Srpsko pomorje od 7. do 10. stoleća:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Srpsko Arheološko Društvo
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Povremena izdanja / Srpsko Arheološko Društvo
5 : Srednjovekovna arheologija |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Serbian Maritime from 7th to 10th Century. - In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 263 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788690445554 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Srpsko pomorje od 7. do 10. stoleća |c Đorđe Janković |
| 264 | 1 | |a Beograd |b Srpsko Arheološko Društvo |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a 263 S. |b Ill., Kt. | ||
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| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 600-1000 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Funde | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) |z Croatia |z Dalmatia | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) |z Montenegro | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) |z Serbia | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Montenegro |x Antiquities | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Serbia |x Antiquities | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137728193855488 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Садржај
1
Іредговор
7
Увод
9
О ішмпнма
Поморја
у писаним іпворима
(10)
Археолошки
слојеви
(са
E.
Зечевиїі
с.
27-34, 35-37) 19
Л>еш
(19),
Сард
(23).
Свач
(27),
Мијеле
(33),
Будва
(34),
Иловица
(37),
Камено
(46),
Цавтат
(48),
Зпековица,
Мајсан
(49),
Градина
код
Маргинипа
(52).
Особине
гріїчарства
55
Датонаїьс
и
тумачење слојеиа
56
Слој
П031ЮГ
6.
столеііа, затворегі око
600. (57),
Слоі
7.
столеііа
затворен
око ббО.
(57),
Слој
8.
столеГіа,
затворен око
почетка
9,
столеііа
(6!),
Слој
9.
столеііа.
затворен
у
сарацснској најезди
866. (61),
Слој
прве четвртшіе
10.
столеііа,
затворен
924.
Gnoj
краја
10.
столсћа
(62),
Гробни налази из времена пред сарацепски
напад
866.
(са Е.
Зечевић)
65
Свач
(65)
Будва
(66),
Иловица, Котор.
Росс
(67),
Majcaii
(68),
Стоп
(ůS).
Датоваіьс гробова
68
Наушнице,
Огрлнцс
(68),
Прстењс,
Запони
(69)
Ношња
її културне разлике
78
Обред
78
Закључак
80
Цркве
(са Е.
Зечевиїі
с.
89-95) 83
Сард, Дршзаст, Пречиста Богородица
Крајинска
(85).
Свач, Улцшь
(87),
Бар
(88),
Стари Бар, Будва
(89),
Илошша
(9Ó),
Оток
(104),
Росс
(105),
Прчан.
(106).
Myo,(10S),
Котор
(109),
Рисан.
Бнјсла
(116),
Дубровник
(117),
Шиппн,
Стон
(120),
Суђурађ
код
Јањнне,
БаЬииа,
Мљет(122), Мајсан, Шћедро,
Стари Град
(123),
Бешка, Старчева
Горица,
Дукља
(124),
Дољанн —
Златица
(125),
Градина
—
Мартипићн
(126),
Загон, Призрен
(128),
Дечани
(129),
Пећка
Патрнјаршија
(130),
Студеішца
Хвостанска
(132).
Врете
храмова
137
Базилике
(137),
Једпобродне
цркве
(139),
Једнобродне
цркве сабочннм
просторијама(141),
Цркве
са
три и више
коих»
(144),
Цркве кретообразне основе
(149),
Иатпнсп у камспу,
lOiecapii
и
зидари
(154).
Градови н
yTBpljcna
места
157
Скадар и
градовії
у
њсговом
залезу
(158),
Свач
(159),
Владимир
(159),
Улцин.
(160),
Стари Бар
(160),
Будва
(162),
Росс
(162),
Котор
(162),
Цавтат —рт
Сустјепан
(163),
Дубровник
(163),
Стон
(165),
Дољанн(165),
Градина у
Мартпнн1інма(1б5), Вишеїрад
(168)
Начин
утврі)нваіьа
169
Врете
градова
и
утнрђенпх
места
171
Архсолошка
сведочаїїства о народима
173
Срби
174
Латний
181
Грци
185
Диоклиііапи
185
Готи
IS6
Црвсші
JÍ
рвати
и
Auapii
186
Зстау
Србији
211
ржаве
(211),
Писменост
(212),
Војска
(213).
Привреда
(214),
Помесна Црква
(215),
Успостављање
Цркве и Држане и последние
(225).
Библиографпја
231
Рсгистар
247
Summary
259
Đorđe Janković
SERBIAN MARITIME FROM 7th TO 10th CENTURY
Summary
Dioclea was first recorded by this name in the middle of
the 10th century,
ín
the writings of Emperor
Constantine
VII
Porphyrogemtus, where the name of the Roman town
of Doclea was linked to the name of Emperor Diocletian.
It is also known by this name in Serbian sources from
lhe
13th century, and is later generally known by the
name Pomorje {Littoral). The name
Zela
can also be
found from the 11th century onward. Those are names
that, in the broadest sense, match the boundaries of
ancient
Prevala
(Prevališ,
Prevalitana). In. Latin sources
there is no separate country in this region
-
but always
Sclavonia,
Servia,
Rassa and so forth. Priest Dukljanin
was a priest of Dioclitanac
ecclesiae,
the Church so called
after the town. In the popular tradition of the people
of Podgorica, Dukljan was Satan himself, the devil.
The available archaeological material, coming
from settlements
(Svač, Ilovica,
Gradina Martinica)
and cemeteries
(Lješ,
Sard, Mijele,
Svač,
Kameno),
enables the determining of a reliable chronology
of Pomorje. The findings of pottery, which is by
manufacture divided into Serbian and Romeic, are
the most valuable for dating purposes. Archaeological
sites, compared with one another by pottery shards
and grave findings, give us six temporal layers.
The first layer was closed by the Avars around the
year
600;
after that there is no more Byzantine kitchen
and table pottery craned on a swift wheel, and pottery
crafted on a slow wheel appears, from the North,
Romeic and Serbian. It is found in a layer closed by
destruction in the 7th century, which can be explained by
the Bulgarian migration. Namely, Bulgarians could have
come to the region around the Danube as far back as
640-660,
to soon descend to the South to the Pclagonia
region from
Pannonia,
under
Kuber (Kuver),
and then
to migrate to Italy, through
Dalmaţia,
under Alciok
(Alzek). The following layer is marked by the founding
of cemeteries of the
Komani
-Кшје
culture, around
the year
800.
Then comes the renewal of churches in
coastal towns, which then perished in the Saracen
attempts to settle on the eastern shore of the Adriatic,
in
866.
The layer closed at the time of the Bulgarian
conquering of Serbia in
924
is reliably confirmed only
on
Gradina
Martinica,
although many other settlements
must have also been vacated at the time. Certain
meager findings indicate that there was a closing of
layers around the end of the 10th century
(Svač).
The fact that the Saracens ravaged Pomorje in
866-
867
enables some grave findings to be dated to that
time. In these graves are objects previously dated to
the 7th, even the 6th century. Enclosed units from the
Crimean and neighboring Russian regions, as well as
layers from regions in the coastal area, show that they
should be dated to the 8th
—
9th century. Among these
objects of particular significance are buckles (of the
types of Corinth,
Bal-Gota,
Mytilenes) and fibulae.
These cemeteries show different cultures: Slavic-
Serbian, Romeic and Komani-Kruje. Furthermore,
particular Slavic rituals are also recorded, such as
trizna , funerary rite
(Svač).
The placing of vessels
into the grave, seen in
Ljeã
(Lezhtî)
and
Svač,
can by
interpreted as the stressing of the Orthodox Christianity
through the observing of ritual, under Iconoclastic rule.
A number of churches, serving until the
Sth
—
10th
century, dates from the Early Byzantine era (Bar,
Budva,
Ilovica,
Ston,
etc.); the churches in Ancient Doclea were
vacated permanently. Several churches should be dated
differently than they have been so far, and some have
only just been discovered. The Holy Virgin of
Krajina,
previously dated to around the year
1400,
is actually from
the Early Byzantine era. The similar triconchal church
from Bar could have been in use until the 9th century.
A basilica with a transept was discovered in
Budva,
which received its mosaic floor in the 7th century- At
the beginning of the 9th century it was divided off into a
260
church with lateral rooms and upstairs galleries, and at
the same time it received new stone furniture -especially
prominent is a large ciborium, made of parapet slabs from
the 6th century. Of greatest repute was the monastery of
Archangel Michael in
Prevlaka (Ilovica),
renewed many
times. Its cathedral, built around the beginning of the
9th century, on the location of older churches from the
3rd
and 6th centuries, was a three-nave structure with
three apses to the East. Us stone
forniture
has been
preserved in part. It would appear that the basin of the
baptistery from the time of Dux
ViŠeslav,
today located
in Split, also appears to have belonged to this temple.
The church of the Holy Trinity that is located in the same
monastery today is built on the foundations of a church
from the Early Byzantine era, which received new stone
furniture in the 9th century. The correct dating for the
cruciform church of St. Thomas in
Prčanj
could be to
the early 7th century.
Kotor
was an important church
center; early churches have been found in
Šuranj
and
in the foundations of the sacristy of present-day temple
of St, Tryphon, where a cathedral could also be located.
The basilicas from
Kotor,
determined as belonging to the
Early Byzantine era, are probably from the 10th
—
I lth
century. The dating of the basilica discovered beneath the
foundations of the
Dubrovnik
cathedral and the cruciform
structure beside it should similarly be corrected, to the
1
Oth or first quarter of the
11
th century. Also erroneously
dated to the 6th century is the triconchal church with
baptistery from
Doljani,
which was in fact constructed
around the year
900.
Especially significant is the church
from
Gradina
Martinica,
analogous to the church from
Pope near
Novi Pazar.
It has several phases indicating the
change of rituals
-
in the second phase the walk around
the altar table, the Episcopal throne and the baptistery
were cancelled, by construction of an altar partition and
ciborium. They were later demolished. In present-day
Metohia, once also part of the province of
Prevališ,
there
were important churches. The Church of the St. Apostles
in the
Peć
Patriarchate is part of a large temple that was
located there, of which the foundations beneath St.
Tryphone are very reminiscent.
Sludenïca Hvostanska
was a monastery since no later than the 6th century. Its
new cathedral single-nave temple with inscribed apse
was most probably constructed in the 7th century, and
reminds of the church from
Vrutei
near Sarajevo. Also
found in
Vrutei
was a richly ornamented stone decoration
from the beginning of the 9th century, similar to the one
from
lhe
coastal region. Some corrections also need to be
made to the reading of inscriptions. Thus the inscription
on the church dedicated to St. Stephen should, instead of
(coniuge) Dana read
Danei
(hursar) cum coniuge
mea...
Churches with basilical bases have been used since
ancient times
(Doljani, Budva).
They began being built
again in the 10th century
(Kotor, Dubrovnik, Prizren).
Older single-nave churches have semicircular
apsesł
and
since the 7th century as a rule have apses inscribed into
a rectangle and trapeze (Muo, Rose,
Mljet, Ston, Šćedro,
Šuranj, Sludenica Hvostanska, Vrulci).
Most prominent
are single-nave churches with lateral rooms, which can
have semicircular or inscribed apses. The oldest among
them are the ones with asymmetrically distributed lateral
rooms, from the Early Byzantine era
(Ston, Mljet,
Srima).
These are followed by churches with symmetrically
distributed rooms and inscribed apses (St. Apostles in
Peć,
foundations of
SU
Tryphone in
Kotor,
probably Doci
ín
Neretva
and Lcpenica near Sarajevo). The youngest
churches of this group, from the 9th century, have three
semicircular apses to the easi. They are represented by
churches in
Gradina
Martinica
in
Zeta
and Pope near
Novi Pazar;
perhaps there are more churches that fall
into the same group
(Beăka, TaraboS).
Around the year
900
churches were built with a triconchal base, the most
significant of which is the church in
Doljani,
constructed
adjacent to an old basilica. The triconchal-based churches
from Drivast and
Zaton
seem to have been open
lo
the
west. Churches with similar bases can be found only in
the region from
Ohrid
to the Danube and on Byzantine
ground. Cruciform-based churches
(Prčanj, Dubrovnik,
perhaps St. Tryphone in
Kotor)
are rare, but they have a
lengthy tradition, starting with
Panik
from the
3rd
century.
Several phases can be noted in the dating of stone
ornaments of churches. Some pieces could be from the
7th century (Ilovica), and slabs with a depiction of a
gryphon from Sustjepan from the
Sth
century (Ulcinj,
Budva,
Ilovica,
Kotor, Dubrovnik).
Correctly dated to
around the year
900
are the newly-built altar partition
and ciborium in the church at
Gradina
Martinica,
from
the time of archont Peter. The stone furniture from the
vicinity of Janjina onPeljeSac is also dated by the mention
of the same archont. Also interesting is the placing of
three crosses on inscriptions
(Sveti
Stefan,
Kotor,
two
from
Ston).
An interrupted
Une
along the edges, or rows
of triangles, could be a characteristic of stonemason
workshops from Serbia of the
біп-ІЗШ
century.
There is archaeological data available for three towns,
HJ.
си
261
Sard. Svař and
Stari Bar.
Fortifying characteristics
can be singled out in them
-
rounded comers of
surrounding walls, gates in circular towers and towers
with semicircular bases, from the time of defense against
the Bulgarians in the 9th century. Perhaps ViSegrad near
Prizren is from the same period. The towers and some
gates of
Gradina
Martinica
near Danilovgrad, are from
a younger phase, buill onto an old wall around the year
900.
Here, within the surrounding wall with two gates,
there used to be a rectangular castle with belonging
church, raised by archont
Mutimir.
In
Gornji Oblun
there are foundations of a similar rectangular structure.
Of the three towns that Emperor
Constantine
VII
Porphyrogenitus writes
ofin
Dioclea, only Lontodokla
(Lontodocla) can be linked with certainty to
Doljani
near Podgorica. Singled out as a separate whole is
the unexplored Skadar with accompanying hamlets,
known only for its numismatic findings. The study of
the circulation of money from
Dubrovnik
shows that
this largest town in the coastal region (with an area of
around
7
hectares) could have perished several times:
at the beginning of the 7th century, in the second half of
the same century and around
840
(attack of the Saracens
at the time of conquering
Barí?).
Renewed circulations
are prominent around the year
900
and
925,
and
permanently as of
Basileus
the Second. On the Vladimir
hill in the vicinity of
Svač
there is a fortification with
a church, where
Oblik
from the Chronicle of the Priest
of Doclea
(Ljetopis popa Dukljanina)
could have been.
The available archaeological material clearly shows a
total of three elhnae or cultures in the coastal region:
Serbs, Latins and people of the Komam-Kruje culture,
i.e. Red Croats. The Diocletians and Goths noted in
written sources cannot be archaeologically determined
There are very meager testimonies on the Greek,
mostly m inscriptions in stone (Ilovica,
Gradina)
and
mosaic
(Budva).
In written sources Serbs are, as a rule, mentioned
under the general name of Slavs. Apart from that, they
are also demarked as allies of the Empire, which can
be archaeologically verified as well. The Chronicle of
the Priest of Doclea, as well as written sources from
Dubrovnik
and elsewhere, make note of the Morovlachi.
This name could refer to Serbs that Emperor
Constantine
VII
Porphyrogenitus writes of on the Caucasus, under
the archon
„των Σερβοτιων των λεγομένουν Μαύρα
παιδία .
Archaeologically, Serbs can be followed by
certain characteristics, such as a long application of trizna
(SvaČ, Kameno),
or the use of an bread-baking pan until
the present day
(Svač,
Ilovica). Slavic buckles from
Ljež
and
Kroja.*
also known in the
Đerdap
and
Banat
regions,
indicale a
migration from the Danube to the coastal
region around Skadar. Such a course of migrations is
also suggested by pottery shards decorated by wavy and
upright lines drawn by a comb
(Svač,
Ilovica), which
appear around the beginning of the 7th century, and
originate from the regions around Vienna and Bratislava.
Of older origin are undecorated pots, dated in
Kameni
to the second half of the 7th century. They are preceded
by some shards from
Svač
and Ilovica, among which
arc pieces of small single-handled pots. The rib on the
neck is a characteristic of the 7th century, and the added
ornaments on pots and ribs on the pans are also frequent
in younger ages as well. In the 8th and 9th century the
pottery was frequently decorated with slanted strokes
with a comb, characteristic for
lhe
entire Serbian coastal
area, and also present in the North-West from
Morava
to Elbe
(Laba).
Similar to pottery decorated with ribs, it
can be linked to related products in present-day Bosnia,
and through the regions of
Morava,
Vienna and Elbe.
In written sources the inhabitants of the coastal
towns are natione
Romanis
or Latinus
gente.
They can
be archaeologically separated in the 7lh century into
two basic components, local (buckles in the form of
doves and feline beats) and northern, originating from
the region around the Danube (iron buckles with bent
bases, pots crafted on a slow wheel). Pottery irregularly
decorated by a comb and crafted on a slow wheel
(Ilovica,
Starčeva Gorica)
can be linked to pottery from
Herzegovina,
Istria
and Northern Italy. From the 9th
century onward Latins can no longer be recognized by
movable archaeological findings. According to written
sources and other circumstances, there was a settling
of Latins from Italy also, in the
9(11-1
Oth century
(Antibari,
Bclo s legendary settling of
Dubrovnik
from Rome,
Kotor
under archbishopric of
Bari),
Written sources quite dimly and vaguely indicate the
présense
of Croats (so called Red Croats ) and Avars,
somewhere between the
Neretva
and Byzantine
Ohrid.
There are Avar objects in the area of the Old Croat
culture (Smrdelj) and in the region of the Komani-Kruje
culture (Vrap) as well, and in the Serbian coastal region
262
in Šipan.
Characteristics of the Old Croat culture of the
region between
Cetina
and
Istria
can also be found in
Bulgarian territories (unornamented vessels, jugs, pots
with handles, signs on pottery etc.). Certain finds of
characteristic biconica! pots might indicate belonging to
GuduSöani.
In Ljeg, Sard and the vicinity of
Vir
were
discovered the westernmost cemeteries of the Komani-
Kruje culture, which spreads to Pelagonia in the East. It
has been erroneously dated to
lhe
7th century and ascribed
to descendants of Illyrians or to Romanized population. It
consists of several components, Byzantine objects from
the 8th-9th century come from coastal towns (buckles
of the type of Corinth,
Bal-Gota)
or from the Byzantine
population of
Pannoniaíbuckles
of the types of Mytilenes,
circular buckles). Slavic objects can be discerned by
small earrings with salteleons, some earrings with star-
shaped pendants, arrow tips in the shape of a swallow s
tail. Characteristics of the Komani-Kruje culture are
torques, earrings, buckles, scrnicircularpendants, circular
metal rims, wide-spread use of mosaic tubular pearls.
Similar object can be found in the broad areas between
the Caucasus, Ural, Swabia and north-west
Pannonia.
Its dating to the 9th century is most clearly shown by
the well described grave units from
Koman,
published
by P. Traeger. The description of the settling of bearers
of the Komani-Kruje culture can be found
ín
the
Chronicle of the Priest of Doclea in the story of the
settlement of alleged Bulgarians. In it Slavic words can
be recognized (Velija; bare, Bar; Seno-buja, Sin-bagija),
Bulgarian words (Volga,
Vulgari,
kagan),
with a certain
Sarmatian presence (Kris). The peoples of this culture
could have come to north-west
Pannonia
towards the
end of the Stii century, from the border regions between
the Slavs and the Khazar Khaganate. The Komani-Kruje
culture arose upon the fall of the Avar Khaganate in
791-
814,
and disappeared with the Bulgarian conquering
of the region until Skadar, first in
897.
As a Christian
culture, it can be linked with data on Christianity in the
regions of the Russian steppes in the 7th-9th century,
and on bishoprics around
Drač
(Durrachio,
Durrës),
among which were Hunavija (Hunavia) and Kron. The
cemeteries of the Komani-Kruje culture are located
next to fortifications, and there is data on
30
fortresses
that the Bulgarians returned to Byzantine in
896-904.
Serbia must have been established as a state from the
7th century. Dux
Višeslav
whom the priest Iohannes
makes note of on the inscription of the baptistery basin
from the beginning of the 9th century is a descendant of
the ruler that brought Serbs to
Dalmaţia
at the time of
Emperor Heraclius. Me must have been ruler confirmed
in his own Church, or else Priest Iohannes would not have
made note of him, but of the Byzantine Emperor. Rulers
had their own castles with churches
(Gradina
Martinica).
The plan of the rooms around the yard in
Gradina
shows
its complex content: the quarters of the ruler, warehouse
for collected taxes, stables, quarters of the dignitaries
and members of the court. A significant characteristic of
a state is its army. Cavalry is known to have been present
since the 7th century, but is confirmed by archaeological
findings only since the time of the Bulgarian conquering
of Serbia. Danael from the inscription in the church of
St. Stephen seems to have been a hursar, which could
mean that he was some kind of fleet commander. The
official script at the court seems to have been Greek (the
seal of Strojimir), Latin script was used in the churches
(numerous inscriptions), and since St.
Constantine
Cyrill
ihc state used Glagollitic script
(Čcčan).
The economy
and taxes were based on clear rules, although money
was not in use. Apart from agriculture, including the
making of wine, a significant role was certainly played
by salt plants, mining with metallurgy, the processing
of fur and so forth, as well as trade in these goods.
Two facts ace important for the studying of the early
history of the Serbian national church. First, (hat the
use of the same churches can be seen through from
the 6th century to the 9th and 10th century, including
monasteries in which there is Slavic-Serbian pottery as
early as from the 6th century. Second, these churches
differ both by duration and by appearance from the
churches of the surrounding areas. Both of these facts
indicate the early Christianity of Serbs, according to
Emperor
Constantine
VII Porphyrogenitus
since the
time of Emperor Heraclius. Other written sources also
indicate the existence of Serbian bishoprics in the 7th-
8th century (Servija, Gordoserba, Pope Agathon, etc.).
The spontaneous inclusion of Serbs and Slavs in the
Byzantine service or inhabited in Byzantine settlements
into the local church organization must have taken place,
since the final decades of the 6th century. At the lime
of Emperor Heraclius the Church adapted to Serbs, the
people that
Dalmaţia
was left to, was only just established.
The natural seat of the presumed arch-bishopric was in
the Church of the St. Apostles in
Peć,
unusually large
and with plan characteristic for western regions. It
could have united the jurisdiction over
Dalmaţia
and
Сриеш
263
Justiniana
Prima.
Serbian
miers look
thü throne
there,
as did
Viseslav.
Aí
the time of this ruler, the first noted
by name, many renewals of churches took place, both
Serbian (monastery of Ilovica,
Vrutei
near Sarajevo) and
in the Latin towns of Byzantium
(Ulcinj, Budva, Kotor).
Because of the expansion of the Bulgarians, the seat
of the archbishopric had to be moved during the 9th
century, mosl probably
ίο
Doljani,
to the old basilica.
That was a time of great changes in the Church, caused
by the work of the Slavic apostles. The fight of Rome
for the establishing of rule over the Serbian national
church began, which can be seen in the striving for
domination the churches of
Dacia
and
Dalmaţia
(this
one through
Pannonia)
by Rome, recorded in the letters
of Pope John
VIII.
This caused resistance both in Serbia
and in Bulgaria, where a Slavic service was elected.
However, when Peter came to the throne in Serbia, he
introduced a new practice of liturgies, as shown by the
partitions in the castle church in
Gradina
Martinica.
This Latinization, assisted by the interests of Emperor
Leo VI, caused resistance.
Wien
Peter s rule ended, the
partitions were torn down. At the same time, churches
with triconchal bases were raised, similar to those
in the vicinity of
Ohrid (Doljani, Drivast, Zaton...).
In the western third of the Bulgarian, empire an
archbishopric was established that succeeded the
Justiniana
Prima.
Its first archbishop was Agathon, who
was succeeded, as suggested by all circumstances, by
St. Clement. This archbishopric can be archaeological ly
recognized by churches with triconchal and tetraconchal
bases. They are not known in Bulgaria or the neighboring
Croatia, but can be founiJ in
Zeta.
When the Bulgarians
conquered Serbia in
924,
they most probably raised
a church in ancient Doclea, in order to found a new
spiritual center. The Serbian archbishop at the time fled
to
Dubrovnik.
Immediately upon the conquering of
Serbia, in
925,
a church council took place in Split, in
which the Duke of Zahumlje Mihailo, Bulgarian ally,
took part as well. At this council the practice of Slavonic
liturgies was discontinued. After that, according to
the Chronicle,
Belo Pavlimir
takes over the rule over
Dubrovnik
and all of Serbia, and he founds a bishopric
in
Ras,
with the Church of St. Peter. This shows that
the seat of the archbishopric was still in
Dubrovnik.
At the time of
Jovan Vladimir,
who succeeded
Belo,
educated in
Ohrid,
the church services were certainly
Slavic, since the official script was Glagolitic
(Čečan).
It can be concluded that Serbs began the taking over
of
Dalmaţia
towards the end of the 4th century, and
completed it at the beginning of the 7th. This handing
over was easy for Byzantine, since Serbs accepted
Christianity. The linking of the settling of Serbs with
Emperor Hcraclius probably should be connected with
migrations into the vicinity of Thessalonica (Serblia)
and Asia Minor (Gordoserba). The reason for such a
connection can be the establishing of an archbishopric
at the time of Emperor Heraclius and within it the
confirmation of the succeeding rulers. Such a state was
self-sufficient until circumstances changed dramatically
with the coming of Charlemagne. At the beginning of
the 9th century, in war with Frankish Empire, Serbia
lost some regions to the north-west; between Pelagonia
and Skadar peoples of the Komani-Kxuje culture settled,
and then the Bulgarians occupied the eastern parts of
the Serbian territories as well. A stronger connection
with Byzantine and a change in the organization of the
state ensued. This enabled long-term resistance to the
expansion of the Bulgarians. The seat of the Church,
moved to
Doljani,
was now more exposed to external
influence. Bulgaria finally did manage
lo
conquer Serbia
in
924.
When
Čáslav
renewed Serbia, the coastal regions
were not included. Upon the fall of Serbia, the parish
of Dioclea was formed for the first time, by Bulgaria,
to be taken over by Byzantine. At the time of
Belo
Pavlimir and
Jovan Vladimir
the country was once
again united for the most part, together with Dioclea.
|
| adam_txt |
Садржај
1
Іредговор
7
Увод
9
О ішмпнма
Поморја
у писаним іпворима
(10)
Археолошки
слојеви
(са
E.
Зечевиїі
с.
27-34, 35-37) 19
Л>еш
(19),
Сард
(23).
Свач
(27),
Мијеле
(33),
Будва
(34),
Иловица
(37),
Камено
(46),
Цавтат
(48),
Зпековица,
Мајсан
(49),
Градина
код
Маргинипа
(52).
Особине
гріїчарства
55
Датонаїьс
и
тумачење слојеиа
56
Слој
П031ЮГ
6.
столеііа, затворегі око
600. (57),
Слоі
7.
столеііа
затворен
око ббО.
(57),
Слој
8.
столеГіа,
затворен око
почетка
9,
столеііа
(6!),
Слој
9.
столеііа.
затворен
у
сарацснској најезди
866. (61),
Слој
прве четвртшіе
10.
столеііа,
затворен
924.
Gnoj
краја
10.
столсћа
(62),
Гробни налази из времена пред сарацепски
напад
866.
(са Е.
Зечевић)
65
Свач
(65)
Будва
(66),
Иловица, Котор.
Росс
(67),
Majcaii
(68),
Стоп
(ůS).
Датоваіьс гробова
68
Наушнице,
Огрлнцс
(68),
Прстењс,
Запони
(69)
Ношња
її културне разлике
78
Обред
78
Закључак
80
Цркве
(са Е.
Зечевиїі
с.
89-95) 83
Сард, Дршзаст, Пречиста Богородица
Крајинска
(85).
Свач, Улцшь
(87),
Бар
(88),
Стари Бар, Будва
(89),
Илошша
(9Ó),
Оток
(104),
Росс
(105),
Прчан.
(106).
Myo,(10S),
Котор
(109),
Рисан.
Бнјсла
(116),
Дубровник
(117),
Шиппн,
Стон
(120),
Суђурађ
код
Јањнне,
БаЬииа,
Мљет(122), Мајсан, Шћедро,
Стари Град
(123),
Бешка, Старчева
Горица,
Дукља
(124),
Дољанн —
Златица
(125),
Градина
—
Мартипићн
(126),
Загон, Призрен
(128),
Дечани
(129),
Пећка
Патрнјаршија
(130),
Студеішца
Хвостанска
(132).
Врете
храмова
137
Базилике
(137),
Једпобродне
цркве
(139),
Једнобродне
цркве сабочннм
просторијама(141),
Цркве
са
три и више
коих»
(144),
Цркве кретообразне основе
(149),
Иатпнсп у камспу,
lOiecapii
и
зидари
(154).
Градови н
yTBpljcna
места
157
Скадар и
градовії
у
њсговом
залезу
(158),
Свач
(159),
Владимир
(159),
Улцин.
(160),
Стари Бар
(160),
Будва
(162),
Росс
(162),
Котор
(162),
Цавтат —рт
Сустјепан
(163),
Дубровник
(163),
Стон
(165),
Дољанн(165),
Градина у
Мартпнн1інма(1б5), Вишеїрад
(168)
Начин
утврі)нваіьа
169
Врете
градова
и
утнрђенпх
места
171
Архсолошка
сведочаїїства о народима
173
Срби
174
Латний
181
Грци
185
Диоклиііапи
185
Готи
IS6
Црвсші
JÍ
рвати
и
Auapii
186
Зстау
Србији
211
ржаве
(211),
Писменост
(212),
Војска
(213).
Привреда
(214),
Помесна Црква
(215),
Успостављање
Цркве и Држане и последние
(225).
Библиографпја
231
Рсгистар
247
Summary
259
Đorđe Janković
SERBIAN MARITIME FROM 7th TO 10th CENTURY
Summary
Dioclea was first recorded by this name in the middle of
the 10th century,
ín
the writings of Emperor
Constantine
VII
Porphyrogemtus, where the name of the Roman town
of Doclea was linked to the name of Emperor Diocletian.
It is also known by this name in Serbian sources from
lhe
13th century, and is later generally known by the
name Pomorje {Littoral). The name
Zela
can also be
found from the 11th century onward. Those are names
that, in the broadest sense, match the boundaries of
ancient
Prevala
(Prevališ,
Prevalitana). In. Latin sources
there is no separate country in this region
-
but always
Sclavonia,
Servia,
Rassa and so forth. Priest Dukljanin
was a priest of Dioclitanac
ecclesiae,
the Church so called
after the town. In the popular tradition of the people
of Podgorica, Dukljan was Satan himself, the devil.
The available archaeological material, coming
from settlements
(Svač, Ilovica,
Gradina Martinica)
and cemeteries
(Lješ,
Sard, Mijele,
Svač,
Kameno),
enables the determining of a reliable chronology
of Pomorje. The findings of pottery, which is by
manufacture divided into Serbian and Romeic, are
the most valuable for dating purposes. Archaeological
sites, compared with one another by pottery shards
and grave findings, give us six temporal layers.
The first layer was closed by the Avars around the
year
600;
after that there is no more Byzantine kitchen
and table pottery craned on a swift wheel, and pottery
crafted on a slow wheel appears, from the North,
Romeic and Serbian. It is found in a layer closed by
destruction in the 7th century, which can be explained by
the Bulgarian migration. Namely, Bulgarians could have
come to the region around the Danube as far back as
640-660,
to soon descend to the South to the Pclagonia
region from
Pannonia,
under
Kuber (Kuver),
and then
to migrate to Italy, through
Dalmaţia,
under Alciok
(Alzek). The following layer is marked by the founding
of cemeteries of the
Komani
-Кшје
culture, around
the year
800.
Then comes the renewal of churches in
coastal towns, which then perished in the Saracen
attempts to settle on the eastern shore of the Adriatic,
in
866.
The layer closed at the time of the Bulgarian
conquering of Serbia in
924
is reliably confirmed only
on
Gradina
Martinica,
although many other settlements
must have also been vacated at the time. Certain
meager findings indicate that there was a closing of
layers around the end of the 10th century
(Svač).
The fact that the Saracens ravaged Pomorje in
866-
867
enables some grave findings to be dated to that
time. In these graves are objects previously dated to
the 7th, even the 6th century. Enclosed units from the
Crimean and neighboring Russian regions, as well as
layers from regions in the coastal area, show that they
should be dated to the 8th
—
9th century. Among these
objects of particular significance are buckles (of the
types of Corinth,
Bal-Gota,
Mytilenes) and fibulae.
These cemeteries show different cultures: Slavic-
Serbian, Romeic and Komani-Kruje. Furthermore,
particular Slavic rituals are also recorded, such as
"trizna", funerary rite
(Svač).
The placing of vessels
into the grave, seen in
Ljeã
(Lezhtî)
and
Svač,
can by
interpreted as the stressing of the Orthodox Christianity
through the observing of ritual, under Iconoclastic rule.
A number of churches, serving until the
Sth
—
10th
century, dates from the Early Byzantine era (Bar,
Budva,
Ilovica,
Ston,
etc.); the churches in Ancient Doclea were
vacated permanently. Several churches should be dated
differently than they have been so far, and some have
only just been discovered. The Holy Virgin of
Krajina,
previously dated to around the year
1400,
is actually from
the Early Byzantine era. The similar triconchal church
from Bar could have been in use until the 9th century.
A basilica with a transept was discovered in
Budva,
which received its mosaic floor in the 7th century- At
the beginning of the 9th century it was divided off into a
260
church with lateral rooms and upstairs galleries, and at
the same time it received new stone furniture -especially
prominent is a large ciborium, made of parapet slabs from
the 6th century. Of greatest repute was the monastery of
Archangel Michael in
Prevlaka (Ilovica),
renewed many
times. Its cathedral, built around the beginning of the
9th century, on the location of older churches from the
3rd
and 6th centuries, was a three-nave structure with
three apses to the East. Us stone
forniture
has been
preserved in part. It would appear that the basin of the
baptistery from the time of Dux
ViŠeslav,
today located
in Split, also appears to have belonged to this temple.
The church of the Holy Trinity that is located in the same
monastery today is built on the foundations of a church
from the Early Byzantine era, which received new stone
furniture in the 9th century. The correct dating for the
cruciform church of St. Thomas in
Prčanj
could be to
the early 7th century.
Kotor
was an important church
center; early churches have been found in
Šuranj
and
in the foundations of the sacristy of present-day temple
of St, Tryphon, where a cathedral could also be located.
The basilicas from
Kotor,
determined as belonging to the
Early Byzantine era, are probably from the 10th
—
I lth
century. The dating of the basilica discovered beneath the
foundations of the
Dubrovnik
cathedral and the cruciform
structure beside it should similarly be corrected, to the
1
Oth or first quarter of the
11
th century. Also erroneously
dated to the 6th century is the triconchal church with
baptistery from
Doljani,
which was in fact constructed
around the year
900.
Especially significant is the church
from
Gradina
Martinica,
analogous to the church from
Pope near
Novi Pazar.
It has several phases indicating the
change of rituals
-
in the second phase the walk around
the altar table, the Episcopal throne and the baptistery
were cancelled, by construction of an altar partition and
ciborium. They were later demolished. In present-day
Metohia, once also part of the province of
Prevališ,
there
were important churches. The Church of the St. Apostles
in the
Peć
Patriarchate is part of a large temple that was
located there, of which the foundations beneath St.
Tryphone are very reminiscent.
Sludenïca Hvostanska
was a monastery since no later than the 6th century. Its
new cathedral single-nave temple with inscribed apse
was most probably constructed in the 7th century, and
reminds of the church from
Vrutei
near Sarajevo. Also
found in
Vrutei
was a richly ornamented stone decoration
from the beginning of the 9th century, similar to the one
from
lhe
coastal region. Some corrections also need to be
made to the reading of inscriptions. Thus the inscription
on the church dedicated to St. Stephen should, instead of
(coniuge) Dana read
Danei
(hursar) cum coniuge
mea.
Churches with basilical bases have been used since
ancient times
(Doljani, Budva).
They began being built
again in the 10th century
(Kotor, Dubrovnik, Prizren).
Older single-nave churches have semicircular
apsesł
and
since the 7th century as a rule have apses inscribed into
a rectangle and trapeze (Muo, Rose,
Mljet, Ston, Šćedro,
Šuranj, Sludenica Hvostanska, Vrulci).
Most prominent
are single-nave churches with lateral rooms, which can
have semicircular or inscribed apses. The oldest among
them are the ones with asymmetrically distributed lateral
rooms, from the Early Byzantine era
(Ston, Mljet,
Srima).
These are followed by churches with symmetrically
distributed rooms and inscribed apses (St. Apostles in
Peć,
foundations of
SU
Tryphone in
Kotor,
probably Doci
ín
Neretva
and Lcpenica near Sarajevo). The youngest
churches of this group, from the 9th century, have three
semicircular apses to the easi. They are represented by
churches in
Gradina
Martinica
in
Zeta
and Pope near
Novi Pazar;
perhaps there are more churches that fall
into the same group
(Beăka, TaraboS).
Around the year
900
churches were built with a triconchal base, the most
significant of which is the church in
Doljani,
constructed
adjacent to an old basilica. The triconchal-based churches
from Drivast and
Zaton
seem to have been open
lo
the
west. Churches with similar bases can be found only in
the region from
Ohrid
to the Danube and on Byzantine
ground. Cruciform-based churches
(Prčanj, Dubrovnik,
perhaps St. Tryphone in
Kotor)
are rare, but they have a
lengthy tradition, starting with
Panik
from the
3rd
century.
Several phases can be noted in the dating of stone
ornaments of churches. Some pieces could be from the
7th century (Ilovica), and slabs with a depiction of a
gryphon from Sustjepan from the
Sth
century (Ulcinj,
Budva,
Ilovica,
Kotor, Dubrovnik).
Correctly dated to
around the year
900
are the newly-built altar partition
and ciborium in the church at
Gradina
Martinica,
from
the time of archont Peter. The stone furniture from the
vicinity of Janjina onPeljeSac is also dated by the mention
of the same archont. Also interesting is the placing of
three crosses on inscriptions
(Sveti
Stefan,
Kotor,
two
from
Ston).
An interrupted
Une
along the edges, or rows
of triangles, could be a characteristic of stonemason
workshops from Serbia of the
біп-ІЗШ
century.
There is archaeological data available for three towns,
HJ.
си
261
Sard. Svař and
Stari Bar.
Fortifying characteristics
can be singled out in them
-
rounded comers of
surrounding walls, gates in circular towers and towers
with semicircular bases, from the time of defense against
the Bulgarians in the 9th century. Perhaps ViSegrad near
Prizren is from the same period. The towers and some
gates of
Gradina
Martinica
near Danilovgrad, are from
a younger phase, buill onto an old wall around the year
900.
Here, within the surrounding wall with two gates,
there used to be a rectangular castle with belonging
church, raised by archont
Mutimir.
In
Gornji Oblun
there are foundations of a similar rectangular structure.
Of the three towns that Emperor
Constantine
VII
Porphyrogenitus writes
ofin
Dioclea, only Lontodokla
(Lontodocla) can be linked with certainty to
Doljani
near Podgorica. Singled out as a separate whole is
the unexplored Skadar with accompanying hamlets,
known only for its numismatic findings. The study of
the circulation of money from
Dubrovnik
shows that
this largest town in the coastal region (with an area of
around
7
hectares) could have perished several times:
at the beginning of the 7th century, in the second half of
the same century and around
840
(attack of the Saracens
at the time of conquering
Barí?).
Renewed circulations
are prominent around the year
900
and
925,
and
permanently as of
Basileus
the Second. On the Vladimir
hill in the vicinity of
Svač
there is a fortification with
a church, where
Oblik
from the Chronicle of the Priest
of Doclea
(Ljetopis popa Dukljanina)
could have been.
The available archaeological material clearly shows a
total of three elhnae or cultures in the coastal region:
Serbs, Latins and people of the Komam-Kruje culture,
i.e. Red Croats. The Diocletians and Goths noted in
written sources cannot be archaeologically determined
There are very meager testimonies on the Greek,
mostly 'm inscriptions in stone (Ilovica,
Gradina)
and
mosaic
(Budva).
In written sources Serbs are, as a rule, mentioned
under the general name of Slavs. Apart from that, they
are also demarked as allies of the Empire, which can
be archaeologically verified as well. The Chronicle of
the Priest of Doclea, as well as written sources from
Dubrovnik
and elsewhere, make note of the Morovlachi.
This name could refer to Serbs that Emperor
Constantine
VII
Porphyrogenitus writes of on the Caucasus, under
the archon
„των Σερβοτιων των λεγομένουν Μαύρα
παιδία".
Archaeologically, Serbs can be followed by
certain characteristics, such as a long application of trizna
(SvaČ, Kameno),
or the use of an bread-baking pan until
the present day
(Svač,
Ilovica). Slavic buckles from
Ljež
and
Kroja.*
also known in the
Đerdap
and
Banat
regions,
indicale a
migration from the Danube to the coastal
region around Skadar. Such a course of migrations is
also suggested by pottery shards decorated by wavy and
upright lines drawn by a comb
(Svač,
Ilovica), which
appear around the beginning of the 7th century, and
originate from the regions around Vienna and Bratislava.
Of older origin are undecorated pots, dated in
Kameni
to the second half of the 7th century. They are preceded
by some shards from
Svač
and Ilovica, among which
arc pieces of small single-handled pots. The rib on the
neck is a characteristic of the 7th century, and the added
ornaments on pots and ribs on the pans are also frequent
in younger ages as well. In the 8th and 9th century the
pottery was frequently decorated with slanted strokes
with a comb, characteristic for
lhe
entire Serbian coastal
area, and also present in the North-West from
Morava
to Elbe
(Laba).
Similar to pottery decorated with ribs, it
can be linked to related products in present-day Bosnia,
and through the regions of
Morava,
Vienna and Elbe.
In written sources the inhabitants of the coastal
towns are natione
Romanis
or Latinus
gente.
They can
be archaeologically separated in the 7lh century into
two basic components, local (buckles in the form of
doves and feline beats) and northern, originating from
the region around the Danube (iron buckles with bent
bases, pots crafted on a slow wheel). Pottery irregularly
decorated by a comb and crafted on a slow wheel
(Ilovica,
Starčeva Gorica)
can be linked to pottery from
Herzegovina,
Istria
and Northern Italy. From the 9th
century onward Latins can no longer be recognized by
movable archaeological findings. According to written
sources and other circumstances, there was a settling
of Latins from Italy also, in the
9(11-1
Oth century
(Antibari,
Bclo's legendary settling of
Dubrovnik
from Rome,
Kotor
under archbishopric of
Bari),
Written sources quite dimly and vaguely indicate the
présense
of Croats (so called "Red Croats") and Avars,
somewhere between the
Neretva
and Byzantine
Ohrid.
There are Avar objects in the area of the Old Croat
culture (Smrdelj) and in the region of the Komani-Kruje
culture (Vrap) as well, and in the Serbian coastal region
262
in Šipan.
Characteristics of the Old Croat culture of the
region between
Cetina
and
Istria
can also be found in
Bulgarian territories (unornamented vessels, jugs, pots
with handles, signs on pottery etc.). Certain finds of
characteristic biconica! pots might indicate belonging to
GuduSöani.
In Ljeg, Sard and the vicinity of
Vir
were
discovered the westernmost cemeteries of the Komani-
Kruje culture, which spreads to Pelagonia in the East. It
has been erroneously dated to
lhe
7th century and ascribed
to descendants of Illyrians or to Romanized population. It
consists of several components, Byzantine objects from
the 8th-9th century come from coastal towns (buckles
of the type of Corinth,
Bal-Gota)
or from the Byzantine
population of
Pannoniaíbuckles
of the types of Mytilenes,
circular buckles). Slavic objects can be discerned by
small earrings with salteleons, some earrings with star-
shaped pendants, arrow tips in the shape of a swallow's
tail. Characteristics of the Komani-Kruje culture are
torques, earrings, buckles, scrnicircularpendants, circular
metal rims, wide-spread use of mosaic tubular pearls.
Similar object can be found in the broad areas between
the Caucasus, Ural, Swabia and north-west
Pannonia.
Its dating to the 9th century is most clearly shown by
the well described grave units from
Koman,
published
by P. Traeger. The description of the settling of bearers
of the Komani-Kruje culture can be found
ín
the
Chronicle of the Priest of Doclea in the story of the
settlement of alleged Bulgarians. In it Slavic words can
be recognized (Velija; bare, Bar; Seno-buja, Sin-bagija),
Bulgarian words (Volga,
Vulgari,
kagan),
with a certain
Sarmatian presence (Kris). The peoples of this culture
could have come to north-west
Pannonia
towards the
end of the Stii century, from the border regions between
the Slavs and the Khazar Khaganate. The Komani-Kruje
culture arose upon the fall of the Avar Khaganate in
791-
814,
and disappeared with the Bulgarian conquering
of the region until Skadar, first in
897.
As a Christian
culture, it can be linked with data on Christianity in the
regions of the Russian steppes in the 7th-9th century,
and on bishoprics around
Drač
(Durrachio,
Durrës),
among which were Hunavija (Hunavia) and Kron. The
cemeteries of the Komani-Kruje culture are located
next to fortifications, and there is data on
30
fortresses
that the Bulgarians returned to Byzantine in
896-904.
Serbia must have been established as a state from the
7th century. Dux
Višeslav
whom the priest Iohannes
makes note of on the inscription of the baptistery basin
from the beginning of the 9th century is a descendant of
the ruler that brought Serbs to
Dalmaţia
at the time of
Emperor Heraclius. Me must have been ruler confirmed
in his own Church, or else Priest Iohannes would not have
made note of him, but of the Byzantine Emperor. Rulers
had their own castles with churches
(Gradina
Martinica).
The plan of the rooms around the yard in
Gradina
shows
its complex content: the quarters of the ruler, warehouse
for collected taxes, stables, quarters of the dignitaries
and members of the court. A significant characteristic of
a state is its army. Cavalry is known to have been present
since the 7th century, but is confirmed by archaeological
findings only since the time of the Bulgarian conquering
of Serbia. Danael from the inscription in the church of
St. Stephen seems to have been a hursar, which could
mean that he was some kind of fleet commander. The
official script at the court seems to have been Greek (the
seal of Strojimir), Latin script was used in the churches
(numerous inscriptions), and since St.
Constantine
Cyrill
ihc state used Glagollitic script
(Čcčan).
The economy
and taxes were based on clear rules, although money
was not in use. Apart from agriculture, including the
making of wine, a significant role was certainly played
by salt plants, mining with metallurgy, the processing
of fur and so forth, as well as trade in these goods.
Two facts ace important for the studying of the early
history of the Serbian national church. First, (hat the
use of the same churches can be seen through from
the 6th century to the 9th and 10th century, including
monasteries in which there is Slavic-Serbian pottery as
early as from the 6th century. Second, these churches
differ both by duration and by appearance from the
churches of the surrounding areas. Both of these facts
indicate the early Christianity of Serbs, according to
Emperor
Constantine
VII Porphyrogenitus
since the
time of Emperor Heraclius. Other written sources also
indicate the existence of Serbian bishoprics in the 7th-
8th century (Servija, Gordoserba, Pope Agathon, etc.).
The spontaneous inclusion of Serbs and Slavs in the
Byzantine service or inhabited in Byzantine settlements
into the local church organization must have taken place,
since the final decades of the 6th century. At the lime
of Emperor Heraclius the Church adapted to Serbs, the
people that
Dalmaţia
was left to, was only just established.
The natural seat of the presumed arch-bishopric was in
the Church of the St. Apostles in
Peć,
unusually large
and with plan characteristic for western regions. It
could have united the jurisdiction over
Dalmaţia
and
Сриеш
263
Justiniana
Prima.
Serbian
miers look
thü throne
there,
as did
Viseslav.
Aí
the time of this ruler, the first noted
by name, many renewals of churches took place, both
Serbian (monastery of Ilovica,
Vrutei
near Sarajevo) and
in the Latin towns of Byzantium
(Ulcinj, Budva, Kotor).
Because of the expansion of the Bulgarians, the seat
of the archbishopric had to be moved during the 9th
century, mosl probably
ίο
Doljani,
to the old basilica.
That was a time of great changes in the Church, caused
by the work of the Slavic apostles. The fight of Rome
for the establishing of rule over the Serbian national
church began, which can be seen in the striving for
domination the churches of
Dacia
and
Dalmaţia
(this
one through
Pannonia)
by Rome, recorded in the letters
of Pope John
VIII.
This caused resistance both in Serbia
and in Bulgaria, where a Slavic service was elected.
However, when Peter came to the throne in Serbia, he
introduced a new practice of liturgies, as shown by the
partitions in the castle church in
Gradina
Martinica.
This Latinization, assisted by the interests of Emperor
Leo VI, caused resistance.
Wien
Peter's rule ended, the
partitions were torn down. At the same time, churches
with triconchal bases were raised, similar to those
in the vicinity of
Ohrid (Doljani, Drivast, Zaton.).
In the western third of the Bulgarian, empire an
archbishopric was established that succeeded the
Justiniana
Prima.
Its first archbishop was Agathon, who
was succeeded, as suggested by all circumstances, by
St. Clement. This archbishopric can be archaeological ly
recognized by churches with triconchal and'tetraconchal
bases. They are not known in Bulgaria or the neighboring
Croatia, but can be founiJ in
Zeta.
When the Bulgarians
conquered Serbia in
924,
they most probably raised
a church in ancient Doclea, in order to found a new
spiritual center. The Serbian archbishop at the time fled
to
Dubrovnik.
Immediately upon the conquering of
Serbia, in
925,
a church council took place in Split, in
which the Duke of Zahumlje Mihailo, Bulgarian ally,
took part as well. At this council the practice of Slavonic
liturgies was discontinued. After that, according to
the Chronicle,
Belo Pavlimir
takes over the rule over
Dubrovnik
and all of Serbia, and he founds a bishopric
in
Ras,
with the Church of St. Peter. This shows that
the seat of the archbishopric was still in
Dubrovnik.
At the time of
Jovan Vladimir,
who succeeded
Belo,
educated in
Ohrid,
the church services were certainly
Slavic, since the official script was Glagolitic
(Čečan).
It can be concluded that Serbs began the taking over
of
Dalmaţia
towards the end of the 4th century, and
completed it at the beginning of the 7th. This handing
over was easy for Byzantine, since Serbs accepted
Christianity. The linking of the settling of Serbs with
Emperor Hcraclius probably should be connected with
migrations into the vicinity of Thessalonica (Serblia)
and Asia Minor (Gordoserba). The reason for such a
connection can be the establishing of an archbishopric
at the time of Emperor Heraclius and within it the
confirmation of the succeeding rulers. Such a state was
self-sufficient until circumstances changed dramatically
with the coming of Charlemagne. At the beginning of
the 9th century, in war with Frankish Empire, Serbia
lost some regions to the north-west; between Pelagonia
and Skadar peoples of the Komani-Kxuje culture settled,
and then the Bulgarians occupied the eastern parts of
the Serbian territories as well. A stronger connection
with Byzantine and a change in the organization of the
state ensued. This enabled long-term resistance to the
expansion of the Bulgarians. The seat of the Church,
moved to
Doljani,
was now more exposed to external
influence. Bulgaria finally did manage
lo
conquer Serbia
in
924.
When
Čáslav
renewed Serbia, the coastal regions
were not included. Upon the fall of Serbia, the parish
of Dioclea was formed for the first time, by Bulgaria,
to be taken over by Byzantine. At the time of
Belo
Pavlimir and
Jovan Vladimir
the country was once
again united for the most part, together with Dioclea. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Janković, Đorđe |
| author_facet | Janković, Đorđe |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Janković, Đorđe |
| author_variant | đ j đj |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023363969 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DR1623 |
| callnumber-raw | DR1623 |
| callnumber-search | DR1623 |
| callnumber-sort | DR 41623 |
| callnumber-subject | DR - Balkan Peninsula |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)318212138 (DE-599)BVBBV023363969 |
| era | Geschichte 600-1000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 600-1000 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Dalmatia (Croatia) Antiquities Montenegro Antiquities Serbia Antiquities Zeta Landschaft (DE-588)4307741-9 gnd Montenegro (DE-588)4040163-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Dalmatia (Croatia) Antiquities Montenegro Antiquities Serbia Antiquities Zeta Landschaft Montenegro |
| id | DE-604.BV023363969 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:10:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:16:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788690445554 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016547368 |
| oclc_num | 318212138 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 263 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Srpsko Arheološko Društvo |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Povremena izdanja / Srpsko Arheološko Društvo |
| spelling | Janković, Đorđe Verfasser aut Srpsko pomorje od 7. do 10. stoleća Đorđe Janković Beograd Srpsko Arheološko Društvo 2007 263 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Povremena izdanja / Srpsko Arheološko Društvo 5 : Srednjovekovna arheologija PST: Serbian Maritime from 7th to 10th Century. - In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 600-1000 gnd rswk-swf Funde Excavations (Archaeology) Croatia Dalmatia Excavations (Archaeology) Montenegro Excavations (Archaeology) Serbia Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Dalmatia (Croatia) Antiquities Montenegro Antiquities Serbia Antiquities Zeta Landschaft (DE-588)4307741-9 gnd rswk-swf Montenegro (DE-588)4040163-7 gnd rswk-swf Zeta Landschaft (DE-588)4307741-9 g Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 s Geschichte 600-1000 z DE-604 Montenegro (DE-588)4040163-7 g Srpsko Arheološko Društvo Povremena izdanja 5 : Srednjovekovna arheologija (DE-604)BV023045075 5 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016547368&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016547368&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Janković, Đorđe Srpsko pomorje od 7. do 10. stoleća Funde Excavations (Archaeology) Croatia Dalmatia Excavations (Archaeology) Montenegro Excavations (Archaeology) Serbia Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4307741-9 (DE-588)4040163-7 |
| title | Srpsko pomorje od 7. do 10. stoleća |
| title_auth | Srpsko pomorje od 7. do 10. stoleća |
| title_exact_search | Srpsko pomorje od 7. do 10. stoleća |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Srpsko pomorje od 7. do 10. stoleća |
| title_full | Srpsko pomorje od 7. do 10. stoleća Đorđe Janković |
| title_fullStr | Srpsko pomorje od 7. do 10. stoleća Đorđe Janković |
| title_full_unstemmed | Srpsko pomorje od 7. do 10. stoleća Đorđe Janković |
| title_short | Srpsko pomorje od 7. do 10. stoleća |
| title_sort | srpsko pomorje od 7 do 10 stoleca |
| topic | Funde Excavations (Archaeology) Croatia Dalmatia Excavations (Archaeology) Montenegro Excavations (Archaeology) Serbia Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Excavations (Archaeology) Croatia Dalmatia Excavations (Archaeology) Montenegro Excavations (Archaeology) Serbia Siedlung Dalmatia (Croatia) Antiquities Montenegro Antiquities Serbia Antiquities Zeta Landschaft Montenegro |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016547368&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016547368&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023045075 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jankovicđorđe srpskopomorjeod7do10stoleca |