The grateful slave: the emergence of race in eighteenth-century British and American culture
This book provides a fresh account of the development of racial difference in the eighteenth-century English-speaking world.
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | This book provides a fresh account of the development of racial difference in the eighteenth-century English-speaking world. |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | VIII, 280 S. Ill. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780521885713 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV023354103 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20090302 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 080619s2008 a||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 015 | |a GBA856234 |2 dnb | ||
| 020 | |a 9780521885713 |9 978-0-521-88571-3 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)174449728 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV023354103 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-703 |a DE-19 |a DE-355 |a DE-739 |a DE-188 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a PR448.S55 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 820.9355 | |
| 084 | |a HK 1091 |0 (DE-625)50110: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a HR 1728 |0 (DE-625)53007: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Boulukos, George |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The grateful slave |b the emergence of race in eighteenth-century British and American culture |c by George Boulukos |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a VIII, 280 S. |b Ill. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a This book provides a fresh account of the development of racial difference in the eighteenth-century English-speaking world. | |
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1700-1800 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1722-1804 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a English literature / 18th century / History and criticism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a American literature / 18th century / History and criticism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Slavery in literature | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Race in literature | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Difference (Psychology) in literature | |
| 650 | 4 | |a African Americans in literature | |
| 650 | 4 | |a American literature |y 18th century |x History and criticism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a English literature |y 18th century |x History and criticism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Gratitude in literature | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Race in literature | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Slavery in literature | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Literatur |0 (DE-588)4035964-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Englisch |0 (DE-588)4014777-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Sklaverei |g Motiv |0 (DE-588)4204853-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a USA |0 (DE-588)4078704-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Englisch |0 (DE-588)4014777-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Literatur |0 (DE-588)4035964-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Sklaverei |g Motiv |0 (DE-588)4204853-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Geschichte 1722-1804 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a USA |0 (DE-588)4078704-7 |D g |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Literatur |0 (DE-588)4035964-5 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 2 | |a Sklaverei |g Motiv |0 (DE-588)4204853-9 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 3 | |a Geschichte 1722-1804 |A z |
| 689 | 1 | |C b |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016537670&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Klappentext |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016537670&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016537670 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137713349165056 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | THE GRATEFUL SLAVE
The figure of the grateful slave, devoted to his or her master in thanks
for kind treatment, is ubiquitous in eighteenth-century writing on
slavery and in literary works from Daniel Defoe s Colonel Jack
(1722)
to Maria Edgeworth s The Grateful Negro
(1804).
Yet this important
trope, linked with discourses that tried to justify racial oppression,
slavery, and colonialism, has been overlooked in eighteenth-century
literary research. Challenging previous accounts of the relationship
between sentiment and slavery, George Boulukos shows how the
image of the grateful slave contributed to colonial practices of white
supremacy in the later eighteenth century. Seemingly sympathetic to
slaves, the trope actually undermines their cause and denies their
humanity by showing African slaves as willingly accepting their
condition. Taking in literary sources as well as texts on colonialism
and slavery, Boulukos offers a fresh account of the development of
racial difference, and of its transadantic dissemination, in the eighteenth-
century English-speaking world.
GEORGE boulukos is Assistant Professor of English at Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale.
Contents
List of illustrations page
vi
Acknowledgments
vii
Introduction
ι
ι
The prehistory of the grateful slave
38
2
The origin of the grateful slave: Daniel Defoe s
Colonel Jack,
1722 75
3
The evolution of the grateful slave 1754-1777: the emergence
of racial difference in the slavery debate and the novel
95
4
The 1780s: transition
141
5
Gratitude in the black Atlantic: Equiano writes back,
1789 173
6
The 1790s: ameliorationist convergence
201
Epilogue: Grateful slaves, faithful slaves, mammies and martyrs:
the transatlantic afterlife of the grateful slave
233
Bibliography
246
Index
273
|
| adam_txt |
THE GRATEFUL SLAVE
The figure of the grateful slave, devoted to his or her master in thanks
for kind treatment, is ubiquitous in eighteenth-century writing on
slavery and in literary works from Daniel Defoe's Colonel Jack
(1722)
to Maria Edgeworth's "The Grateful Negro"
(1804).
Yet this important
trope, linked with discourses that tried to justify racial oppression,
slavery, and colonialism, has been overlooked in eighteenth-century
literary research. Challenging previous accounts of the relationship
between sentiment and slavery, George Boulukos shows how the
image of the grateful slave contributed to colonial practices of white
supremacy in the later eighteenth century. Seemingly sympathetic to
slaves, the trope actually undermines their cause and denies their
humanity by showing African slaves as willingly accepting their
condition. Taking in literary sources as well as texts on colonialism
and slavery, Boulukos offers a fresh account of the development of
racial difference, and of its transadantic dissemination, in the eighteenth-
century English-speaking world.
GEORGE boulukos is Assistant Professor of English at Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale.
Contents
List of illustrations page
vi
Acknowledgments
vii
Introduction
ι
ι
The prehistory of the grateful slave
38
2
The origin of the grateful slave: Daniel Defoe's
Colonel Jack,
1722 75
3
The evolution of the grateful slave 1754-1777: the emergence
of racial difference in the slavery debate and the novel
95
4
The 1780s: transition
141
5
Gratitude in the black Atlantic: Equiano writes back,
1789 173
6
The 1790s: ameliorationist convergence
201
Epilogue: Grateful slaves, faithful slaves, mammies and martyrs:
the transatlantic afterlife of the grateful slave
233
Bibliography
246
Index
273 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Boulukos, George |
| author_facet | Boulukos, George |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Boulukos, George |
| author_variant | g b gb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023354103 |
| callnumber-first | P - Language and Literature |
| callnumber-label | PR448 |
| callnumber-raw | PR448.S55 |
| callnumber-search | PR448.S55 |
| callnumber-sort | PR 3448 S55 |
| callnumber-subject | PR - English Literature |
| classification_rvk | HK 1091 HR 1728 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)174449728 (DE-599)BVBBV023354103 |
| dewey-full | 820.9355 |
| dewey-hundreds | 800 - Literature (Belles-lettres) and rhetoric |
| dewey-ones | 820 - English & Old English literatures |
| dewey-raw | 820.9355 |
| dewey-search | 820.9355 |
| dewey-sort | 3820.9355 |
| dewey-tens | 820 - English & Old English literatures |
| discipline | Anglistik / Amerikanistik |
| discipline_str_mv | Anglistik / Amerikanistik |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| era | Geschichte 1700-1800 Geschichte 1722-1804 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1700-1800 Geschichte 1722-1804 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>03070nam a2200697 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV023354103</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20090302 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">080619s2008 a||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="015" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBA856234</subfield><subfield code="2">dnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780521885713</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-521-88571-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)174449728</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV023354103</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">PR448.S55</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">820.9355</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">HK 1091</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)50110:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">HR 1728</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)53007:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Boulukos, George</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The grateful slave</subfield><subfield code="b">the emergence of race in eighteenth-century British and American culture</subfield><subfield code="c">by George Boulukos</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1. publ.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Cambridge [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Cambridge Univ. Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2008</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">VIII, 280 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill.</subfield><subfield code="c">24 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">This book provides a fresh account of the development of racial difference in the eighteenth-century English-speaking world.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1700-1800</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1722-1804</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">English literature / 18th century / History and criticism</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">American literature / 18th century / History and criticism</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Slavery in literature</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Race in literature</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Difference (Psychology) in literature</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">African Americans in literature</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">American literature</subfield><subfield code="y">18th century</subfield><subfield code="x">History and criticism</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">English literature</subfield><subfield code="y">18th century</subfield><subfield code="x">History and criticism</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Gratitude in literature</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Race in literature</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Slavery in literature</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Literatur</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4035964-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Englisch</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4014777-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Sklaverei</subfield><subfield code="g">Motiv</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4204853-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">USA</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4078704-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Englisch</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4014777-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Literatur</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4035964-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Sklaverei</subfield><subfield code="g">Motiv</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4204853-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1722-1804</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">USA</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4078704-7</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Literatur</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4035964-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Sklaverei</subfield><subfield code="g">Motiv</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4204853-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1722-1804</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="C">b</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Regensburg</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016537670&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Klappentext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016537670&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016537670</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | USA |
| id | DE-604.BV023354103 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:06:20Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:16:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780521885713 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016537670 |
| oclc_num | 174449728 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 DE-188 |
| physical | VIII, 280 S. Ill. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Boulukos, George Verfasser aut The grateful slave the emergence of race in eighteenth-century British and American culture by George Boulukos 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2008 VIII, 280 S. Ill. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index This book provides a fresh account of the development of racial difference in the eighteenth-century English-speaking world. Geschichte 1700-1800 Geschichte 1722-1804 gnd rswk-swf English literature / 18th century / History and criticism American literature / 18th century / History and criticism Slavery in literature Race in literature Difference (Psychology) in literature African Americans in literature American literature 18th century History and criticism English literature 18th century History and criticism Gratitude in literature Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd rswk-swf Sklaverei Motiv (DE-588)4204853-9 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 s Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 s Sklaverei Motiv (DE-588)4204853-9 s Geschichte 1722-1804 z DE-604 USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g b DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016537670&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016537670&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Boulukos, George The grateful slave the emergence of race in eighteenth-century British and American culture English literature / 18th century / History and criticism American literature / 18th century / History and criticism Slavery in literature Race in literature Difference (Psychology) in literature African Americans in literature American literature 18th century History and criticism English literature 18th century History and criticism Gratitude in literature Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Sklaverei Motiv (DE-588)4204853-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4035964-5 (DE-588)4014777-0 (DE-588)4204853-9 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | The grateful slave the emergence of race in eighteenth-century British and American culture |
| title_auth | The grateful slave the emergence of race in eighteenth-century British and American culture |
| title_exact_search | The grateful slave the emergence of race in eighteenth-century British and American culture |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The grateful slave the emergence of race in eighteenth-century British and American culture |
| title_full | The grateful slave the emergence of race in eighteenth-century British and American culture by George Boulukos |
| title_fullStr | The grateful slave the emergence of race in eighteenth-century British and American culture by George Boulukos |
| title_full_unstemmed | The grateful slave the emergence of race in eighteenth-century British and American culture by George Boulukos |
| title_short | The grateful slave |
| title_sort | the grateful slave the emergence of race in eighteenth century british and american culture |
| title_sub | the emergence of race in eighteenth-century British and American culture |
| topic | English literature / 18th century / History and criticism American literature / 18th century / History and criticism Slavery in literature Race in literature Difference (Psychology) in literature African Americans in literature American literature 18th century History and criticism English literature 18th century History and criticism Gratitude in literature Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd Sklaverei Motiv (DE-588)4204853-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | English literature / 18th century / History and criticism American literature / 18th century / History and criticism Slavery in literature Race in literature Difference (Psychology) in literature African Americans in literature American literature 18th century History and criticism English literature 18th century History and criticism Gratitude in literature Literatur Englisch Sklaverei Motiv USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016537670&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016537670&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT boulukosgeorge thegratefulslavetheemergenceofraceineighteenthcenturybritishandamericanculture |