornice culture). The few Late Paleolithic refitted
assemblages are generally made up of two parts.
There were also some refitted nodules which illus¬
trate the ways in which cores were manufactured
(workshops).
Some of the tools (scrapers, microliths) bear
traces of use-wear visible to the naked eye. They
were investigated under a microscope (M. Wimar-
ska-Kabacińska-
Appendix). The analysis revealed
that some forms were, quite unexpectedly, used
m
a different way than it is suggested in the typology
of the tools. Unfortunately, the analysis was con¬
ducted only on some of the artefacts.
The stone material which appeared at Site
Lutai
together with flint was quite characteristic. The
mos
predominant were concretion fragments (pebbles;
SUMMARY
157
and smaller stone chunks, which are most frequently
products of thermal disintegration. Moreover, stones
were intentionally broken by man and used as tools.
These include hammer-stones, tools, cores, and flakes
(Plates
XVII, 3, XVIII, 18;
Figs
29,33,34).
The
rich concentration connected with Assemblage la
(Figs
51,
a, b) is of particular interest. It yielded,
i.a., a radiocarbon sample (Gd-4458) dated to
7.630Ü60
BP. Numerous refitted stone nodules
were obtained from the material in the centre of the
concentration and its nearest vicinity. They ap¬
peared, but in lesser proportion, at the whole exca¬
vated area of Site
Luta
I (Fig.
52).
The fact that the majority of stones show ther¬
mal cracks suggests that they come from destroyed
hearths. It is possible to connect the hearths with
some habitation structures and their various func¬
tions (drying, smoking, roasting, or cooking).
As an analogy to the stones from Site
Luta
I the
finds from Site Wieliszew, Trench XI, District
Nowy Dwór,
may be used. They were discussed by
S.W.
Krakowski
(1976)
who distinguished several
types of artefacts, ascribed to them considerable im¬
portance and claimed that till then stones had not
been investigated at all.
Bone material was found in concentrations and
in scattered form and accompanied flint artefacts in
the same layers and at the same depths (Figs
8, 36,
57,58).
Three dates from various places of the main
trench (one established with the use of the FCj/P
and Coll. method and two radiocarbon dates
-
see
above) are later than the investigated settlement.
Hence it seems dubious that these bones and flint
represent the same culture. This remark concerns at
least part of the bone material. The fact that these
two kinds of remains were found in similar loca¬
tions may be explained only to a certain degree
(mechanical disturbance). At the moment it is im¬
possible to make a complete interpretation because
there are no documented analogies (of the presence
of bones of domesticated animals at Mesolithic
sites).
To sum up: the Paleolithic remains at Site
Luta
I
are poorly represented and scattered among later
finds. The main characteristic forms are: cores,
burins, scrapers and tanged points. They were made
of specific raw materials (chocolate-like flint and
chalky mine flint) obtained from double-platform
cores (e.g. Plates
VIII, 1, 5, XXVI, 2, XXIX, 8)
in
specific ways. The collection does not contain a suf¬
ficient amount of characteristic forms to ascribe it
to any well-dated archaeological culture distin¬
guished for the Polish Lowlands (to a certain de¬
gree, see R.
Schild, 1975,
Trenches IX, XI,
XIII,
trace elements
VIII,
Bore-hole
17
and Trenches IV
and V).
Z Sulgostowska
(1989)
assigned similar com¬
plexes (after R.
Rimantiene,
"Baltic Magdalenian,"
1970,1971,1972,
1984)totheLyngby-Ahrensburg-
Swiderian "Wilno-type complexes." The suggested
dating: late Dryas or the pre-Boreal period.
The richest settlement traces come from the later
phase of the Atlantic period. The authors found the
greatest similarities to the Narvian cycle (Komornica
culture) with such characteristic forms as Stawinoga-
type backed blades, arch-backed blades, Komornica-
type truncated blades, isosceles and short obtuse
scalene triangles, and trapezes, especially long tra¬
pezes on flakes (see the extensive Polish literature
and the summing up in: S.K.
Kozłowski,
1972;
H.
Więckowska,
1975;
S.K.
Kozłowski
and J.K.
Koz¬
łowski,
1977).
The proportion and technological
features of these forms differ chronologically and
geographically. The regularities established in this
respect are being worked upon.
It is unclear why only a trace number of Wieli-
szew-type microliths characteristic for the Mesoli¬
thic Vistulian cycle
(Janisławice
culture) was found
at
Luta. Are
they only an admixture of this cycle
(together with other types of tools such as, i.a., long
scalene triangles, trapezes on blades, truncations of
a certain form) or do they belong to a specific vari¬
ant of the Narvian cycle (which has not been re¬
corded so far)? Both cycles in their 'pure' version
are well represented in Poland.
The Mesolithic flint tools discovered at Site
Luta
I
allow to assign some other complexes of finds from
Poland, up till today not precisely determined, to
the later part of the Narvian cycle. They also shed
some light on how the raw materials (chocolate-like
and
Świeciechów
flint) were exploited in the inves¬
tigated Mesolithic cycles and on the regional, nu¬
merical and typological diversification of flake axes.
In order to determine valid
similarités
or possi¬
ble differences between the complexes of flint tools
from Assemblages
1,
la,
2, 3, 4, 5
the material was
analysed with the use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov
non-parametric test. The results of these analyses
(Figs
59, 60, 61)
generally indicate that there are
no statistically valid differences. In other words, they
suggest a considerable similarity of typology and
structure of the tool complexes from these assem¬
blages. The flint material appears more uniform, the
poorly represented Late Paleolithic forms ('can be
found everywhere' or 'have no bearing on the re¬
sults') have become hardly valid, and the Mesolithic
material seems to be qualitatively the same (one
cycle?). This problem should be dealt with in fu¬
ture studies.
158
SUMMARY
IV.2. Site
Luta II
-
mentioned above (Table
47,
Plate
XXXIII,
Fig.
37).
IV.3. Site
Luta
III (Tables
48-58, 71-78,
Plates
XXXrV-XXXVI). Due to the lack of planigraphy and
refitted" flint nodules, only typology could be used
for analysis. The finds are generally not numerous.
The earlier ones (Late Paleolithic) seem to predomi¬
nate in the material and include: double-platform
cores, burins, end-scrapers, tanged points and trun¬
cated points. The tanged points are few; four items
reperesent late, decadent forms. The tangs are un-
worked on the ventral side. No stratigraphical divi¬
sion can be made for Assemblage
2
(terrace), found
at a very small depth. Assemblage
1
from the slope of
the terrace comes from more than one layer (Fig.
14).
Some artefacts are connected with very fine silty
sand or silt found at a small depth (layers
10
and
11).
They are separated from the material above by
a layer of sand (No
6).
Therefore we most probably
have to do here with a stratigraphy. The above-men¬
tioned flint flake from the bore-hole
(2N*25-26W)
found under the Atlantic peat layer provides another
chronological reference.
The Mesolitic material is difficult to determine
as to its cultural affiliation and chronology (no tra¬
pezes and scrapers). The Neolithic part is repre¬
sented by the pottery from Assemblage
2,
concen¬
trated on three square metres
(9-10xSlW+10Sx2W).
These are remains of the Lublin-Volhynia culture
of painted pottery (L. Gajewski).
There are no biological references to the rela¬
tive chronology of Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic
finds. Two possible variants may be taken into con¬
sideration:
1 -
the material got mixed up because
the site was settled many times;
2 -
less certain
variant: the whole material is connected with the
Mesolitic period, but not for one exact time (some
Late Paleolithic tools, e.g., tanged points, were in
use for an extended period. See Site
Luta
IV). The
beginning of the settlement: the pre-Boreal period,
or an earlier date, late Dryas (see Site
Luta
I).
25
samples were collected in the cross-section
of Assemblage
1
(2N*20W) down to the depth of
130
cm. They present (W. Dembek-Appendix) the
dynamics of: water
-
sediment
-
flora at the junc¬
tion with the terrace.
IV.4. Site
Luta
/F
(Tables
59-70
í
79- 83,
Plates
XXXVII-XXXIX, Figs
44-45).
Assemblage
1
from
trial pits was too poor to analyse (generally it comes
from the Mesolithic). Assemblage
2
is highly spe¬
cific in its typological features and the number of
flint artefacts: high scalene obtuse triangles (late
Mesolithic?), three flake axes, an unusually large
number of burins and end-scrapers typologically
belonging to the Late Paleolithic (analogy: Site
Woźna Wieś, Podlaskie
voivodeship,
E. Kempisty,
Z. Sulgostowska,
1991),
small tanged points of the
decadent type
(1
on a flake, Plate
XXXIX).
Here
again appears the problem of interpretation (see Sites
Luta
I and
Luta
III) of the cultural 'purity' of the
assemblage: did several settlement phases overlap
or is it a new Mesolithic assemblage (one flake
under the Atlantic peat layer) with earlier features?
For the tanged point on a flake there is an analogy
at Site
Kylešovskij
Kopec near
Opava
in Bohemia
(B.
Klima,
1948),
considered to be Mesolithic by
B.
Klima (Fig. 62).
The
non
numerous tiny pottery fragments repre¬
sent the Funnel Beaker Culture and Globular Am¬
phorae Culture. There is no equivalent for them in
the flint material.
111. SUMMING UP
111.1.1.-111.1.2.
In Poland the Late Paleolithic
and Mesolithic of the Warsaw Basin is quite well-
studied. The research is being continued and the ex¬
isting outline is being filled in. The same is the case
with the land to the east of Lublin Woodland (west¬
ern Ukraine, western Belarus) where numerous
settlement traces from that time were found (V.F. Isa-
enko, L.V.
Koľcov,
D.Ja.
Telegin,
L.G.
Mackevoj,
L.L. Zaliznjak and others, in Poland also Z. Sulgo¬
stowska,
1989).
These results, however, are not fully
satisfying. Respective researchers have produced
different interpretations of their material, which
makes it difficult to find analogies for Polish east¬
ern lands, including the subject-matter of this work.
The differences concern especially the biological-
geographical-archaeological terminology, chrono¬
logy, typology, and statistics of flint artefacts.
The presence Late Paleolithic assemblages,
similar to so-called R. Rimantiene's "Baltic Magda-
lenian," or the "Wilno-type assemblages" (Z. Sulgo¬
stowska
-
see above), which seems quite valid for
the microregion, has not been profoundly studied
so far and the cultural features are imprecisely de¬
fined. They have been used in this paper.
The Mesolithic Narvian cycle (the Komornica
culture), one of the best investigated in Poland, has
found a different interpretation of its age, extent and
typology of assemblages (L.L. Zaliznjak). It was
given a lower rank and included into a larger and
(according to the above-mentioned researcher) more
important cultural unit called Kudlaevka culture
form the
Polesie
Lowland (extending from eastern
Poland to the Desna river). According to the present
authors this opinion is unjustified for "Kudlaevka
SUMMARY
159
culture," due to the lack of homogenous complexes,
is insufficiently documented and described.
The Vistulian cycle (Janislawice culture) is con¬
tinually enriched with new materials and ascribed
a larger and larger territory. It is sufficiently unique
(of course in the case of 'pure' complexes) so it is
hard to confuse it with other cultural units. The
presence of a few tools typical for the Vistulian cycle
at Site
Luta
I is interpreted in this work either as
a result of overlying of two settlement phases of two
cycles or, which needs further documentation, an
indication that these two cycles merged in the Late
Mesolithic (the possible premise for this claim: the
arch-backed blade made from
Swieciechów
flint).
The concepts of various authors (N.N. Gurina,
R.
Rimantiene,
S.K. and J.K.
Kozłowski
and others)
concerning the possibility that at the investigated
territory there appeared other cultural units are dis¬
regarded here, because they lack good justification
in the material, necessary for any comparison.
To sum up, at Site
Luta
I mainly the later form
of Narvian cycle (ca 4th
millenium
ВС,
the Atlan¬
tic period) is represented for the Mesolithic period.
At
Luta
II, the flint workshop is chronologically and
culturally equivalent to
Luta
I. At Site
Luta
III the
Mesolithic period is poorly represented, mixed with
the Late Paleolithic and the superimposed Neolithic
(pottery), which does not allow do draw any con¬
clusions as to its dating and cultural affiliation. The
material from Site
Luta
IV may not be 'pure.' It is
uncertain whether it is the Late Paleolithic with un¬
clear chronology or the Mesolithic with a Late
Paleolithic residue, or else still a relatively acciden¬
tal mixture of two settlement phases.
IV.I.-IVA MATERIALS
The flint products have been determined, accord¬
ing to a list of types, into categories I-IX. Catego¬
ries I—
VII
represent the complete cycle of working
on flint concretions, and categories VIII-IX, tools
and forms resulting from their production. The quan¬
titative analysis, proportions, and systematics of the
flint material are presented in the Tables. The set¬
tlers mainly used the local erratic chalk flint, Baltic
flint and, sporadically, mine chalk flint, chocolate-
b'ke flint and
Świeciechów
flint. The artefacts were
generally quite well-preserved (except for the nu¬
merous burnt items); the ones from the shallow
places were covered with marsh patina. The analy¬
ses of respective assemblages take into account the
bone, stone and pottery material (categories X-XII).
IV.
1.1.
-IV.
1.6.
Site
Luta
I (Tables
1-36, 38-46,
Plates I-XXXII, Figs
17-36,46-58).
It yielded al¬
together
56.523
flint artefacts (including cores and
tools),
2.069
fine bone fragments, numerous com¬
plete stones and their fragments (including inten¬
tional products) and three fragments of prehistoric and
Mediaeval pottery (a concentration of
161
modern
pottery fragments from two vessels is also men¬
tioned). The flint artefacts, bones, and stones ap¬
pear in both horizontal and vertical concentrations,
which does not mean, however, that they belong to
one culture (for the dating of bones
-
see above).
Typologically the settlement represents the Late
Paleolithic (in its minority) and Mesolithic (in its
majority). The latter was assigned the radiocarbon
dating mentioned above and relative
stratigraphie
dating due to its location under the Atlantic peat
layer (Fig.
13,
b).
IV.2.1.-IV.2.4.
Site
Luta
II (Table
37,
Plate
XXXIII,
Fig.
37).
Workshop A yielded
54
flint ar¬
tefacts, workshop
В
- 95;
the scattered material
comprises
12
finds, altogether
161.
The existence
of the workshop is confirmed by numerous refitted
nodules: from Workshop A
- 7
five-, three- and two-
bit items which make up
22
matches; from Work¬
shop
В
there were
15
five-, four-, three-, and two-
bit refitted nodules making up
40
matches. The
material comes from the Mesolithic.
IV3.1.-IV3.2.
Site
Luta
III (Tables
48-58,
71-78,
Plates XXXIV-XXXVI, Figs
38-41).
It
yielded
2.302
flint and stone artefacts,
4
bone frag¬
ments,
16
stones or their fragments (one of them is
a debitage flake), and
130
pottery fragments (As¬
semblage
2)
from the Neolithic; in their majority
they were found in a concentration. Flint artefacts,
especially tools, represent the Late Paleolithic and
Mesolithic; the latter predominates. In the bore¬
hole under the peat layer one flint flake was dis¬
covered.
IV.4.1.-IV.4.2. Site
Luta
IV(Tables
59-70,
Plates
XXXVII-XXXIX, Figs
42-45).
Altogether
1.710
flint artefacts were discovered,
1
bone fragment,
more than a dozen stones and their fragments, and
71
small pottery fragments;
7
of the potsherds come
from the Neolithic and the remaining ones are
modern, probably from one vessel and they were
found in the humus. The artefacts probably come
from the Mesolithic. The characteristic tools include
a few tanged points of decadent form. The end date
is determined by the flake found under the Atlantic
peat layer in the bore-hole at the feet of the western
slope of the dune.
SPIS TREŚCI
I.
ZAGADNIENIA WSTĘPNE
(H.
Więckowska)
1.1. Wprowadzenie i lokalizacja stanowisk
.7
1.2.
Historia badań
.8
1.3.
Środowisko geograficzne i specyfika regionu
.9
1.4.
Metodyka badań i zasady publikacji źródeł
.11
1.5.
Analiza profili i wierceń. Warunki występowania zabytków
.13
II.
ANALIZA MATERIAŁÓW ZABYTKOWYCH BADANYCH STANOWISK W LUCIE
(M. Chmielewska i H. Więckowska)
II.
1.
Stanowisko
Luta
I
.18
II.
1.1.
Charakterystyka zabytków krzemiennych i ich układ planigraficzny
.18
II.
1.2.
Charakterystyka materiału kamiennego i jego układ planigraficzny
.30
II.1.3. Materiał kostny (H. Więckowska)
.34
II.
1.4.
Ceramika (H. Więckowska)
,.35
II.
1.5.
Stanowisko
Luta
I
-
interpretacja całości danych
.:.35
(M. Chmielewska i H. Więckowska)
II.2. Stanowisko
Luta
II
-
charakterystyka materiału krzemiennego i wybrane zagadnienia
.40
(H. Więckowska)
II.
3.
Stanowisko
Luta
III
-
charakterystyka materiału krzemiennego i tło przyrodnicze
.40
(H. Więckowska)
II.4. Stanowisko
Luta
IV
-
charakterystyka materiału krzemiennego i tło przyrodnicze
.42
(H. Więckowska)
III. PODSUMOWANIE
(H. Więckowska)
ПІЛ.
Mikroregion
Luta
na tle obszarów sąsiednich
.44
III.
1.1.
Późny paleolit
-
stanowiska
L
I,
L
III i
L
IV
.'.44
III.1.2. Mezolit
-
stanowiska
L
I,
L
II,
L
III i
L
IV
.47
IV.
MATERIAŁY
IV.l.
Stanowisko
Lutai
.50
IV.l.l.
Zespół
1
(H.
Więckowska)
.50
W.l.l. Zespół
la (M. Chmielewska)
.62
IV.1.3.
Zespół
2
(M. Chmielewska)
.71
IV.1.4.
Zespół
3
(H.
Więckowska)
.85
IV.
1.5.
Zespół
4
(H.
Więckowska).
95
IV.1.6.
Zespół
5
(H.
Więckowska).
105
IV.2.
Stanowisko
Lutali
(H.
Więckowska)
.121
IV.2.1.
Pracownia
A
-
materiał krzemienny
.121
IV.2.2.
Pracownia
В
-
materiał krzemienny i kamienny
.121
IV.2.3.
Materiał krzemienny rozproszony
.122
rV.2.4. Opis
składanek wyrobów krzemiennych
.122
IV.3.
Stanowisko
Luta
III (H. Więckowska)
.124
IV.3.1.
Zespół
1.124
IV.3.2.
Zespół
2.129
IV.4.
Stanowisko
Luta
IV
(H.
Więckowska i M. Chmielewska)
.141
IV.4.1.
Zespół
1 -
rowy sondażowe
.142
IV.4.2.
Zespół
2 -
wykop
.144
SUMMARY
.155
WYKAZ CYTOWANEJ LITERATURY
.160
ANEKSY
1.
Małgorzata Winiarska-Kabacińska: Analiza funkcjonalna wybranych narzędzi
ze stanowiska mezolitycznego
Luta
I „Wójtowa Góra" (zespoły
1
i
2).163
2.
Tadeusz Wysoczański-Minkowicz: Wyniki oznaczeń wieku kości fauny kręgowcowej
ze stanowiska
Luta
I koło Włodawy w woj. lubelskim metodą FCL/P i Coli
.169
3.
Wiesław Dembek: Omówienie wyników analiz składu botanicznego złoża
w profilu
Luta
III „Sosnowe"
.
172
4.
Krystyna Bałaga: Analiza palinologiczna profilu
Luta
IV
-
rdzeń
1.175
5
Alicja Lasota-Moskalewska:
Luta,
woj. lubelskie. Ekspertyza archeozoologiczna
1
ΤΊ
szczątków kostnych
.
l
' '
RYCINY
.
181
TABLICE
.
220 |
| adam_txt |
THE MESOLITHIC SETTLEMENT IN THE
LUTA
MICROREGION,
LUBLIN VOIVODESHIP. MATERIALS
SUMMARY
1.1.-1.5.
INTRODUCTION (Figs
1-16)
The
Luta microregion
is located between the
Vistula and Bug rivers, in the north-eastern part of
the
Łęczna-Włodawa
Plain (also called
Łęczna-
Włodawa
Lake District). The Plain is part of the
Lublin Woodland. The area is drained by the river
Krzemianka, a tributary of the
Włodawka
river,
which flows into the Bug near the town of
Włoda¬
wa.
During the last, North-Polish,
glaciation
there
developed dunes on the terraces of the Bug river
and its larger tributaries. They are relatively promi¬
nent only at the junction of the Bug and
Włodawka
rivers. In the Holocene, the beds of river and lake
valleys became marshes and peatlands. The pre¬
dominantly sandy subsoil is covered with
podzols
and marshy soils with very rich vegetation (J. Kon-
dracki,
1977, 1978;
J.E. Mojski,
1972;
D.
Fijał-
kowski,
1959).
The nearest neighbourhood of the investigated
area
-
between
Włodawka
to the north and a chalky
area to the south
-
is rich in large marshes and sandy
islands with dunes. This is a big forest complex,
part of which has been included in the
Sobibór
Landscape Park (Sobiborski Park
Krajobrazowy,
1987).
The peat layers in the area of
Luta
go down
to the depth of several metres. This is sedge and
sedge-reed peat.
Numerous analogies of excavations on Late Plei¬
stocene sand sites have been found in, especially
Polish, literature (Chapter
1.2).
However, there are
few publications for eastern Poland and the area
adjacent to it from the east. The investigations in
the
Luta
microregion thus fill a painful gap and
present an outline of the little studied problems of
late Paleolithic and Mesolithic settlement of that
region.
In
1965, 1968-1970, 1975,
and
1980,
three sites
were excavated at
Luta: Luta
I,
Luta
III, and
Luta
IV,
and a field survey of a flint workshop
Luta
II
(H.
Więckowska,
1968, 1969, 1970, 1975, 1981)
was conducted.
Luta
I and
Luta II are
located on
a large dune bank, called
"Wójtowa Góra,"
on the
left-hand side of the Krzemianka river
proglacial
valley while
Luta
III and
Luta
IV, on the opposite
side, at the area called
"Sosnowe."
The former lies
on a dune terrace and the latter on a small dune (with
a geodetic position:
169
m
above the sea level). The
specialist investigations are presented in respective
Appendices.
Sites
Luta
I, III, and IV were explored with the
use of a
10x10
m2 grid with axes oriented to the
NS-EW, along one-metre wide bands of from sev¬
eral to more than a dozen metres long. The finds
were recorded within respective square metres and
marked with letters (compass points) and figures
(the section along the axis) within
5-10
cm thick
arbitrary layers. The areas of the excavated sites are:
Luta
I:
459
m2,
Luta
II:
30
refi, Luta
III:
44
щ2,
and
Luta
IV: 106 m2. In order to establish the strati¬
graphy of the features several longitudinal and trans¬
verse sections of different scales were drawn.
Site
Luta
I represents a, topographical type of
settlement adapted to the layout of the terrain. The
finds did not make up clear concentrations. In or¬
der not to mix the material the main trench was
156
SUMMARY
divided into four assemblages
(1,
la,
2, 3).
Assem¬
blage la is the lower part of Assemblage
1,
as it
was expected to consist of more 'culturally pure'
finds. Assemblage
4
consists of all trial pits in the
NW part of the trench, and Assemblage
5
comprises
two pits in its
S
part. The stratigraphy of Site
Luta
I
is represented at a transverse section of the slope of
the dune. It is
46
m long
and reaches the peatland
supporting the dune from the south. The geological
structure of the dune part is similar to the ones
known from other sand sites in Poland. Starting from
the top it consists of:
podzol
with a low content of
humus, strong illuvium, weak illuvium, and discol¬
oured sand. At the place where the dune adjoins the
peatland the formations characteristic for the upper
zone are replaced by the ones connected with water
activity. All the strata follow the slant of the slope.
The artefacts were found mainly in the
podzol,
strong illuvium and, more rarely, in the weak illu¬
vium, reaching sporadically to the depth of
0.8-1
m.
It is important that in the contact zone they were,
including the characteristic form, under the layer of
peat dating from the Atlantic period, which did not
contain any traces of human settlement. In many
parts of the trench later pits and pockets were dis¬
covered: most of them were identified by the au¬
thors as windfalls (E. Kempisty, Z. Sulgostowska,
1991).
Site
Luta
I has three radiocarbon dates: Gd-4458,
7.630ІІ60
BP (Mesolitic settlement), Gd-8025-
4.370±120 BP (Late Neolithic) and Gd-6124
-
960±80 BP. The two last-mentioned dates do not
have clear equivalents in the archaeological mate¬
rial. Bone fragments dated with the fmoro-chloro-
apatite and collagen methods yielded the date of ca
1950
BP. This date and the presence of pig, sheep/
goat, and 'deer or cattle' bones suggest that these
finds are in no way connected with the flint mate¬
rial (A. Lasota-Moskalewska, T.
Wysoczański-Min-
kowicz
-
Appendices).
At Site
Luta
II two separate flint workshops
(A and B) as well as some scattered material have
been found.
Site
Luta
III consists of two trial trenches and
this is how the material has been divided (Assem¬
blage
1
and
2).
The second trench cuts across
a terrace and reaches the peatland. The
stratigraphie
arrangement of the material was found at a consid¬
erable depth and the cross-section revealed macro-
remains (W. Dembek
-
Appendix). The strata fol¬
low the slant of the slope and the juncture of the
terrace and peatland is visible.
Site
Luta
IV was located mainly in the upper part
of the dune (Assemblage
2).
Moreover, two trial pits
(Assemblage
1)
were made as well as a bore-hole.
The humus and the upper part of the strong illu¬
vium were in some places disturbed by ploughing
and later pits. The material comes from a poorly
noticeable, not particularly rich concentration
(5
re¬
fitted nodules
-
Chapter II.
1.1).
Near Site
Luta
IV, in the peat-logged valley of
the river Krzemianka, several drillings with a hand-
drill were made and two cores were collected with
the use of a driving rod. They reached to the sand
formations under the peat. A palynological analy¬
sis was made on one of the cores (K.
Bałaga
-
Appendix).
11.1.-11.4.
ANALYSIS
OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS
FROM THE SITES AT
LUTA
11.1.1.-11.1.5.
Site
Luta
I. There are no well-
distinguished concentrations of flint material, which
is diversified as to its age and can not be grouped
with the use of the stratygraphy (the site is located
on a dune). Thus in all the formations, possibly Neo¬
lithic (Fig.
57),
Mesolitic and Late Paleolitchic (see
Table
25)
material was found. This is also reflected
by the refitted nodules, some of which come from
different layers and depths.
159
refittings of flint artefacts (Fig.
46).
Among
them some groups of greater concentration have
been distinguished. In two of these cases
(Э-Шх
6-9,5W and 10-17NX10-14W) the connecting lines
create a similar pattern and do not overlap almost
in any place, making up two separate units, or two
settlement episodes. Two- and three-bit Mesolithic
refitted nodules may be tentatively interpreted as
a proof of cultural homogeneity of some of the
material ascribed to the Narvian industry (the Ko-
mornice culture). The few Late Paleolithic refitted
assemblages are generally made up of two parts.
There were also some refitted nodules which illus¬
trate the ways in which cores were manufactured
(workshops).
Some of the tools (scrapers, microliths) bear
traces of use-wear visible to the naked eye. They
were investigated under a microscope (M. Wimar-
ska-Kabacińska-
Appendix). The analysis revealed
that some forms were, quite unexpectedly, used
m
a different way than it is suggested in the typology
of the tools. Unfortunately, the analysis was con¬
ducted only on some of the artefacts.
The stone material which appeared at Site
Lutai
together with flint was quite characteristic. The
mos
predominant were concretion fragments (pebbles;
SUMMARY
157
and smaller stone chunks, which are most frequently
products of thermal disintegration. Moreover, stones
were intentionally broken by man and used as tools.
These include hammer-stones, tools, cores, and flakes
(Plates
XVII, 3, XVIII, 18;
Figs
29,33,34).
The
rich concentration connected with Assemblage la
(Figs
51,
a, b) is of particular interest. It yielded,
i.a., a radiocarbon sample (Gd-4458) dated to
7.630Ü60
BP. Numerous refitted stone nodules
were obtained from the material in the centre of the
concentration and its nearest vicinity. They ap¬
peared, but in lesser proportion, at the whole exca¬
vated area of Site
Luta
I (Fig.
52).
The fact that the majority of stones show ther¬
mal cracks suggests that they come from destroyed
hearths. It is possible to connect the hearths with
some habitation structures and their various func¬
tions (drying, smoking, roasting, or cooking).
As an analogy to the stones from Site
Luta
I the
finds from Site Wieliszew, Trench XI, District
Nowy Dwór,
may be used. They were discussed by
S.W.
Krakowski
(1976)
who distinguished several
types of artefacts, ascribed to them considerable im¬
portance and claimed that till then stones had not
been investigated at all.
Bone material was found in concentrations and
in scattered form and accompanied flint artefacts in
the same layers and at the same depths (Figs
8, 36,
57,58).
Three dates from various places of the main
trench (one established with the use of the FCj/P
and Coll. method and two radiocarbon dates
-
see
above) are later than the investigated settlement.
Hence it seems dubious that these bones and flint
represent the same culture. This remark concerns at
least part of the bone material. The fact that these
two kinds of remains were found in similar loca¬
tions may be explained only to a certain degree
(mechanical disturbance). At the moment it is im¬
possible to make a complete interpretation because
there are no documented analogies (of the presence
of bones of domesticated animals at Mesolithic
sites).
To sum up: the Paleolithic remains at Site
Luta
I
are poorly represented and scattered among later
finds. The main characteristic forms are: cores,
burins, scrapers and tanged points. They were made
of specific raw materials (chocolate-like flint and
chalky mine flint) obtained from double-platform
cores (e.g. Plates
VIII, 1, 5, XXVI, 2, XXIX, 8)
in
specific ways. The collection does not contain a suf¬
ficient amount of characteristic forms to ascribe it
to any well-dated archaeological culture distin¬
guished for the Polish Lowlands (to a certain de¬
gree, see R.
Schild, 1975,
Trenches IX, XI,
XIII,
trace elements
VIII,
Bore-hole
17
and Trenches IV
and V).
Z Sulgostowska
(1989)
assigned similar com¬
plexes (after R.
Rimantiene,
"Baltic Magdalenian,"
1970,1971,1972,
1984)totheLyngby-Ahrensburg-
Swiderian "Wilno-type complexes." The suggested
dating: late Dryas or the pre-Boreal period.
The richest settlement traces come from the later
phase of the Atlantic period. The authors found the
greatest similarities to the Narvian cycle (Komornica
culture) with such characteristic forms as Stawinoga-
type backed blades, arch-backed blades, Komornica-
type truncated blades, isosceles and short obtuse
scalene triangles, and trapezes, especially long tra¬
pezes on flakes (see the extensive Polish literature
and the summing up in: S.K.
Kozłowski,
1972;
H.
Więckowska,
1975;
S.K.
Kozłowski
and J.K.
Koz¬
łowski,
1977).
The proportion and technological
features of these forms differ chronologically and
geographically. The regularities established in this
respect are being worked upon.
It is unclear why only a trace number of Wieli-
szew-type microliths characteristic for the Mesoli¬
thic Vistulian cycle
(Janisławice
culture) was found
at
Luta. Are
they only an admixture of this cycle
(together with other types of tools such as, i.a., long
scalene triangles, trapezes on blades, truncations of
a certain form) or do they belong to a specific vari¬
ant of the Narvian cycle (which has not been re¬
corded so far)? Both cycles in their 'pure' version
are well represented in Poland.
The Mesolithic flint tools discovered at Site
Luta
I
allow to assign some other complexes of finds from
Poland, up till today not precisely determined, to
the later part of the Narvian cycle. They also shed
some light on how the raw materials (chocolate-like
and
Świeciechów
flint) were exploited in the inves¬
tigated Mesolithic cycles and on the regional, nu¬
merical and typological diversification of flake axes.
In order to determine valid
similarités
or possi¬
ble differences between the complexes of flint tools
from Assemblages
1,
la,
2, 3, 4, 5
the material was
analysed with the use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov
non-parametric test. The results of these analyses
(Figs
59, 60, 61)
generally indicate that there are
no statistically valid differences. In other words, they
suggest a considerable similarity of typology and
structure of the tool complexes from these assem¬
blages. The flint material appears more uniform, the
poorly represented Late Paleolithic forms ('can be
found everywhere' or 'have no bearing on the re¬
sults') have become hardly valid, and the Mesolithic
material seems to be qualitatively the same (one
cycle?). This problem should be dealt with in fu¬
ture studies.
158
SUMMARY
IV.2. Site
Luta II
-
mentioned above (Table
47,
Plate
XXXIII,
Fig.
37).
IV.3. Site
Luta
III (Tables
48-58, 71-78,
Plates
XXXrV-XXXVI). Due to the lack of planigraphy and
refitted" flint nodules, only typology could be used
for analysis. The finds are generally not numerous.
The earlier ones (Late Paleolithic) seem to predomi¬
nate in the material and include: double-platform
cores, burins, end-scrapers, tanged points and trun¬
cated points. The tanged points are few; four items
reperesent late, decadent forms. The tangs are un-
worked on the ventral side. No stratigraphical divi¬
sion can be made for Assemblage
2
(terrace), found
at a very small depth. Assemblage
1
from the slope of
the terrace comes from more than one layer (Fig.
14).
Some artefacts are connected with very fine silty
sand or silt found at a small depth (layers
10
and
11).
They are separated from the material above by
a layer of sand (No
6).
Therefore we most probably
have to do here with a stratigraphy. The above-men¬
tioned flint flake from the bore-hole
(2N*25-26W)
found under the Atlantic peat layer provides another
chronological reference.
The Mesolitic material is difficult to determine
as to its cultural affiliation and chronology (no tra¬
pezes and scrapers). The Neolithic part is repre¬
sented by the pottery from Assemblage
2,
concen¬
trated on three square metres
(9-10xSlW+10Sx2W).
These are remains of the Lublin-Volhynia culture
of painted pottery (L. Gajewski).
There are no biological references to the rela¬
tive chronology of Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic
finds. Two possible variants may be taken into con¬
sideration:
1 -
the material got mixed up because
the site was settled many times;
2 -
less certain
variant: the whole material is connected with the
Mesolitic period, but not for one exact time (some
Late Paleolithic tools, e.g., tanged points, were in
use for an extended period. See Site
Luta
IV). The
beginning of the settlement: the pre-Boreal period,
or an earlier date, late Dryas (see Site
Luta
I).
25
samples were collected in the cross-section
of Assemblage
1
(2N*20W) down to the depth of
130
cm. They present (W. Dembek-Appendix) the
dynamics of: water
-
sediment
-
flora at the junc¬
tion with the terrace.
IV.4. Site
Luta
/F
(Tables
59-70
í
79- 83,
Plates
XXXVII-XXXIX, Figs
44-45).
Assemblage
1
from
trial pits was too poor to analyse (generally it comes
from the Mesolithic). Assemblage
2
is highly spe¬
cific in its typological features and the number of
flint artefacts: high scalene obtuse triangles (late
Mesolithic?), three flake axes, an unusually large
number of burins and end-scrapers typologically
belonging to the Late Paleolithic (analogy: Site
Woźna Wieś, Podlaskie
voivodeship,
E. Kempisty,
Z. Sulgostowska,
1991),
small tanged points of the
decadent type
(1
on a flake, Plate
XXXIX).
Here
again appears the problem of interpretation (see Sites
Luta
I and
Luta
III) of the cultural 'purity' of the
assemblage: did several settlement phases overlap
or is it a new Mesolithic assemblage (one flake
under the Atlantic peat layer) with earlier features?
For the tanged point on a flake there is an analogy
at Site
Kylešovskij
Kopec near
Opava
in Bohemia
(B.
Klima,
1948),
considered to be Mesolithic by
B.
Klima (Fig. 62).
The
non
numerous tiny pottery fragments repre¬
sent the Funnel Beaker Culture and Globular Am¬
phorae Culture. There is no equivalent for them in
the flint material.
111. SUMMING UP
111.1.1.-111.1.2.
In Poland the Late Paleolithic
and Mesolithic of the Warsaw Basin is quite well-
studied. The research is being continued and the ex¬
isting outline is being filled in. The same is the case
with the land to the east of Lublin Woodland (west¬
ern Ukraine, western Belarus) where numerous
settlement traces from that time were found (V.F. Isa-
enko, L.V.
Koľcov,
D.Ja.
Telegin,
L.G.
Mackevoj,
L.L. Zaliznjak and others, in Poland also Z. Sulgo¬
stowska,
1989).
These results, however, are not fully
satisfying. Respective researchers have produced
different interpretations of their material, which
makes it difficult to find analogies for Polish east¬
ern lands, including the subject-matter of this work.
The differences concern especially the biological-
geographical-archaeological terminology, chrono¬
logy, typology, and statistics of flint artefacts.
The presence Late Paleolithic assemblages,
similar to so-called R. Rimantiene's "Baltic Magda-
lenian," or the "Wilno-type assemblages" (Z. Sulgo¬
stowska
-
see above), which seems quite valid for
the microregion, has not been profoundly studied
so far and the cultural features are imprecisely de¬
fined. They have been used in this paper.
The Mesolithic Narvian cycle (the Komornica
culture), one of the best investigated in Poland, has
found a different interpretation of its age, extent and
typology of assemblages (L.L. Zaliznjak). It was
given a lower rank and included into a larger and
(according to the above-mentioned researcher) more
important cultural unit called Kudlaevka culture
form the
Polesie
Lowland (extending from eastern
Poland to the Desna river). According to the present
authors this opinion is unjustified for "Kudlaevka
SUMMARY
159
culture," due to the lack of homogenous complexes,
is insufficiently documented and described.
The Vistulian cycle (Janislawice culture) is con¬
tinually enriched with new materials and ascribed
a larger and larger territory. It is sufficiently unique
(of course in the case of 'pure' complexes) so it is
hard to confuse it with other cultural units. The
presence of a few tools typical for the Vistulian cycle
at Site
Luta
I is interpreted in this work either as
a result of overlying of two settlement phases of two
cycles or, which needs further documentation, an
indication that these two cycles merged in the Late
Mesolithic (the possible premise for this claim: the
arch-backed blade made from
Swieciechów
flint).
The concepts of various authors (N.N. Gurina,
R.
Rimantiene,
S.K. and J.K.
Kozłowski
and others)
concerning the possibility that at the investigated
territory there appeared other cultural units are dis¬
regarded here, because they lack good justification
in the material, necessary for any comparison.
To sum up, at Site
Luta
I mainly the later form
of Narvian cycle (ca 4th
millenium
ВС,
the Atlan¬
tic period) is represented for the Mesolithic period.
At
Luta
II, the flint workshop is chronologically and
culturally equivalent to
Luta
I. At Site
Luta
III the
Mesolithic period is poorly represented, mixed with
the Late Paleolithic and the superimposed Neolithic
(pottery), which does not allow do draw any con¬
clusions as to its dating and cultural affiliation. The
material from Site
Luta
IV may not be 'pure.' It is
uncertain whether it is the Late Paleolithic with un¬
clear chronology or the Mesolithic with a Late
Paleolithic residue, or else still a relatively acciden¬
tal mixture of two settlement phases.
IV.I.-IVA MATERIALS
The flint products have been determined, accord¬
ing to a list of types, into categories I-IX. Catego¬
ries I—
VII
represent the complete cycle of working
on flint concretions, and categories VIII-IX, tools
and forms resulting from their production. The quan¬
titative analysis, proportions, and systematics of the
flint material are presented in the Tables. The set¬
tlers mainly used the local erratic chalk flint, Baltic
flint and, sporadically, mine chalk flint, chocolate-
b'ke flint and
Świeciechów
flint. The artefacts were
generally quite well-preserved (except for the nu¬
merous burnt items); the ones from the shallow
places were covered with marsh patina. The analy¬
ses of respective assemblages take into account the
bone, stone and pottery material (categories X-XII).
IV.
1.1.
-IV.
1.6.
Site
Luta
I (Tables
1-36, 38-46,
Plates I-XXXII, Figs
17-36,46-58).
It yielded al¬
together
56.523
flint artefacts (including cores and
tools),
2.069
fine bone fragments, numerous com¬
plete stones and their fragments (including inten¬
tional products) and three fragments of prehistoric and
Mediaeval pottery (a concentration of
161
modern
pottery fragments from two vessels is also men¬
tioned). The flint artefacts, bones, and stones ap¬
pear in both horizontal and vertical concentrations,
which does not mean, however, that they belong to
one culture (for the dating of bones
-
see above).
Typologically the settlement represents the Late
Paleolithic (in its minority) and Mesolithic (in its
majority). The latter was assigned the radiocarbon
dating mentioned above and relative
stratigraphie
dating due to its location under the Atlantic peat
layer (Fig.
13,
b).
IV.2.1.-IV.2.4.
Site
Luta
II (Table
37,
Plate
XXXIII,
Fig.
37).
Workshop A yielded
54
flint ar¬
tefacts, workshop
В
- 95;
the scattered material
comprises
12
finds, altogether
161.
The existence
of the workshop is confirmed by numerous refitted
nodules: from Workshop A
- 7
five-, three- and two-
bit items which make up
22
matches; from Work¬
shop
В
there were
15
five-, four-, three-, and two-
bit refitted nodules making up
40
matches. The
material comes from the Mesolithic.
IV3.1.-IV3.2.
Site
Luta
III (Tables
48-58,
71-78,
Plates XXXIV-XXXVI, Figs
38-41).
It
yielded
2.302
flint and stone artefacts,
4
bone frag¬
ments,
16
stones or their fragments (one of them is
a debitage flake), and
130
pottery fragments (As¬
semblage
2)
from the Neolithic; in their majority
they were found in a concentration. Flint artefacts,
especially tools, represent the Late Paleolithic and
Mesolithic; the latter predominates. In the bore¬
hole under the peat layer one flint flake was dis¬
covered.
IV.4.1.-IV.4.2. Site
Luta
IV(Tables
59-70,
Plates
XXXVII-XXXIX, Figs
42-45).
Altogether
1.710
flint artefacts were discovered,
1
bone fragment,
more than a dozen stones and their fragments, and
71
small pottery fragments;
7
of the potsherds come
from the Neolithic and the remaining ones are
modern, probably from one vessel and they were
found in the humus. The artefacts probably come
from the Mesolithic. The characteristic tools include
a few tanged points of decadent form. The end date
is determined by the flake found under the Atlantic
peat layer in the bore-hole at the feet of the western
slope of the dune.
SPIS TREŚCI
I.
ZAGADNIENIA WSTĘPNE
(H.
Więckowska)
1.1. Wprowadzenie i lokalizacja stanowisk
.7
1.2.
Historia badań
.8
1.3.
Środowisko geograficzne i specyfika regionu
.9
1.4.
Metodyka badań i zasady publikacji źródeł
.11
1.5.
Analiza profili i wierceń. Warunki występowania zabytków
.13
II.
ANALIZA MATERIAŁÓW ZABYTKOWYCH BADANYCH STANOWISK W LUCIE
(M. Chmielewska i H. Więckowska)
II.
1.
Stanowisko
Luta
I
.18
II.
1.1.
Charakterystyka zabytków krzemiennych i ich układ planigraficzny
.18
II.
1.2.
Charakterystyka materiału kamiennego i jego układ planigraficzny
.30
II.1.3. Materiał kostny (H. Więckowska)
.34
II.
1.4.
Ceramika (H. Więckowska)
,.35
II.
1.5.
Stanowisko
Luta
I
-
interpretacja całości danych
.:.35
(M. Chmielewska i H. Więckowska)
II.2. Stanowisko
Luta
II
-
charakterystyka materiału krzemiennego i wybrane zagadnienia
.40
(H. Więckowska)
II.
3.
Stanowisko
Luta
III
-
charakterystyka materiału krzemiennego i tło przyrodnicze
.40
(H. Więckowska)
II.4. Stanowisko
Luta
IV
-
charakterystyka materiału krzemiennego i tło przyrodnicze
.42
(H. Więckowska)
III. PODSUMOWANIE
(H. Więckowska)
ПІЛ.
Mikroregion
Luta
na tle obszarów sąsiednich
.44
III.
1.1.
Późny paleolit
-
stanowiska
L
I,
L
III i
L
IV
.'.44
III.1.2. Mezolit
-
stanowiska
L
I,
L
II,
L
III i
L
IV
.47
IV.
MATERIAŁY
IV.l.
Stanowisko
Lutai
.50
IV.l.l.
Zespół
1
(H.
Więckowska)
.50
W.l.l. Zespół
la (M. Chmielewska)
.62
IV.1.3.
Zespół
2
(M. Chmielewska)
.71
IV.1.4.
Zespół
3
(H.
Więckowska)
.85
IV.
1.5.
Zespół
4
(H.
Więckowska).
95
IV.1.6.
Zespół
5
(H.
Więckowska).
105
IV.2.
Stanowisko
Lutali
(H.
Więckowska)
.121
IV.2.1.
Pracownia
A
-
materiał krzemienny
.121
IV.2.2.
Pracownia
В
-
materiał krzemienny i kamienny
.121
IV.2.3.
Materiał krzemienny rozproszony
.122
rV.2.4. Opis
składanek wyrobów krzemiennych
.122
IV.3.
Stanowisko
Luta
III (H. Więckowska)
.124
IV.3.1.
Zespół
1.124
IV.3.2.
Zespół
2.129
IV.4.
Stanowisko
Luta
IV
(H.
Więckowska i M. Chmielewska)
.141
IV.4.1.
Zespół
1 -
rowy sondażowe
.142
IV.4.2.
Zespół
2 -
wykop
.144
SUMMARY
.155
WYKAZ CYTOWANEJ LITERATURY
.160
ANEKSY
1.
Małgorzata Winiarska-Kabacińska: Analiza funkcjonalna wybranych narzędzi
ze stanowiska mezolitycznego
Luta
I „Wójtowa Góra" (zespoły
1
i
2).163
2.
Tadeusz Wysoczański-Minkowicz: Wyniki oznaczeń wieku kości fauny kręgowcowej
ze stanowiska
Luta
I koło Włodawy w woj. lubelskim metodą FCL/P i Coli
.169
3.
Wiesław Dembek: Omówienie wyników analiz składu botanicznego złoża
w profilu
Luta
III „Sosnowe"
.
172
4.
Krystyna Bałaga: Analiza palinologiczna profilu
Luta
IV
-
rdzeń
1.175
5
Alicja Lasota-Moskalewska:
Luta,
woj. lubelskie. Ekspertyza archeozoologiczna
1
ΤΊ
szczątków kostnych
.
l
' '
RYCINY
.
181
TABLICE
.
220 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | Wieçkowska, Hanna 1927-2013 Chmielewska, Maria |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1212117948 |
| author_facet | Wieçkowska, Hanna 1927-2013 Chmielewska, Maria |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Wieçkowska, Hanna 1927-2013 |
| author_variant | h w hw m c mc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023385141 |
| classification_rvk | NF 1625 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 160-162 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)189726851 (DE-599)BVBBV023385141 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| format | Book |
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| language | Polish |
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| spelling | Wieçkowska, Hanna 1927-2013 Verfasser (DE-588)1212117948 aut Materiały do badań osadnictwa mezolitycznego w mikroregionie Luta, województwo lubelskie Hanna Więckowska ; Maria Chmielewska Wyd. 1. Warszawa Wydawn. Inst. Archeologii i Etnologii PAN 2007 258 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 30 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliogr. s. 160-162 Mesolithikum (DE-588)4169472-7 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Weichsel-Bug-San-Gebiet (DE-588)4556528-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Weichsel-Bug-San-Gebiet (DE-588)4556528-4 g Mesolithikum (DE-588)4169472-7 s Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s DE-604 Chmielewska, Maria Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016568172&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016568172&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Wieçkowska, Hanna 1927-2013 Chmielewska, Maria Materiały do badań osadnictwa mezolitycznego w mikroregionie Luta, województwo lubelskie Bibliogr. s. 160-162 Mesolithikum (DE-588)4169472-7 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4169472-7 (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4556528-4 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Materiały do badań osadnictwa mezolitycznego w mikroregionie Luta, województwo lubelskie |
| title_auth | Materiały do badań osadnictwa mezolitycznego w mikroregionie Luta, województwo lubelskie |
| title_exact_search | Materiały do badań osadnictwa mezolitycznego w mikroregionie Luta, województwo lubelskie |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Materiały do badań osadnictwa mezolitycznego w mikroregionie Luta, województwo lubelskie |
| title_full | Materiały do badań osadnictwa mezolitycznego w mikroregionie Luta, województwo lubelskie Hanna Więckowska ; Maria Chmielewska |
| title_fullStr | Materiały do badań osadnictwa mezolitycznego w mikroregionie Luta, województwo lubelskie Hanna Więckowska ; Maria Chmielewska |
| title_full_unstemmed | Materiały do badań osadnictwa mezolitycznego w mikroregionie Luta, województwo lubelskie Hanna Więckowska ; Maria Chmielewska |
| title_short | Materiały do badań osadnictwa mezolitycznego w mikroregionie Luta, województwo lubelskie |
| title_sort | materialy do badan osadnictwa mezolitycznego w mikroregionie luta wojewodztwo lubelskie |
| topic | Mesolithikum (DE-588)4169472-7 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mesolithikum Archäologie Ausgrabung Weichsel-Bug-San-Gebiet Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016568172&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016568172&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wieckowskahanna materiałydobadanosadnictwamezolitycznegowmikroregionielutawojewodztwolubelskie AT chmielewskamaria materiałydobadanosadnictwamezolitycznegowmikroregionielutawojewodztwolubelskie |