Verfügbarkeit: Kłajpeda kontra Memel

Kłajpeda kontra Memel: problemy Kłajpedy w latach 1918 - 1939 - 1945

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Łossowski, Piotr 1925- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Polish
Veröffentlicht:	Warszawa Wydawn. Neriton [u.a.] 2007
Ausgabe:	Wyd. 1.
Schlagworte:	Geschichte 1918-1945 Klaipėda
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract
Beschreibung:	Zsfassung in engl. und lit. Sprache
Beschreibung:	231 S. Kt. 21 cm
ISBN:	9788375430059

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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804137751674617856
adam_text	Spis tresei Słowo wstępne .................................................5 Rozdział I. Odłączenie Kłajpedy od Niemiec (1919-1922)............11 Rozdział II. Zajęcie Kłajpedy przez Litwinów w styczniu 1923 roku .....37 Rozdział III. Zawarcie konwencji w sprawie Kłajpedy (luty 1923-maj 1924 roku) ...........................54 Rozdział IV. Autonomiczna Kłajpeda pod rządami Litwy (1924-1932)......................................76 Rozdział V. Próba przewrotu hitlerowskiego w Kłajpedzie (1933-1935)......................................99 Rozdział VI. Na równi pochyłej (kwiecień 1935-marzec 1939 roku) ...................125 Rozdział VII. Zabór Kłajpedy przez Trzecią Rzeszę (20-23 marca 1939 roku) ...........................172 Rozdział VIII. Kłajpeda ponownie niemiecka ........................194 Zakończenie ...............................................215 Santrauka ...............................................218 Summary ...............................................222 Indeks osób ...............................................227 Santrauka Šioje knygoje kalbama аріє Klaipèdos ir jai tarpukario laikotarpiu priklaususios teritorijos istoriją. Tas klausimas yra svabus taip pat ir vi- sam Vidurio-Ryta Europos regionui. Butent čia kirtosi кеііц valstybia interesal, čia pasireišké tarptautiniai ir tarpvalstybiniai nesutarimai. Klaipédos 1918-1939 metą istorija yra labai svarbus ir ¿domus pa- vyzdys, parodantis, kaip tuomet sudétingai, permainingai ir neprogno- zuojamai klostési padétis. Klaipédoje susikirto politinès priešpriešos, kylančios dél kaimyninitţ. valstybiq. interesa kolizijos su vietinia gyven- toją ginčais visomeniniu ir ypač tautiniu pagrindu. Dél to ¿vyko reto intensyvumo konflikta kulminacija. Jdomüs ir dèmesio verti yra veiksmai, siekiantys išspresti kylančia ¿tampa. Arbitro vaidmenj prisiémé pergalingas Antantés blokas. Klaipédos kraste nustatyta tvarka pilná to žodžio prašme buvo Versalio Traktato kurinys. Tai Versalio Traktato susitarimą pagrindu dalis Rytpmsiu, žemiu_ dešinéje Nemuno puséje 1919 metais buvo prijungta prie Vokietijos Reicho. Véliau sią nedidelę, bet labai svarbia teritorija tvarkyti émési Versalio Tvarkos autoriai. Jie sieké, kad Klaipédos kraš- tas taptq. sektinu pavyzdžiu, kaip reikttţ. tvarkytis pokario Europoje. Tuo pat metu buvo bandoma išnaudoti Klaipeda alianta saviems tikslams - militariškai suvaržyti ir prižiuréti nugalétus vokiečius. Butent Klaipeda šiaurés rytuose turéjo buti Vokietijos kontroliavimo vieta. I jai skirtą vaidmeni reikia žvelgti, siejant j¿ su užduotimi, kuri buvo skirta Gdanskui. Laisvasis Gdaňsko miestas ir Laisva Klaipédos valstybé buvo tarsi skliaustai, uždarantys Rytprusius iš rytą ir vakara. Santrauka 219 Laisvoje Klaipédos valstybéje pradžioje valdé alianta aukštasis ko¬ misaras. Čia stovéjo ргапсйгц garnizonas. Siekdamos sumažinti ¿tampa ir niveliuoti konfliktus, Santarvés šalys naudojo demokratinius metó¬ dus. Tačiau bandymai jtvirtinti laisva valstybe, kai dar viskas buvo per- einamojoje stadijoje, baigési nesékme. ívykiai pasuko kita unione, ne pagai Antantés plana. Turèdami ar¬ gumenta, kad Klaipeda atjungta nuo Vokietijos, nes pripažinta lietuvia žeme, lietuviai émési veiksnut. Išnaudodami palankias aplinkybes už- bégo jvykiams už акіц, ir manu militari užémé Klaipédos teritorija ir priverté aliantus pasitraukti. Taip pat ir santarvininkq laikysena buvo neryžtinga ir svyruojanti. Tačiau buvo išlaikyta regimybé, kad viskas klostosi gera linkme. Buvo tęsiamos derybos, Lietuva atgavo Klaipédos suverenuma, ir 1924 m. gegužés 8 d. konvencija suteiké jai placía automoniją. Pagai tuometiniiţ. konvencijos signatára intencijas autonomija ir de- mokratiné santvarka turéjo užtikrinti Klaipédai ramybę ir pietros gali- mybes. Tačiau taip nejvyko. Gerai organizuoti vokiečiit kilmés gyven- tojai, kurie sudare apie pusę visa gyventojiţ, èmé priešintis, nenorédami atiduoti savo igytą pozicija. Lietuvos šalis nesugebéjo susitvarkyti su augančiu Vokietijos spau- dimu, kuris kasmet didéjo. Buvo daromas spaudimas Klaipédos kon¬ vencijos pagrindu duo ti kraštui vis daugiau ir vis паијц teisivj.. Tad konvencija tapo veiksmingu ¿гапкіи vokiečiit organizacija rankose. Seimelią гіпкітц ir паијц seimeliq ir nuo јц priklausomos vykdomo- sios valdžios sudarymo mechanizmai buvo naudojami kaip kovos ¿rankis. O jos tikslas buvo gauti vis паијц teisią galiojančios teisès pagrindu. Po 1933 metą sausio ménesio vietiniai hilterininkai staigiai peremé vadovavima vokiečia organizacijoms. Tai jie, klausydami Berlyno jsa- кутц, nustaté veildos kryptis. Buvo siekiama pilnai perimti valdžia, atkeliant vartus, per kuriuos Klaipeda grjžtii [ Reichą. Ne tik Austrijoje, bet ir čia Hitleris tikèjosi savo pirmosios pergales užsienio politikuje, ir tai Ьйїц padéje jtvirtinti jo valdžia. Tačiau hitlerininkai pervertino savo jègas. Ir sis evenementas Klaipédos ir Lietuvos istorijoje tikrai vertas dèmesio. Lietuva su déme- 220 Santrauka sio verta desperacija sugebéjo sugriauti perversino planus. НМегіпіпкц vadeivos buvo pasodinti [ kaléjima, iškeltos bylos ir galutinai jiems buvo skirtos griežtos bausmés. Lietuvos valdžia ne tik suardé hitlerininka sąmokslą, bet ir èmési zingsnią sustiprinti savo ¿taką ir valdžia, kad sumažinta vokieči.4 ¿taką ir palaipsniui atlietuvintu, Klaipeda. Ši kova truko daugelj ménesiig. Bet véliau paaiškéjo, kad Lietuva neţuri pakankamai jéga išstumti vokiečius iš politinią ir екопотіпіц pozicija. Todèl teko daryti nuolaidą. lš pradžiq létai, bet ilgainiui Lietuva buvo priversta vis labiau nuolaidžiauti. Formaliai buvo kalbama apie tai, kad butina laikytis konvencijos nuostatą ir Klaipêdos statuto. Bet iš tikrujq. kova vyko dél svarbesnia dalyką: dél gyventojiţ paramos, siekiant laiméti rinkimus \| seimelj. Už vokiečia kandidatq. sarašus vis dar balsuodavo daugiau gyventoja. Lietuvos valdžiai nepavyko patrauk- ti lietuviškai каіЬапсіц gyventoja ir panaikinti ilgalaikio germanizacijos proceso pasekmią. Po to, kai buvo užimta Cekoslovakija, Trečiojo Reicho vyriausybé nutaré, kad atejo laikas užimti Klaipeda. Tai ¿vykdyta ultimammo ir brutalios prievartos keliu. 1939 m. kovo 23 dieną Klaipeda buvo pri- jungta prie Trečiojo Reicho, ir iškart buvo panaikintos visos teisés, ku- rias suteiké autonomija. Tuo buvo žengtas dar vienas žingsnis karo link. Klaipédos istorija turéjo savo logiką. Didelę jtaką tam regionui tu- réjo Europos fvykiai. Kilo klausimas, ar kadaise leituviškas kraštas, ku¬ riš véliau ilgus amžius buvo valdomas vokiečiq. ir germanizuojamas, turi galimybią atgauti savo senąjj veida. Kaip jau dabar yra aišku, dél jo vyko arsi kova, ir daugelj metą nebuvo aiškumo dél jos rezultata. То - lesni ivykiai paaiškéjo tuomet, kai Vokeitijoje valdžia paémè Hitleris. Autonominis Klaipédos kraštas, pagai jo kuréjus, turéjo buti pavyz- dinis sprendimas, kaip demokratiniai sprendimai, laisvi savivaldos rin- kimai tampa naujos tvarkos pagrindu. Butent buvo viliamasi, kad tokiu demokratiniu keliu galima išspresti Jtampą ir problemas, kurias gimdo istorinis palikimas ir tautinis susiskirstymas. Santrauka 221 Tačiau Klaipédai suteiktas plačios autonomijos statutas tapo patogus \|rankis vokiečia rankose, kurie išnaudojo jos nuostatas savo tikslams. Tokia jvykiiţ. raida giliai ¿siréžé j. lietuvia visuomenés sąmonę. Visuomené priéjo prie išvados, kad nedidelés Lietuvos valstybés išlikimo garantu yra jos teritorinis vientisumas ir konsolidacija. Istorikui, tyrinéjančiam tarpukario Europos istoriją, Klaipédos atve- jis yra ¿domus kaip tautinés kovos laukas, kur susiduré ne tik skirtingos tautos, bet ir susikuré tarpinis gaivalas, kuris dar visiškai neišsižadéjo savo kalbos, tačiau politine prašme jau priklausé kitai tautinei grupei. Butent dél tos grupes gyventojiţ kovojo tiek vokiečia, tiek lietuviiţ ša- lys. Lietuviai pasieké tam tikra rezultata, tačiau iš esmés jiems nepavy- ko patraukti autochtoni^ klaipédiečia i savo pusę. O klaipédiečiq. lauké tragiskas likimas. Vokiečiams užémus Klaipeda, jie buvo stipriai germanizuojami. Sis procesas ypač paaštréjo karo me¬ tais. Véliau Klaipédos krašto gyventojai, nesvarbu — vokiečiq. ar lietuviiţ kilmés - masiškai traukési nuo artéjančia sovieta. Eksodas buvo toks masinis, kad jis apémé per 90 proc. gyventojq.. Pasikeité praktiškai visi krašto gyventojai. Ir tik paskutiniais metais, jau nepriklausmoje Lietuvoje, bandoma atkurti senąsias Klaipédos krašto tradicijas ir už- megzti ryšius su pasaulyje išsibarščiusiais klaipédiškiais bei јц palikuo- nimis. Autorius, remdamasis vis gauséjančia užsienio, visa pirma Lietuvos, literatura bei archyvine medžiaga, šiame darbe sieké parodyti Іепкц skaitytojui naują Klaipédos krašto 1918-1939 metą istorijos versija. Pagrindiné šios lcnygos mintis buvo atsakyti klausimą, kas nulémé lietuviit-vokiečia konflikto pobudj ir eigą bei kokia Klaipédos krašto istorijos pamoka kyla iš Vidurio-Rytiţ Europos tarpukario laikotarpio patirties. Verte Bronius Makamkas Summary The present book is dedicated to the interwar history of Klaipeda (Memel) and its surrounding territory. Thus it concerns an important problem relevant to the whole region of Central and Eastern Europe, since it was here where the interests of several states intersected and clashed. The history of Klaipeda in 1918-1939 offers an important and in¬ teresting example of how complicated, changeable and unpredictable was the curse of events at that time. It was here, in Klaipeda, where political discords resulting from the clash of interests of the neighbour¬ ing countries converged with local disputes over social and, especially, national issues. This resulted in the culmination of the conflicts of rare intensity. Worthy of notice were the measures undertaken to prevent the aris¬ ing tension. The role of an arbiter was played the victorious Entente powers. The order established in the Klaipeda State was a labour of the Treaty of Versailles in the full sense of the term. Under the conditions of the Treaty a part of Eastern Prussia on the right bank of the River Neman was separated from the German Reich in 1919. Later on to organise this small albeit important area became a main care of the creators of the Versailles Order. In their intentions the Klaipeda State was to set a good example of order in post-war Europe. At the same time the Allies attempted to use Klaipeda to achieve their other important aim, namely to military overpower defeated Germany and put them under strict control. Indeed, an important su- Summary 223 pervision point of northern-eastern Germany was to be Klaipeda. Its role shall be perceived in connection with the task assigned to Gdansk. The Free City of Danzig and Free State of Klaipeda were to fasten to¬ gether Eastern Prussia from east and west. Originally, the Free State of Klaipeda was administered by a French High Commissioner and a French garrison stationed here. To alleviate tensions and resolve conflict the Allies decided to employ democratic procedures. However, an attempt to establish a Free State when the whole matter was in the transition phase ended in failure. The events changed their course inconsistently with the intentions of the Entente. The Lithuanians entered into action, claiming that the separation between Klaipeda and Germany was made owing to the recognition of Klaipeda State as a Lithuanian country. Taking advan¬ tage of favourable circumstances and shock tactics, they seized the Klaipeda Region manu militari, forcing the Allies to retreat. Most con¬ spicuous was the weakness and irresoluteness of the Allies at the time. Appearances, however, were kept up and long negotiations followed. As result, Lithuania got sovereignty over Klaipeda which under the convention of May 8th, 1924, was granted wide autonomy. According to the intention of the convention signatories, autonomy and democratic order were to be the solution to bring about peace and flourish to Klaipeda. But, it was not to be so. Well organised German inhabitants, numbering ca. half of the population, successfully resisted and did not want to give up any of their positions. The Lithuanian side was unable to cope with the increasing year by year German pressure. A determinant of this force were demands for new powers, with invoicing the resolutions of the Memel Convention. Thus the Convention was becoming an effective instrument in the hands of German organisations. The mechanisms of election and selec¬ tion of consecutive local Diets (Landtags) and dependent on them ex¬ ecutive power also served as a weapon. The aim was to gain new rights on the ground of the effective law. After January 1933, very quicldy the local Nazi seized a leadership role in the German Memel community. And it was them who, on 224 Summary orders from Berlin, began to determine the line of action. They want¬ ed to take over the whole power, open the door to return of the Klaipeda State to the Reich. Apart from Austria, it was here where Hitler want¬ ed to achieve his first foreign success. And important for him, as aiding him with strengthening his power. The Nazi, however, miscalculated. And it was a noteworthy phe¬ nomenon in the history of Klaipeda and Lithuania. The Lithuanians were able to thwart the plans of a coup with striking determination. The leaders of German opposition were imprisoned. The suit was brought against them and they were heavily sentenced. The Lithuanian Government, while breaking up the Nazi plot, at the same time took measures to increase their influence and power. They intended to strengthen their position in a such way as to coun¬ terbalance the German influences and open the door to gradual Lithuanisation of Klaipeda. The struggle took several months. And then it turned out that the Lithuania side was not strong enough to deprive the Germans of their political and economic positions. The Lithuanian authorities were forced to make concessions. At first at a snail s pace then more and more rapidly. Formally, as to observe the regulations of the Convention and Klaipeda Statute. In actuality, the stakes were much higher: getting the support of the people and winning election to the Diet. And still the German registers had a majority of votes. The Lithuanian authori¬ ties had not succeeded in winning over the Lithuanian speaking people nor in reversing the lengthy process of Germanisation. After the annexation of Czechoslovakia the Government of the Third Reich decided it was time to seize Klaipeda. It was made by the way of ultimatum and under harsh compulsion. On March 23, 1939 Klaipeda was annexed to the Reich, and all its autonomous rights were immediately abolished. It was another step leading to war. The history of Klaipeda had its logic. A great impact on the fate of this region was made by general events in Europe. Thus the question arises whether the state which had once been Lithuanian, later on through centuries under German rule and strongly Germanised, will Summary 225 be able to regain its former character? As already mentioned, this pro¬ voked a heated argument that for years seemed to be unsolved. Only Hitler s taking over the power in Germany determined the further course of events. According to the intentions of its creators, autonomous Klaipeda was to be a model example in which solid democratic solutions and free elections of local authorities were to form a basis for the new or¬ der. This democratic way was supposed to solve the problem of existing tensions created by the historical heritance and national divisions. But the statute of wide autonomy granted in the Convention be¬ came an useful tool in the hands of the Germans. The Nazi exploited it ruthlessly to their own ends. This course of events was deeply en¬ graved in the memory of Lithuanian people. The conclusion drawn from the history of Klaipeda was that a necessary condition for exist¬ ence of such a small state as Lithuania was its cohesion and homoge¬ neity. For historian interested in the history of interwar Europe, Klaipeda is a noteworthy site of national struggle. A contact spot of not only two separate nationalities but also of intermediate element that still without renouncing its own language in political terms belonged to different nationality. It was the struggle between those people that fo¬ cused the efforts of both the German and Lithuanian side. The Lithuanians achieved certain successes here, but in general they were unable to bring the native Memellanders over to their side. And the fate of the Klaipeda people turned out to be tragic. After the German seizure they found themselves under a new, overwhelming Germanisation pressure, intensified even further under the extreme conditions of war. Later on, the Klaipeda people, whether of German or Lithuanian origin, in large numbers were escaping the Soviets. Their exodus was so large that it encompassed over 90 percent of the inhab¬ itants. There was almost total exchange of the population. Only in re¬ cent years, in independent Lithuania, there are some attempts to revive the old Memel traditions, to establish contact with the Memellanders scattered over the world and their descendants. 226 Summary The author s aim was to present the Polish reader with a new ver¬ sion of the history of Klaipeda between 1918 and 1939, written on the basis of increasingly abundant foreign literature, mainly Lithuanian one, and archival source material. The guiding principle of die book is quest for an answer to the ques¬ tion of what determined such and not other course of the German- -Lithuanian struggle in Klaipeda, and what lesson and experience it offered for the history of Central and Eastern Europe in the interwar period. Translated by Grażyna Waluga
adam_txt	Spis tresei Słowo wstępne .5 Rozdział I. Odłączenie Kłajpedy od Niemiec (1919-1922).11 Rozdział II. Zajęcie Kłajpedy przez Litwinów w styczniu 1923 roku .37 Rozdział III. Zawarcie konwencji w sprawie Kłajpedy (luty 1923-maj 1924 roku) .54 Rozdział IV. Autonomiczna Kłajpeda pod rządami Litwy (1924-1932).76 Rozdział V. Próba przewrotu hitlerowskiego w Kłajpedzie (1933-1935).99 Rozdział VI. Na równi pochyłej (kwiecień 1935-marzec 1939 roku) .125 Rozdział VII. Zabór Kłajpedy przez Trzecią Rzeszę (20-23 marca 1939 roku) .172 Rozdział VIII. Kłajpeda ponownie niemiecka .194 Zakończenie .215 Santrauka .218 Summary .222 Indeks osób .227 Santrauka Šioje knygoje kalbama аріє Klaipèdos ir jai tarpukario laikotarpiu priklaususios teritorijos istoriją. Tas klausimas yra svabus taip pat ir vi- sam Vidurio-Ryta Europos regionui. Butent čia kirtosi кеііц valstybia interesal, čia pasireišké tarptautiniai ir tarpvalstybiniai nesutarimai. Klaipédos 1918-1939 metą istorija yra labai svarbus ir ¿domus pa- vyzdys, parodantis, kaip tuomet sudétingai, permainingai ir neprogno- zuojamai klostési padétis. Klaipédoje susikirto politinès priešpriešos, kylančios dél kaimyninitţ. valstybiq. interesa kolizijos su vietinia gyven- toją ginčais visomeniniu ir ypač tautiniu pagrindu. Dél to ¿vyko reto intensyvumo konflikta kulminacija. Jdomüs ir dèmesio verti yra veiksmai, siekiantys išspresti kylančia ¿tampa. Arbitro vaidmenj prisiémé pergalingas Antantés blokas. Klaipédos kraste nustatyta tvarka pilná to žodžio prašme buvo Versalio Traktato kurinys. Tai Versalio Traktato susitarimą pagrindu dalis Rytpmsiu, žemiu_ dešinéje Nemuno puséje 1919 metais buvo prijungta prie Vokietijos Reicho. Véliau sią nedidelę, bet labai svarbia teritorija tvarkyti émési Versalio Tvarkos autoriai. Jie sieké, kad Klaipédos kraš- tas taptq. sektinu pavyzdžiu, kaip reikttţ. tvarkytis pokario Europoje. Tuo pat metu buvo bandoma išnaudoti Klaipeda alianta saviems tikslams - militariškai suvaržyti ir prižiuréti nugalétus vokiečius. Butent Klaipeda šiaurés rytuose turéjo buti Vokietijos kontroliavimo vieta. I jai skirtą vaidmeni reikia žvelgti, siejant j¿ su užduotimi, kuri buvo skirta Gdanskui. Laisvasis Gdaňsko miestas ir Laisva Klaipédos valstybé buvo tarsi skliaustai, uždarantys Rytprusius iš rytą ir vakara. Santrauka 219 Laisvoje Klaipédos valstybéje pradžioje valdé alianta aukštasis ko¬ misaras. Čia stovéjo ргапсйгц garnizonas. Siekdamos sumažinti ¿tampa ir niveliuoti konfliktus, Santarvés šalys naudojo demokratinius metó¬ dus. Tačiau bandymai jtvirtinti laisva valstybe, kai dar viskas buvo per- einamojoje stadijoje, baigési nesékme. ívykiai pasuko kita unione, ne pagai Antantés plana. Turèdami ar¬ gumenta, kad Klaipeda atjungta nuo Vokietijos, nes pripažinta lietuvia žeme, lietuviai émési veiksnut. Išnaudodami palankias aplinkybes už- bégo jvykiams už акіц, ir manu militari užémé Klaipédos teritorija ir priverté aliantus pasitraukti. Taip pat ir santarvininkq laikysena buvo neryžtinga ir svyruojanti. Tačiau buvo išlaikyta regimybé, kad viskas klostosi gera linkme. Buvo tęsiamos derybos, Lietuva atgavo Klaipédos suverenuma, ir 1924 m. gegužés 8 d. konvencija suteiké jai placía automoniją. Pagai tuometiniiţ. konvencijos signatára intencijas autonomija ir de- mokratiné santvarka turéjo užtikrinti Klaipédai ramybę ir pietros gali- mybes. Tačiau taip nejvyko. Gerai organizuoti vokiečiit kilmés gyven- tojai, kurie sudare apie pusę visa gyventojiţ, èmé priešintis, nenorédami atiduoti savo igytą pozicija. Lietuvos šalis nesugebéjo susitvarkyti su augančiu Vokietijos spau- dimu, kuris kasmet didéjo. Buvo daromas spaudimas Klaipédos kon¬ vencijos pagrindu duo ti kraštui vis daugiau ir vis паијц teisivj. Tad konvencija tapo veiksmingu ¿гапкіи vokiečiit organizacija rankose. Seimelią гіпкітц ir паијц seimeliq ir nuo јц priklausomos vykdomo- sios valdžios sudarymo mechanizmai buvo naudojami kaip kovos ¿rankis. O jos tikslas buvo gauti vis паијц teisią galiojančios teisès pagrindu. Po 1933 metą sausio ménesio vietiniai hilterininkai staigiai peremé vadovavima vokiečia organizacijoms. Tai jie, klausydami Berlyno jsa- кутц, nustaté veildos kryptis. Buvo siekiama pilnai perimti valdžia, atkeliant vartus, per kuriuos Klaipeda grjžtii [ Reichą. Ne tik Austrijoje, bet ir čia Hitleris tikèjosi savo pirmosios pergales užsienio politikuje, ir tai Ьйїц padéje jtvirtinti jo valdžia. Tačiau hitlerininkai pervertino savo jègas. Ir sis evenementas Klaipédos ir Lietuvos istorijoje tikrai vertas dèmesio. Lietuva su déme- 220 Santrauka sio verta desperacija sugebéjo sugriauti perversino planus. НМегіпіпкц vadeivos buvo pasodinti [ kaléjima, iškeltos bylos ir galutinai jiems buvo skirtos griežtos bausmés. Lietuvos valdžia ne tik suardé hitlerininka sąmokslą, bet ir èmési zingsnią sustiprinti savo ¿taką ir valdžia, kad sumažinta vokieči.4 ¿taką ir palaipsniui atlietuvintu, Klaipeda. Ši kova truko daugelj ménesiig. Bet véliau paaiškéjo, kad Lietuva neţuri pakankamai jéga išstumti vokiečius iš politinią ir екопотіпіц pozicija. Todèl teko daryti nuolaidą. lš pradžiq létai, bet ilgainiui Lietuva buvo priversta vis labiau nuolaidžiauti. Formaliai buvo kalbama apie tai, kad butina laikytis konvencijos nuostatą ir Klaipêdos statuto. Bet iš tikrujq. kova vyko dél svarbesnia dalyką: dél gyventojiţ paramos, siekiant laiméti rinkimus \| seimelj. Už vokiečia kandidatq. sarašus vis dar balsuodavo daugiau gyventoja. Lietuvos valdžiai nepavyko patrauk- ti lietuviškai каіЬапсіц gyventoja ir panaikinti ilgalaikio germanizacijos proceso pasekmią. Po to, kai buvo užimta Cekoslovakija, Trečiojo Reicho vyriausybé nutaré, kad atejo laikas užimti Klaipeda. Tai ¿vykdyta ultimammo ir brutalios prievartos keliu. 1939 m. kovo 23 dieną Klaipeda buvo pri- jungta prie Trečiojo Reicho, ir iškart buvo panaikintos visos teisés, ku- rias suteiké autonomija. Tuo buvo žengtas dar vienas žingsnis karo link. Klaipédos istorija turéjo savo logiką. Didelę jtaką tam regionui tu- réjo Europos fvykiai. Kilo klausimas, ar kadaise leituviškas kraštas, ku¬ riš véliau ilgus amžius buvo valdomas vokiečiq. ir germanizuojamas, turi galimybią atgauti savo senąjj veida. Kaip jau dabar yra aišku, dél jo vyko arsi kova, ir daugelj metą nebuvo aiškumo dél jos rezultata. То - lesni ivykiai paaiškéjo tuomet, kai Vokeitijoje valdžia paémè Hitleris. Autonominis Klaipédos kraštas, pagai jo kuréjus, turéjo buti pavyz- dinis sprendimas, kaip demokratiniai sprendimai, laisvi savivaldos rin- kimai tampa naujos tvarkos pagrindu. Butent buvo viliamasi, kad tokiu demokratiniu keliu galima išspresti Jtampą ir problemas, kurias gimdo istorinis palikimas ir tautinis susiskirstymas. Santrauka 221 Tačiau Klaipédai suteiktas plačios autonomijos statutas tapo patogus \|rankis vokiečia rankose, kurie išnaudojo jos nuostatas savo tikslams. Tokia jvykiiţ. raida giliai ¿siréžé j. lietuvia visuomenés sąmonę. Visuomené priéjo prie išvados, kad nedidelés Lietuvos valstybés išlikimo garantu yra jos teritorinis vientisumas ir konsolidacija. Istorikui, tyrinéjančiam tarpukario Europos istoriją, Klaipédos atve- jis yra ¿domus kaip tautinés kovos laukas, kur susiduré ne tik skirtingos tautos, bet ir susikuré tarpinis gaivalas, kuris dar visiškai neišsižadéjo savo kalbos, tačiau politine prašme jau priklausé kitai tautinei grupei. Butent dél tos grupes gyventojiţ kovojo tiek vokiečia, tiek lietuviiţ ša- lys. Lietuviai pasieké tam tikra rezultata, tačiau iš esmés jiems nepavy- ko patraukti autochtoni^ klaipédiečia i savo pusę. O klaipédiečiq. lauké tragiskas likimas. Vokiečiams užémus Klaipeda, jie buvo stipriai germanizuojami. Sis procesas ypač paaštréjo karo me¬ tais. Véliau Klaipédos krašto gyventojai, nesvarbu — vokiečiq. ar lietuviiţ kilmés - masiškai traukési nuo artéjančia sovieta. Eksodas buvo toks masinis, kad jis apémé per 90 proc. gyventojq. Pasikeité praktiškai visi krašto gyventojai. Ir tik paskutiniais metais, jau nepriklausmoje Lietuvoje, bandoma atkurti senąsias Klaipédos krašto tradicijas ir už- megzti ryšius su pasaulyje išsibarščiusiais klaipédiškiais bei јц palikuo- nimis. Autorius, remdamasis vis gauséjančia užsienio, visa pirma Lietuvos, literatura bei archyvine medžiaga, šiame darbe sieké parodyti Іепкц skaitytojui naują Klaipédos krašto 1918-1939 metą istorijos versija. Pagrindiné šios lcnygos mintis buvo atsakyti '\ klausimą, kas nulémé lietuviit-vokiečia konflikto pobudj ir eigą bei kokia Klaipédos krašto istorijos pamoka kyla iš Vidurio-Rytiţ Europos tarpukario laikotarpio patirties. Verte Bronius Makamkas Summary The present book is dedicated to the interwar history of Klaipeda (Memel) and its surrounding territory. Thus it concerns an important problem relevant to the whole region of Central and Eastern Europe, since it was here where the interests of several states intersected and clashed. The history of Klaipeda in 1918-1939 offers an important and in¬ teresting example of how complicated, changeable and unpredictable was the curse of events at that time. It was here, in Klaipeda, where political discords resulting from the clash of interests of the neighbour¬ ing countries converged with local disputes over social and, especially, national issues. This resulted in the culmination of the conflicts of rare intensity. Worthy of notice were the measures undertaken to prevent the aris¬ ing tension. The role of an arbiter was played the victorious Entente powers. The order established in the Klaipeda State was a labour of the Treaty of Versailles in the full sense of the term. Under the conditions of the Treaty a part of Eastern Prussia on the right bank of the River Neman was separated from the German Reich in 1919. Later on to organise this small albeit important area became a main care of the creators of the Versailles Order. In their intentions the Klaipeda State was to set a good example of order in post-war Europe. At the same time the Allies attempted to use Klaipeda to achieve their other important aim, namely to military overpower defeated Germany and put them under strict control. Indeed, an important su- Summary 223 pervision point of northern-eastern Germany was to be Klaipeda. Its role shall be perceived in connection with the task assigned to Gdansk. The Free City of Danzig and Free State of Klaipeda were to fasten to¬ gether Eastern Prussia from east and west. Originally, the Free State of Klaipeda was administered by a French High Commissioner and a French garrison stationed here. To alleviate tensions and resolve conflict the Allies decided to employ democratic procedures. However, an attempt to establish a Free State when the whole matter was in the transition phase ended in failure. The events changed their course inconsistently with the intentions of the Entente. The Lithuanians entered into action, claiming that the separation between Klaipeda and Germany was made owing to the recognition of Klaipeda State as a Lithuanian country. Taking advan¬ tage of favourable circumstances and shock tactics, they seized the Klaipeda Region manu militari, forcing the Allies to retreat. Most con¬ spicuous was the weakness and irresoluteness of the Allies at the time. Appearances, however, were kept up and long negotiations followed. As result, Lithuania got sovereignty over Klaipeda which under the convention of May 8th, 1924, was granted wide autonomy. According to the intention of the convention signatories, autonomy and democratic order were to be the solution to bring about peace and flourish to Klaipeda. But, it was not to be so. "Well organised German inhabitants, numbering ca. half of the population, successfully resisted and did not want to give up any of their positions. The Lithuanian side was unable to cope with the increasing year by year German pressure. A determinant of this force were demands for new powers, with invoicing the resolutions of the Memel Convention. Thus the Convention was becoming an effective instrument in the hands of German organisations. The mechanisms of election and selec¬ tion of consecutive local Diets (Landtags) and dependent on them ex¬ ecutive power also served as a weapon. The aim was to gain new rights on the ground of the effective law. After January 1933, very quicldy the local Nazi seized a leadership role in the German Memel community. And it was them who, on 224 Summary orders from Berlin, began to determine the line of action. They want¬ ed to take over the whole power, open the door to return of the Klaipeda State to the Reich. Apart from Austria, it was here where Hitler want¬ ed to achieve his first foreign success. And important for him, as aiding him with strengthening his power. The Nazi, however, miscalculated. And it was a noteworthy phe¬ nomenon in the history of Klaipeda and Lithuania. The Lithuanians were able to thwart the plans of a coup with striking determination. The leaders of German opposition were imprisoned. The suit was brought against them and they were heavily sentenced. The Lithuanian Government, while breaking up the Nazi plot, at the same time took measures to increase their influence and power. They intended to strengthen their position in a such way as to coun¬ terbalance the German influences and open the door to gradual Lithuanisation of Klaipeda. The struggle took several months. And then it turned out that the Lithuania side was not strong enough to deprive the Germans of their political and economic positions. The Lithuanian authorities were forced to make concessions. At first at a snail's pace then more and more rapidly. Formally, as to observe the regulations of the Convention and Klaipeda Statute. In actuality, the stakes were much higher: getting the support of the people and winning election to the Diet. And still the German registers had a majority of votes. The Lithuanian authori¬ ties had not succeeded in winning over the Lithuanian speaking people nor in reversing the lengthy process of Germanisation. After the annexation of Czechoslovakia the Government of the Third Reich decided it was time to seize Klaipeda. It was made by the way of ultimatum and under harsh compulsion. On March 23, 1939 Klaipeda was annexed to the Reich, and all its autonomous rights were immediately abolished. It was another step leading to war. The history of Klaipeda had its logic. A great impact on the fate of this region was made by general events in Europe. Thus the question arises whether the state which had once been Lithuanian, later on through centuries under German rule and strongly Germanised, will Summary 225 be able to regain its former character? As already mentioned, this pro¬ voked a heated argument that for years seemed to be unsolved. Only Hitler's taking over the power in Germany determined the further course of events. According to the intentions of its creators, autonomous Klaipeda was to be a model example in which solid democratic solutions and free elections of local authorities were to form a basis for the new or¬ der. This democratic way was supposed to solve the problem of existing tensions created by the historical heritance and national divisions. But the statute of wide autonomy granted in the Convention be¬ came an useful tool in the hands of the Germans. The Nazi exploited it ruthlessly to their own ends. This course of events was deeply en¬ graved in the memory of Lithuanian people. The conclusion drawn from the history of Klaipeda was that a necessary condition for exist¬ ence of such a small state as Lithuania was its cohesion and homoge¬ neity. For historian interested in the history of interwar Europe, Klaipeda is a noteworthy site of national struggle. A contact spot of not only two separate nationalities but also of intermediate element that still without renouncing its own language in political terms belonged to different nationality. It was the struggle between those people that fo¬ cused the efforts of both the German and Lithuanian side. The Lithuanians achieved certain successes here, but in general they were unable to bring the native Memellanders over to their side. And the fate of the Klaipeda people turned out to be tragic. After the German seizure they found themselves under a new, overwhelming Germanisation pressure, intensified even further under the extreme conditions of war. Later on, the Klaipeda people, whether of German or Lithuanian origin, in large numbers were escaping the Soviets. Their exodus was so large that it encompassed over 90 percent of the inhab¬ itants. There was almost total exchange of the population. Only in re¬ cent years, in independent Lithuania, there are some attempts to revive the old Memel traditions, to establish contact with the Memellanders scattered over the world and their descendants. 226 Summary The author's aim was to present the Polish reader with a new ver¬ sion of the history of Klaipeda between 1918 and 1939, written on the basis of increasingly abundant foreign literature, mainly Lithuanian one, and archival source material. The guiding principle of die book is quest for an answer to the ques¬ tion of what determined such and not other course of the German- -Lithuanian struggle in Klaipeda, and what lesson and experience it offered for the history of Central and Eastern Europe in the interwar period. Translated by Grażyna Waluga
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spelling	Łossowski, Piotr 1925- Verfasser (DE-588)124076017 aut Kłajpeda kontra Memel problemy Kłajpedy w latach 1918 - 1939 - 1945 Piotr Łossowski Wyd. 1. Warszawa Wydawn. Neriton [u.a.] 2007 231 S. Kt. 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. und lit. Sprache Indeks Geschichte 1918-1945 gnd rswk-swf Klaipėda (DE-588)5173948-3 gnd rswk-swf Klaipėda (DE-588)5173948-3 g Geschichte 1918-1945 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016562795&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016562795&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Łossowski, Piotr 1925- Kłajpeda kontra Memel problemy Kłajpedy w latach 1918 - 1939 - 1945 Indeks
subject_GND	(DE-588)5173948-3
title	Kłajpeda kontra Memel problemy Kłajpedy w latach 1918 - 1939 - 1945
title_auth	Kłajpeda kontra Memel problemy Kłajpedy w latach 1918 - 1939 - 1945
title_exact_search	Kłajpeda kontra Memel problemy Kłajpedy w latach 1918 - 1939 - 1945
title_exact_search_txtP	Kłajpeda kontra Memel problemy Kłajpedy w latach 1918 - 1939 - 1945
title_full	Kłajpeda kontra Memel problemy Kłajpedy w latach 1918 - 1939 - 1945 Piotr Łossowski
title_fullStr	Kłajpeda kontra Memel problemy Kłajpedy w latach 1918 - 1939 - 1945 Piotr Łossowski
title_full_unstemmed	Kłajpeda kontra Memel problemy Kłajpedy w latach 1918 - 1939 - 1945 Piotr Łossowski
title_short	Kłajpeda kontra Memel
title_sort	klajpeda kontra memel problemy klajpedy w latach 1918 1939 1945
title_sub	problemy Kłajpedy w latach 1918 - 1939 - 1945
topic_facet	Klaipėda
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016562795&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016562795&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT łossowskipiotr kłajpedakontramemelproblemykłajpedywlatach191819391945

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