Thermal safety of chemical processes: risk assessment and process design
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2008
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2982687&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 374 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783527317127 3527317120 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Stoessel, Francis |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Thermal safety of chemical processes |b risk assessment and process design |c Francis Stoessel |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 374 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Procédés chimiques - Sécurité - Mesures | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Réactions chimiques - Sécurité - Mesures | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Thermochimie - Sécurité - Mesures | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chemical processes |x Safety measures | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Thermochemistry |x Safety measures | |
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| _version_ | 1805090681327190016 |
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| adam_text |
CONTENTS PREFACE XVII* PART I GENERAL ASPECTS OFTHERMAI PROCESS SAFETY 1
INTRODUCTION TO RISK ANALYSIS OF FINE CHEMICAL PROCESSES 3* 1.1
INTRODUCTION 3* 1.2 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND SAFETY 4* 1.2.1 CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY AND SOCIETY 4* 1.2.1.1 PRODUCT SAFETY 4* 1.2.1.2 PROCESS SAFETY
5* 1.2.1.3 ACCIDENTS IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 5* 1.2.1.4 RISK PERCEPTION 5*
1.2.2 RESPONSIBILITY 6* 1.2.3 DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS 7* 1.2.3.1 HAZARD
7* 1.2.3.2 RISK 7* 1.2.3.3 SAFETY 8* 1.2.3.4 SECURITY 8* 1.2.3.5
ACCEPTED RISK 8* 1.3 RISK ANALYSIS 8* 1.3.1 STEPS OF RISK ANALYSIS 8*
1.3.1.1 SCOPE OF ANALYSIS 9* 1.3.1.2 SAFETY DATA COLLECTION 10* 1.3.1.3
SAFE CONDITIONS AND CRITICAL LIMITS 10* 1.3.1.4 SEARCH FOR DEVIATIONS
10* 1.3.1.5 RISK ASSESSMENT 12* 1.3.1.6 RISK PROFILES 14* 1.3.1.7 RISK
REDUCING MEASURES 14* 1.3.1.8 RESIDUAL RISK 16* 1.4 SAFETY DATA 17*
1.4.1.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 17* 1.4.1.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 17* THERMAL
SAFTTY AFCHEMICAL PROCESSES: RISK ASSESSMENT AND PRAGESS DESIGN. FRANCIS
STOESSEL COPYRIGHT 2008 WILEY-VCH VERLAG GMBH & CO. KGAA, WEINHEIM
ISBN: 978-3-527-31712-7 VIII I CONTENTS 1.4.1.3 1.4.1.4 1.4.1.5 1.4.1.6
1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5 1.5.6 1.6 2* 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1.1
2.2.1.2 2.2.1.3 2.2.1.4 2.2.2 2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 2.2.2.3 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2
2.4 2.4.1 2.4.1.1 2.4.1.2 2.4.1.3 2.4.1.4 2.4.1.5 2.4.1.6 2.4.1.7 2.4.2
2.4.3 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 TOXICITY 18* ECOTOXICITY 19* FIRE AND
EXPLOSION DATA 19* INTERACTIONS 20* SYSTEMATIC SEARCH FOR HAZARDS 20*
CHECK LIST METHOD 21* FAILURE MODE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS 22* HAZARD AND
OPERABILITY STUDY 23* DECISION TABLE 25* EVENT TREE ANALYSIS 25* FAULT
TREE ANALYSIS 26* KEY FACTORS FOR A SUCCESSFUL RISK ANALYSIS 28*
REFERENCES 29* FUNDAMENTALS OFTHERMAI PROCESS SAFETY 31* INTRODUCTION
33* ENERGY POTENTIAL 34* THERMAL ENERGY 34* HEAT OF REACTION 34* HEAT OF
DECOMPOSITION 35* HEAT CAPACITY 35* ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE RISE 37*
PRESSURE EFFECTS 38* GAS RELEASE 39* VAPOR PRESSURE 39* AMOUNT OF
SOLVENT EVAPORATED 39* EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON REACTION RATE 40* SINGLE
REACTION 40* MULTIPLE REACTIONS 41* HEAT BALANCE 42* TERMS OF THE HEAT
BALANCE 42* HEAT PRODUCTION 43* HEAT REMOVAL 43* HEAT ACCUMULATION 45*
CONVECTIVE HEAT EXCHANGE DUE TO MASS FLOW 46* SENSIBLE HEAT DUE TO FEED
46* STIRRER 46* HEAT LOSSES 47* SIMPLIFIED EXPRESSION OF THE HEAT
BALANCE 48* REACTION RATE UNDER ADIABATIC CONDITIONS 48* RUNAWAY
REACTIONS 50* THERMAL EXPLOSIONS 50* SEMENOV DIAGRAM 50* PARAMETRIC
SENSITIVITY 52* CRITICAL TEMPERATURE 52* CONTENTS IIX 2.5.5 2.6 3* 3.1
3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.6.1 3.3.6.2 3.3.6.3
3.3.6.4 3.3.6.5 3.3.6.6 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.5 4* 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3
4.2.3.1 4.2.3.2 4.2.3.3 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.1.1 4.3.1.2 4.3.1.3 4.3.2 4.3.2.1
4.3.2.2 4.3.2.3 4.3.3 TIME FRAME OF A THERMAL EXPLOSION, THE TMRAD
CONCEPT 54* EXERCISES 56* REFERENCES 58* ASSESSMENT OFTHERMAI RISKS 59*
INTRODUCTION 59* THERMAL RISKS 60* SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE 61*
COOLING FAILURE SCENARIO 61* SEVERITY 64* PROBABILITY 66* CRITICALITY OF
CHEMICAL PROCESSES 67* ASSESSMENT OF THE CRITICALITY 67* CRITICALITY
CLASSES 68* CRITICALITY CLASS 1 69* CRITICALITY CLASS 2 69* CRITICALITY
CLASS 3 70* CRITICALITY CLASS 4 70* CRITICALITY CLASS 5 70* REMARKS
CONCERNING THE USE OF MTT AS A SAFETY BARRIER 71* ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
71* GENERAL RULES FOR THERMAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT 71* PRACTICAL PROCEDURE
FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL RISKS 72* EXERCISES 78* REFERENCES 80*
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 81* INTRODUCTION 82* CALORIMETRIC MEASUREMENT
PRINCIPLES 82* CLASSIFICATION OF CALORIMETERS 82* OPERATING MODES OF
CALORIMETERS 83* HEAT BALANCE IN CALORIMETERS 84* IDEAL ACCUMULATION 85*
IDEAL HEAT FLOW 85* ISOPERIBOLIC METHODS 85* CHOICE OF INSTRUMENTS USED
IN SAFETY LABORATORIES 85* ADIABATIC CALORIMETERS 86* ON THE EVALUATION
OF ADIABATIC EXPERIMENTS 86* DEWAR CALORIMETERS 88* ACCELERATING RATE
CALORIMETER (ARC) 89* MICRO CALORIMETERS 90* DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING
CALORIMETRY (DSC) 90* CALVET CALORIMETERS 92* THERMAL ACTIVITY MONITOR
94* REACTION CALORIMETERS 95* X I CONTENTS 4.4* EXERCISES 96* REFERENCES
97* PART 11* MASTERING EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS 101* 5* GENERAL ASPECTS OF
REACTOR SAFETY 103* 5.1* INTRODUCTION 104* 5.2* DYNAMIC STABILITY OF
REACTORS 105* 5.2.1* PARAMETRIC SENSITIVITY 105* 5.2.2* SENSITIVITY
TOWARDS TEMPERATURE: REACTION NUMBER B 105* 5.2.3* HEAT BALANCE 107*
5.2.3.1* THE SEMENOV CRITERION 107* 5.2.3.2* STABILITY DIAGRAMS 107*
5.2.3.3* HEAT RELEASE RATE AND COOLING RATE 107* 5.2.3.4* USING
DIMENSIONLESS CRITERIA 109* 5.2.3.5* CHAOS THEORY AND LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS
110* 5.2.4* REACTOR SAFETY AFTER A COOLING FAILURE 111* 5.2.4.1*
POTENTIAL OF THE REACTION, THE ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE RISE 111* 5.2.4.2*
TEMPERATURE IN CASES OF COOLING FAILURE: THE CONCEPT OF MTSR 112* 5.3*
EXAMPLE 112* 5.3.1* EXAMPLE REACTION SYSTEM 112* REFERENCES 116* 6*
BATCH REACTORS 119* 6.1* INTRODUCTION 120* 6.2* PRINCIPLES OF BATCH
REACTION 121* 6.2.1* INTRODUCTION 121* 6.2.2* MASS BALANCE 121* 6.2.3*
HEAT BALANCE 122* 6.3* STRATEGIES OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL 123* 6.4*
ISOTHERMAL REACTIONS 123* 6.4.1* PRINCIPLES 123* 6.4.2* DESIGN OF SAFE
ISOTHERMAL REACTORS 123* 6.4.3* SAFETY ASSESSMENT 127* 6.5* ADIABATIC
REACTION 127* 6.5.1* PRINCIPLES 127* 6.5.2* DESIGN OF A SAFE ADIABATIC
BATCH REACTOR 128* 6.5.3* SAFETY ASSESSMENT 128* 6.6* POLYTROPIC
REACTION 128* 6.6.1* PRINCIPLES 128* 6.6.2* DESIGN OF POLYTROPIC
OPERATION, TEMPERATURE CONTROL 130* 6.6.3* SAFETY ASSESSMENT 133* 6.7*
ISOPERIBOLIC REACTION 133* 6.7.1* PRINCIPLES 133* CONTENTS IXI 6.7.2
6.7.3 6.8 6.8.1 6.8.2 6.8.3 6.9 6.9.1 6.9.2 6.10 7* 7.1 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2
7.2.3 7.2.3.1 7.2.3.2 7.2.3.3 7.2.3.4 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.4 7.5 7.5.1
7.5.2 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.8.1 7.8.2 7.8.3 7.8.4 7.9 7.10 7.11 8* 8.1 8.2 8.2.1
DESIGN OF ISOPERIBOLIC OPERATION, TEMPERATURE CONTROL 134* SAFETY
ASSESSMENT 134* TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED REACTION 135* PRINCIPLES 135*
DESIGN OFTEMPERATURE CONTROLLED REACTION 135* SAFETY ASSESSMENT 136* KEY
FACTORS FOR THE SAFE DESIGN OF BATCH REACTORS 138* DETERMINATION OF
SAFETY RELEVANT DATA 138* RULES FOR SAFE OPERATION OF BATCH REACTORS
141* EXERCISES 144* REFERENCES 146* SEMI-BATCH REACTORS 147*
INTRODUCTION 148* PRINCIPLES OF SEMI-BATCH REACTION 149* DEFINITION OF
SEMI-BATCH OPERATION 149* MATERIAL BALANCE 149* HEAT BALANCE OF
SEMI-BATCH REACTORS 151* HEAT PRODUCTION 151* THERMAL EFFECT OF THE FEED
151* HEAT REMOVAL 151* HEAT ACCUMULATION 152* REACTANT ACCUMULATION IN
SEMI-BATCH REACTORS 153* FAST REACTIONS 153* SLOW REACTIONS 156* DESIGN
OF SAFE SEMI-BATCH REACTORS 158* ISOTHERMAL REACTION 159* PRINCIPLES OF
ISOTHERMAL SEMI-BATCH OPERATION 159* DESIGN OF ISOTHERMAL SEMI-BATCH
REACTORS 159* ISOPERIBOLIC, CONSTANT COOLING MEDIUM TEMPERATURE 163*
NON-ISOTHERMAL REACTION 166* STRATEGIES OF FEED CONTROL 167* ADDITION BY
PORTIONS 167* CONSTANT FEED RATE 167* INTERLOCK OF FEED WITH TEMPERATURE
169* WHY TO REDUCE THE ACCUMULATION 170* CHOICE OFTEMPERATURE AND FEED
RATE 171* FEED CONTROL BY ACCUMULATION 173* EXERCISES 176* REFERENCES
178* CONTINUOUS REACTORS 179* INTRODUCTION 180* CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK
REACTORS 180* MASS BALANCE 181* XII I CONTENTS 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.2.5
8.2.6 8.2.6.1 8.2.6.2 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.3.1 8.3.3.2 8.3.3.3 8.4
8.4.1.1 8.4.1.2 9* 9.1 9.2 9.2.1 9.2.1.1 9.2.1.2 9.2.1.3 9.2.1.4 9.2.1.5
9.2.1.6 9.2.2 9.2.2.1 9.2.2.2 9.2.2.3 9.2.2.4 9.2.3 9.2.3.1 9.2.3.2
9.2.3.3 9.2.3.4 9.2.4 9.2.4.1 9.2.4.2 9.2.4.3 9.3 9.3.1 HEAT BALANCE
182* COOLED CSTR 182* ADIABATIC CSTR 183* THE AUTOTHERMAL CSTR 185*
SAFETY ASPECTS 185* INSTABILITIES AT START-UP OR SHUT DOWN 185* BEHAVIOR
IN CASE OF COOLING FAILURE 186* TUBULAR REACTORS 189* MASS BALANCE 189*
HEAT BALANCE 190* SAFETY ASPECTS 192* PARAMETRIC SENSITIVITY 192* HEAT
EXCHANGE CAPACITIES OFTUBULAR REACTORS 193* PASSIVE SAFETY ASPECTS
OFTUBULAR REACTORS 193* OTHER CONTINUOUS REACTOR TYPES 198* CASCADE OF
CSTRS AND RECYCLE REACTOR 198* MIERO REACTORS 199* REFERENCES 201*
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF REACTOR SAFETY 203* INTRODUCTION 204* TEMPERATURE
CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL REACTORS 205* TECHNICAL HEAT CARRIERS 205* STEAM
HEATING 205* HOT WATER HEATING 206* OTHER HEATING MEDIA 207* ELECTRICAL
HEATING 207* COOLING WITH!CE 207* OTHER HEAT CARRIERS FOR COOLING 207*
HEATING AND COOLING TECHNIQUES 208* DIRECT HEATING AND COOLING 208*
INDIRECT HEATING AND COOLING OF STIRRED TANK REACTORS 208* SINGLE HEAT
CARRIER CIRCULATION SYSTEMS 209* SECONDARY CIRCULATION LOOP TEMPERATURE
CONTROL SYSTEMS 211* TEMPERATURE CONTROL STRATEGIES 212* ISOPERIBOLIC
TEMPERATURE CONTROL 212* ISOTHERMA] CONTROL 212* ISOTHERMAL CONTRAL AT
REFLUX 214* NON ISOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE CONTRO] 215* DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF
HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEMS 215* THERMAL TIME CONSTANT 215* HEATING AND
COOLING TIME 217* CASCADE CONTROLLER 219* HEAT EXCHANGE ACROSS THE WALL
219* TWO FILM THEORY 219* CONTENTS IXIII* 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.4
9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4 9.4.5 9.5 9.5.1 9.5.2 9.5.3 9.6 10* 10.1 10.2
10.3 10.4 10.4.1 10.4.2 10.4.3 10.4.4 10.4.5 10.4.6 10.4.7 10.5 10.5.1
10.5.1.1 10.5.1.2 10.5.1.3 10.5.1.4 10.5.2 10.6 10.6.1 10.6.1.1 10.6.1.2
10.6.1.3 10.6.1.4 10.6.1.5 THE INTERNAL FILM COEFFICIENT OF A STIRRED
TANK 220* DETERMINATION OF THE INTERNAL FILM COEFFICIENT 221* THE
RESISTANCE OF THE EQUIPMENT TO HEAT TRANSFER 222* PRACTICAL
DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS 224* EVAPORATIVE COOLING
226* AMOUNT OF SOLVENT EVAPORATED 228* VAPOR FLOW RATE AND RATE OF
EVAPORATION 228* PRACTICAL PROCEDURE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF REACTOR
SAFETY AT THE BOILING* DYNAMICS OF THE TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM AND
PROCESS* FLOODING OF THE VAPOR TUBE 229* SWELLING OF THE REACTION MASS
230* POINT 231* DESIGN 233* BACKGROUND 233* MODELING THE DYNAMIC
BEHAVIOR OF INDUSTRIAL REACTORS 234* EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION OF
INDUSTRIAL REACTORS 234* EXERCISES 236* REFERENCES 240* RISK REDUCING
MEASURES 241* INTRODUCTION 243* STRATEGIES OF CHOICE 243* ELIMINATING
MEASURES 244* TECHNICAL PREVENTING MEASURES 245* CONTROL OF FEED 245*
EMERGENCY COOLING 246* QUENCHING AND FLOODING 247* DUMPING 248*
CONTROLLED DEPRESSURIZATION 248* ALARM SYSTEMS 251* TIME FACTOR 252*
EMERGENCY MEASURES 253* EMERGENCY PRESSURE RELIEF 253* DEFINITION OF THE
RELIEF SCENARIO 254* DESIGN OF THE RELIEF DEVICE 255* DESIGN OF RELIEF
DEVICES FOR MULTIPURPOSE REACTORS 255* DESIGN OF THE EFFLUENT TREATMENT
SYSTEM 256* CONTAINMENT 256* DESIGN OFTECHNICAL MEASURES 257*
CONSEQUENCES OF RUNAWAY 257* TEMPERATURE 257* PRESSURE 258* RELEASE 258*
CLOSED GASSY SYSTEMS 258* CLOSED VAPOR SYSTEMS 259* XIV I CONTENTS
10.6.1.6 10.6.1.7 10.6.1.8 10.6.2 10.6.2.1 10.6.2.2 10.6.2.3 10.6.2.4
10.6.2.5 10.6.3 10.6.3.1 10.6.3.2 10.6.3.3 10.6.3.4 10.6.3.5 10.6.4
10.6.4.1 10.6.4.2 10.7 PART 111* 11* 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.3.1 11.3.2 11.3.3
11.4 11.4.1 11.4.2 11.4.2.1 11.4.2.2 11.4.2.3 11.4.2.4 11.4.3 11.4.3.1
11.4.3.2 11.5 11.5.1 11.5.2 OPEN GASSY SYSTEMS 259* ASSESSMENT OF
SEVERITY AND PROBABILITY FOR THE DIFFERENT CRITICALITY* DETERMINATION OF
THE REGUIRED RELIABILITY FOR SAFETY INSTRURNENTED* OPEN VAPOR SYSTEMS
259* EXTENDED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR SEVERITY 260* CONTROLLABILITY 260*
ACTIVITY OF THE MAIN REACTION 261* ACTIVITY OF SECONDARY REACTIONS 261*
GAS RELEASE RATE 262* VAPOR RELEASE RATE 262* EXTENDED ASSESSMENT
CRITERIA FOR THE CONTROLLABILITY 263* CLASSES 264* CRITICALITY CLASS 1
264* CRITICALITY CLASS 2 264* CRITICALITY CLASS 3 265* CRITICALITY CLASS
4 266* CRITICALITY CLASS 5 267* PROTEETION SYSTEM BASED ON RISK
ASSESSMENT 273* RISK ASSESSMENT 273* SYSTEMS 273* EXERCISES 274*
REFERENCES 276* AVOIDING SECONDARY REACTIONS 279* THERMAL STABILITY 281*
INTRODUCTION 282* THERMAL STABILITY AND SECONDARY DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS 282* CONSEQUENCES OF SECONDARY REACTIONS 284* STOICHIOMETRY OF
DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS 284* ESTIMATION OF DECOMPOSITION ENERGIES 284*
DECOMPOSITION ENERGY 284* TRIGGERING CONDITIONS 286* ONSET: A CONCEPT
WITHOUT SCIENTIFIC BASE 286* DECOMPOSITION KINETICS, THE TMR.D CONCEPT
287* DETERMINATION OF Q' = F(T) FROM ISOTHERMAL EXPERIMENTS 288*
DETERMINATION OF T D2* 290* ESTIMATION OF T D24 FROM ONE DYNAMIC DSC
EXPERIMENT 290* EMPIRICAL RULES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF A "SAFE"
TEMPERATURE 294* COMPLEX SECONDARY REACTIONS 295* DETERMINATION OF TM
RAD FROM ISOTHERMAL EXPERIMENTS 296* DETERMINATION OF Q' = F(T) FROM
DYNAMIC EXPERIMENTS 296* EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS 298* EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 298* CHOOSING THE SAMPIE TO BE
ANALYSED 299* CONTENTS IXV 11.5.2.1 11.5.2.2 11.5.2.3 11.5.3 11.5.3.1
11.5.3.2 11.5.3.3 11.6 12* 12.1 12.2 12.2.1 12.2.1.1 12.2.1.2 12.2.2
12.2.3 12.2.3.1 12.2.3.2 12.2.3.3 12.2.4 12.3 12.3.1 12.3.2 12.3.2.1
12.3.2.2 12.3.2.3 12.3.2.4 12.3.2.5 12.3.2.6 12.3.2.7 12.4 12.4.1 12.4.2
12.5 13* 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.3.1 13.3.2 13.3.3 SAMPIE PURITY 299* BATCH OR
SEMI-BATCH PROCESS 299* INTERMEDIATES 301* PROCESS DEVIATIONS 302*
EFFECT OF CHARGING ERRORS 302* EFFECT OF SOLVENTS ON THERMAL STABILITY
303* CATALYTIC EFFECTS OF LMPURITIES 303* EXERCISES 305* REFERENCES 307*
AUTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS 311* INTRODUCTION 312* AUTOCATALYTIC
DECOMPOSITIONS 312* DEFINITIONS 312* AUTOCATALYSIS 312* INDUCTION TIME
313* BEHAVIOR OF AUTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS 313* RATE EQUATIONS OF
AUTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS 315* THE PROUT-TOMPKINS MODEL 315* THE
BENITO-PEREZ MODEL 316* THE BERLIN MODEL 317* PHENOMENOLOGICAL ASPECTS
OF AUTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS 318* CHARACTERIZATION OF AUTOCATALYTIC
REACTIONS 319* CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION 319* CHARACTERIZATION BY
DYNAMIC DSC 320* PEAK ASPECT IN DYNAMIC DSC 320* QUANTITATIVE
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PEAK ASPECT 321* CHARACTERIZATION BY ISOTHERMAL
DSC 322* CHARACTERIZATION USING ZERO-ORDER KINETICS 323*
CHARACTERIZATION USING A MECHANISTIC APPROACH 324* CHARACTERIZATION BY
ISOCONVERSIONAL METHODS 324* CHARACTERIZATION BY ADIABATIC CALORIMETRY
325* PRACTICAL SAFETY ASPECTS FAR AUTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS 325* SPECIFIC
SAFETY ASPECTS OF AUTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS 325* ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR
AUTOCATALYTIC DECOMPOSITIONS 331* EXERCISES 332* REFERENCES 333* HEAT
CONFINEMENT 335* INTRODUCTION 335* HEAT ACCUMULATION SITUATIONS 336*
HEAT BALANCE 337* HEAT BALANCE USING TIME SCALE 338* FORCED CONVECTION,
SEMENOV MODEL 338* NATURAL CONVECTION 340* XVI I CONTENTS 13.3.4 13.4
13.4.1 13.4.2 13.4.3 13.5 13.6 14 HIGH VISCOSITY LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 341
HEAT BALANCE WITH REACTIVE MATERIAL 343 CONDUCTION IN A REACTIVE SOLID
WITH A HEAT SOURCE, FRANK-KAMENETSKII MODEL 344 CONDUCTION IN A REACTIVE
SOLID WITH TEMPERATURE GRADIENT AT THE WALL, THOMAS MODEL 348 CONDUCTION
IN A REACTIVE SOLID WITH FORMAL KINETICS, FINITE ELEMENTS MODEL 350
ASSESSING HEAT ACCUMULATION CONDITIONS 351 EXERCISES 357 REFERENCES 359
SYMBOLS 361 INDEX 367 |
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CONTENTS PREFACE XVII* PART I GENERAL ASPECTS OFTHERMAI PROCESS SAFETY 1
INTRODUCTION TO RISK ANALYSIS OF FINE CHEMICAL PROCESSES 3* 1.1
INTRODUCTION 3* 1.2 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND SAFETY 4* 1.2.1 CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY AND SOCIETY 4* 1.2.1.1 PRODUCT SAFETY 4* 1.2.1.2 PROCESS SAFETY
5* 1.2.1.3 ACCIDENTS IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 5* 1.2.1.4 RISK PERCEPTION 5*
1.2.2 RESPONSIBILITY 6* 1.2.3 DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS 7* 1.2.3.1 HAZARD
7* 1.2.3.2 RISK 7* 1.2.3.3 SAFETY 8* 1.2.3.4 SECURITY 8* 1.2.3.5
ACCEPTED RISK 8* 1.3 RISK ANALYSIS 8* 1.3.1 STEPS OF RISK ANALYSIS 8*
1.3.1.1 SCOPE OF ANALYSIS 9* 1.3.1.2 SAFETY DATA COLLECTION 10* 1.3.1.3
SAFE CONDITIONS AND CRITICAL LIMITS 10* 1.3.1.4 SEARCH FOR DEVIATIONS
10* 1.3.1.5 RISK ASSESSMENT 12* 1.3.1.6 RISK PROFILES 14* 1.3.1.7 RISK
REDUCING MEASURES 14* 1.3.1.8 RESIDUAL RISK 16* 1.4 SAFETY DATA 17*
1.4.1.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 17* 1.4.1.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 17* THERMAL
SAFTTY AFCHEMICAL PROCESSES: RISK ASSESSMENT AND PRAGESS DESIGN. FRANCIS
STOESSEL COPYRIGHT 2008 WILEY-VCH VERLAG GMBH & CO. KGAA, WEINHEIM
ISBN: 978-3-527-31712-7 VIII I CONTENTS 1.4.1.3 1.4.1.4 1.4.1.5 1.4.1.6
1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5 1.5.6 1.6 2* 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1.1
2.2.1.2 2.2.1.3 2.2.1.4 2.2.2 2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 2.2.2.3 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2
2.4 2.4.1 2.4.1.1 2.4.1.2 2.4.1.3 2.4.1.4 2.4.1.5 2.4.1.6 2.4.1.7 2.4.2
2.4.3 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 TOXICITY 18* ECOTOXICITY 19* FIRE AND
EXPLOSION DATA 19* INTERACTIONS 20* SYSTEMATIC SEARCH FOR HAZARDS 20*
CHECK LIST METHOD 21* FAILURE MODE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS 22* HAZARD AND
OPERABILITY STUDY 23* DECISION TABLE 25* EVENT TREE ANALYSIS 25* FAULT
TREE ANALYSIS 26* KEY FACTORS FOR A SUCCESSFUL RISK ANALYSIS 28*
REFERENCES 29* FUNDAMENTALS OFTHERMAI PROCESS SAFETY 31* INTRODUCTION
33* ENERGY POTENTIAL 34* THERMAL ENERGY 34* HEAT OF REACTION 34* HEAT OF
DECOMPOSITION 35* HEAT CAPACITY 35* ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE RISE 37*
PRESSURE EFFECTS 38* GAS RELEASE 39* VAPOR PRESSURE 39* AMOUNT OF
SOLVENT EVAPORATED 39* EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON REACTION RATE 40* SINGLE
REACTION 40* MULTIPLE REACTIONS 41* HEAT BALANCE 42* TERMS OF THE HEAT
BALANCE 42* HEAT PRODUCTION 43* HEAT REMOVAL 43* HEAT ACCUMULATION 45*
CONVECTIVE HEAT EXCHANGE DUE TO MASS FLOW 46* SENSIBLE HEAT DUE TO FEED
46* STIRRER 46* HEAT LOSSES 47* SIMPLIFIED EXPRESSION OF THE HEAT
BALANCE 48* REACTION RATE UNDER ADIABATIC CONDITIONS 48* RUNAWAY
REACTIONS 50* THERMAL EXPLOSIONS 50* SEMENOV DIAGRAM 50* PARAMETRIC
SENSITIVITY 52* CRITICAL TEMPERATURE 52* CONTENTS IIX 2.5.5 2.6 3* 3.1
3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.6.1 3.3.6.2 3.3.6.3
3.3.6.4 3.3.6.5 3.3.6.6 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.5 4* 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3
4.2.3.1 4.2.3.2 4.2.3.3 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.1.1 4.3.1.2 4.3.1.3 4.3.2 4.3.2.1
4.3.2.2 4.3.2.3 4.3.3 TIME FRAME OF A THERMAL EXPLOSION, THE TMRAD
CONCEPT 54* EXERCISES 56* REFERENCES 58* ASSESSMENT OFTHERMAI RISKS 59*
INTRODUCTION 59* THERMAL RISKS 60* SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE 61*
COOLING FAILURE SCENARIO 61* SEVERITY 64* PROBABILITY 66* CRITICALITY OF
CHEMICAL PROCESSES 67* ASSESSMENT OF THE CRITICALITY 67* CRITICALITY
CLASSES 68* CRITICALITY CLASS 1 69* CRITICALITY CLASS 2 69* CRITICALITY
CLASS 3 70* CRITICALITY CLASS 4 70* CRITICALITY CLASS 5 70* REMARKS
CONCERNING THE USE OF MTT AS A SAFETY BARRIER 71* ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
71* GENERAL RULES FOR THERMAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT 71* PRACTICAL PROCEDURE
FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL RISKS 72* EXERCISES 78* REFERENCES 80*
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 81* INTRODUCTION 82* CALORIMETRIC MEASUREMENT
PRINCIPLES 82* CLASSIFICATION OF CALORIMETERS 82* OPERATING MODES OF
CALORIMETERS 83* HEAT BALANCE IN CALORIMETERS 84* IDEAL ACCUMULATION 85*
IDEAL HEAT FLOW 85* ISOPERIBOLIC METHODS 85* CHOICE OF INSTRUMENTS USED
IN SAFETY LABORATORIES 85* ADIABATIC CALORIMETERS 86* ON THE EVALUATION
OF ADIABATIC EXPERIMENTS 86* DEWAR CALORIMETERS 88* ACCELERATING RATE
CALORIMETER (ARC) 89* MICRO CALORIMETERS 90* DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING
CALORIMETRY (DSC) 90* CALVET CALORIMETERS 92* THERMAL ACTIVITY MONITOR
94* REACTION CALORIMETERS 95* X I CONTENTS 4.4* EXERCISES 96* REFERENCES
97* PART 11* MASTERING EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS 101* 5* GENERAL ASPECTS OF
REACTOR SAFETY 103* 5.1* INTRODUCTION 104* 5.2* DYNAMIC STABILITY OF
REACTORS 105* 5.2.1* PARAMETRIC SENSITIVITY 105* 5.2.2* SENSITIVITY
TOWARDS TEMPERATURE: REACTION NUMBER B 105* 5.2.3* HEAT BALANCE 107*
5.2.3.1* THE SEMENOV CRITERION 107* 5.2.3.2* STABILITY DIAGRAMS 107*
5.2.3.3* HEAT RELEASE RATE AND COOLING RATE 107* 5.2.3.4* USING
DIMENSIONLESS CRITERIA 109* 5.2.3.5* CHAOS THEORY AND LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS
110* 5.2.4* REACTOR SAFETY AFTER A COOLING FAILURE 111* 5.2.4.1*
POTENTIAL OF THE REACTION, THE ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE RISE 111* 5.2.4.2*
TEMPERATURE IN CASES OF COOLING FAILURE: THE CONCEPT OF MTSR 112* 5.3*
EXAMPLE 112* 5.3.1* EXAMPLE REACTION SYSTEM 112* REFERENCES 116* 6*
BATCH REACTORS 119* 6.1* INTRODUCTION 120* 6.2* PRINCIPLES OF BATCH
REACTION 121* 6.2.1* INTRODUCTION 121* 6.2.2* MASS BALANCE 121* 6.2.3*
HEAT BALANCE 122* 6.3* STRATEGIES OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL 123* 6.4*
ISOTHERMAL REACTIONS 123* 6.4.1* PRINCIPLES 123* 6.4.2* DESIGN OF SAFE
ISOTHERMAL REACTORS 123* 6.4.3* SAFETY ASSESSMENT 127* 6.5* ADIABATIC
REACTION 127* 6.5.1* PRINCIPLES 127* 6.5.2* DESIGN OF A SAFE ADIABATIC
BATCH REACTOR 128* 6.5.3* SAFETY ASSESSMENT 128* 6.6* POLYTROPIC
REACTION 128* 6.6.1* PRINCIPLES 128* 6.6.2* DESIGN OF POLYTROPIC
OPERATION, TEMPERATURE CONTROL 130* 6.6.3* SAFETY ASSESSMENT 133* 6.7*
ISOPERIBOLIC REACTION 133* 6.7.1* PRINCIPLES 133* CONTENTS IXI 6.7.2
6.7.3 6.8 6.8.1 6.8.2 6.8.3 6.9 6.9.1 6.9.2 6.10 7* 7.1 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2
7.2.3 7.2.3.1 7.2.3.2 7.2.3.3 7.2.3.4 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.4 7.5 7.5.1
7.5.2 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.8.1 7.8.2 7.8.3 7.8.4 7.9 7.10 7.11 8* 8.1 8.2 8.2.1
DESIGN OF ISOPERIBOLIC OPERATION, TEMPERATURE CONTROL 134* SAFETY
ASSESSMENT 134* TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED REACTION 135* PRINCIPLES 135*
DESIGN OFTEMPERATURE CONTROLLED REACTION 135* SAFETY ASSESSMENT 136* KEY
FACTORS FOR THE SAFE DESIGN OF BATCH REACTORS 138* DETERMINATION OF
SAFETY RELEVANT DATA 138* RULES FOR SAFE OPERATION OF BATCH REACTORS
141* EXERCISES 144* REFERENCES 146* SEMI-BATCH REACTORS 147*
INTRODUCTION 148* PRINCIPLES OF SEMI-BATCH REACTION 149* DEFINITION OF
SEMI-BATCH OPERATION 149* MATERIAL BALANCE 149* HEAT BALANCE OF
SEMI-BATCH REACTORS 151* HEAT PRODUCTION 151* THERMAL EFFECT OF THE FEED
151* HEAT REMOVAL 151* HEAT ACCUMULATION 152* REACTANT ACCUMULATION IN
SEMI-BATCH REACTORS 153* FAST REACTIONS 153* SLOW REACTIONS 156* DESIGN
OF SAFE SEMI-BATCH REACTORS 158* ISOTHERMAL REACTION 159* PRINCIPLES OF
ISOTHERMAL SEMI-BATCH OPERATION 159* DESIGN OF ISOTHERMAL SEMI-BATCH
REACTORS 159* ISOPERIBOLIC, CONSTANT COOLING MEDIUM TEMPERATURE 163*
NON-ISOTHERMAL REACTION 166* STRATEGIES OF FEED CONTROL 167* ADDITION BY
PORTIONS 167* CONSTANT FEED RATE 167* INTERLOCK OF FEED WITH TEMPERATURE
169* WHY TO REDUCE THE ACCUMULATION 170* CHOICE OFTEMPERATURE AND FEED
RATE 171* FEED CONTROL BY ACCUMULATION 173* EXERCISES 176* REFERENCES
178* CONTINUOUS REACTORS 179* INTRODUCTION 180* CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK
REACTORS 180* MASS BALANCE 181* XII I CONTENTS 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.2.5
8.2.6 8.2.6.1 8.2.6.2 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.3.1 8.3.3.2 8.3.3.3 8.4
8.4.1.1 8.4.1.2 9* 9.1 9.2 9.2.1 9.2.1.1 9.2.1.2 9.2.1.3 9.2.1.4 9.2.1.5
9.2.1.6 9.2.2 9.2.2.1 9.2.2.2 9.2.2.3 9.2.2.4 9.2.3 9.2.3.1 9.2.3.2
9.2.3.3 9.2.3.4 9.2.4 9.2.4.1 9.2.4.2 9.2.4.3 9.3 9.3.1 HEAT BALANCE
182* COOLED CSTR 182* ADIABATIC CSTR 183* THE AUTOTHERMAL CSTR 185*
SAFETY ASPECTS 185* INSTABILITIES AT START-UP OR SHUT DOWN 185* BEHAVIOR
IN CASE OF COOLING FAILURE 186* TUBULAR REACTORS 189* MASS BALANCE 189*
HEAT BALANCE 190* SAFETY ASPECTS 192* PARAMETRIC SENSITIVITY 192* HEAT
EXCHANGE CAPACITIES OFTUBULAR REACTORS 193* PASSIVE SAFETY ASPECTS
OFTUBULAR REACTORS 193* OTHER CONTINUOUS REACTOR TYPES 198* CASCADE OF
CSTRS AND RECYCLE REACTOR 198* MIERO REACTORS 199* REFERENCES 201*
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF REACTOR SAFETY 203* INTRODUCTION 204* TEMPERATURE
CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL REACTORS 205* TECHNICAL HEAT CARRIERS 205* STEAM
HEATING 205* HOT WATER HEATING 206* OTHER HEATING MEDIA 207* ELECTRICAL
HEATING 207* COOLING WITH!CE 207* OTHER HEAT CARRIERS FOR COOLING 207*
HEATING AND COOLING TECHNIQUES 208* DIRECT HEATING AND COOLING 208*
INDIRECT HEATING AND COOLING OF STIRRED TANK REACTORS 208* SINGLE HEAT
CARRIER CIRCULATION SYSTEMS 209* SECONDARY CIRCULATION LOOP TEMPERATURE
CONTROL SYSTEMS 211* TEMPERATURE CONTROL STRATEGIES 212* ISOPERIBOLIC
TEMPERATURE CONTROL 212* ISOTHERMA] CONTROL 212* ISOTHERMAL CONTRAL AT
REFLUX 214* NON ISOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE CONTRO] 215* DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF
HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEMS 215* THERMAL TIME CONSTANT 215* HEATING AND
COOLING TIME 217* CASCADE CONTROLLER 219* HEAT EXCHANGE ACROSS THE WALL
219* TWO FILM THEORY 219* CONTENTS IXIII* 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.4
9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4 9.4.5 9.5 9.5.1 9.5.2 9.5.3 9.6 10* 10.1 10.2
10.3 10.4 10.4.1 10.4.2 10.4.3 10.4.4 10.4.5 10.4.6 10.4.7 10.5 10.5.1
10.5.1.1 10.5.1.2 10.5.1.3 10.5.1.4 10.5.2 10.6 10.6.1 10.6.1.1 10.6.1.2
10.6.1.3 10.6.1.4 10.6.1.5 THE INTERNAL FILM COEFFICIENT OF A STIRRED
TANK 220* DETERMINATION OF THE INTERNAL FILM COEFFICIENT 221* THE
RESISTANCE OF THE EQUIPMENT TO HEAT TRANSFER 222* PRACTICAL
DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS 224* EVAPORATIVE COOLING
226* AMOUNT OF SOLVENT EVAPORATED 228* VAPOR FLOW RATE AND RATE OF
EVAPORATION 228* PRACTICAL PROCEDURE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF REACTOR
SAFETY AT THE BOILING* DYNAMICS OF THE TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM AND
PROCESS* FLOODING OF THE VAPOR TUBE 229* SWELLING OF THE REACTION MASS
230* POINT 231* DESIGN 233* BACKGROUND 233* MODELING THE DYNAMIC
BEHAVIOR OF INDUSTRIAL REACTORS 234* EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION OF
INDUSTRIAL REACTORS 234* EXERCISES 236* REFERENCES 240* RISK REDUCING
MEASURES 241* INTRODUCTION 243* STRATEGIES OF CHOICE 243* ELIMINATING
MEASURES 244* TECHNICAL PREVENTING MEASURES 245* CONTROL OF FEED 245*
EMERGENCY COOLING 246* QUENCHING AND FLOODING 247* DUMPING 248*
CONTROLLED DEPRESSURIZATION 248* ALARM SYSTEMS 251* TIME FACTOR 252*
EMERGENCY MEASURES 253* EMERGENCY PRESSURE RELIEF 253* DEFINITION OF THE
RELIEF SCENARIO 254* DESIGN OF THE RELIEF DEVICE 255* DESIGN OF RELIEF
DEVICES FOR MULTIPURPOSE REACTORS 255* DESIGN OF THE EFFLUENT TREATMENT
SYSTEM 256* CONTAINMENT 256* DESIGN OFTECHNICAL MEASURES 257*
CONSEQUENCES OF RUNAWAY 257* TEMPERATURE 257* PRESSURE 258* RELEASE 258*
CLOSED GASSY SYSTEMS 258* CLOSED VAPOR SYSTEMS 259* XIV I CONTENTS
10.6.1.6 10.6.1.7 10.6.1.8 10.6.2 10.6.2.1 10.6.2.2 10.6.2.3 10.6.2.4
10.6.2.5 10.6.3 10.6.3.1 10.6.3.2 10.6.3.3 10.6.3.4 10.6.3.5 10.6.4
10.6.4.1 10.6.4.2 10.7 PART 111* 11* 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.3.1 11.3.2 11.3.3
11.4 11.4.1 11.4.2 11.4.2.1 11.4.2.2 11.4.2.3 11.4.2.4 11.4.3 11.4.3.1
11.4.3.2 11.5 11.5.1 11.5.2 OPEN GASSY SYSTEMS 259* ASSESSMENT OF
SEVERITY AND PROBABILITY FOR THE DIFFERENT CRITICALITY* DETERMINATION OF
THE REGUIRED RELIABILITY FOR SAFETY INSTRURNENTED* OPEN VAPOR SYSTEMS
259* EXTENDED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR SEVERITY 260* CONTROLLABILITY 260*
ACTIVITY OF THE MAIN REACTION 261* ACTIVITY OF SECONDARY REACTIONS 261*
GAS RELEASE RATE 262* VAPOR RELEASE RATE 262* EXTENDED ASSESSMENT
CRITERIA FOR THE CONTROLLABILITY 263* CLASSES 264* CRITICALITY CLASS 1
264* CRITICALITY CLASS 2 264* CRITICALITY CLASS 3 265* CRITICALITY CLASS
4 266* CRITICALITY CLASS 5 267* PROTEETION SYSTEM BASED ON RISK
ASSESSMENT 273* RISK ASSESSMENT 273* SYSTEMS 273* EXERCISES 274*
REFERENCES 276* AVOIDING SECONDARY REACTIONS 279* THERMAL STABILITY 281*
INTRODUCTION 282* THERMAL STABILITY AND SECONDARY DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS 282* CONSEQUENCES OF SECONDARY REACTIONS 284* STOICHIOMETRY OF
DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS 284* ESTIMATION OF DECOMPOSITION ENERGIES 284*
DECOMPOSITION ENERGY 284* TRIGGERING CONDITIONS 286* ONSET: A CONCEPT
WITHOUT SCIENTIFIC BASE 286* DECOMPOSITION KINETICS, THE TMR.D CONCEPT
287* DETERMINATION OF Q' = F(T) FROM ISOTHERMAL EXPERIMENTS 288*
DETERMINATION OF T D2* 290* ESTIMATION OF T D24 FROM ONE DYNAMIC DSC
EXPERIMENT 290* EMPIRICAL RULES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF A "SAFE"
TEMPERATURE 294* COMPLEX SECONDARY REACTIONS 295* DETERMINATION OF TM
RAD FROM ISOTHERMAL EXPERIMENTS 296* DETERMINATION OF Q' = F(T) FROM
DYNAMIC EXPERIMENTS 296* EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS 298* EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 298* CHOOSING THE SAMPIE TO BE
ANALYSED 299* CONTENTS IXV 11.5.2.1 11.5.2.2 11.5.2.3 11.5.3 11.5.3.1
11.5.3.2 11.5.3.3 11.6 12* 12.1 12.2 12.2.1 12.2.1.1 12.2.1.2 12.2.2
12.2.3 12.2.3.1 12.2.3.2 12.2.3.3 12.2.4 12.3 12.3.1 12.3.2 12.3.2.1
12.3.2.2 12.3.2.3 12.3.2.4 12.3.2.5 12.3.2.6 12.3.2.7 12.4 12.4.1 12.4.2
12.5 13* 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.3.1 13.3.2 13.3.3 SAMPIE PURITY 299* BATCH OR
SEMI-BATCH PROCESS 299* INTERMEDIATES 301* PROCESS DEVIATIONS 302*
EFFECT OF CHARGING ERRORS 302* EFFECT OF SOLVENTS ON THERMAL STABILITY
303* CATALYTIC EFFECTS OF LMPURITIES 303* EXERCISES 305* REFERENCES 307*
AUTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS 311* INTRODUCTION 312* AUTOCATALYTIC
DECOMPOSITIONS 312* DEFINITIONS 312* AUTOCATALYSIS 312* INDUCTION TIME
313* BEHAVIOR OF AUTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS 313* RATE EQUATIONS OF
AUTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS 315* THE PROUT-TOMPKINS MODEL 315* THE
BENITO-PEREZ MODEL 316* THE BERLIN MODEL 317* PHENOMENOLOGICAL ASPECTS
OF AUTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS 318* CHARACTERIZATION OF AUTOCATALYTIC
REACTIONS 319* CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION 319* CHARACTERIZATION BY
DYNAMIC DSC 320* PEAK ASPECT IN DYNAMIC DSC 320* QUANTITATIVE
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PEAK ASPECT 321* CHARACTERIZATION BY ISOTHERMAL
DSC 322* CHARACTERIZATION USING ZERO-ORDER KINETICS 323*
CHARACTERIZATION USING A MECHANISTIC APPROACH 324* CHARACTERIZATION BY
ISOCONVERSIONAL METHODS 324* CHARACTERIZATION BY ADIABATIC CALORIMETRY
325* PRACTICAL SAFETY ASPECTS FAR AUTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS 325* SPECIFIC
SAFETY ASPECTS OF AUTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS 325* ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR
AUTOCATALYTIC DECOMPOSITIONS 331* EXERCISES 332* REFERENCES 333* HEAT
CONFINEMENT 335* INTRODUCTION 335* HEAT ACCUMULATION SITUATIONS 336*
HEAT BALANCE 337* HEAT BALANCE USING TIME SCALE 338* FORCED CONVECTION,
SEMENOV MODEL 338* NATURAL CONVECTION 340* XVI I CONTENTS 13.3.4 13.4
13.4.1 13.4.2 13.4.3 13.5 13.6 14 HIGH VISCOSITY LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 341
HEAT BALANCE WITH REACTIVE MATERIAL 343 CONDUCTION IN A REACTIVE SOLID
WITH A HEAT SOURCE, FRANK-KAMENETSKII MODEL 344 CONDUCTION IN A REACTIVE
SOLID WITH TEMPERATURE GRADIENT AT THE WALL, THOMAS MODEL 348 CONDUCTION
IN A REACTIVE SOLID WITH FORMAL KINETICS, FINITE ELEMENTS MODEL 350
ASSESSING HEAT ACCUMULATION CONDITIONS 351 EXERCISES 357 REFERENCES 359
SYMBOLS 361 INDEX 367 |
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| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023375200 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:14:13Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T09:43:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527317127 3527317120 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016558387 |
| oclc_num | 154798883 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-1102 DE-703 DE-634 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-1102 DE-703 DE-634 DE-83 |
| physical | XIX, 374 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Stoessel, Francis Verfasser aut Thermal safety of chemical processes risk assessment and process design Francis Stoessel Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2008 XIX, 374 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Procédés chimiques - Sécurité - Mesures Réactions chimiques - Sécurité - Mesures Thermochimie - Sécurité - Mesures Chemical processes Safety measures Thermochemistry Safety measures Exotherme Reaktion (DE-588)4212666-6 gnd rswk-swf Technische Sicherheit (DE-588)4059233-9 gnd rswk-swf Reaktionsführung (DE-588)4177118-7 gnd rswk-swf Chemische Verfahrenstechnik (DE-588)4069941-9 gnd rswk-swf Chemische Verfahrenstechnik (DE-588)4069941-9 s Exotherme Reaktion (DE-588)4212666-6 s Reaktionsführung (DE-588)4177118-7 s Technische Sicherheit (DE-588)4059233-9 s DE-604 http://d-nb.info/984872825/04 Inhaltsverzeichnis http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2982687&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm OEBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016558387&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Stoessel, Francis Thermal safety of chemical processes risk assessment and process design Procédés chimiques - Sécurité - Mesures Réactions chimiques - Sécurité - Mesures Thermochimie - Sécurité - Mesures Chemical processes Safety measures Thermochemistry Safety measures Exotherme Reaktion (DE-588)4212666-6 gnd Technische Sicherheit (DE-588)4059233-9 gnd Reaktionsführung (DE-588)4177118-7 gnd Chemische Verfahrenstechnik (DE-588)4069941-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4212666-6 (DE-588)4059233-9 (DE-588)4177118-7 (DE-588)4069941-9 |
| title | Thermal safety of chemical processes risk assessment and process design |
| title_auth | Thermal safety of chemical processes risk assessment and process design |
| title_exact_search | Thermal safety of chemical processes risk assessment and process design |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Thermal safety of chemical processes risk assessment and process design |
| title_full | Thermal safety of chemical processes risk assessment and process design Francis Stoessel |
| title_fullStr | Thermal safety of chemical processes risk assessment and process design Francis Stoessel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermal safety of chemical processes risk assessment and process design Francis Stoessel |
| title_short | Thermal safety of chemical processes |
| title_sort | thermal safety of chemical processes risk assessment and process design |
| title_sub | risk assessment and process design |
| topic | Procédés chimiques - Sécurité - Mesures Réactions chimiques - Sécurité - Mesures Thermochimie - Sécurité - Mesures Chemical processes Safety measures Thermochemistry Safety measures Exotherme Reaktion (DE-588)4212666-6 gnd Technische Sicherheit (DE-588)4059233-9 gnd Reaktionsführung (DE-588)4177118-7 gnd Chemische Verfahrenstechnik (DE-588)4069941-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Procédés chimiques - Sécurité - Mesures Réactions chimiques - Sécurité - Mesures Thermochimie - Sécurité - Mesures Chemical processes Safety measures Thermochemistry Safety measures Exotherme Reaktion Technische Sicherheit Reaktionsführung Chemische Verfahrenstechnik |
| url | http://d-nb.info/984872825/04 http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2982687&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016558387&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stoesselfrancis thermalsafetyofchemicalprocessesriskassessmentandprocessdesign |
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