Digital hearing aids:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY [u.a.]
Thieme
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 188 S. Ill., zahlr. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781604060065 1604060069 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 264 | 1 | |a New York, NY [u.a.] |b Thieme |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XII, 188 S. |b Ill., zahlr. graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Amplifiers | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Prothèses auditives | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Traitement du signal - Techniques numériques | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hearing aids | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Signal processing |x Digital techniques | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hearing Aids | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Amplifiers | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Analog-Digital Conversion | |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface
1 Hearing-Aid Technology I
Types of Hearing Aids 1
Canal Aids 2
In-the-Ear Aids 3
Behind-the-Ear Aids 4
Open Fitting BTE Aids 4
Body-Worn Aids 4
From Analog to Digital 4
Moore s Law 6
Digital Current Drain 7
Analog and Digital Power Consumption 8
Digital Circuit Components 10
Analog-to-Digital Converter 10
Digital Signal Processor 11
Memory 12
Clock 13
Batteries 14
Concluding Remarks 15
References 16
2 Signal Processing Basics 17
Signal and System Properties 17
Sequences 17
Linear Time Invariance 18
Convolution 19
Correlation 22
Transfer Functions 24
vii
viii Contents
Feedback 25
Group Delay 27
Amplitude Modulation 28
Distortion 29
Discrete Fourier Transform 30
Filters and Filter Banks 32
Filter Definitions 32
Recursive Filters 34
Nonrecursive Filters 37
Frequency Resolution and Group Delay 40
Block Processing 40
Digital System Concerns 42
Integer Arithmetic 42
Quantization Noise 43
Aliasing Distortion 46
Temporal Aliasing 46
Algorithm Complexity 47
Algorithm Interaction 48
Concluding Remarks 49
References 49
3 The Glectroacoustic System 51
Hearing Aid System 52
Head and Ear 55
Microphone and Receiver 61
Vent Acoustics 62
Acoustic Elements 63
Vent Size 65
Residual Ear-Canal Volume 67
Open BTE Fitting 69
Occlusion Effect 70
Concluding Remarks 72
References 72
4 Directional Microphones 75
Hearing-Aid Microphones 76
Microphone Construction 76
Directional Microphones and Spatial Signal Processing 78
Directional Response Patterns 83
Microphone Spacing and Time Delay 83
Microphone Mismatch 85
Frequency Response 85
Contents ix
Magnitude Frequency Response 85
Microphone Mismatch 90
Interaction with Vents 91
Microphone Noise 93
Microphones on the Head 93
Microphone Performance Indices 98
Front-to-Back Ratio 98
Directivity Index 99
Unidirectional Index 101
The AI-DI 102
Rooms and Reverberation 102
Critical Distance 103
Early Reflections 103
Combining Noise and Reverberation 104
Benefit in the Real World 105
Concluding Remarks 108
References 109
5 Adaptive and Multimicrophone Arrays IB
Two-Microphone Adaptive Array 114
Adaptive Delay 114
Adaptive Gain 116
Adaptive Filter 118
Delay-And-Sum Beam-forming 123
Adaptive Arrays 129
Superdirective Arrays 133
Widely-Spaced Arrays 136
Array Benefits 139
Concluding Remarks 142
References 143
6 Wind Noise 147
Turbulence 148
Hearing-Aid Measurements 150
Airflow and Turbulence 150
Sound Pressure 155
Signal Characteristics 158
Spectrum 158
Temporal Fluctuations 160
Correlation 160
Wind-Noise Reduction 163
Directional Microphones 163
x Contents
Wind Screens 164
Spectrum Algorithms 165
Correlation Algorithms 166
Adaptive Arrays 169
Concluding Remarks 171
References 172
7 Feedback Cancellation 175
The Feedback System 176
System Equations 177
System Response 179
Gain-Reduction Solutions 185
Adaptive Feedback Cancellation 187
System Equations 188
LMS Adaptation 190
Constrained Adaptation 191
Adaptation Equations 192
Initialization 193
Simulation Results 194
Decorrelation Techniques 198
Interrupted Adaptation 199
Delay 199
Filtered-X Algorithm 199
Frequency-Domain Adaptation 203
Processing Limitations 205
Room Reflections 206
Measurement Procedure 207
Measurement Results 208
Maximum Stable Gain 212
Nonlinear Distortion 215
Concluding Remarks 216
References 217
8 Dynamic-Range Compression 221
Does Compression Help? 222
Algorithm Design Concerns 224
Frequency Resolution 224
Processing Delay 224
Single-Channel Compression 227
Input/Output Rules 227
Volume Control 229
Envelope Detection 231
Contents xi
Multichannel Compression 236
Temporal Response 236
Swept Frequency Response 240
Frequency-Domain Compression 242
Ideal FFT System 242
Practical FFT System 244
Side-Branch Structure 246
Frequency Warping 247
Digital Frequency Warping 247
Warped Compressor System 249
System Delay Comparison 255
Concluding Remarks 258
References 259
9 Single-Microphone Noise Suppression 263
Properties of Speech and Noise Signals 264
Low-Level Expansion 270
Envelope Valley Tracking 272
Bandwidth Reduction 274
Adaptive High-Pass Filter 275
Adaptive Low-Pass Filter 276
Zeta Noise Blocker 277
Envelope Modulation Filters 278
Concluding Remarks 286
References 287
10 Spectral Subtraction 291
Noise Estimation 293
Valley Detection 293
Minima Statistics 294
Histogram 298
Wiener Filter 300
Spectral Subtraction 302
Classical Approaches 302
General Equation 304
Nonlinear Expansion 306
Ephraim-Malah Algorithm 307
Auditory Masking 309
A Fundamental Compromise 311
Algorithm Effectiveness 312
Concluding Remarks 314
References 315
xii Contents
II Spectral Contrast Enhancement 319
Auditory Filters in the Damaged Cochlea320
Physiological Measurements 320
Tuning Curves 320
Neural Firing Patterns 321
Perceptual Measurements 324
Processing Strategies 328
Spectral Valley Suppression 328
Spectral Contrast Modification 331
Raise Spectrum to a Power 331
Spectral Filtering 334
Excess Upward Spread of Masking 340
F2/F1 Ratio 341
Processing Comparison 342
Combining Spectral Contrast Enhancement with Compression 345
Concluding Remarks 348
References 350
IS Sound Classification 355
The Rationale for Classification 357
Signal Features 359
Feature Selection 361
Mutual Information 362
Feature Selection Using Mutual Information 364
Classifier Algorithms 367
Training the Classifier 368
Types of Classifiers 369
Clustering 370
Linear Discriminant 371
Support Vector Machine 372
Neural Network 374
Hidden Markov Model 377
Bayes Classifier 379
Personalizing the Classifier 381
Classification Examples 382
Number of Features 383
Isolated Signals vs. Mixtures 385
Concluding Remarks 387
APPENDIX 12-A 388
References 395
Contents xiii
13 Binaural Signal Processing 4OI
The Cocktail Party Problem 402
Signal Transmission 404
Binaural Compression 406
Compression Using Binaural Loudness Summation 406
Auditory Efferents 409
Compression Using Auditory Efferents 410
Binaural Noise Suppression 416
Interaural Cross-Correlation 418
Binaural Wiener Filter 421
Binaural Signal Difference 423
Binaural Spectral Subtraction 425
Directional Cues 427
Localization Model 429
Dichotic Band Splitting 432
Concluding Remarks 434
References 435
Index 441
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface
1 Hearing-Aid Technology I
Types of Hearing Aids 1
Canal Aids 2
In-the-Ear Aids 3
Behind-the-Ear Aids 4
Open Fitting BTE Aids 4
Body-Worn Aids 4
From Analog to Digital 4
Moore's Law 6
Digital Current Drain 7
Analog and Digital Power Consumption 8
Digital Circuit Components 10
Analog-to-Digital Converter 10
Digital Signal Processor 11
Memory 12
Clock 13
Batteries 14
Concluding Remarks 15
References 16
2 Signal Processing Basics 17
Signal and System Properties 17
Sequences 17
Linear Time Invariance 18
Convolution 19
Correlation 22
Transfer Functions 24
vii
viii Contents
Feedback 25
Group Delay 27
Amplitude Modulation 28
Distortion 29
Discrete Fourier Transform 30
Filters and Filter Banks 32
Filter Definitions 32
Recursive Filters 34
Nonrecursive Filters 37
Frequency Resolution and Group Delay 40
Block Processing 40
Digital System Concerns 42
Integer Arithmetic 42
Quantization Noise 43
Aliasing Distortion 46
Temporal Aliasing 46
Algorithm Complexity 47
Algorithm Interaction 48
Concluding Remarks 49
References 49
3 The Glectroacoustic System 51
Hearing Aid System 52
Head and Ear 55
Microphone and Receiver 61
Vent Acoustics 62
Acoustic Elements 63
Vent Size 65
Residual Ear-Canal Volume 67
Open BTE Fitting 69
Occlusion Effect 70
Concluding Remarks 72
References 72
4 Directional Microphones 75
Hearing-Aid Microphones 76
Microphone Construction 76
Directional Microphones and Spatial Signal Processing 78
Directional Response Patterns 83
Microphone Spacing and Time Delay 83
Microphone Mismatch 85
Frequency Response 85
Contents ix
Magnitude Frequency Response 85
Microphone Mismatch 90
Interaction with Vents 91
Microphone Noise 93
Microphones on the Head 93
Microphone Performance Indices 98
Front-to-Back Ratio 98
Directivity Index 99
Unidirectional Index 101
The AI-DI 102
Rooms and Reverberation 102
Critical Distance 103
Early Reflections 103
Combining Noise and Reverberation 104
Benefit in the Real World 105
Concluding Remarks 108
References 109
5 Adaptive and Multimicrophone Arrays IB
Two-Microphone Adaptive Array 114
Adaptive Delay 114
Adaptive Gain 116
Adaptive Filter 118
Delay-And-Sum Beam-forming 123
Adaptive Arrays 129
Superdirective Arrays 133
Widely-Spaced Arrays 136
Array Benefits 139
Concluding Remarks 142
References 143
6 Wind Noise 147
Turbulence 148
Hearing-Aid Measurements 150
Airflow and Turbulence 150
Sound Pressure 155
Signal Characteristics 158
Spectrum 158
Temporal Fluctuations 160
Correlation 160
Wind-Noise Reduction 163
Directional Microphones 163
x Contents
Wind Screens 164
Spectrum Algorithms 165
Correlation Algorithms 166
Adaptive Arrays 169
Concluding Remarks 171
References 172
7 Feedback Cancellation 175
The Feedback System 176
System Equations 177
System Response 179
Gain-Reduction Solutions 185
Adaptive Feedback Cancellation 187
System Equations 188
LMS Adaptation 190
Constrained Adaptation 191
Adaptation Equations 192
Initialization 193
Simulation Results 194
Decorrelation Techniques 198
Interrupted Adaptation 199
Delay 199
Filtered-X Algorithm 199
Frequency-Domain Adaptation 203
Processing Limitations 205
Room Reflections 206
Measurement Procedure 207
Measurement Results 208
Maximum Stable Gain 212
Nonlinear Distortion 215
Concluding Remarks 216
References 217
8 Dynamic-Range Compression 221
Does Compression Help? 222
Algorithm Design Concerns 224
Frequency Resolution 224
Processing Delay 224
Single-Channel Compression 227
Input/Output Rules 227
Volume Control 229
Envelope Detection 231
Contents xi
Multichannel Compression 236
Temporal Response 236
Swept Frequency Response 240
Frequency-Domain Compression 242
Ideal FFT System 242
Practical FFT System 244
Side-Branch Structure 246
Frequency Warping 247
Digital Frequency Warping 247
Warped Compressor System 249
System Delay Comparison 255
Concluding Remarks 258
References 259
9 Single-Microphone Noise Suppression 263
Properties of Speech and Noise Signals 264
Low-Level Expansion 270
Envelope Valley Tracking 272
Bandwidth Reduction 274
Adaptive High-Pass Filter 275
Adaptive Low-Pass Filter 276
"Zeta Noise Blocker" 277
Envelope Modulation Filters 278
Concluding Remarks 286
References 287
10 Spectral Subtraction 291
Noise Estimation 293
Valley Detection 293
Minima Statistics 294
Histogram 298
Wiener Filter 300
Spectral Subtraction 302
Classical Approaches 302
General Equation 304
Nonlinear Expansion 306
Ephraim-Malah Algorithm 307
Auditory Masking 309
A Fundamental Compromise 311
Algorithm Effectiveness 312
Concluding Remarks 314
References 315
xii Contents
II Spectral Contrast Enhancement 319
Auditory Filters in the Damaged Cochlea320
Physiological Measurements 320
Tuning Curves 320
Neural Firing Patterns 321
Perceptual Measurements 324
Processing Strategies 328
Spectral Valley Suppression 328
Spectral Contrast Modification 331
Raise Spectrum to a Power 331
Spectral Filtering 334
Excess Upward Spread of Masking 340
F2/F1 Ratio 341
Processing Comparison 342
Combining Spectral Contrast Enhancement with Compression 345
Concluding Remarks 348
References 350
IS Sound Classification 355
The Rationale for Classification 357
Signal Features 359
Feature Selection 361
Mutual Information 362
Feature Selection Using Mutual Information 364
Classifier Algorithms 367
Training the Classifier 368
Types of Classifiers 369
Clustering 370
Linear Discriminant 371
Support Vector Machine 372
Neural Network 374
Hidden Markov Model 377
Bayes Classifier 379
Personalizing the Classifier 381
Classification Examples 382
Number of Features 383
Isolated Signals vs. Mixtures 385
Concluding Remarks 387
APPENDIX 12-A 388
References 395
Contents xiii
13 Binaural Signal Processing 4OI
The "Cocktail Party" Problem 402
Signal Transmission 404
Binaural Compression 406
Compression Using Binaural Loudness Summation 406
Auditory Efferents 409
Compression Using Auditory Efferents 410
Binaural Noise Suppression 416
Interaural Cross-Correlation 418
Binaural Wiener Filter 421
Binaural Signal Difference 423
Binaural Spectral Subtraction 425
Directional Cues 427
Localization Model 429
Dichotic Band Splitting 432
Concluding Remarks 434
References 435
Index 441 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:15:49Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:17:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781604060065 1604060069 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2007051866 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016562705 |
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| spelling | Schaub, Arthur 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)131240846 aut Digital hearing aids Arthur Schaub New York, NY [u.a.] Thieme 2008 XII, 188 S. Ill., zahlr. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Amplifiers Prothèses auditives Traitement du signal - Techniques numériques Hearing aids Signal processing Digital techniques Hearing Aids Analog-Digital Conversion Fourier Analysis Hörgerät (DE-588)4025412-4 gnd rswk-swf Hörgerät (DE-588)4025412-4 s b DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016562705&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schaub, Arthur 1950- Digital hearing aids Amplifiers Prothèses auditives Traitement du signal - Techniques numériques Hearing aids Signal processing Digital techniques Hearing Aids Analog-Digital Conversion Fourier Analysis Hörgerät (DE-588)4025412-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4025412-4 |
| title | Digital hearing aids |
| title_auth | Digital hearing aids |
| title_exact_search | Digital hearing aids |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Digital hearing aids |
| title_full | Digital hearing aids Arthur Schaub |
| title_fullStr | Digital hearing aids Arthur Schaub |
| title_full_unstemmed | Digital hearing aids Arthur Schaub |
| title_short | Digital hearing aids |
| title_sort | digital hearing aids |
| topic | Amplifiers Prothèses auditives Traitement du signal - Techniques numériques Hearing aids Signal processing Digital techniques Hearing Aids Analog-Digital Conversion Fourier Analysis Hörgerät (DE-588)4025412-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Amplifiers Prothèses auditives Traitement du signal - Techniques numériques Hearing aids Signal processing Digital techniques Hearing Aids Analog-Digital Conversion Fourier Analysis Hörgerät |
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