British university observatories: 1772 - 1939
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Burlington, VT
Ashgate
2008
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Science, technology and culture, 1700-1945
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 533 S. Ill. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780754632504 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: British university observatories
Autor: Hutchins, Roger
Jahr: 2008
Contents
List of Figur es ix
List ofMaps xiv
List of Fahles xv
Preface xvi
Acknowledgements xix
List of Abbreviations xxii
Introduction 1
University Observatories Defined as a Group 4
Astrophysics as a Litmus Test 6
University Observatories in Context 7
1 Making Niches, Founding the Observatories 13
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 Historical Context 15
1.3 The Radcliffe Observatory of 1772 19
1.4 The Dunsink Observatory of 1783 23
1.5 The Armagh Observatory of 1790 25
1.6 The Analytical Society of 1812 27
1.7 The Astronomical Society of London, 1820 (RAS 1831) 28
1.8 The Cambridge Observatory of 1820 30
1.9 Glasgow s Horselethill Observatory of 1838 37
Macfarlane Observatory, 1760-1845 37
Horselethill Observatory, 1845-1938 38
1.10 The Durham Observatory of 1840 40
1.11 The University of Oxford Observatory of 1873 42
1.12 Summary 50
2 Academic Astronomers in the Age of the Grand Amateurs ,
1820-1881 57
2.1 Introduction 57
2.2 Social Context: the Domain of the Grand Amateurs 58
2.3 Patronage and Networks 60
Airy s Leadership, and RAS Factions 60
The Size of the Community 64
Network: The Greenwich-Cambridge Axis 65
The Astronomer Royal s Patronage 72
vi British University Observatories
2.4 The Division ofLabour 73
Dividing Meridian Work 75
Legitimizing the Equatorial 75
The Third Division: Astrophysics 82
2.5 Summary 83
3 Working the University Observatories, 1820-1881 87
3.1 Introduction 87
3.2 The Cambridge Observatory 88
Professor George B. Airy, 1828-1835 88
Professor James Challis, 1836-1861 89
Collegial Solidarity and the Co-discovery of Neptune 91
The Search for Neptune: Opportunity and Interests 95
How the Partieipants Understood the Controversy 114
Neptune: Coming to Terms with the Loss 120
Remainder of Challis s Directorship 125
The Sheepshanks Fund 127
Professor John Couch Adams, 1861-1892 128
Robert S. Ball s Election 134
Summary of Direction of the Cambridge Observatory 137
3.3 The Radcliffe Observatory 138
3.4 The Dunsink Observatory 139
3.5 Glasgow s Horselethill Observatory 141
3.6 The Durham Observatory 144
3.7 The 1870 Crisis of the University Observatories 150
3.8 RAS Politics: Turmoil, 1861-1881 151
3.9 Summary 154
4 Encumbered with Lectures : Developing Research and
Providing for Graduates, 1820-1939 165
4.1 Introduction 165
4.2 An Ideal, Evolving into an Academic Subject 167
The Three Traditional Types of Astronomy 169
The Fourth Type: Astrophysics 171
4.3 Teaching Astronomy to Undergraduates 171
The Student Clientele 172
The Inherent Tension: Teaching v. Research 172
London University: Market Leader for a Paying Clientele 173
Oxford 174
Cambridge 177
Trinity College, Dublin 178
Glasgow and Edinburgh 179
Durham 183
4.4 Overview: Students, Teaching and Research 183
4.5 Towards Research Schools and Advanced Degrees, 1890-1939 185
Competition for University Resources: An Impediment to the
Specialization of Astronomy 18 8
Contents vii
British Schools of Astronomy and Astrophysics 189
The Informal School of Astronomy and Astrophysics at
Cambridge 190
Prosopography of an Elite 191
Steps to Acquiring Research Experience 197
4.6 The Ph.D. as Professional Qualification 200
Oxford 1934: The First Formal British Graduate School
of Astrophysics 207
4.7 Summary 211
5 University Observatories and the Opportunities in Astrophysics,
c.1880-1939 219
5.1 Introduction 219
5.2 Establishing the Credibility of Astrophysics 220
5.3 The Challenge of Astrophysics 221
5.4 Specialization and Professionalization 222
The Endowment for Research Debate 223
5.5 Huggins, and Lockyer s Solar Physics Observatory 224
5.6 The International Context 231
Germany 235
France 242
Admiral Mouchez s Reforms 247
Meudon Observatory and Astrophysics 254
The Carte du Ciel 255
The Kapteyn Areas 256
Italy 258
The USA 271
Overview: The International Context 281
5.7 British National Observatories 284
The Physical Department of 1897 at Green wich 284
The Cape and Edinburgh 286
5.8 Oxford: The Observatory for Astronomical Physics 288
Photometry 292
Photographic Parallax 293
Astrographic Catalogue 293
5.9 Cambridge: Newall and the Dual Observatories 294
The Cambridge Observatory under R.S. Ball, 1892-1913 297
Newall and the Solar Physics Observatory, Cambridge 300
5.10 Summary 306
6 Problems of Proximity: Oxford s Observatories, 1901-1930 319
6.1 Introduction 319
6.2 Turner s Astronomical Work, 1894-1919 321
6.3 AHouseat the Observatory, 1907 330
The Relationship of the Radcliffe Trustees and their Observatory
to the University 332
The Cause Celebre of 1907 333
viii British University Observatories
6.4 The Blight on the University Observatory 336
6.5 Seismology and Astronomy: Turner s Options for Research,
1919-1930 338
Why Seismology Came to Oxford 339
How Seismology was Advanced at Oxford, 1919-1930 341
The Division of Labour and Resources at the University
Observatory 344
Turner s Balance of Seismology and Astronomy 346
6.6 A Deal with the Radcliffe Observer: Interest Politics Erupt, 1930 348
6.7 Summary 362
7 British University Observatories and the Wider World, 1919-
1939 371
7.1 Introduction 371
7.2 The Wider World 372
7.3 The Shift of Research to the Universities 380
7.4 Working the Observatories, 1881-1939 380
Cambridge 380
The Solar Physics Observatory (SPO) after 1918 382
The English School of Theoretical Astrophysics 383
Oxford 386
Glasgow 394
Dunsink 399
Armagh 403
Durham 406
London s Mill Hill Observatory 413
7.5 Teaching Observatories, 1900-1939 418
7.6 Summary 419
Conclusion: Thoughts on How Astronomical Knowledge Advances 429
Bibliography 441
Index 473
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: British university observatories
Autor: Hutchins, Roger
Jahr: 2008
Contents
List of Figur es ix
List ofMaps xiv
List of Fahles xv
Preface xvi
Acknowledgements xix
List of Abbreviations xxii
Introduction 1
University Observatories Defined as a Group 4
Astrophysics as a Litmus Test 6
University Observatories in Context 7
1 Making Niches, Founding the Observatories 13
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 Historical Context 15
1.3 The Radcliffe Observatory of 1772 19
1.4 The Dunsink Observatory of 1783 23
1.5 The Armagh Observatory of 1790 25
1.6 The Analytical Society of 1812 27
1.7 The Astronomical Society of London, 1820 (RAS 1831) 28
1.8 The Cambridge Observatory of 1820 30
1.9 Glasgow's Horselethill Observatory of 1838 37
Macfarlane Observatory, 1760-1845 37
Horselethill Observatory, 1845-1938 38
1.10 The Durham Observatory of 1840 40
1.11 The University of Oxford Observatory of 1873 42
1.12 Summary 50
2 Academic Astronomers in the Age of the 'Grand Amateurs',
1820-1881 57
2.1 Introduction 57
2.2 Social Context: the Domain of the 'Grand Amateurs' 58
2.3 Patronage and Networks 60
Airy's Leadership, and RAS Factions 60
The Size of the Community 64
Network: The Greenwich-Cambridge Axis 65
The Astronomer Royal's Patronage 72
vi British University Observatories
2.4 The Division ofLabour 73
Dividing Meridian Work 75
Legitimizing the Equatorial 75
The Third Division: Astrophysics 82
2.5 Summary 83
3 Working the University Observatories, 1820-1881 87
3.1 Introduction 87
3.2 The Cambridge Observatory 88
Professor George B. Airy, 1828-1835 88
Professor James Challis, 1836-1861 89
Collegial Solidarity and the Co-discovery of Neptune 91
The Search for Neptune: Opportunity and Interests 95
How the Partieipants Understood the Controversy 114
Neptune: Coming to Terms with the Loss 120
Remainder of Challis' s Directorship 125
The Sheepshanks Fund 127
Professor John Couch Adams, 1861-1892 128
Robert S. Ball's Election 134
Summary of Direction of the Cambridge Observatory 137
3.3 The Radcliffe Observatory 138
3.4 The Dunsink Observatory 139
3.5 Glasgow's Horselethill Observatory 141
3.6 The Durham Observatory 144
3.7 The 1870 Crisis of the University Observatories 150
3.8 RAS Politics: Turmoil, 1861-1881 151
3.9 Summary 154
4 'Encumbered with Lectures': Developing Research and
Providing for Graduates, 1820-1939 165
4.1 Introduction 165
4.2 An Ideal, Evolving into an Academic Subject 167
The Three Traditional Types of Astronomy 169
The Fourth Type: Astrophysics 171
4.3 Teaching Astronomy to Undergraduates 171
The Student Clientele 172
The Inherent Tension: Teaching v. Research 172
London University: Market Leader for a Paying Clientele 173
Oxford 174
Cambridge 177
Trinity College, Dublin 178
Glasgow and Edinburgh 179
Durham 183
4.4 Overview: Students, Teaching and Research 183
4.5 Towards 'Research Schools' and Advanced Degrees, 1890-1939 185
Competition for University Resources: An Impediment to the
Specialization of Astronomy 18 8
Contents vii
British Schools of Astronomy and Astrophysics 189
The Informal School of Astronomy and Astrophysics at
Cambridge 190
Prosopography of an Elite 191
Steps to Acquiring Research Experience 197
4.6 The Ph.D. as Professional Qualification 200
Oxford 1934: The First 'Formal' British Graduate School
of Astrophysics 207
4.7 Summary 211
5 University Observatories and the Opportunities in Astrophysics,
c.1880-1939 219
5.1 Introduction 219
5.2 Establishing the Credibility of Astrophysics 220
5.3 The Challenge of Astrophysics 221
5.4 Specialization and Professionalization 222
The Endowment for Research Debate 223
5.5 Huggins, and Lockyer's Solar Physics Observatory 224
5.6 The International Context 231
Germany 235
France 242
Admiral Mouchez's Reforms 247
Meudon Observatory and Astrophysics 254
The Carte du Ciel 255
The Kapteyn Areas 256
Italy 258
The USA 271
Overview: The International Context 281
5.7 British National Observatories 284
The Physical Department of 1897 at Green wich 284
The Cape and Edinburgh 286
5.8 Oxford: The Observatory for Astronomical Physics 288
Photometry 292
Photographic Parallax 293
Astrographic Catalogue 293
5.9 Cambridge: Newall and the 'Dual Observatories' 294
The Cambridge Observatory under R.S. Ball, 1892-1913 297
Newall and the Solar Physics Observatory, Cambridge 300
5.10 Summary 306
6 Problems of Proximity: Oxford's Observatories, 1901-1930 319
6.1 Introduction 319
6.2 Turner's Astronomical Work, 1894-1919 321
6.3 AHouseat the Observatory, 1907 330
The Relationship of the Radcliffe Trustees and their Observatory
to the University 332
The Cause Celebre of 1907 333
viii British University Observatories
6.4 The Blight on the University Observatory 336
6.5 Seismology and Astronomy: Turner's Options for Research,
1919-1930 338
Why Seismology Came to Oxford 339
How Seismology was Advanced at Oxford, 1919-1930 341
The Division of Labour and Resources at the University
Observatory 344
Turner's Balance of Seismology and Astronomy 346
6.6 A Deal with the Radcliffe Observer: Interest Politics Erupt, 1930 348
6.7 Summary 362
7 British University Observatories and the Wider World, 1919-
1939 371
7.1 Introduction 371
7.2 The Wider World 372
7.3 The Shift of Research to the Universities 380
7.4 Working the Observatories, 1881-1939 380
Cambridge 380
The Solar Physics Observatory (SPO) after 1918 382
The English School of Theoretical Astrophysics 383
Oxford 386
Glasgow 394
Dunsink 399
Armagh 403
Durham 406
London's Mill Hill Observatory 413
7.5 Teaching Observatories, 1900-1939 418
7.6 Summary 419
Conclusion: Thoughts on How Astronomical Knowledge Advances 429
Bibliography 441
Index 473 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:16:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780754632504 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2007018812 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016544220 |
| oclc_num | 410690564 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-210 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-210 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XXIII, 533 S. Ill. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Ashgate |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Science, technology and culture, 1700-1945 |
| spelling | Hutchins, Roger Verfasser aut British university observatories 1772 - 1939 by Roger Hutchins Burlington, VT Ashgate 2008 XXIII, 533 S. Ill. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Science, technology and culture, 1700-1945 Includes bibliographical references and index Geschichte 1700-1800 Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1772-1939 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Astronomical observatories Great Britain History 18th century Astronomical observatories Great Britain History 19th century Astronomical observatories Great Britain History 20th century Universität (DE-588)4061778-6 gnd rswk-swf Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd rswk-swf Sternwarte (DE-588)4183154-8 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Universität (DE-588)4061778-6 s Sternwarte (DE-588)4183154-8 s Geschichte 1772-1939 z DE-604 Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 s b DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0717/2007018812.html Table of contents only HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016544220&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hutchins, Roger British university observatories 1772 - 1939 Geschichte Astronomical observatories Great Britain History 18th century Astronomical observatories Great Britain History 19th century Astronomical observatories Great Britain History 20th century Universität (DE-588)4061778-6 gnd Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd Sternwarte (DE-588)4183154-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4061778-6 (DE-588)4003311-9 (DE-588)4183154-8 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
| title | British university observatories 1772 - 1939 |
| title_auth | British university observatories 1772 - 1939 |
| title_exact_search | British university observatories 1772 - 1939 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | British university observatories 1772 - 1939 |
| title_full | British university observatories 1772 - 1939 by Roger Hutchins |
| title_fullStr | British university observatories 1772 - 1939 by Roger Hutchins |
| title_full_unstemmed | British university observatories 1772 - 1939 by Roger Hutchins |
| title_short | British university observatories |
| title_sort | british university observatories 1772 1939 |
| title_sub | 1772 - 1939 |
| topic | Geschichte Astronomical observatories Great Britain History 18th century Astronomical observatories Great Britain History 19th century Astronomical observatories Great Britain History 20th century Universität (DE-588)4061778-6 gnd Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd Sternwarte (DE-588)4183154-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Astronomical observatories Great Britain History 18th century Astronomical observatories Great Britain History 19th century Astronomical observatories Great Britain History 20th century Universität Astronomie Sternwarte Großbritannien |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0717/2007018812.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016544220&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hutchinsroger britishuniversityobservatories17721939 |