Verfügbarkeit: Slovenija v evropski družbi znanja in razvoja

Slovenija v evropski družbi znanja in razvoja:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Slovenian
Veröffentlicht:	Ljubljana Fakulteta za Družbene Vede 2007
Ausgabe:	1. natis
Schlagworte:	Europäische Union European Union > Slovenia Wirtschaftspolitik Knowledge management > Slovenia Europäische Integration Slovenia > Economic policy Slovenia > Social policy Slowenien Aufsatzsammlung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract
Beschreibung:	Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
Beschreibung:	433 S.
ISBN:	9789612352646

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MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804137749383479296
adam_text	KAZALO Miro HACEK in Drago ZAJC UVODNA BESEDA ............... I. DEL: DRUŽBA ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA: IZZIV ZA SLOVENIJU IN EU Metka Stare in Maja Bucar SLOVENIJA KOT DRUŽBA ZNANJA IN INOVACIJ: ILUZIJA ALI REALNOST............................................................ 11 Matjaž Mulej LASTNOSTIVODIJ, POTREBNE ZA ABSORBCIJSKO SPOSOBNOST V INOVATIVNI DRUŽBI..................................... 25 Andrej Lukšič in Maja Bahor TRAJNOSTNI RAZVOJ V LUČI LIZBONSKE STRATEGIJE IN NJENE REVIZIJE ....................................................................39 Simona Bezjak KRIZA SUVERENOSTI - NOVI IZ23VI POLITIČNI TEORIJI ........55 Jernej Pikalo SUVERENOST KOT KONCEPT MODERNE POLTCIKE ................67 Peter Debeljak MODEL KLJUČNIH KOMPETENC V KONTEKSTU KONCEPTA VSEŽIVLJENJSKEGA UČENJA IN DEMOKRATIČNA KULTURA VEU ..........................................................................81 Tihomir Žiljak in Berto Šalaj EVROPSKO OGRODJE KVALIFIKACIJ ZA DRUŽBO ZNANJA... .93 П. DEL: SLOVENSKA DIPLOMACIJA V SPREMENJENEM MEDNARODNEM Ш EVROPSKÉM OKOLJU Boštjan Udovič NOVE NALOGE SLOVENSKE DIPLOMACIJE PO VSTOPU V EVROPSKO UNIJO: EKONOMSKO-GOSPODARSKA DIPLOMACIJA.......................................................................... 107 Milan Jazbec SLOVENSKA DIPLOMACIJA OD URE NIČ DO PREDSEDOVANJA EU ........................................................131 Jožef KuniČ PRIORITETE SLOVENSKE ZUNANJE POLITIKE - ŽELJE IN REALNOST ................................................................147 Ш. DEL: BIROKRAQJA IN DEMOKRACIJA: К ZANESLJTVI DRŽAVNI UPRAVI W REGIONALNI SAMOUPRAVI Marjan Brezovšek RAZPRAVA О (A)POLľnČNOSTI JAVNE UPRAVE IN DEMOKRACIU..................................................................... 167 Miro Haček NAČELO KONKURENČNOSTI IN UVELJAVLJANJE KOMPETENC V SLOVENSKI JAVNI UPRAVI ............................179 Simona Kustec Lipicer VREDNOTENJE IZBRANIH MODELOV MERJENJA KAKOVOSTIV SLOVENSKI JAVNI UPRAVI ..............................197 Stane Vlaj UVEDBAPOKRAJIN IN NJENE POSLEDICE.............................215 Gozdana Miglič IZKUŠNJE SLOVENSKE UPRAVE S KOMPETENCAMI IN USPOSABLJANJEM VODILNIH USLUŽBENCEV ZA DELO EU ............................................................................229 Irena Bačlija POENOTENJE REGIONALNIH NALOG NA RAVNI EU ............247 IV. DEL: INSITTUCIONALNO PARLAMENTARNO ZNANJE: SPOSOBNOST NACIONALNEGA PARLAMENTA ZA VKLJUČEVANJE V INSTITUCIJE EU Drago Zajc DEJAVNOST DRŽAVNEGA ZBORA RS V ZVEZI Z ZADEVAM EU PO VSTOPU SLOVENIJE V EU IN V PRVEM LETU ČETRTEGA MANDATA ............................................................267 Miro Cerar ml. POMEN (POZNAVANJA IN URESNIČEVANJA) USTAVNIH VREDNOT ZA DELO POSLANCEV DRŽAVNEGA ZBORA ......285 Albin Igličar POMEN POZNAVANJA IN RAZUMEVANJA POSLOVNIKA DRŽAVNEGA ZBORA RS ZA DELOVANJE POSLANCEV .........299 Davorka Budimir POSLANCI: IZOBRAZBA, ZNANJE IN MOČ............................. 313 Uroš Pintetič EVROPSKI PARLAMENTI NA SVETOVNEM SPLETU KOT OBLIKA PREDSTAVITVEINSTITUCIONALNEGA ZNANJA .....323 Tatjana Krašovec SODELOVANJE MED PARLAMENTI V EU ................................335 V. DEL: IZOBRAŽEVANJE ZA VARNOST IN MIR Ljubica Jelušič, Maja Grab in Vinko Vegič IZOBRAŽEVANJE ZA VARNOST IN MIR..................................355 Jasmina Glišić V ISKANJU NOVE GENERACIJE VARNOSTNIH STROKOVNJAKOV ...................................................................375 Anton Žabkar in Uroš Svete ŠOLANJE VOJAŠKIH PROFESIONALCEV MED SCILO TRADICIJE IN KARIBDO MODERNIZACIJE .............................393 POVZETKI V ANGLESKEM JEZIKU / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE ...................................415 INDEKS.................................................................................... 431 415 POVZETKI V ANG LESKEM JEZIKU ABSTRACTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Maja Bucar and Metka Stare: SLOVENIA AS AN ΙΝΝΟνΑΉΟΝ (KNOWLEDGE) SOCIETY: AN ΟΡΉΟΝ OR AN ILLUSION? To successfully transform an economy or society in the direction of being knowledge-based, it is essential to increase the level of innovation activity and the innovativeness of all stakeholders: individuals, enterprises, institutions and organisations as well as the government. Innovation activity should become the determining factor of growth and development and contribute significantly to the competitiveness of the knowledge economy and to the welfare of its citizens. Key elements which determine the innovation capability of an individual coun¬ try are the creation of knowledge (via investments in education and training and investments in R&D), the transfer of new knowledge to the business sector and the formation of an innovation-friendly environment. These elements are interdependent and can either work in synergy or, if the policies are poorly co¬ ordinated, block each other. In several indicators applied by the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS, 2005) Slovenia scored well The overall innovation index places Slovenia second only to Estonia among the new member states and in lith place in the ELI-25. Particularly positive is the growing R&D expendi¬ ture made by the business sector and the relatively good performance in innova¬ tion drivers and knowledge creation indicators. Over the years Slovenia has successfully increased the level of participation in tertiary education, while public investment in R&D is at the EU average and human resources in the R&D sector are above the EU average. Yet, the application of these positive trends in innovation inputs in the business sector has been quite disappointing if we take into account the declining global competitiveness of Slovenian busi¬ nesses. The fact that only 20 % of enterprises are engaged in innovation activity is a reason for concern. Both the level of investment in R&D and engagement in the innovation activity of service-sector firms is also low, even though the sec¬ tor continues to raise its share of GDP. At the level of innovation policy, Slovenia has over the years introduced several measures and instruments. In principle, policy documents like national research and development pro¬ grammes or the development strategies or programmes of various ministries all address the »right« issues and follow the objectives identified in analyses of the Slovenian R&D and innovation system (promotion of investment in R&Ď, in¬ creased co-operation between the public and private R&D sectors to promote the transfer of knowledge to business, the need to increase innovation activity). 416 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA Even at the level of instruments, hardly a measure that is applied in more devel¬ oped countries exists which has not at one time or other been applied in Slovenia as well. However, the most significant obstacles to the greater effec¬ tiveness of innovation policy are poor implementation, a lack of financial and human resources in administration, frequent changes in the organisational set¬ up and, increasingly, the lack of co-ordination and co-operation in the area of R&D and innovation policy. As long as these obstacles stay unresolved and in¬ novative thinking and behaviour is also not adopted in policy formulation and implementation, the creation of an innovation society remains more of an illu¬ sion than an option for Slovenia. Matjaž Mulej: LEADERS ATTRIBUTES REQUIRED FOR ABSORP- ΉΟΝ CAPACITY IN AN INNOVATIVE SOCIETY Slovenia lacks absorption capacity for knowledge which makes it lack competi¬ tiveness due to its absence of innovativ eness and entrepreneuríal spirit. The point not only applies to technological innovations but in the innovation of cul¬ ture and management, first of all, which has been practiced in the West and Japan for decades but only by the successful countries. We suggest ways for in¬ fluential people to become more innovative in government bodies, universities and other research organisations as well as in enterprises and similar organisa¬ tions. One should add to the practice so far of the government s role as a role model of innovation, which would help it influence others when it acts as a big buyer in a buyer s market. This might be one way leading to an innovative soci¬ ety but it is not a simple one: it requires people in government bodies to change themselves. Training in the innovation management of politicians, government officials and other influential people in the public and business sectors might help, but permanent action must then follow it. The impact of the market alone is too slow to enable this unavoidable attribute to emerge over time, which would prevent the danger of Slovenia becoming a neo-colony of more innova¬ tive countries. Andrej Lukšić and Maja Bahor: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN LIGHT OF THE LISBON STRATEGY AND ITS REVISIONS The authors argue that the essential developmental documents of the EU, the Lisbon Strategy together with the Sustainable Development Strategy are found¬ ed on the strong concept of sustainable development. Yet a review of both docu¬ ments five years later in line with the new guiding principle economy and jobs first and the environment afterwards which is also evident in the new title of the Lisbon strategy Working Together on Growth and Jobs: A New Start for the Lisbon Strategy , left the environment, defined as one of the equal dimen¬ sions of the concept of sustainable development, out except for the area ofeco- innovations. This turning-point at the same time changes the developmental concept and widens the gap between public opinion in the EU (surveyed in a POVZETKI V ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKU / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 417 special Eurobaromeier in 200é, which gives the environment a very important position) ană the review of the Lisbon strategy. This gap could lead to legitima¬ cy problems for the new developmental strategy. Simona Bezjak: THE CRISIS OF SOVEREIGNTY - NEW CHALLENGES TO POLinCAL THEORY The paper highlights the key concept of political theory - modern sovereignty, which has been crucial for the constitution of modern political integration. But in the case of the European Union s integration processes this concept seems conservative. Therefore, we look at European integration processes and try to define some fundamental political characteristics of public authority-building in the Eli. We emphasise the crisis of modern sovereignty through the crisis of the sovereign state, the new function of borders and discussions about people s sov¬ ereignty. The main purpose of this article is to develop the idea that the contem¬ porary crisis of sovereignty should not damage political theory but should be seen as a possibility to form more appropriate mechanisms for understanding the European integration processes both now and in the future. Jernej Pikalo: SOVEREIGNTY AS A CONCEPT OF MODERN POLITICS The paper is concerned with the political theory of sovereignty. Major issues and problems of the theory of sovereignty are presented. The focus is on the sovereignty of the modern state in today s era of globalisation and supranation¬ al political institutions. Sovereignty is presented as a constructed concept that in some political theories appears to have a mythical structure. The last part of the -paper is concerned with a (re)historisation of the concept of sovereignty and its new apprehension. Peter Debeljak: THE MODEL OF KEY COMPETENCIES IN LIFELONG LEARNING AND DEMOCRATIC CULTURE IN THE EU The article concerns a phenomenon which occurred after establishment of the Lisbon Strategy in the field of education policies in the European Union. Increased attention to the concept of lifelong learning as a key element in the improvement in the Union s competitive ability and establishment of several new, mainly more effective policy tools/instruments (in first place so-called open methods of co-ordination) have, in a relativehj short period of time, opened up national policies in the field of education and training. It had led to the quasi- Europeanisation of these policies and even to the process of forming a common European nucleus in the field of education and training. A model has been created of the key competencies which every European citizen should have when confronting the ever more demanding environment that surrounds them. That is why in this article the focus is largely on a more significant moment in- political science: on the open method of co-ordination as a tool for the harmoni- 418 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA sation of heterogeneous national education systems. Here it is necessary to point out the advantages and pitfalls of this method. We can see that the phe¬ nomenon of such forms of the reconciliation of policies, which are based on the subsidiary principle, represents a new quality in the development of a democra¬ tic culture in the European education area. Tthomir Žiljak ană Berto Šalaj: THE EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK OF QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE SOCIETY OF KNOWLEDGE The authors describe the EQF as one of the answers of European education poli¬ cies to the increase in flexibility of the labour market in the contemporary knowledge society. They describe the role of lifelong learning within the Lisbon process. Workers are taking over the responsibility for their careers and taking care of their improvement and employ ability. The authors warn that while em¬ phasising human capital, the importance of social capital should not be forgot¬ ten because social capital creates the conditions for the efficient use of human capital. The EQF is in the first place focused on learning outcomes which can¬ not be verified in the market and on assistance f or the development of a compet¬ itive European economic space. From that arise certain consequences for educa¬ tional goals, educational programmes and target education groups. Boštjan Udovič: SLOVENIAN DIPLOMACY AT THE CROSSROADS - THE CASE OF ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY The text establishes a framework for discussion of what economic diplomacy is and why it is important to understand it and define it. The aim of the paper is to explain the roots of economic diplomacy and the importance of it in today s world. The first part of the discussion seeks to acquaint the reader with the structural changes seen in the 20th century economy and at the same time to emphasise why economic diplomacy was not entirely part of (political) diplo¬ matic action, but always took a back seat . In accomplishing this, the author ex¬ plains the technical terms (like economic statecraft, economic foreign policy, economic diplomacy, commercial diplomacy etc.) that are often wrongly used as synonyms. The last part analyses the establishment of the Slovenian economic diplomacy apparatus. The analysis provides answers to three crucial questions - the Why? How? When? of Slovenian economic diplomacy institutions. Milan Jazbec: SLOVENIAN DIPLOMACY FROM ZERO HOUR TO EU PRESIDENCY Slovenian diplomacy as an institution of an independent state has emerged since the first democratic elections held in April 1990 till the dissolution of for¬ mer Yugoslavia at the end of 1991. We may consider this period the zero hour . Its origin involved a coming together of diplomats engaged in the diplomacy of the previous state and of those employed at the former Slovenian Republic POVZETKI V ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKU / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 419 Secretariat of International Co-operation, as well as the recruitment of novices, emigrants and reactivated diplomats. We could апаіг /se the above mentioned from the personnel, organisational and network points of view, including rela¬ tions with other foreign policy actors. During the previous period, four develop¬ ment phases stand out, namely: the independence and international recognition of Slovenia; the upgrading of foreign policy activities in the mid-1990s; the glob¬ al appearance with UN SC non-permanent membership in 1998-1999 as well the launching of ambitions f or the OSCE Chairmanship; membership in NATO and the EU in spring 2004 as well as the OSCE Chairmanship in 2005. The fifth one will be the EU Presidency in the first half of the 2008, which will pre¬ sent an opportunity to intensify the overall integration of Slovenia. One could speculate that all of these phases have influenced the personnel, organisational and network development of Slovenian diplomacy. The EU Presidency will be of crucial further importance from this point of view. It would primarily pro¬ vide an opportunity for Slovenia to become part of the most advanced group of member states that head up the integration process, which is itself being trans¬ formed all the time. Slovenian diplomacy could use this opportunity to become an indispensable creative part of the CFSP. An alternative scenario would bring about a passive and decreased role, self-isolation and marginalisation as well as the maximisation of internal structural tensions. Judging from experience so far and organisational vitality, the latter is unlikely to be the case. Jožef Kunia THE PRIORITIES OF SLOVENIAN FOREIGN POLICY - WISHES AND REALITY The priorities of foreign policy are based on the wishes of a county. Wishes as a subjective notion are expressed in various forms, often in a written form or in publicly available printed media, professional or popular literature. Wishes are not often explicitly expressed so the essence has to be grasped and adequately articulated. The articulated wishes form the basis for the choice of priorities on which proposed programme is prepared. In a parliamentary democracy the pro¬ gramme is passed according to the parliamentary procedure and then carried out by the executive authority. In the article a selection of wishes expressed in a written form is presented. A very important source were two discussions with the President of the Republic, namely In the World Active and Recognisable Slovenia and Slovenia and The European Union. Wishes expressed in the avail¬ able Slovenian literature were added to this selection. The wishes were classi¬ fied according to the expectations of how to win Slovenia s recognition in the world, in the European Union, in its relations with neighbouring countries and among Slovenians living abroad. The so classified and articulated wishes were then compared with the programme and the results of Slovenian foreign policy. The results show that many wishes remain unfulfilled or partly fulfilled but, on the other hand, many goals which were not articulated were achieved. 420 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA Marjan Brezovšeh THE DEBATE ON (АКП)РО1Л1СЅ AND DEMOC¬ RACY Although public administration and democracy are often seen as opposites and even antipodes, it is necessary and possible for modern democratic societies to adjust the public administration in line with the practice of effective democracy. The public administration is struggling with the same kind of problems in all forms of democracy: how to guarantee an effective, efficient, legitimate, ac¬ countable, professional and fair public service. The key issues of the public ad¬ ministration in democracy are: legitimacy consisting of legality and political control, and effectiveness embracing expertise and efficiency. New Public Management (NMP) based on the functional paradigm and dichotomy between politics and the administration limits the ability of the public administration to grasp its own political nature and endorse democracy. The public administra¬ tion has to be involved in démocratisation of the state to provide for the su¬ premacy of participatory democracy over bureaucratic authority in the determi¬ nation of the ends and means of policy. The public administration opens up new channels of communication and new modes of public participation that will foster the democratic way of living by opening up new public political spaces within the administration. We shall examine four models according to which theorists suppose that the public administration, i.e. bureaucrats, may be held responsible in a democracy. None of these models of administrative re¬ sponsibility provides a proper place for bureaucracy in democracy because each misconceives or misapplies the idea of democratic responsibility. However, one of the models - one that stresses citizen participation - is less deficient than the others. Miro Haček: THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPETITIVENESS AND THE IN¬ TRODUCTION OF COMPETENCIES IN THE SLOVENIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRAHON Competencies and models of competencies have in last few years become in both the Slovenian private and public sectors the subject of much discussion. Some organisations in Slovenia - above all those that have these tools of human resource management organised in line with central firms abroad - have been using these tools for over a decade. The implementation of such novelties is somewhat difficult to evaluate, therefore a clear answer is still missing to the question of what exactly are the results of these approaches to the efficiency of management. In the first part of the paper we analyse various approaches to and determinations of the notion of competencies, with an emphasis on the ef¬ fects that have been successful in the business world and which could also be used in the public administration. In the second part of the paper we analyse the initiation of the competitiveness principle in the public administration. The competitive capacity of an individual state is these days no longer only deter¬ mined by the level of national productivity, but also by the common influence of various economic, social, business and political factors. Slovenia has since POVZETKI V ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKU / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 421 1999 been placed on both the most important and reliable world competitive¬ ness indexes that are annually produced by the Swiss IMD and by the World Economic Forum. The analysis of separate groups of indicators shows that one of the major competitive weaknesses of Slovenia is in fact the inefficient func¬ tioning of the state administration; especially problematic are the over-bureau- cratisation and functional unclearness of Slovenia s administrative system (World Competitiveness Yearbook, 2005). Simona Kustec Lipteer: EVALUATION OF SELECTED QUALITY MOD¬ ELS IN THE SLOVENIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTIUmON Evaluation studies are today one of the most important and useful approaches to analysing efficiency of policy-making from the academic and practical per¬ spectives. In the case of analysing the public administration the meaning of evaluation can mainly be seen through the actual principles of new public man¬ agement which are also formalised in different governmental documents. In this article we analyse those kinds of documents, records and mechanisms that have been established in the public administration with the aim of achieving quality. We reveal that these models are obviously oriented to ex-post evaluation ap¬ proaches and reflect the facultative self-evaluation of the employed, based on internationally established models for evaluation. Stane Vlaj: REGIONALISAUON OF SLOVENIA AND ITS CONSE¬ QUENCES The adopted constitutional changes in the area of local self-government will, after a long time of expert and political débate, allow Slovenia to implement the two-tier local self-government which is seen in the vast majority of European countries. Slovenia remains for the time being one of the most centralised European Union countries. Local self-government remains with regard to its functions and financing under the crucial tutelage of the state government. Regions as a mandatory second-level local self-government will prove to be very important for the decentralisation of Slovenia and subsequently for imple¬ mentation of the principle of subsidiarity as a fundamental principle for setting up relationships between the state government and subnational levels of gov¬ ernment. From a systemic point of view, the regions will as a new territorial ad¬ ministrative structure introduce many changes to other parts of the social sys¬ tem - the legal order or legislation, public finance, state government, position of the municipalities, areas of work of individual ministries, the cross-border co¬ operation of local communities, international relations (Council of Europe, EU and others) as well as the position of the citizens themselves. The significance of regions can be observed from several viewpoints - constitutional law, admin¬ istrative-organisational, economic, geographical, state and international policy and other viewpoints. Also important with regard to the latter is the obtaining and use of the financial means of the EU structural funds, as well as the partid- 422 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA pation of regions in European regional co-operation, which includes cross-bor¬ der, trans-national and network co-operation and is designed to stimulate the better integration of EU territory. More appropriate will be the participation of Slovenian local self-government within the Council of Europe (Congress of local and regional authorities of the Council of Europe, committees of the Council of Europe) and in other international integrations (e.g. the Committee of Regions). Gozdana Miglio: THE SLOVENIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION S EX¬ PERIENCES WITH THE COMPETENCIES AND TRAINING OF TOP PUBLIC MANAGERS FOR THE EU Representatives of National European Schools and Institutes for Public Administration (NESIPA) meet twice a year to exchange views and share expe¬ riences regarding different aspects of the training of civil servants. The central theme put forward for last year by the Dutch Institute for Public Admini¬ stration was Public Leadership for Europe:, Towards a Common Competence Frame. A starting point of the discussion was a survey executed by the 23 European Schools and Institutes for Public Administration. The purpose of the survey was twofold: (1) to investigate whether there is a system of competen¬ cies developed for senior civil servants, and whether there are special core com¬ petencies formulated for senior civil servants dealing with Brussels; (2) to iden¬ tify what senior civil servants in the leading positions should be like to be effec¬ tive in the EU, in terms of their knowledge, skills and attitudes. The target groups in the survey were senior professionals in the civil service operating at the national level and dealing with EU institutions. According to the intensity of the interaction with Brussels, this target group was subdivided into three types of civil servants: (1) civil servants dealing on a daily basis with Brussels and whose main task is co-ordinating between the national level and the European level; (2) civil servants dealing frequently with EU institutions and who, on a regular basis, provide inputs to various policy and legal issues from the national to the European level; (3) civil servants who rarely deal directly with EU institutions and whose main tasks are at the national level. Competencies were defined as the abilities to act successfully and were subdi¬ vided into knowledge, skills and attitudes. The survey tried to answer the ques¬ tion What does a civil servant in a leading position need to know, do and show to act successfully in the European arena . On the basis of the Competencies for Europe , the final goal was to design a competence framework which would become the starting point for the further development of the Common Competence Frame (CCF) and training programmes in the NESIPA. Based on the responses, common competencies were distinguished and a CCF was de¬ fined. The CCF includes 10 areas of knowledge, skills and abilities: negotiating skills, knowledge of procedures, knowledge of EU institutions, open minded- ness, strategic perspective, social skills, networking skills, organisational skills, cross-cultural communication and integrity. The CCF should be a dynamic set POVZETKI V ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKU / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 423 of references which can be adjusted over time and for different contexts. To meet these requirements, the CCF could be subdivided into a generic part, a set of shared references, and a specific part including context, job-specific require¬ ments and culture-related differences. The development of a CCF is, and will probably forever be, a work in progress. The survey was just a first step in iden¬ tifying whether there are common competencies and shared references for se¬ nior civil servants and, if so, what they are. Further research could investigate this conclusion in more depth. In 2002 the Upravna akademija, responsible for training Slovenian civil servants, designed a special developmental programme for top managers and professionals in he Slovenian public administration. The programme has been formulated to develop, upgrade and stimulate the concep¬ tual knowledge, skills and attitudes required for effective work within the public administration. It focuses especially on an understanding of key managerial is¬ sues, particularly those related to human resources management. The survey described above confirms the correctness of the selected training contents and their orientation to modern administrative management. Irma Baäija: REGIONAL UMFICAÏTONIN ÏHE EU The region is an intermediate space between the state and municipalities where national and local needs and problems meet. This in-between space can be char¬ acterised as a region, regardless of its actual name, if its legal position is defined by the state. Since the majority of European politics is implemented at the re¬ gional level and harmonious regional development is one of the Unions strate¬ gic goals, the question of regional tasks and the role in decision-making on joint European politics is not to be underestimated. Also, how can unified European regional politics be valid for all regions regardless о their historical, geographical and cultural differences? In the pursuit of greater regional competence in joint decision-making by powerful regions (Germany, Spain), the question of the Catalogue of competence arose: a document that would clarify affairs between all three levels of decision-making; subnational - national - supranational. However, the question of how this joint set of rules would affect the harmonisa¬ tion and homogenisation of all European regions and how it would successfully upgrade the loosely defined rights to exercise power between the various levels of government across the EU remains open to discussion. It is common for greater and bigger regions (federal units) to be represented in a second chamber of the national parliament and through that body to influence joint European policies and legislation. In connection with this, member states should take the responsibility to ensure a partnership between regions and the European Union upon themselves. The loudest calls for the Catalogue of competence have come from Germany s powerful regional governments -, the Lander. Regional leaders have demanded a document to clarify which political decisions should be reserved for which tier of government. As a consequence of vigorous debate, the European Parliament has concluded that a phenomenon common to all member states has occurred as a consequence of the enhancement of local 424 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA communities competence and the joint decision-making arena. Member states such as Austria, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy, Portugal and Great Britain share their role as a legislator with their federal states or regions with great leg¬ islative powers. However, regardless of the potential regional political power they do not possess the institutionalised right to co-operate in decision-making on the supranational level, to shape politics that are mostly implemented on the regional level. The EU has many good reasons for clarifying which powers are exercised at which level. It would make for greater transparency because a clear denomination of what should be done by the Union and what is to be done by the member states would help the public to know who held the responsibility for which decisions. It would also reduce the tendency of some EU institutions to grab more power for themselves. Drago Zaje: THE EU-KELATED ACTIVITY OF THE NATIONAL ASSEM¬ BLY OF SLOVENIA AFTER ITS ACCESSION TO THE EU AND IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE FOURTH MANDATE The author describes how the national parliaments of EU member states have had to adapt to their new role, being only indirectly involved in the decision- making process at the EU level. There are a number of factors determining this role and the model of the relationship between the national parliament and the government, along with the forms and extent of parliamentary control over it when it participates in the EU legislative procedures. The Slovenian National Assembly has been following the example of some of the most active national parliaments of EU member states, although it is only at the beginning of its new way. The author stresses the discrepancy between its institutional capacity and the cultural capacity , i.e. the capacity ofMPs to understand the complexi¬ ty of the relationship between national and EU matters, the ability to reach a consensus in matters of national importance and to obtain information from the EU environment etc. Miro Cerar Jr.: THE SIGNIFICANCE, RECOGNITION AND REALISA¬ TION OF CONSTIUmONAL VALUES FOR THE WORK OF ΝΑΉΟΝ- AL ASSEMBLY DEPUTIES The Constitution as the key legal and political act of a modern state explicitly or implicitly reflects the most fundamental societal values. On one hand, the con¬ stitutional regulations sum up the existing societal consensus regarding values while, on the other, they direct us in terms of the normative dimension of these values toward legal and political value ideals. Thus, the constitutional values are the basic criteria and, at the same time, the objective of the social behaviour of the citizens and people in general. The recognition and realisation of these values by deputies of the National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia, as rep¬ resentatives of the people, therefore has extraordinary legitimising, symbolic and applicable legal and political significance. This is especially important in POVZETKIV ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKÜ / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 425 light of the fact that constitutional values are, in accordance with the hierarchy of legal acts and on the basis of the fundamental political significance of the Constitution, transferred to all lower abstract (e.g. statutory) and concrete (e.g. judicial) legal levels and (state) policies. Constitutional values are most directly expressed in constitutional principles (the principles of democracy, the rule of law, the social welfare state, the sovereignty of the people, the separation of powers, the separation of the state and religious communities etc.), and in the regulations on human ńghts and freedoms. The recognition and realisation of these values in the work of the deputies must not remain merely at the level of political rhetoric, but must above all find expression in proper legislative and political practice and in the political and legal culture at the highest possible level. Albin Iglíčar: THE IMPORTANCE OF KNOWING THE STANDING OR¬ DERS OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF DEPUTIES The Standing Orders of Parliament are the most important general legal act for the organisation and work of the representative body, coming second after the Constitution. In the hierarchy of legal acts they are therefore most often consid¬ ered to be of the same rank as statutes. In theory we can find - on one hand - the statement, that the Standing Orders of Parliament have a constitutional legal force as they regulate the procedure of adopting statutes while - on the other hand - the statement that Standing Orders are only an internal executive regulation of the Parliament with no external effects. In any case, with their norms on internal analysis of the representative body, the rights and obligations of the deputies and on the procedures of adopting parliamentary decisions, the Standing Orders of the Parliament are key to the operation of the legislative branch of government. On the grounds of experience it is therefore possible to maintain that Members of Parliament who are well acquainted with the rules of the Standing Orders are more efficient in enforcing the interests and their mo¬ tions in the process of debating and deciding. Along with the norms of the Standing Orders, of course steady uses are also developing, the knowledge and consideration of which also constitutes the political and legal culture of the deputies. Considering this fact, it is illogical to merely mechanically transfer the rules of the standing orders of some parliament (e.g. the AusMan or British) to the standing orders of another parliament (e.g. the Slovenian one) without tak¬ ing into account the particular parliamentary tradition, parliamentary customs and accepted interpretations of articles of the Standing Orders in the process of their application. Along with some almost identical norms in the standing or¬ ders of all parliaments, every parliament needs standing orders that are tailored to it. The deputies should be well acquainted with the provisions of the standing orders, understand them and apply them to the parliamentary reality and in the spirit of common sense. 426 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA Davorka Budimir: PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATIVES: EDUCA¬ TION, KNOWLEDGE AND POWER Considering the role and significance parliamentary representatives have with¬ in the scope of their everyday tasks in the day-to-day proceedings of parlia¬ ment, it is important to examine their educational profiles as well as the exis¬ tence of any motivation to acquire new knowledge. This paper analyses some of the socio-demographic features of Croatian parliamentary representatives, which was also the subject of a poll conducted in spring 2003, ana compares them with the current education situation in parliament. According to the statis¬ tical indicators, parliamentary representatives are significantly above the total population average, i.e. they are significantly more educated than the total pop¬ ulation aged 15 and over. A positive element is seeing the need for constant and continuous education as a new dimension which stems from the need for life¬ long education. The level of education of the respondents parents shows that their parents were less educated, their mothers were regularly less educated than their fathers, which points to the more traditional development of society. Modern democratic society is to be based on rational and efficient leadership which, without knowledge, is impossible. Parliamentary representatives profes¬ sionalism cannot and must not be based on the principles of the party or institu¬ tional loyalty, humility or goodness hut on knowledge, hard work and political results. There is no rational policy-making without knowledge, nor is there knowledge without everyday learning, which makes progress in society as a whole possible. Uroš Pinterič: THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ON THE WWW AS A FORM OF AN INSTTUmONAUSED PRESENTATION OF KNOWL· EDGE In this article, the author explores and analyses the parliaments of different European Union member states that have accepted the important information role of the Internet. In this era of the information society even political institu¬ tions have to adopt newly developed technologies and use them in their daily internal communication as well as in their contacts with their own citizens and foreign visitors. In the first part of article the theoretical framework of the re¬ search and methodology is set up. In the second part the author analyses the English web pages of 12 European parliaments. In the third part all collected data are compared and discussed. The last part of the article includes some con¬ cluding remarks and ideas for possible improvements. Tatjana Královec: INTERPARLIAMENTARY CO-OPERAnON IN THE EU According to the liberal political and legal paradigm, whereby the principle of the people s sovereignty and separation of powers are basic and compulsory characteristics of the democratic system of governance, there should be the con- POVZETKI V ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKU / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 427 stant strengthening, more active role anã greater competencies of parliaments involving: - the European Parliament in the EU legislative process, an increase in its con¬ trol competencies vis-à-vis other EU institutions and its budgetar}/ powers; and - the concurrent greater influence and role of national parliaments which could significantly contribute to a reduced democratic deficit and the increased democratic legitimacy of the decision-making process in the EU. We speak about the process of démocratisation and parliamentisation (see Läufer, 1988). As one of the factors contributing to opening up the space for the more democratic decision-making and greater democratic legitimacy of the EU deci¬ sion-making process, the co-operation between national parliaments and the European parliament is studied. The study starts with the assumption that co¬ operation between the parliaments represents one possible method to increase the role of the parliaments (national and European) in the EU policy arena, as already confirmed by several empirical studies (see Maurer, 1996). In the last few years, new forms and methods have been introduced next to already exist¬ ing institutional forms and methods of co-operation among national parliaments and between national parliaments and the European parliament, i.e. regular meetings of the presidents of national parliaments and the President of the European Parliament (the Conference of Speakers of the Parliaments of the EU), Meetings of Secretaries-General, or co-operation in framework of the Conference of Community and European Affairs Committees of the European Union (COSAC)). This involves the co-operation seen between the European Parliament s committees and national parliaments committees, the meetings of parliamentary committees organised by the Presiding Member State s Parlia¬ ment on different current topics, co-operation in the framework of the ТРЕХ (Interparliamentary EU Information Exchange), extended co-operation in the framework of the ECPRD (European Centre for Parliamentary Research and Documentation) and other. Ljubica Jélušič, Maja Garb, Drago Bitenc, Milan Jazbec, Alojz Jéhart and Vinko Vegič: EDUCATION КЖ SAFETY AND PEACE Defence reforms in the transition states of Central and South-east Europe are connected with human resource problems. The first problem is the expert knowledge of military personnel for the new military tasks, especially those in peace-support operations. The second big issue is the lack of adequately educat¬ ed civilian experts for defence matters. Slovenia was one of those countries that at the end of the Cold War and after gaining its independence had some civilian defence experts, albeit they were not enough for all professionalisation process¬ es in the defence system, foreign policy and especially in the all-volunteer force. The Slovenian Political Association Conference 2006 brought together: experts from the military system who discussed troubles in officer education; experts and civil servants from the Ministry of Defence who elaborated on the conta- 428 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA diction between knowledge and certificates for knowledge; defence diplomacy experts who presented the need for special defence-related knowledge in foreign policy and in diplomacy; and academics from the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Ljubljana who understood education for peace and security as a public and social question, as surveyed in detail in different public opinion polls. Jasmina Glišiá THE NEED FOR A NEW GENERATION OF SECURITY SPECIALISTS The responsibility of civilians to educate themselves about defence issues and military culture lies within the core of civil-military relations based on the prin¬ ciples of a liberal democracy. This applies to civilian leaders first of all but may be applied to the whole of society. In the prevailing literature on civil-military issues, paramount attention is paid to the powers that are/should be given to civilians in a democracy and to the ways of establishing checks and balances be¬ tween the branches. The aim of this text is to inspire closer scrutiny of the spe¬ cific knowledge and skills needed for exercising these powers. In the first part of the text, the need for a new generation of security specialists is discussed, with particular emphasis on the problems the post/communist countries have been facing. In the second part, the specific way a Serbian NGO is addressing this need is presented. Anton Zabkar and Uroš Svete: MILITARY PROFESSIONALS - EDUCA- ΉΟΝ BETWEEN THE SCYLLA OF TRADITION AND THE CHARYB¬ DIS OF MODERNISATION The descriptive analysis of military professionals education is based on mili¬ tary profession definitions established by Abrahamsson and Huntington. In the preface the influence of military doctrine is considered as well as key security and geostrategic factors, demanding the transformation from mass conscription armies to small, all/volunteer forces armed with contemporary weapon systems and equipment. In this context, NATO-s Eastern enlargement should also be considered. The need to change old defence doctrines, in line with the European territory-s status quo, to the new neo /interventionist doctrine, projecting sta¬ bility in the European Southeast, Africa and Asia, is emphasised. In what fol¬ lows the issue of European officership development is analysed. The profession of officers has since the 19th century been especially based on military educa¬ tion, beginning with the Prussian School. For our analysis, the change from cadet education to military academies is very important. Military academies were adapted step by step in line with civilian universities and in the second half of the 20th century they became universities sui generis (the case of for¬ mer Yugoslav military education during the Cold War). The analysis further elaborates two contrasting types of European military education systems at this time of globalisation. As a successful case of the adaptation of military high POVZETKIV ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKÜ / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 429 schools and academies to suit the Bologna process, military profession and doc¬ trine requests, the military high school and academy programmes of two European NATO members (Belgium and Germany) are presented. On the other hand, the Slovenian military education system represents an example of lagging behind these requests. The authors analyse the reasons for this state as well as the Slovenian military education systems development, especially after the in¬ dependence gathering when Slovenia for the first time in its history also became responsible for military education. Last but not least, the causes of such lagging behind are treated critically and proposals to overcome this discrepancy are of¬ fered. Nevertheless, the debate on professionalisation of the Slovenian army should and must not be bounded just by new equipment and weapon purchases such that the military scholarship and education system as an important na¬ tional security agenda item should be left to one side.
adam_txt	KAZALO Miro HACEK in Drago ZAJC UVODNA BESEDA . I. DEL: DRUŽBA ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA: IZZIV ZA SLOVENIJU IN EU Metka Stare in Maja Bucar SLOVENIJA KOT DRUŽBA ZNANJA IN INOVACIJ: ILUZIJA ALI REALNOST. 11 Matjaž Mulej LASTNOSTIVODIJ, POTREBNE ZA ABSORBCIJSKO SPOSOBNOST V INOVATIVNI DRUŽBI. 25 Andrej Lukšič in Maja Bahor TRAJNOSTNI RAZVOJ V LUČI LIZBONSKE STRATEGIJE IN NJENE REVIZIJE .39 Simona Bezjak KRIZA SUVERENOSTI - NOVI IZ23VI POLITIČNI TEORIJI .55 Jernej Pikalo SUVERENOST KOT KONCEPT MODERNE POLTCIKE .67 Peter Debeljak MODEL KLJUČNIH KOMPETENC V KONTEKSTU KONCEPTA VSEŽIVLJENJSKEGA UČENJA IN DEMOKRATIČNA KULTURA VEU .81 Tihomir Žiljak in Berto Šalaj EVROPSKO OGRODJE KVALIFIKACIJ ZA DRUŽBO ZNANJA. .93 П. DEL: SLOVENSKA DIPLOMACIJA V SPREMENJENEM MEDNARODNEM Ш EVROPSKÉM OKOLJU Boštjan Udovič NOVE NALOGE SLOVENSKE DIPLOMACIJE PO VSTOPU V EVROPSKO UNIJO: EKONOMSKO-GOSPODARSKA DIPLOMACIJA. 107 Milan Jazbec SLOVENSKA DIPLOMACIJA OD URE NIČ DO PREDSEDOVANJA EU .131 Jožef KuniČ PRIORITETE SLOVENSKE ZUNANJE POLITIKE - ŽELJE IN REALNOST .147 Ш. DEL: BIROKRAQJA IN DEMOKRACIJA: К ZANESLJTVI DRŽAVNI UPRAVI W REGIONALNI SAMOUPRAVI Marjan Brezovšek RAZPRAVA О (A)POLľnČNOSTI JAVNE UPRAVE IN DEMOKRACIU. 167 Miro Haček NAČELO KONKURENČNOSTI IN UVELJAVLJANJE KOMPETENC V SLOVENSKI JAVNI UPRAVI .179 Simona Kustec Lipicer VREDNOTENJE IZBRANIH MODELOV MERJENJA KAKOVOSTIV SLOVENSKI JAVNI UPRAVI .197 Stane Vlaj UVEDBAPOKRAJIN IN NJENE POSLEDICE.215 Gozdana Miglič IZKUŠNJE SLOVENSKE UPRAVE S KOMPETENCAMI IN USPOSABLJANJEM VODILNIH USLUŽBENCEV ZA DELO EU .229 Irena Bačlija POENOTENJE REGIONALNIH NALOG NA RAVNI EU .247 IV. DEL: INSITTUCIONALNO PARLAMENTARNO ZNANJE: SPOSOBNOST NACIONALNEGA PARLAMENTA ZA VKLJUČEVANJE V INSTITUCIJE EU Drago Zajc DEJAVNOST DRŽAVNEGA ZBORA RS V ZVEZI Z ZADEVAM EU PO VSTOPU SLOVENIJE V EU IN V PRVEM LETU ČETRTEGA MANDATA .267 Miro Cerar ml. POMEN (POZNAVANJA IN URESNIČEVANJA) USTAVNIH VREDNOT ZA DELO POSLANCEV DRŽAVNEGA ZBORA .285 Albin Igličar POMEN POZNAVANJA IN RAZUMEVANJA POSLOVNIKA DRŽAVNEGA ZBORA RS ZA DELOVANJE POSLANCEV .299 Davorka Budimir POSLANCI: IZOBRAZBA, ZNANJE IN MOČ. 313 Uroš Pintetič EVROPSKI PARLAMENTI NA SVETOVNEM SPLETU KOT OBLIKA PREDSTAVITVEINSTITUCIONALNEGA ZNANJA .323 Tatjana Krašovec SODELOVANJE MED PARLAMENTI V EU .335 V. DEL: IZOBRAŽEVANJE ZA VARNOST IN MIR Ljubica Jelušič, Maja Grab in Vinko Vegič IZOBRAŽEVANJE ZA VARNOST IN MIR.355 Jasmina Glišić V ISKANJU NOVE GENERACIJE VARNOSTNIH STROKOVNJAKOV .375 Anton Žabkar in Uroš Svete ŠOLANJE VOJAŠKIH PROFESIONALCEV MED SCILO TRADICIJE IN KARIBDO MODERNIZACIJE .393 POVZETKI V ANGLESKEM JEZIKU / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE .415 INDEKS. 431 415 POVZETKI V ANG LESKEM JEZIKU ABSTRACTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Maja Bucar and Metka Stare: SLOVENIA AS AN ΙΝΝΟνΑΉΟΝ (KNOWLEDGE) SOCIETY: AN ΟΡΉΟΝ OR AN ILLUSION? To successfully transform an economy or society in the direction of being knowledge-based, it is essential to increase the level of innovation activity and the innovativeness of all stakeholders: individuals, enterprises, institutions and organisations as well as the government. Innovation activity should become the determining factor of growth and development and contribute significantly to the competitiveness of the knowledge economy and to the welfare of its citizens. Key elements which determine the innovation capability of an individual coun¬ try are the creation of knowledge (via investments in education and training and investments in R&D), the transfer of new knowledge to the business sector and the formation of an innovation-friendly environment. These elements are interdependent and can either work in synergy or, if the policies are poorly co¬ ordinated, block each other. In several indicators applied by the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS, 2005) Slovenia scored well The overall innovation index places Slovenia second only to Estonia among the new member states and in lith place in the ELI-25. Particularly positive is the growing R&D expendi¬ ture made by the business sector and the relatively good performance in innova¬ tion drivers and knowledge creation indicators. Over the years Slovenia has successfully increased the level of participation in tertiary education, while public investment in R&D is at the EU average and human resources in the R&D sector are above the EU average. Yet, the application of these positive trends in innovation inputs in the business sector has been quite disappointing if we take into account the declining global competitiveness of Slovenian busi¬ nesses. The fact that only 20 % of enterprises are engaged in innovation activity is a reason for concern. Both the level of investment in R&D and engagement in the innovation activity of service-sector firms is also low, even though the sec¬ tor continues to raise its share of GDP. At the level of innovation policy, Slovenia has over the years introduced several measures and instruments. In principle, policy documents like national research and development pro¬ grammes or the development strategies or programmes of various ministries all address the »right« issues and follow the objectives identified in analyses of the Slovenian R&D and innovation system (promotion of investment in R&Ď, in¬ creased co-operation between the public and private R&D sectors to promote the transfer of knowledge to business, the need to increase innovation activity). 416 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA Even at the level of instruments, hardly a measure that is applied in more devel¬ oped countries exists which has not at one time or other been applied in Slovenia as well. However, the most significant obstacles to the greater effec¬ tiveness of innovation policy are poor implementation, a lack of financial and human resources in administration, frequent changes in the organisational set¬ up and, increasingly, the lack of co-ordination and co-operation in the area of R&D and innovation policy. As long as these obstacles stay unresolved and "in¬ novative thinking and behaviour" is also not adopted in policy formulation and implementation, the creation of an innovation society remains more of an illu¬ sion than an option for Slovenia. Matjaž Mulej: LEADERS' ATTRIBUTES REQUIRED FOR ABSORP- ΉΟΝ CAPACITY IN AN INNOVATIVE SOCIETY Slovenia lacks absorption capacity for knowledge which makes it lack competi¬ tiveness due to its absence of innovativ eness and entrepreneuríal spirit. The point not only applies to technological innovations but in the innovation of cul¬ ture and management, first of all, which has been practiced in the West and Japan for decades but only by the successful countries. We suggest ways for in¬ fluential people to become more innovative in government bodies, universities and other research organisations as well as in enterprises and similar organisa¬ tions. One should add to the practice so far of the government's role as a role model of innovation, which would help it influence others when it acts as a big buyer in a buyer's market. This might be one way leading to an innovative soci¬ ety but it is not a simple one: it requires people in government bodies to change themselves. Training in the innovation management of politicians, government officials and other influential people in the public and business sectors might help, but permanent action must then follow it. The impact of the market alone is too slow to enable this unavoidable attribute to emerge over time, which would prevent the danger of Slovenia becoming a neo-colony of more innova¬ tive countries. Andrej Lukšić and Maja Bahor: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN LIGHT OF THE LISBON STRATEGY AND ITS REVISIONS The authors argue that the essential developmental documents of the EU, the Lisbon Strategy together with the Sustainable Development Strategy are found¬ ed on the strong concept of sustainable development. Yet a review of both docu¬ ments five years later in line with the new guiding principle "economy and jobs first and the environment afterwards" which is also evident in the new title of the Lisbon strategy "Working Together on Growth and Jobs: A New Start for the Lisbon Strategy", left the environment, defined as one of the equal dimen¬ sions of the concept of sustainable development, out except for the area ofeco- innovations. This turning-point at the same time changes the developmental concept and widens the gap between public opinion in the EU (surveyed in a POVZETKI V ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKU / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 417 special Eurobaromeier in 200é, which gives the environment a very important position) ană the review of the Lisbon strategy. This gap could lead to legitima¬ cy problems for the new developmental strategy. Simona Bezjak: THE CRISIS OF SOVEREIGNTY - NEW CHALLENGES TO POLinCAL THEORY The paper highlights the key concept of political theory - modern sovereignty, which has been crucial for the constitution of modern political integration. But in the case of the European Union's integration processes this concept seems conservative. Therefore, we look at European integration processes and try to define some fundamental political characteristics of public authority-building in the Eli. We emphasise the crisis of modern sovereignty through the crisis of the sovereign state, the new function of borders and discussions about people's sov¬ ereignty. The main purpose of this article is to develop the idea that the contem¬ porary crisis of sovereignty should not damage political theory but should be seen as a possibility to form more appropriate mechanisms for understanding the European integration processes both now and in the future. Jernej Pikalo: SOVEREIGNTY AS A CONCEPT OF MODERN POLITICS The paper is concerned with the political theory of sovereignty. Major issues and problems of the theory of sovereignty are presented. The focus is on the sovereignty of the modern state in today's era of globalisation and supranation¬ al political institutions. Sovereignty is presented as a constructed concept that in some political theories appears to have a mythical structure. The last part of the -paper is concerned with a (re)historisation of the concept of sovereignty and its new apprehension. Peter Debeljak: THE MODEL OF KEY COMPETENCIES IN LIFELONG LEARNING AND DEMOCRATIC CULTURE IN THE EU The article concerns a phenomenon which occurred after establishment of the Lisbon Strategy in the field of education policies in the European Union. Increased attention to the concept of lifelong learning as a key element in the improvement in the Union's competitive ability and establishment of several new, mainly more effective policy tools/instruments (in first place so-called open methods of co-ordination) have, in a relativehj short period of time, opened up national policies in the field of education and training. It had led to the quasi- Europeanisation of these policies and even to the process of forming a common European nucleus in the field of education and training. A model has been created of the key competencies which every European citizen should have when confronting the ever more demanding environment that surrounds them. That is why in this article the focus is largely on a more significant moment in- political science: on the open method of co-ordination as a tool for the harmoni- 418 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA sation of heterogeneous national education systems. Here it is necessary to point out the advantages and pitfalls of this method. We can see that the phe¬ nomenon of such forms of the reconciliation of policies, which are based on the subsidiary principle, represents a new quality in the development of a democra¬ tic culture in the European education area. Tthomir Žiljak ană Berto Šalaj: THE EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK OF QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE SOCIETY OF KNOWLEDGE The authors describe the EQF as one of the answers of European education poli¬ cies to the increase in flexibility of the labour market in the contemporary knowledge society. They describe the role of lifelong learning within the Lisbon process. Workers are taking over the responsibility for their careers and taking care of their improvement and employ ability. The authors warn that while em¬ phasising human capital, the importance of social capital should not be forgot¬ ten because social capital creates the conditions for the efficient use of human capital. The EQF is in the first place focused on learning outcomes which can¬ not be verified in the market and on assistance f or the development of a compet¬ itive European economic space. From that arise certain consequences for educa¬ tional goals, educational programmes and target education groups. Boštjan Udovič: SLOVENIAN DIPLOMACY AT THE CROSSROADS - THE CASE OF ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY The text establishes a framework for discussion of what economic diplomacy is and why it is important to understand it and define it. The aim of the paper is to explain the roots of economic diplomacy and the importance of it in today's world. The first part of the discussion seeks to acquaint the reader with the structural changes seen in the 20th century economy and at the same time to emphasise why economic diplomacy was not entirely part of (political) diplo¬ matic action, but always "took a back seat". In accomplishing this, the author ex¬ plains the technical terms (like economic statecraft, economic foreign policy, economic diplomacy, commercial diplomacy etc.) that are often wrongly used as synonyms. The last part analyses the establishment of the Slovenian economic diplomacy apparatus. The analysis provides answers to three crucial questions - the Why? How? When? of Slovenian economic diplomacy institutions. Milan Jazbec: SLOVENIAN DIPLOMACY FROM ZERO HOUR TO EU PRESIDENCY Slovenian diplomacy as an institution of an independent state has emerged since the first democratic elections held in April 1990 till the dissolution of for¬ mer Yugoslavia at the end of 1991. We may consider this period the "zero hour". Its origin involved a coming together of diplomats engaged in the diplomacy of the previous state and of those employed at the former Slovenian Republic POVZETKI V ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKU / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 419 Secretariat of International Co-operation, as well as the recruitment of novices, emigrants and reactivated diplomats. We could апаіг /se the above mentioned from the personnel, organisational and network points of view, including rela¬ tions with other foreign policy actors. During the previous period, four develop¬ ment phases stand out, namely: the independence and international recognition of Slovenia; the upgrading of foreign policy activities in the mid-1990s; the glob¬ al appearance with UN SC non-permanent membership in 1998-1999 as well the launching of ambitions f or the OSCE Chairmanship; membership in NATO and the EU in spring 2004 as well as the OSCE Chairmanship in 2005. The fifth one will be the EU Presidency in the first half of the 2008, which will pre¬ sent an opportunity to intensify the overall integration of Slovenia. One could speculate that all of these phases have influenced the personnel, organisational and network development of Slovenian diplomacy. The EU Presidency will be of crucial further importance from this point of view. It would primarily pro¬ vide an opportunity for Slovenia to become part of the most advanced group of member states that head up the integration process, which is itself being trans¬ formed all the time. Slovenian diplomacy could use this opportunity to become an indispensable creative part of the CFSP. An alternative scenario would bring about a passive and decreased role, self-isolation and marginalisation as well as the maximisation of internal structural tensions. Judging from experience so far and organisational vitality, the latter is unlikely to be the case. Jožef Kunia THE PRIORITIES OF SLOVENIAN FOREIGN POLICY - WISHES AND REALITY The priorities of foreign policy are based on the wishes of a county. Wishes as a subjective notion are expressed in various forms, often in a written form or in publicly available printed media, professional or popular literature. Wishes are not often explicitly expressed so the essence has to be grasped and adequately articulated. The articulated wishes form the basis for the choice of priorities on which proposed programme is prepared. In a parliamentary democracy the pro¬ gramme is passed according to the parliamentary procedure and then carried out by the executive authority. In the article a selection of wishes expressed in a written form is presented. A very important source were two discussions with the President of the Republic, namely In the World Active and Recognisable Slovenia and Slovenia and The European Union. Wishes expressed in the avail¬ able Slovenian literature were added to this selection. The wishes were classi¬ fied according to the expectations of how to win Slovenia's recognition in the world, in the European Union, in its relations with neighbouring countries and among Slovenians living abroad. The so classified and articulated wishes were then compared with the programme and the results of Slovenian foreign policy. The results show that many wishes remain unfulfilled or partly fulfilled but, on the other hand, many goals which were not articulated were achieved. 420 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA Marjan Brezovšeh THE DEBATE ON (АКП)РО1Л1СЅ AND DEMOC¬ RACY Although public administration and democracy are often seen as opposites and even antipodes, it is necessary and possible for modern democratic societies to adjust the public administration in line with the practice of effective democracy. The public administration is struggling with the same kind of problems in all forms of democracy: how to guarantee an effective, efficient, legitimate, ac¬ countable, professional and fair public service. The key issues of the public ad¬ ministration in democracy are: legitimacy consisting of legality and political control, and effectiveness embracing expertise and efficiency. New Public Management (NMP) based on the functional paradigm and dichotomy between politics and the administration limits the ability of the public administration to grasp its own political nature and endorse democracy. The public administra¬ tion has to be involved in démocratisation of the state to provide for the su¬ premacy of participatory democracy over bureaucratic authority in the determi¬ nation of the ends and means of policy. The public administration opens up new channels of communication and new modes of public participation that will foster the democratic way of living by opening up new public political spaces within the administration. We shall examine four models according to which theorists suppose that the public administration, i.e. bureaucrats, may be held responsible in a democracy. None of these models of administrative re¬ sponsibility provides a proper place for bureaucracy in democracy because each misconceives or misapplies the idea of democratic responsibility. However, one of the models - one that stresses citizen participation - is less deficient than the others. Miro Haček: THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPETITIVENESS AND THE IN¬ TRODUCTION OF COMPETENCIES IN THE SLOVENIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRAHON Competencies and models of competencies have in last few years become in both the Slovenian private and public sectors the subject of much discussion. Some organisations in Slovenia - above all those that have these tools of human resource management organised in line with central firms abroad - have been using these tools for over a decade. The implementation of such novelties is somewhat difficult to evaluate, therefore a clear answer is still missing to the question of what exactly are the results of these approaches to the efficiency of management. In the first part of the paper we analyse various approaches to and determinations of the notion of competencies, with an emphasis on the ef¬ fects that have been successful in the business world and which could also be used in the public administration. In the second part of the paper we analyse the initiation of the competitiveness principle in the public administration. The competitive capacity of an individual state is these days no longer only deter¬ mined by the level of national productivity, but also by the common influence of various economic, social, business and political factors. Slovenia has since POVZETKI V ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKU / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 421 1999 been placed on both the most important and reliable world competitive¬ ness indexes that are annually produced by the Swiss IMD and by the World Economic Forum. The analysis of separate groups of indicators shows that one of the major competitive weaknesses of Slovenia is in fact the inefficient func¬ tioning of the state administration; especially problematic are the over-bureau- cratisation and functional unclearness of Slovenia's administrative system (World Competitiveness Yearbook, 2005). Simona Kustec Lipteer: EVALUATION OF SELECTED QUALITY MOD¬ ELS IN THE SLOVENIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTIUmON Evaluation studies are today one of the most important and useful approaches to analysing efficiency of policy-making from the academic and practical per¬ spectives. In the case of analysing the public administration the meaning of evaluation can mainly be seen through the actual principles of new public man¬ agement which are also formalised in different governmental documents. In this article we analyse those kinds of documents, records and mechanisms that have been established in the public administration with the aim of achieving quality. We reveal that these models are obviously oriented to ex-post evaluation ap¬ proaches and reflect the facultative self-evaluation of the employed, based on internationally established models for evaluation. Stane Vlaj: REGIONALISAUON OF SLOVENIA AND ITS CONSE¬ QUENCES The adopted constitutional changes in the area of local self-government will, after a long time of expert and political débate, allow Slovenia to implement the two-tier local self-government which is seen in the vast majority of European countries. Slovenia remains for the time being one of the most centralised European Union countries. Local self-government remains with regard to its functions and financing under the crucial tutelage of the state government. Regions as a mandatory second-level local self-government will prove to be very important for the decentralisation of Slovenia and subsequently for imple¬ mentation of the principle of subsidiarity as a fundamental principle for setting up relationships between the state government and subnational levels of gov¬ ernment. From a systemic point of view, the regions will as a new territorial ad¬ ministrative structure introduce many changes to other parts of the social sys¬ tem - the legal order or legislation, public finance, state government, position of the municipalities, areas of work of individual ministries, the cross-border co¬ operation of local communities, international relations (Council of Europe, EU and others) as well as the position of the citizens themselves. The significance of regions can be observed from several viewpoints - constitutional law, admin¬ istrative-organisational, economic, geographical, state and international policy and other viewpoints. Also important with regard to the latter is the obtaining and use of the financial means of the EU structural funds, as well as the partid- 422 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA pation of regions in European regional co-operation, which includes cross-bor¬ der, trans-national and network co-operation and is designed to stimulate the better integration of EU territory. More appropriate will be the participation of Slovenian local self-government within the Council of Europe (Congress of local and regional authorities of the Council of Europe, committees of the Council of Europe) and in other international integrations (e.g. the Committee of Regions). Gozdana Miglio: THE SLOVENIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION'S EX¬ PERIENCES WITH THE COMPETENCIES AND TRAINING OF TOP PUBLIC MANAGERS FOR THE EU Representatives of National European Schools and Institutes for Public Administration (NESIPA) meet twice a year to exchange views and share expe¬ riences regarding different aspects of the training of civil servants. The central theme put forward for last year by the Dutch Institute for Public Admini¬ stration was Public Leadership for Europe:, Towards a Common Competence Frame. A starting point of the discussion was a survey executed by the 23 European Schools and Institutes for Public Administration. The purpose of the survey was twofold: (1) to investigate whether there is a system of competen¬ cies developed for senior civil servants, and whether there are special core com¬ petencies formulated for senior civil servants dealing with Brussels; (2) to iden¬ tify what senior civil servants in the leading positions should be like to be effec¬ tive in the EU, in terms of their knowledge, skills and attitudes. The target groups in the survey were senior professionals in the civil service operating at the national level and dealing with EU institutions. According to the intensity of the interaction with Brussels, this target group was subdivided into three types of civil servants: (1) civil servants dealing on a daily basis with Brussels and whose main task is co-ordinating between the national level and the European level; (2) civil servants dealing frequently with EU institutions and who, on a regular basis, provide inputs to various policy and legal issues from the national to the European level; (3) civil servants who rarely deal directly with EU institutions and whose main tasks are at the national level. Competencies were defined as the abilities to act successfully and were subdi¬ vided into knowledge, skills and attitudes. The survey tried to answer the ques¬ tion "What does a civil servant in a leading position need to know, do and show to act successfully in the European arena". On the basis of the "Competencies for Europe", the final goal was to design a competence framework which would become the starting point for the further development of the Common Competence Frame (CCF) and training programmes in the NESIPA. Based on the responses, common competencies were distinguished and a CCF was de¬ fined. The CCF includes 10 areas of knowledge, skills and abilities: negotiating skills, knowledge of procedures, knowledge of EU institutions, open minded- ness, strategic perspective, social skills, networking skills, organisational skills, cross-cultural communication and integrity. The CCF should be a dynamic set POVZETKI V ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKU / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 423 of references which can be adjusted over time and for different contexts. To meet these requirements, the CCF could be subdivided into a generic part, a set of shared references, and a specific part including context, job-specific require¬ ments and culture-related differences. The development of a CCF is, and will probably forever be, a work in progress. The survey was just a first step in iden¬ tifying whether there are common competencies and shared references for se¬ nior civil servants and, if so, what they are. Further research could investigate this conclusion in more depth. In 2002 the Upravna akademija, responsible for training Slovenian civil servants, designed a special developmental programme for top managers and professionals in he Slovenian public administration. The programme has been formulated to develop, upgrade and stimulate the concep¬ tual knowledge, skills and attitudes required for effective work within the public administration. It focuses especially on an understanding of key managerial is¬ sues, particularly those related to human resources management. The survey described above confirms the correctness of the selected training contents and their orientation to modern administrative management. Irma Baäija: REGIONAL UMFICAÏTONIN ÏHE EU The region is an intermediate space between the state and municipalities where national and local needs and problems meet. This in-between space can be char¬ acterised as a region, regardless of its actual name, if its legal position is defined by the state. Since the majority of "European politics" is implemented at the re¬ gional level and harmonious regional development is one of the Unions' strate¬ gic goals, the question of regional tasks and the role in decision-making on joint European politics is not to be underestimated. Also, how can unified European regional politics be valid for all regions regardless о their historical, geographical and cultural differences? In the pursuit of greater regional competence in joint decision-making by powerful regions (Germany, Spain), the question of the "Catalogue of competence" arose: a document that would clarify affairs between all three levels of decision-making; subnational - national - supranational. However, the question of how this joint set of rules would affect the harmonisa¬ tion and homogenisation of all European regions and how it would successfully upgrade the loosely defined rights to exercise power between the various levels of government across the EU remains open to discussion. It is common for greater and bigger regions (federal units) to be represented in a second chamber of the national parliament and through that body to influence joint European policies and legislation. In connection with this, member states should take the responsibility to ensure a "partnership" between regions and the European Union upon themselves. The loudest calls for the "Catalogue of competence" have come from Germany's powerful regional governments -, the Lander. Regional leaders have demanded a document to clarify which political decisions should be reserved for which tier of government. As a consequence of vigorous debate, the European Parliament has concluded that a phenomenon common to all member states has occurred as a consequence of the enhancement of local 424 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA communities' competence and the joint decision-making arena. Member states such as Austria, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy, Portugal and Great Britain share their role as a legislator with their federal states or regions with great leg¬ islative powers. However, regardless of the potential regional political power they do not possess the institutionalised right to co-operate in decision-making on the supranational level, to shape politics that are mostly implemented on the regional level. The EU has many good reasons for clarifying which powers are exercised at which level. It would make for greater transparency because a clear denomination of what should be done by the Union and what is to be done by the member states would help the public to know who held the responsibility for which decisions. It would also reduce the tendency of some EU institutions to grab more power for themselves. Drago Zaje: THE EU-KELATED ACTIVITY OF THE NATIONAL ASSEM¬ BLY OF SLOVENIA AFTER ITS ACCESSION TO THE EU AND IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE FOURTH MANDATE The author describes how the national parliaments of EU member states have had to adapt to their new role, being only indirectly involved in the decision- making process at the EU level. There are a number of factors determining this role and the model of the relationship between the national parliament and the government, along with the forms and extent of parliamentary control over it when it participates in the EU legislative procedures. The Slovenian National Assembly has been following the example of some of the most active national parliaments of EU member states, although it is only at the beginning of its new way. The author stresses the discrepancy between its 'institutional capacity' and the 'cultural capacity', i.e. the capacity ofMPs to understand the complexi¬ ty of the relationship between national and EU matters, the ability to reach a consensus in matters of national importance and to obtain information from the EU environment etc. Miro Cerar Jr.: THE SIGNIFICANCE, RECOGNITION AND REALISA¬ TION OF CONSTIUmONAL VALUES FOR THE WORK OF ΝΑΉΟΝ- AL ASSEMBLY DEPUTIES The Constitution as the key legal and political act of a modern state explicitly or implicitly reflects the most fundamental societal values. On one hand, the con¬ stitutional regulations sum up the existing societal consensus regarding values while, on the other, they direct us in terms of the normative dimension of these values toward legal and political value ideals. Thus, the constitutional values are the basic criteria and, at the same time, the objective of the social behaviour of the citizens and people in general. The recognition and realisation of these values by deputies of the National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia, as rep¬ resentatives of the people, therefore has extraordinary legitimising, symbolic and applicable legal and political significance. This is especially important in POVZETKIV ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKÜ / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 425 light of the fact that constitutional values are, in accordance with the hierarchy of legal acts and on the basis of the fundamental political significance of the Constitution, transferred to all lower abstract (e.g. statutory) and concrete (e.g. judicial) legal levels and (state) policies. Constitutional values are most directly expressed in constitutional principles (the principles of democracy, the rule of law, the social welfare state, the sovereignty of the people, the separation of powers, the separation of the state and religious communities etc.), and in the regulations on human ńghts and freedoms. The recognition and realisation of these values in the work of the deputies must not remain merely at the level of political rhetoric, but must above all find expression in proper legislative and political practice and in the political and legal culture at the highest possible level. Albin Iglíčar: THE IMPORTANCE OF KNOWING THE STANDING OR¬ DERS OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF DEPUTIES The Standing Orders of Parliament are the most important general legal act for the organisation and work of the representative body, coming second after the Constitution. In the hierarchy of legal acts they are therefore most often consid¬ ered to be of the same rank as statutes. In theory we can find - on one hand - the statement, that the Standing Orders of Parliament have a constitutional legal force as they regulate the procedure of adopting statutes while - on the other hand - the statement that Standing Orders are only an internal executive regulation of the Parliament with no external effects. In any case, with their norms on internal analysis of the representative body, the rights and obligations of the deputies and on the procedures of adopting parliamentary decisions, the Standing Orders of the Parliament are key to the operation of the legislative branch of government. On the grounds of experience it is therefore possible to maintain that Members of Parliament who are well acquainted with the rules of the Standing Orders are more efficient in enforcing the interests and their mo¬ tions in the process of debating and deciding. Along with the norms of the Standing Orders, of course steady uses are also developing, the knowledge and consideration of which also constitutes the political and legal culture of the deputies. Considering this fact, it is illogical to merely mechanically transfer the rules of the standing orders of some parliament (e.g. the AusMan or British) to the standing orders of another parliament (e.g. the Slovenian one) without tak¬ ing into account the particular parliamentary tradition, parliamentary customs and accepted interpretations of articles of the Standing Orders in the process of their application. Along with some almost identical norms in the standing or¬ ders of all parliaments, every parliament needs standing orders that are tailored to it. The deputies should be well acquainted with the provisions of the standing orders, understand them and apply them to the parliamentary reality and in the spirit of common sense. 426 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA Davorka Budimir: PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATIVES: EDUCA¬ TION, KNOWLEDGE AND POWER Considering the role and significance parliamentary representatives have with¬ in the scope of their everyday tasks in the day-to-day proceedings of parlia¬ ment, it is important to examine their educational profiles as well as the exis¬ tence of any motivation to acquire new knowledge. This paper analyses some of the socio-demographic features of Croatian parliamentary representatives, which was also the subject of a poll conducted in spring 2003, ana compares them with the current education situation in parliament. According to the statis¬ tical indicators, parliamentary representatives are significantly above the total population average, i.e. they are significantly more educated than the total pop¬ ulation aged 15 and over. A positive element is seeing the need for constant and continuous education as a new dimension which stems from the need for life¬ long education. The level of education of the respondents' parents' shows that their parents were less educated, their mothers were regularly less educated than their fathers, which points to the more traditional development of society. Modern democratic society is to be based on rational and efficient leadership which, without knowledge, is impossible. Parliamentary representatives' profes¬ sionalism cannot and must not be based on the principles of the party or institu¬ tional loyalty, humility or goodness hut on knowledge, hard work and political results. There is no rational policy-making without knowledge, nor is there knowledge without everyday learning, which makes progress in society as a whole possible. Uroš Pinterič: THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ON THE WWW AS A FORM OF AN INSTTUmONAUSED PRESENTATION OF KNOWL· EDGE In this article, the author explores and analyses the parliaments of different European Union member states that have accepted the important information role of the Internet. In this era of the information society even political institu¬ tions have to adopt newly developed technologies and use them in their daily internal communication as well as in their contacts with their own citizens and foreign visitors. In the first part of article the theoretical framework of the re¬ search and methodology is set up. In the second part the author analyses the English web pages of 12 European parliaments. In the third part all collected data are compared and discussed. The last part of the article includes some con¬ cluding remarks and ideas for possible improvements. Tatjana Královec: INTERPARLIAMENTARY CO-OPERAnON IN THE EU According to the liberal political and legal paradigm, whereby the principle of the people's sovereignty and separation of powers are basic and compulsory characteristics of the democratic system of governance, there should be the con- POVZETKI V ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKU / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 427 stant strengthening, more active role anã greater competencies of parliaments involving: - the European Parliament in the EU legislative process, an increase in its con¬ trol competencies vis-à-vis other EU institutions and its budgetar}/ powers; and - the concurrent greater influence and role of national parliaments which could significantly contribute to a reduced democratic deficit and the increased democratic legitimacy of the decision-making process in the EU. We speak about the process of "démocratisation and parliamentisation" (see Läufer, 1988). As one of the factors contributing to opening up the space for the more democratic decision-making and greater democratic legitimacy of the EU deci¬ sion-making process, the co-operation between national parliaments and the European parliament is studied. The study starts with the assumption that co¬ operation between the parliaments represents one possible method to increase the role of the parliaments (national and European) in the EU policy arena, as already confirmed by several empirical studies (see Maurer, 1996). In the last few years, new forms and methods have been introduced next to already exist¬ ing institutional forms and methods of co-operation among national parliaments and between national parliaments and the European parliament, i.e. regular meetings of the presidents of national parliaments and the President of the European Parliament (the Conference of Speakers of the Parliaments of the EU), Meetings of Secretaries-General, or co-operation in framework of the Conference of Community and European Affairs Committees of the European Union (COSAC)). This involves the co-operation seen between the European Parliament's committees and national parliaments' committees, the meetings of parliamentary committees organised by the Presiding Member State's Parlia¬ ment on different current topics, co-operation in the framework of the ТРЕХ (Interparliamentary EU Information Exchange), extended co-operation in the framework of the ECPRD (European Centre for Parliamentary Research and Documentation) and other. Ljubica Jélušič, Maja Garb, Drago Bitenc, Milan Jazbec, Alojz Jéhart and Vinko Vegič: EDUCATION КЖ SAFETY AND PEACE Defence reforms in the transition states of Central and South-east Europe are connected with human resource problems. The first problem is the expert knowledge of military personnel for the new military tasks, especially those in peace-support operations. The second big issue is the lack of adequately educat¬ ed civilian experts for defence matters. Slovenia was one of those countries that at the end of the Cold War and after gaining its independence had some civilian defence experts, albeit they were not enough for all professionalisation process¬ es in the defence system, foreign policy and especially in the all-volunteer force. The Slovenian Political Association Conference 2006 brought together: experts from the military system who discussed troubles in officer education; experts and civil servants from the Ministry of Defence who elaborated on the conta- 428 SLOVENIJA V EVROPSKI DRUŽBI ZNANJA IN RAZVOJA diction between knowledge and certificates for knowledge; defence diplomacy experts who presented the need for special defence-related knowledge in foreign policy and in diplomacy; and academics from the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Ljubljana who understood education for peace and security as a public and social question, as surveyed in detail in different public opinion polls. Jasmina Glišiá THE NEED FOR A NEW GENERATION OF SECURITY SPECIALISTS The responsibility of civilians to educate themselves about defence issues and military culture lies within the core of civil-military relations based on the prin¬ ciples of a liberal democracy. This applies to civilian leaders first of all but may be applied to the whole of society. In the prevailing literature on civil-military issues, paramount attention is paid to the powers that are/should be given to civilians in a democracy and to the ways of establishing checks and balances be¬ tween the branches. The aim of this text is to inspire closer scrutiny of the spe¬ cific knowledge and skills needed for exercising these powers. In the first part of the text, the need for a new generation of security specialists is discussed, with particular emphasis on the problems the post/communist countries have been facing. In the second part, the specific way a Serbian NGO is addressing this need is presented. Anton Zabkar and Uroš Svete: MILITARY PROFESSIONALS - EDUCA- ΉΟΝ BETWEEN THE SCYLLA OF TRADITION AND THE CHARYB¬ DIS OF MODERNISATION The descriptive analysis of military professionals' education is based on mili¬ tary profession definitions established by Abrahamsson and Huntington. In the preface the influence of military doctrine is considered as well as key security and geostrategic factors, demanding the transformation from mass conscription armies to small, all/volunteer forces armed with contemporary weapon systems and equipment. In this context, NATO-s Eastern enlargement should also be considered. The need to change old defence doctrines, in line with the European territory-s status quo, to the new "neo /interventionist" doctrine, projecting sta¬ bility in the European Southeast, Africa and Asia, is emphasised. In what fol¬ lows the issue of European officership development is analysed. The profession of officers has since the 19th century been especially based on military educa¬ tion, beginning with the Prussian School. For our analysis, the change from cadet education to military academies is very important. Military academies were adapted step by step in line with civilian universities and in the second half of the 20th century they became universities "sui generis" (the case of for¬ mer Yugoslav military education during the Cold War). The analysis further elaborates two contrasting types of European military education systems at this time of globalisation. As a successful case of the adaptation of military high POVZETKIV ANGLEŠKEM JEZIKÜ / ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 429 schools and academies to suit the Bologna process, military profession and doc¬ trine requests, the military high school and academy programmes of two European NATO members (Belgium and Germany) are presented. On the other hand, the Slovenian military education system represents an example of lagging behind these requests. The authors analyse the reasons for this state as well as the Slovenian military education systems development, especially after the in¬ dependence gathering when Slovenia for the first time in its history also became responsible for military education. Last but not least, the causes of such lagging behind are treated critically and proposals to overcome this discrepancy are of¬ fered. Nevertheless, the debate on professionalisation of the Slovenian army should and must not be bounded just by new equipment and weapon purchases such that the military scholarship and education system as an important na¬ tional security agenda item should be left to one side.
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geographic	Slovenia Economic policy Slovenia Social policy Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 gnd
geographic_facet	Slovenia Economic policy Slovenia Social policy Slowenien
id	DE-604.BV023378157
illustrated	Not Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T21:15:21Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T21:17:14Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9789612352646
language	Slovenian
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open_access_boolean
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owner_facet	DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR
physical	433 S.
publishDate	2007
publishDateSearch	2007
publishDateSort	2007
publisher	Fakulteta za Družbene Vede
record_format	marc
spelling	Slovenija v evropski družbi znanja in razvoja Miro Haček ... (urednika) 1. natis Ljubljana Fakulteta za Družbene Vede 2007 433 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Europäische Union European Union Slovenia Wirtschaftspolitik Knowledge management Slovenia Europäische Integration (DE-588)4071013-0 gnd rswk-swf Slovenia Economic policy Slovenia Social policy Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 g Europäische Integration (DE-588)4071013-0 s DE-604 Haček, Miro Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016561300&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016561300&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Slovenija v evropski družbi znanja in razvoja Europäische Union European Union Slovenia Wirtschaftspolitik Knowledge management Slovenia Europäische Integration (DE-588)4071013-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4071013-0 (DE-588)4055302-4 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	Slovenija v evropski družbi znanja in razvoja
title_auth	Slovenija v evropski družbi znanja in razvoja
title_exact_search	Slovenija v evropski družbi znanja in razvoja
title_exact_search_txtP	Slovenija v evropski družbi znanja in razvoja
title_full	Slovenija v evropski družbi znanja in razvoja Miro Haček ... (urednika)
title_fullStr	Slovenija v evropski družbi znanja in razvoja Miro Haček ... (urednika)
title_full_unstemmed	Slovenija v evropski družbi znanja in razvoja Miro Haček ... (urednika)
title_short	Slovenija v evropski družbi znanja in razvoja
title_sort	slovenija v evropski druzbi znanja in razvoja
topic	Europäische Union European Union Slovenia Wirtschaftspolitik Knowledge management Slovenia Europäische Integration (DE-588)4071013-0 gnd
topic_facet	Europäische Union European Union Slovenia Wirtschaftspolitik Knowledge management Slovenia Europäische Integration Slovenia Economic policy Slovenia Social policy Slowenien Aufsatzsammlung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016561300&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016561300&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT hacekmiro slovenijavevropskidruzbiznanjainrazvoja

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