Verfügbarkeit: High-arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate

High-arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate: ten years of monitoring and research at Zackenberg Research Station, Northeast Greenland

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2008
Ausgabe:	1. ed.
Schriftenreihe:	Advances in ecological research 40
Schlagworte:	Klimaänderung Umwelt Ökologie Climatic changes > Environmental aspects > Greenland Ecology > Greenland
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Einzelaufnahme eines Zeitschr.-Bd.
Beschreibung:	XXXI, 563 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780123736659

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245	1	0	\|a High-arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate \|b ten years of monitoring and research at Zackenberg Research Station, Northeast Greenland \|c ed. by Hans Meltofte ....
250			\|a 1. ed.
264		1	\|a Amsterdam [u.a.] \|b Elsevier \|c 2008
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500			\|a Einzelaufnahme eines Zeitschr.-Bd.
650		4	\|a Klimaänderung
650		4	\|a Umwelt
650		4	\|a Ökologie
650		4	\|a Climatic changes \|x Environmental aspects \|z Greenland
650		4	\|a Ecology \|z Greenland
700	1		\|a Meltofte, Hans \|e Sonstige \|4 oth
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adam_text	Contents Contributors to Volume 40.............................. xvii Preface ............................................. xxi Acknowledgments ..................................... xxiii Executive Summary .................................... xxv Introduction HANS MELTOFTE, TORBEN R. CHRISTENSEN, BO ELBERLING, MADS С FORCHHAMMER AND MORTEN RASCH Summary ...................................... 1 I. The Scene: Amplified Climatic Changes in the Arctic ....... 2 II. The Background: The Need for Long-Term Monitoring and Research in High-Arctic Greenland and the Choice of Zackenberg............................. 4 III. The Concept: The Development and Running of ZERO .... 8 IV. The Book: Idea and Organization .................... 9 References .......................................... 11 Arctic Climate and Climate Change with a Focus on Greenland MARTIN STENDEL, JENS HESSELBJERG CHRISTENSEN AND DORTHE PETERSEN Summary ...................................... 13 I. Introduction .................................... 15 II. The Arctic as Part of the Global Climate System .......... 16 A. Dynamical Links Between the Arctic and Lower Latitudes .............................. 17 III. Description of Models and Scenarios .................. 20 IV. Arctic Climate Variability and Change ................. 22 A. Present-Day Climate ........................... 22 B. Future Climate Evolution ....................... 24 vi CONTENTS V. Greenland as a Key Region for Present and Future Climate . . 29 A. Present-Day Climate ........................... 29 B. Future Climate Evolution ....................... 31 C. Local Climate Change in the Zackenberg Area ........ 35 VI. Conclusions .................................... 38 Acknowledgments ..................................... 39 References .......................................... 39 Late Quaternary Environmental and Cultural Changes in the Wollaston Forland Region, Northeast Greenland OLE BENNIKE, MIKKEL S0RENSEN, BENT FREDSKILD, BJARNE H. JACOBSEN, JENS BÖCHER, SUSANNE L. AMSINCK, ERIK JEPPESEN, CLAUS ANDREASEN, HANNE H. CHRISTIANSEN AND OLE HUMLUM Summary ...................................... 45 I. Introduction.................................... 46 II. The Glacial History .............................. 47 III. Sea-Level Changes ............................... 49 IV. Holocene Environmental Changes .................... 50 A. Lake Sediment Evidence ........................ 50 B. Periglacial Evidence ........................... 61 C. Pedological Evidence .......................... 61 D. Comparisons with Other Climate Records ........... 62 V. Immigration History of Plants and Animals ............. 62 VI. Archaeology .................................... 66 A. Independence 1 ............................... 66 B. Saqqaq .................................... 68 C. Greenlandic Dorset ........................... 69 D. Thule ..................................... 70 E. Landscape Use and Settlement Patterns ............. 71 VII. Conclusions .................................... 75 Acknowledgments ..................................... 76 References .......................................... 76 Climate Change Influences on Species Interrelationships and Distributions in High-Arctic Greenland DAVID R. KLEIN, HANS HENRIK BRUUN, REBEKKA LUNDGREN AND MARIANNE PHILIPP Summary ...................................... 81 I. Introduction .................................... 82 II. Plant Dispersal and Influences on Species Richness and Genetic Diversity ................................ 84 CONTENTS VU A. Sexual Reproduction and Dispersal ................ 84 B. Sources of Origin for Northeast Greenland Flora ...... 85 C. Dispersal by Physical Processes ................... 86 D. Animals as Seed Dispersers ...................... 86 E. Problems of Predictability ....................... 88 F. Long-Distance versus Short-Distance Dispersal ........ 88 G. Seed Dispersal and Community Population Structure ... 89 H. Propagule Dispersal via Vertebrate Guts and Influences on Species Richness and Genetic Diversity at the Community Level ........................ 90 III. Pollination and Invading Species ..................... 93 A. Pollinator-Plant Relationships at Zackenberg......... 93 B. Climate Change Influences on Pollination and Invading Species .............................. 94 C. Changing Plant Community Structure and Invasion of New Species ........................ 95 IV. Conclusions and Future Perspectives .................. 96 Acknowledgments ..................................... 98 References .......................................... 98 The Study Area at Zackenberg HANS MELTOFTE AND MORTEN RASCH Summary ...................................... 101 I. Zackenberg in the High Arctic ....................... 101 II. The Study Area ................................. 105 III. The Management of Monitoring and Research within the Study Area ...................... 108 IV. The Research Station ............................. 109 Acknowledgment ..................................... 110 References .......................................... 110 Present-Day Climate at Zackenberg BIRGER ULF HANSEN, CHARLOTTE SIGSGAARD, LEIF RASMUSSEN, JOHN CAPPELEN, J0RGEN HINKLER, SEBASTIAN H. MERNILD, DORTHE PETERSEN, MIKKEL P. TAMSTORF, MORTEN RASCH AND BENT HASHOLT Summary ...................................... Ill I. Introduction .................................... 113 II. The Study Area and the Meteorological Stations .......... 114 III. Solar Radiation, Cloud Cover and Radiation Balance ...... 115 viii CONTENTS IV. Atmospheric Pressure ............................. 123 V. Wind Direction and Speed ......................... 125 VI. Spatio-Temporal Variations in Precipitation ............. 128 VII. Spatio-Temporal Variations in Air Temperature .......... 134 VIII. NAO Relations ................................. 141 IX. Climate-Sea Ice Relations .......................... 143 X. Conclusions and Future Perspectives .................. 146 Acknowledgments ..................................... 147 References .......................................... 147 Permafrost and Periglacial Geomorphology at Zackenberg HANNE H. CHRISTIANSEN, CHARLOTTE SIGSGAARD, OLE HUMLUM, MORTEN RASCH AND BIRGER U. HANSEN Summary ...................................... 151 I. Introduction .................................... 152 II. Permafrost ..................................... 153 A. Permafrost and Active Layer Modelling ............. 154 B. Thermal State of the Top Permafrost ............... 157 III. Active Layer Thickness—ZEROCALM ................ 160 IV. Periglacial Landforms and Processes .................. 163 A. Nivation ................................... 163 B. Rock Glaciers ............................... 164 С Ice-Wedges ................................. 164 D. Solifluction ................................. 165 E. Active Layer Sliding ........................... 167 F. Slope Erosion in the River Zackenbergelven and its Delta ................................ 167 G. Coastal Activity .............................. 168 V. Zackenberg as an Important Future Greenlandic Permafrost Observatory ........................... 171 Acknowledgments ..................................... 173 References .......................................... 173 Snow and Snow-Cover in Central Northeast Greenland J0RGEN HINKLER, BIRGER U. HANSEN, MIKKEL P. TAMSTORF, CHARLOTTE SIGSGAARD AND DORTHE PETERSEN Summary...................................... 175 I. Introduction .................................... 176 II. Snow at Zackenberg.............................. 177 CONTENTS ix A. Monitoring Snow-Cover ........................ 177 B. Winter: Snow Accumulation and Distribution ......... 179 C. Summer: Snowmelt/Snow-Cover Depletion ........... 181 D. Larger Scale Relations and Future Climate Change Perspectives ........................... 187 III. Conclusions .................................... 193 Acknowledgments ..................................... 194 References .......................................... 194 Hydrology and Transport of Sediment and Solutes at Zackenberg BENT HASHOLT, SEBASTIAN H. MERNILD, CHARLOTTE SIGSGAARD, BO ELBERLING, DORTHE PETERSEN, BJARNE Η. JAKOBSEN, BIRGER U. HANSEN, J0RGEN HINKLER AND HENRIK S0GAARD Summary ...................................... 197 I. Introduction.................................... 198 II. Drainage Basin .................................. 198 III. Elements of the Water Balance ....................... 200 A. Precipitation and Snowmelt ...................... 200 B. Evapotranspiration ............................ 201 C. Storage .................................... 204 D. Run-Off .................................... 206 IV. Water Balance and Model Calculations ................ 209 V. Transport of Sediment and Solutes .................... 210 A. Sediment Transport and Dissolved Load ............ 210 B. Water Chemistry .............................. 212 VI. Discussion and Conclusions ......................... 216 Acknowledgments ..................................... 220 References .......................................... 220 Soil and Plant Community-Characteristics and Dynamics at Zackenberg BO ELBERLING, MIKKEL P. TAMSTORF, ANDERS MICHELSEN, MARIE F. ARNDAL, CHARLOTTE SIGSGAARD, LOTTE ILLERIS, CHRISTIAN BAY, BIRGER U. HANSEN, TORBEN R. CHRISTENSEN, ERIC STEEN HANSEN, BJARNE H. JAKOBSEN AND LOUIS BEYENS Summary ...................................... 223 I. Introduction .................................... 224 II. Site Characteristics ............................... 225 A. Topography and Landscape Dynamics .............. 226 χ CONTENTS Β. Plant Communities ............................ 229 С. Soils ...................................... 232 III. Soil-Plant Interactions and Temporal Trends ............ 238 A. Biomass Element Stocks, Seasonal Trends and Litter Production .......................... 238 B. Soil Ecosystem Effects of Soil Manipulations ......... 240 IV. Conclusions and Future Consequences of Climate Changes . . 243 Acknowledgments ..................................... 246 References .......................................... 246 Inter-Annual Variability and Controls of Plant Phenology and Productivity at Zackenberg SUSANNE M. ELLEBJERG, MIKKEL P. TAMSTORF, LOTTE ILLERIS, ANDERS MICHELSEN AND BIRGER U. HANSEN Summary ...................................... 249 I. Introduction .................................... 250 II. Study Sites and Methods ........................... 255 III. Growth Dynamics and Land Surface Phenology of Six Major Vegetation Types in Zackenbergdalen .......... 258 IV. Species-Specific Reproductive Dynamics ................ 263 A. Monitoring Studies ............................ 263 B. Experimental Manipulations ..................... 269 V. Conclusion and Future Perspectives ................... 271 Acknowledgments ..................................... 272 References .......................................... 272 High-Arctic Plant-Herbivore Interactions under Climate Influence THOMAS B. BERG, NIELS M. SCHMIDT, ТОКЕ Т. H0YE, PETER J. AASTRUP, DITTE K. HENDRICHSEN, MADS С. FORCHHAMMER AND DAVID R. KLEIN Summary ...................................... 275 I. Introduction .................................... 276 II. Climatic Pathways in the Plant-Herbivore System ......... 277 III. Plant-Herbivore Interactions at Zackenberg............. 281 A. Willow-Musk Ox Interactions .................... 281 B. Plant-Lemming Interactions ..................... 284 C. Insect Herbivory ............................. 288 IV. The Role of Secondary Plant Metabolites ............... 290 CONTENTS xi V. Conclusions and Future Perspectives .................. 294 Acknowledgments ..................................... 295 References .......................................... 296 Phenology of High-Arctic Arthropods: Effects of Climate on Spatial, Seasonal, and Inter-Annual Variation ΤΟΚΕ Τ. Η0ΥΕ AND MADS С FORCHHAMMER Summary ...................................... 299 I. Introduction .................................... 300 II. The Arthropod Fauna at Zackenberg.................. 302 III. Environmental Drivers of Arthropod Phenology at Zackenberg........................... 308 IV. Spatial Synchrony in Capture Numbers ................ 314 V. Discussion and Conclusion ......................... 317 Acknowledgments ..................................... 322 References .......................................... 322 Effects of Food Availability, Snow and Prédation on Breeding Performance of Waders at Zackenberg HANS MELTOFTE, ΤΟΚΕ Τ. Η0ΥΕ AND NIELS M. SCHMIDT Summary ...................................... 325 I. Introduction .................................... 326 II. The Critical Pre-Nesting Period and Initiation of Egg-Laying ................................... 326 III. The Laying Period ............................... 330 IV. Population Densities and Habitat Selection .............. 331 V. Population Trends ................................ 333 VI. Breeding Success ................................. 336 A. The Red Knot as an Example of Varying Breeding Success .............................. 337 VII. Breeding Conditions in High-Arctic Greenland in a Circumpolar Perspective and in the Future .............. 339 VIII. Conclusions .................................... 340 Acknowledgments ..................................... 341 References .......................................... 341 xii CONTENTS Vertebrate Predator-Prey Interactions in a Seasonal Environment NIELS M. SCHMIDT, THOMAS B. BERG, MADS С FORCHHAMMER, DITTE К. HENDRICHSEN, LINE A. KYHN, HANS MELTOFTE AND ΤΟΚΕ Τ. H0YE Summary ...................................... 345 I. Introduction .................................... 346 II. The Collared Lemming and Its Predators in Zackenbergdalen ....................... 349 III. Patterns of Prédation on Collared Lemmings ............ 352 IV. Indirect Effects of Collared Lemming Fluctuations ........ 359 V. Predator-Prey Interactions in a Changing Climate ........ 363 VI. Collared Lemming Population Synchrony ............... 366 VII. Conclusions .................................... 366 Acknowledgments ..................................... 367 References .......................................... 367 Lake Flora and Fauna in Relation to Ice-Melt, Water Temperature and Chemistry at Zackenberg KIRSTEN S. CHRISTOFFERSEN, SUSANNE L. AMSINCK, FRANK LANDKILDEHUS, TORBEN L. LAURIDSEN AND ERIK JEPPESEN Summary ...................................... 371 I. Introduction.................................... 372 II. Rationale and Methods ............................ 375 III. General Characteristics of the Lakes .................. 377 IV. Biological Structure and Food Web Interactions .......... 378 V. Significant Annual Variations in Physico-Chemical Conditions ........................ 380 VI. Water Temperature Affects Growth and Abundances of Pelagic Organisms ................................ 381 VII. An Ancient Invertebrate Seems to Play a Role in the Food Web ................................ 385 VIII. Biological Remains in the Sediment—What Can They Tell?. . 386 IX. Consequences of Climate Changes .................... 387 Acknowledgments ..................................... 388 References .......................................... 388 CONTENTS xiii Population Dynamical Responses to Climate Change MADS С FORCHHAMMER, NIELS M. SCHMIDT, ТОКЕ Т. H0YE, THOMAS В. BERG, DITTE К. HENDRICHSEN AND ERIC POST Summary ...................................... 391 I. Introduction .................................... 392 II. Concepts of Population Dynamics .................... 396 III. The Dynamics of Contrasting Species at Zackenberg....... 399 A. Predators ................................... 401 B. Herbivores .................................. 403 С Waders .................................... 403 IV. Effects of Climate and Inter-Trophic Interactions ......... 404 A. Direct Climatic Effects ......................... 404 B. Inter-Trophic Interactions ....................... 406 V. Intra -Annual Population Dynamics in Response to Climate. . 413 VI. Conclusions .................................... 414 Acknowledgments ..................................... 416 References .......................................... 416 Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation at Zackenberg: The Impact on Higher Plants and Soil Microbial Communities KRISTIAN R. ALBERT, RIIKKA RINNAN, HELGE RO-POULSEN, TEIS N. MIKKELSEN, KIRSTEN B. HÅKANSSON, MARIE F. ARNDAL AND ANDERS MICHELSEN Summary ...................................... 421 I. Introduction .................................... 422 II. Vegetation and Plant Eco-Physiological Responses at Zackenberg........................... 424 III. Comparisons of Plant Responses Throughout the Polar Region ................................. 430 IV. Below-Ground Responses .......................... 432 V. Methodological Considerations of the Experimental Approaches .......................... 434 VI. Conclusions and Future Directions .................... 436 Acknowledgments ..................................... 437 References .......................................... 437 xiv CONTENTS High-Arctic Soü CO2 and CH4 Production Controlled by Temperature, Water, Freezing and Snow BO ELBERLING, CLAUS NORDSTR0M, LOUISE GR0NDAHL, HENRIK S0GAARD, THOMAS FRIBORG, TORBEN R. CHRISTENSEN, LENA STRÖM, FLEUR MARCHAND AND IVAN NUS Summary ...................................... 441 I. Introduction .................................... 442 II. Environmental Controls on Gas Production ............ 445 A. Gas Production and Dynamics in Well-Drained Soils . . . 445 B. Gas Production and Dynamics in Poorly Drained Soils . . . 452 C. Soil Respiration Rates at Manipulated Field Sites ...... 456 III. Controls of CO2 Release from Incubated Soil Samples ..... 462 A. Temperature and Water-Limited CO2 Release ........ 462 B. Substrate-Induced Respiration and Controls on Depth-Specific CO2 Release ................... 466 IV. Conclusions and Future Perspectives .................. 468 Acknowledgments ..................................... 470 References .......................................... 470 Spatial and Inter-Annual Variability of Trace Gas Fluxes in a Heterogeneous High-Arctic Landscape LOUISE GR0NDAHL, THOMAS FRIBORG, TORBEN R. CHRISTENSEN, ANNA EKBERG, BO ELBERLING, LOTTE ILLERIS, CLAUS NORDSTR0M, ÅSA RENNERMALM, CHARLOTTE SIGSGAARD AND HENRIK S0GAARD Summary ...................................... 473 I. Introduction .................................... 474 II. Study Sites and Methods ........................... 475 III. Spatial Variability ................................ 477 A. Spatial Variability in CO2 Exchange ............... 477 B. Spatial Variability in CH4 Exchange ............... 482 IV. Inter-Annual Variability ........................... 484 A. Inter-Annual Variability in CO2 Exchange ........... 484 B. Inter-Annual Variability in CH4 Exchange ........... 488 V. Manipulations .................................. 488 A. Water and Nutrient Manipulations ................ 489 B. Modelling .................................. 491 VI. Global Warming Potential .......................... 492 VII. Zackenberg in a Circumpolar Context ................. 494 CONTENTS XV VIII. Conclusions and Future Prospects .................... 495 Acknowledgments ..................................... 496 References .......................................... 496 Zackenberg in a Circumpolar Context MADS С FORCHHAMMER, TORBEN R. CHRISTENSEN, BIRGER U. HANSEN, MIKKEL P. TAMSTORF, NIELS M. SCHMIDT, ТОКЕ Т. H0YE, JACOB NABE-NIELSEN, MORTEN RASCH, HANS MELTOFTE, ВО ELBERLING AND ERIC POST Summary ...................................... 499 I. Introduction .................................... 500 II. Integrated Ecosystem Monitoring ..................... 502 A. Conceptualising Zackenberg Basic: Climate Effects and Feedback .......................... 502 B. Zackenberg Basic in a Circumpolar Context: Recommendations by ACIA ..................... 503 III. Indices of Large-Scale Climate ....................... 509 A. The NAO and Its Non-Linear Properties ............ 509 B. Ecological Perspectives of the NAO ................ 512 IV. Species-Specific Responses .......................... 515 A. Vegetational Changes .......................... 515 B. Life Histories: Timing of Reproduction ............. 527 C. Population Dynamics .......................... 529 V. Community-Level Responses ........................ 531 A. Consumer-Resource Interactions .................. 531 B. Stability of Species Populations and Interactions ....... 533 VI. Ecosystem Feedback .............................. 536 A. Seasonal Impact on Annual Carbon Balance ......... 536 B. Carbon Flux at Zackenberg and Relations to the NAO . . 537 VII. Conclusions .................................... 539 Acknowledgments ..................................... 540 References .......................................... 540 Index ............................................. 545 Cumulative List of Titles ................................ 557
adam_txt	Contents Contributors to Volume 40. xvii Preface . xxi Acknowledgments . xxiii Executive Summary . xxv Introduction HANS MELTOFTE, TORBEN R. CHRISTENSEN, BO ELBERLING, MADS С FORCHHAMMER AND MORTEN RASCH Summary . 1 I. The Scene: Amplified Climatic Changes in the Arctic . 2 II. The Background: The Need for Long-Term Monitoring and Research in High-Arctic Greenland and the Choice of Zackenberg. 4 III. The Concept: The Development and Running of ZERO . 8 IV. The Book: Idea and Organization . 9 References . 11 Arctic Climate and Climate Change with a Focus on Greenland MARTIN STENDEL, JENS HESSELBJERG CHRISTENSEN AND DORTHE PETERSEN Summary . 13 I. Introduction . 15 II. The Arctic as Part of the Global Climate System . 16 A. Dynamical Links Between the Arctic and Lower Latitudes . 17 III. Description of Models and Scenarios . 20 IV. Arctic Climate Variability and Change . 22 A. Present-Day Climate . 22 B. Future Climate Evolution . 24 vi CONTENTS V. Greenland as a Key Region for Present and Future Climate . . 29 A. Present-Day Climate . 29 B. Future Climate Evolution . 31 C. Local Climate Change in the Zackenberg Area . 35 VI. Conclusions . 38 Acknowledgments . 39 References . 39 Late Quaternary Environmental and Cultural Changes in the Wollaston Forland Region, Northeast Greenland OLE BENNIKE, MIKKEL S0RENSEN, BENT FREDSKILD, BJARNE H. JACOBSEN, JENS BÖCHER, SUSANNE L. AMSINCK, ERIK JEPPESEN, CLAUS ANDREASEN, HANNE H. CHRISTIANSEN AND OLE HUMLUM Summary . 45 I. Introduction. 46 II. The Glacial History . 47 III. Sea-Level Changes . 49 IV. Holocene Environmental Changes . 50 A. Lake Sediment Evidence . 50 B. Periglacial Evidence . 61 C. Pedological Evidence . 61 D. Comparisons with Other Climate Records . 62 V. Immigration History of Plants and Animals . 62 VI. Archaeology . 66 A. Independence 1 . 66 B. Saqqaq . 68 C. Greenlandic Dorset . 69 D. Thule . 70 E. Landscape Use and Settlement Patterns . 71 VII. Conclusions . 75 Acknowledgments . 76 References . 76 Climate Change Influences on Species Interrelationships and Distributions in High-Arctic Greenland DAVID R. KLEIN, HANS HENRIK BRUUN, REBEKKA LUNDGREN AND MARIANNE PHILIPP Summary . 81 I. Introduction . 82 II. Plant Dispersal and Influences on Species Richness and Genetic Diversity . 84 CONTENTS VU A. Sexual Reproduction and Dispersal . 84 B. Sources of Origin for Northeast Greenland Flora . 85 C. Dispersal by Physical Processes . 86 D. Animals as Seed Dispersers . 86 E. Problems of Predictability . 88 F. Long-Distance versus Short-Distance Dispersal . 88 G. Seed Dispersal and Community Population Structure . 89 H. Propagule Dispersal via Vertebrate Guts and Influences on Species Richness and Genetic Diversity at the Community Level . 90 III. Pollination and Invading Species . 93 A. Pollinator-Plant Relationships at Zackenberg. 93 B. Climate Change Influences on Pollination and Invading Species . 94 C. Changing Plant Community Structure and Invasion of New Species . 95 IV. Conclusions and Future Perspectives . 96 Acknowledgments . 98 References . 98 The Study Area at Zackenberg HANS MELTOFTE AND MORTEN RASCH Summary . 101 I. Zackenberg in the High Arctic . 101 II. The Study Area . 105 III. The Management of Monitoring and Research within the Study Area . 108 IV. The Research Station . 109 Acknowledgment . 110 References . 110 Present-Day Climate at Zackenberg BIRGER ULF HANSEN, CHARLOTTE SIGSGAARD, LEIF RASMUSSEN, JOHN CAPPELEN, J0RGEN HINKLER, SEBASTIAN H. MERNILD, DORTHE PETERSEN, MIKKEL P. TAMSTORF, MORTEN RASCH AND BENT HASHOLT Summary . Ill I. Introduction . 113 II. The Study Area and the Meteorological Stations . 114 III. Solar Radiation, Cloud Cover and Radiation Balance . 115 viii CONTENTS IV. Atmospheric Pressure . 123 V. Wind Direction and Speed . 125 VI. Spatio-Temporal Variations in Precipitation . 128 VII. Spatio-Temporal Variations in Air Temperature . 134 VIII. NAO Relations . 141 IX. Climate-Sea Ice Relations . 143 X. Conclusions and Future Perspectives . 146 Acknowledgments . 147 References . 147 Permafrost and Periglacial Geomorphology at Zackenberg HANNE H. CHRISTIANSEN, CHARLOTTE SIGSGAARD, OLE HUMLUM, MORTEN RASCH AND BIRGER U. HANSEN Summary . 151 I. Introduction . 152 II. Permafrost . 153 A. Permafrost and Active Layer Modelling . 154 B. Thermal State of the Top Permafrost . 157 III. Active Layer Thickness—ZEROCALM . 160 IV. Periglacial Landforms and Processes . 163 A. Nivation . 163 B. Rock Glaciers . 164 С Ice-Wedges . 164 D. Solifluction . 165 E. Active Layer Sliding . 167 F. Slope Erosion in the River Zackenbergelven and its Delta . 167 G. Coastal Activity . 168 V. Zackenberg as an Important Future Greenlandic Permafrost Observatory . 171 Acknowledgments . 173 References . 173 Snow and Snow-Cover in Central Northeast Greenland J0RGEN HINKLER, BIRGER U. HANSEN, MIKKEL P. TAMSTORF, CHARLOTTE SIGSGAARD AND DORTHE PETERSEN Summary. 175 I. Introduction . 176 II. Snow at Zackenberg. 177 CONTENTS ix A. Monitoring Snow-Cover . 177 B. Winter: Snow Accumulation and Distribution . 179 C. Summer: Snowmelt/Snow-Cover Depletion . 181 D. Larger Scale Relations and Future Climate Change Perspectives . 187 III. Conclusions . 193 Acknowledgments . 194 References . 194 Hydrology and Transport of Sediment and Solutes at Zackenberg BENT HASHOLT, SEBASTIAN H. MERNILD, CHARLOTTE SIGSGAARD, BO ELBERLING, DORTHE PETERSEN, BJARNE Η. JAKOBSEN, BIRGER U. HANSEN, J0RGEN HINKLER AND HENRIK S0GAARD Summary . 197 I. Introduction. 198 II. Drainage Basin . 198 III. Elements of the Water Balance . 200 A. Precipitation and Snowmelt . 200 B. Evapotranspiration . 201 C. Storage . 204 D. Run-Off . 206 IV. Water Balance and Model Calculations . 209 V. Transport of Sediment and Solutes . 210 A. Sediment Transport and Dissolved Load . 210 B. Water Chemistry . 212 VI. Discussion and Conclusions . 216 Acknowledgments . 220 References . 220 Soil and Plant Community-Characteristics and Dynamics at Zackenberg BO ELBERLING, MIKKEL P. TAMSTORF, ANDERS MICHELSEN, MARIE F. ARNDAL, CHARLOTTE SIGSGAARD, LOTTE ILLERIS, CHRISTIAN BAY, BIRGER U. HANSEN, TORBEN R. CHRISTENSEN, ERIC STEEN HANSEN, BJARNE H. JAKOBSEN AND LOUIS BEYENS Summary . 223 I. Introduction . 224 II. Site Characteristics . 225 A. Topography and Landscape Dynamics . 226 χ CONTENTS Β. Plant Communities . 229 С. Soils . 232 III. Soil-Plant Interactions and Temporal Trends . 238 A. Biomass Element Stocks, Seasonal Trends and Litter Production . 238 B. Soil Ecosystem Effects of Soil Manipulations . 240 IV. Conclusions and Future Consequences of Climate Changes . . 243 Acknowledgments . 246 References . 246 Inter-Annual Variability and Controls of Plant Phenology and Productivity at Zackenberg SUSANNE M. ELLEBJERG, MIKKEL P. TAMSTORF, LOTTE ILLERIS, ANDERS MICHELSEN AND BIRGER U. HANSEN Summary . 249 I. Introduction . 250 II. Study Sites and Methods . 255 III. Growth Dynamics and Land Surface Phenology of Six Major Vegetation Types in Zackenbergdalen . 258 IV. Species-Specific Reproductive Dynamics . 263 A. Monitoring Studies . 263 B. Experimental Manipulations . 269 V. Conclusion and Future Perspectives . 271 Acknowledgments . 272 References . 272 High-Arctic Plant-Herbivore Interactions under Climate Influence THOMAS B. BERG, NIELS M. SCHMIDT, ТОКЕ Т. H0YE, PETER J. AASTRUP, DITTE K. HENDRICHSEN, MADS С. FORCHHAMMER AND DAVID R. KLEIN Summary . 275 I. Introduction . 276 II. Climatic Pathways in the Plant-Herbivore System . 277 III. Plant-Herbivore Interactions at Zackenberg. 281 A. Willow-Musk Ox Interactions . 281 B. Plant-Lemming Interactions . 284 C. Insect Herbivory . 288 IV. The Role of Secondary Plant Metabolites . 290 CONTENTS xi V. Conclusions and Future Perspectives . 294 Acknowledgments . 295 References . 296 Phenology of High-Arctic Arthropods: Effects of Climate on Spatial, Seasonal, and Inter-Annual Variation ΤΟΚΕ Τ. Η0ΥΕ AND MADS С FORCHHAMMER Summary . 299 I. Introduction . 300 II. The Arthropod Fauna at Zackenberg. 302 III. Environmental Drivers of Arthropod Phenology at Zackenberg. 308 IV. Spatial Synchrony in Capture Numbers . 314 V. Discussion and Conclusion . 317 Acknowledgments . 322 References . 322 Effects of Food Availability, Snow and Prédation on Breeding Performance of Waders at Zackenberg HANS MELTOFTE, ΤΟΚΕ Τ. Η0ΥΕ AND NIELS M. SCHMIDT Summary . 325 I. Introduction . 326 II. The Critical Pre-Nesting Period and Initiation of Egg-Laying . 326 III. The Laying Period . 330 IV. Population Densities and Habitat Selection . 331 V. Population Trends . 333 VI. Breeding Success . 336 A. The Red Knot as an Example of Varying Breeding Success . 337 VII. Breeding Conditions in High-Arctic Greenland in a Circumpolar Perspective and in the Future . 339 VIII. Conclusions . 340 Acknowledgments . 341 References . 341 xii CONTENTS Vertebrate Predator-Prey Interactions in a Seasonal Environment NIELS M. SCHMIDT, THOMAS B. BERG, MADS С FORCHHAMMER, DITTE К. HENDRICHSEN, LINE A. KYHN, HANS MELTOFTE AND ΤΟΚΕ Τ. H0YE Summary . 345 I. Introduction . 346 II. The Collared Lemming and Its Predators in Zackenbergdalen . 349 III. Patterns of Prédation on Collared Lemmings . 352 IV. Indirect Effects of Collared Lemming Fluctuations . 359 V. Predator-Prey Interactions in a Changing Climate . 363 VI. Collared Lemming Population Synchrony . 366 VII. Conclusions . 366 Acknowledgments . 367 References . 367 Lake Flora and Fauna in Relation to Ice-Melt, Water Temperature and Chemistry at Zackenberg KIRSTEN S. CHRISTOFFERSEN, SUSANNE L. AMSINCK, FRANK LANDKILDEHUS, TORBEN L. LAURIDSEN AND ERIK JEPPESEN Summary . 371 I. Introduction. 372 II. Rationale and Methods . 375 III. General Characteristics of the Lakes . 377 IV. Biological Structure and Food Web Interactions . 378 V. Significant Annual Variations in Physico-Chemical Conditions . 380 VI. Water Temperature Affects Growth and Abundances of Pelagic Organisms . 381 VII. An Ancient Invertebrate Seems to Play a Role in the Food Web . 385 VIII. Biological Remains in the Sediment—What Can They Tell?. . 386 IX. Consequences of Climate Changes . 387 Acknowledgments . 388 References . 388 CONTENTS xiii Population Dynamical Responses to Climate Change MADS С FORCHHAMMER, NIELS M. SCHMIDT, ТОКЕ Т. H0YE, THOMAS В. BERG, DITTE К. HENDRICHSEN AND ERIC POST Summary . 391 I. Introduction . 392 II. Concepts of Population Dynamics . 396 III. The Dynamics of Contrasting Species at Zackenberg. 399 A. Predators . 401 B. Herbivores . 403 С Waders . 403 IV. Effects of Climate and Inter-Trophic Interactions . 404 A. Direct Climatic Effects . 404 B. Inter-Trophic Interactions . 406 V. Intra -Annual Population Dynamics in Response to Climate. . 413 VI. Conclusions . 414 Acknowledgments . 416 References . 416 Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation at Zackenberg: The Impact on Higher Plants and Soil Microbial Communities KRISTIAN R. ALBERT, RIIKKA RINNAN, HELGE RO-POULSEN, TEIS N. MIKKELSEN, KIRSTEN B. HÅKANSSON, MARIE F. ARNDAL AND ANDERS MICHELSEN Summary . 421 I. Introduction . 422 II. Vegetation and Plant Eco-Physiological Responses at Zackenberg. 424 III. Comparisons of Plant Responses Throughout the Polar Region . 430 IV. Below-Ground Responses . 432 V. Methodological Considerations of the Experimental Approaches . 434 VI. Conclusions and Future Directions . 436 Acknowledgments . 437 References . 437 xiv CONTENTS High-Arctic Soü CO2 and CH4 Production Controlled by Temperature, Water, Freezing and Snow BO ELBERLING, CLAUS NORDSTR0M, LOUISE GR0NDAHL, HENRIK S0GAARD, THOMAS FRIBORG, TORBEN R. CHRISTENSEN, LENA STRÖM, FLEUR MARCHAND AND IVAN NUS Summary . 441 I. Introduction . 442 II. Environmental Controls on Gas Production . 445 A. Gas Production and Dynamics in Well-Drained Soils . . . 445 B. Gas Production and Dynamics in Poorly Drained Soils . . . 452 C. Soil Respiration Rates at Manipulated Field Sites . 456 III. Controls of CO2 Release from Incubated Soil Samples . 462 A. Temperature and Water-Limited CO2 Release . 462 B. Substrate-Induced Respiration and Controls on Depth-Specific CO2 Release . 466 IV. Conclusions and Future Perspectives . 468 Acknowledgments . 470 References . 470 Spatial and Inter-Annual Variability of Trace Gas Fluxes in a Heterogeneous High-Arctic Landscape LOUISE GR0NDAHL, THOMAS FRIBORG, TORBEN R. CHRISTENSEN, ANNA EKBERG, BO ELBERLING, LOTTE ILLERIS, CLAUS NORDSTR0M, ÅSA RENNERMALM, CHARLOTTE SIGSGAARD AND HENRIK S0GAARD Summary . 473 I. Introduction . 474 II. Study Sites and Methods . 475 III. Spatial Variability . 477 A. Spatial Variability in CO2 Exchange . 477 B. Spatial Variability in CH4 Exchange . 482 IV. Inter-Annual Variability . 484 A. Inter-Annual Variability in CO2 Exchange . 484 B. Inter-Annual Variability in CH4 Exchange . 488 V. Manipulations . 488 A. Water and Nutrient Manipulations . 489 B. Modelling . 491 VI. Global Warming Potential . 492 VII. Zackenberg in a Circumpolar Context . 494 CONTENTS XV VIII. Conclusions and Future Prospects . 495 Acknowledgments . 496 References . 496 Zackenberg in a Circumpolar Context MADS С FORCHHAMMER, TORBEN R. CHRISTENSEN, BIRGER U. HANSEN, MIKKEL P. TAMSTORF, NIELS M. SCHMIDT, ТОКЕ Т. H0YE, JACOB NABE-NIELSEN, MORTEN RASCH, HANS MELTOFTE, ВО ELBERLING AND ERIC POST Summary . 499 I. Introduction . 500 II. Integrated Ecosystem Monitoring . 502 A. Conceptualising Zackenberg Basic: Climate Effects and Feedback . 502 B. Zackenberg Basic in a Circumpolar Context: Recommendations by ACIA . 503 III. Indices of Large-Scale Climate . 509 A. The NAO and Its Non-Linear Properties . 509 B. Ecological Perspectives of the NAO . 512 IV. Species-Specific Responses . 515 A. Vegetational Changes . 515 B. Life Histories: Timing of Reproduction . 527 C. Population Dynamics . 529 V. Community-Level Responses . 531 A. Consumer-Resource Interactions . 531 B. Stability of Species Populations and Interactions . 533 VI. Ecosystem Feedback . 536 A. Seasonal Impact on Annual Carbon Balance . 536 B. Carbon Flux at Zackenberg and Relations to the NAO . . 537 VII. Conclusions . 539 Acknowledgments . 540 References . 540 Index . 545 Cumulative List of Titles . 557
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spelling	High-arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate ten years of monitoring and research at Zackenberg Research Station, Northeast Greenland ed. by Hans Meltofte .... 1. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2008 XXXI, 563 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Advances in ecological research 40 Einzelaufnahme eines Zeitschr.-Bd. Klimaänderung Umwelt Ökologie Climatic changes Environmental aspects Greenland Ecology Greenland Meltofte, Hans Sonstige oth Advances in ecological research 40 (DE-604)BV002537493 40 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016529391&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	High-arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate ten years of monitoring and research at Zackenberg Research Station, Northeast Greenland Advances in ecological research Klimaänderung Umwelt Ökologie Climatic changes Environmental aspects Greenland Ecology Greenland
title	High-arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate ten years of monitoring and research at Zackenberg Research Station, Northeast Greenland
title_auth	High-arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate ten years of monitoring and research at Zackenberg Research Station, Northeast Greenland
title_exact_search	High-arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate ten years of monitoring and research at Zackenberg Research Station, Northeast Greenland
title_exact_search_txtP	High-arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate ten years of monitoring and research at Zackenberg Research Station, Northeast Greenland
title_full	High-arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate ten years of monitoring and research at Zackenberg Research Station, Northeast Greenland ed. by Hans Meltofte ....
title_fullStr	High-arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate ten years of monitoring and research at Zackenberg Research Station, Northeast Greenland ed. by Hans Meltofte ....
title_full_unstemmed	High-arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate ten years of monitoring and research at Zackenberg Research Station, Northeast Greenland ed. by Hans Meltofte ....
title_short	High-arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate
title_sort	high arctic ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate ten years of monitoring and research at zackenberg research station northeast greenland
title_sub	ten years of monitoring and research at Zackenberg Research Station, Northeast Greenland
topic	Klimaänderung Umwelt Ökologie Climatic changes Environmental aspects Greenland Ecology Greenland
topic_facet	Klimaänderung Umwelt Ökologie Climatic changes Environmental aspects Greenland Ecology Greenland
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016529391&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV002537493
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