Şimleu Silvaniei: monografie arheologică 1 Istoricul cercetărilor
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| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cluj-Napoca
Ed. Mega
2006
|
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 173 S., [95] Bl. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9737867564 9789737867568 |
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| 300 | |a 173 S., [95] Bl. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016526653&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137696687292416 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CUPRINS
CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE
9
I.
CADRUL GEOGRAFIC ŞI CONDIŢIILE NATURALE
U
Daniel
SANA
П.
PRECURSORII. „ARHEOLOGI ŞI COLECŢIONARI
15
loan
BEJDNIARIU
Ш.
DESCOPERIRILE NEO/ENEOLITICE
19
Sanda BACUEŢ-CRIŞAN
IV. DESCOPERIRI DIN EPOCA BRONZULUI ŞI PRIMA EPOCĂ A FIERULUI
31
loan
BEJEMARIU
V.
DESCOPERIRI ALE PRIMEI EPOCI A FIERULUI
45
Daniel
SANA
VI.
DESCOPERIRILE DACICE DE LA ŞIMLEU SILVANIEI
67
Horea POP
Vu.
DESCOPERIRILE DIN EPOCA ROMANĂ DE LA ŞIMLEU SILVANIEI
97
Horea POP
Vni. DESCOPERIRILE MEDIEVALE TIMPURII (SEC.
νΠ
-ХШ)
113
Dan BĂCUEŢ-CRIŞAN
IX.
DESCOPERIRILE MEDIEVALE (SEC. XI-XIV) ÎN OGLINDA
ISTORIOGRAFIEI MODERNE
131
Zsolt CSÓK
ŞIMLEU SILVANIEI.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHY
143
ABREVIERI ŞI BIBLIOGRAFIE
157
ŞIMLEUSILVANIEI
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MONOGRAPHS
(I)
ГНЕ
HISTORY OF RESEARCHES
(Abstract)
1.
THE NEO-AENEOLITHIC DISCOVERIES
The archaeological, the ethno-archaeological research and the dynamics of the of the
accidental discoveries proved that in the Neo-Eneolithic, the human communities decided to
found settlements in friendly places, which would offer minimum surviving conditions:
closeness to a source of water, to an area that would secure an elementary farming or the
proximity to a source of basic materials. The differences that arise over the millennia are
tightly connected to the economy of the community and the acclimation to certain life
condition.
Şimleu
Depression, pervaded by the two important hydrographical networks,
Barcăul
and Crasna, and implicitly the area of
Şimleu Silvaniei
fully provided these friendly life
premises. The older and newer researches, the accidental or systematical research, confirm the
compact habitation on the territory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei in the period in question and not only.
In order to illustrate this, we will ground mainly on accidental researches, made once with the
utilitarian workings and less with systematical archeological research.
Looking back to the older and newer discoveries on the territory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei
town, including the villages of
Cehei
and
Біс,
we can state that this area is contained in the
process of neolithization of the Carpathian-Danubian area. The first discoveries that can be set
down to the Neolithic period are the sites of
Starcevo-Criş
from
Şimleu Observator
and
Cehei
Mesig.
Concerning the whole territory of
Sălaj
County and the north west of Romania, we can
notice the emergence of the first Neolithic communities only during the phase
ІПБ
of
Starcevo-Criş
culture, according to Lazarovici s chronology, most of the settlements can be
assigned to stage
IVA or
even IVB. The two sites with discoveries add to the
9
settlements
identified on the territory of
Sălaj
County, known particularly due to the surface research.
The dynamics of the archaeological discoveries do not supply, up to now, information
regarding the subsequent period of time, having only date pertaining to the evolved
communities from the end of the developed Neolithic and much more substantial evidence
concerning the early or late Eneolithic communities
(Tiszapolgár
and Bodrogkeresztur
cultures). Apart of the two settlements on
Oaşului
Street and Miliceri tag, which can be
assigned to the complex of Cluj-Cheile Turzii, on the territory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei we can
observe five sites where
Tiszapolgár
pottery materials were identified, of which one is
Possible to have been a fort and
4
settlements, adding to the two sites where there were found
copper axes with crossed arms.
Up to present, the material which we have, only shows the presence of settlements
belonging to the first development stage in
Tiszapolgár
culture, phase A, which includes this
143
Şimleu Silvaniei. Monografie Arheologică
region
in the field of culture formation. The last stage of Eneolithical habitation on the
territory of the town, perhaps the most exciting, is the Bodrogkeresztur type. We regard it as
highly important, because of the lack of any certain evidence concerning the Bodrogkeresztur
communities on the territory of
Şimleu
Depression, before this site was found. The update
research in the north west of Romania highlighted the presence of this culture on the lower
flow of Crasna River, as there were found several sites with Bodrogkeresztur discoveries on
the territory of
Satu
Mare County. The nature of the discoveries from
Şimleul
Silvaniei, can
make us believe that we deal with a small settlement belonging to this culture, which add to
the other sites in Crasna basin. The archaeological materials gathered in the site from
Şimleu
Silvaniei
Bariţiu
8
can be assigned to the stage Bodrogkeresztur A or to the classical phase of
this culture. This add to the scarce evidence on the territory of
Sălaj
County, actually for this
culture we only have the discoveries from
Zalău, Mihai Viteazul
av.
104-105
(Рапіс-Ія
blocuri)
and the famous gold pieces from Moigrad, believed lately as belonging to another treasury
discovered at
Tiszaszőlős.
We are aware that the information provided by the few sites with discoveries
belonging to the Neo-Eneolithical period on the territory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei are incomplete
and defective in determining the cultural, economic and social nature of the communities that
inhabited this area. Moreover, we assume that, due to the small amount of evidence about
certain cultures known through few, or little researched sites, any new information is a step
ahead. It is no less important that their identification as sites will diminish the danger that
they could be affected in the future by other
urbanistic
works and not only.
2.
THE BRONZE AGE DISCOVERIES
The second half of the 19th century is the romantic period of the research in the
archaeological traces within the area of
Şimleu
Silvaniei, an age when archaeology as a
subsidiary branch of the historical science started to set out the research method. As
everywhere in the world, the delusion of ancient gold (here, the two treasures from the 5th
century A. D discovered at
Şimleu)
incurred a real psychosis, which led to diggings in various
places in
Măgura Şimleului.
Among all these amateur archaeologists, often not different from
the treasure hunters, we can find an important name:
János
Ferencz Fetzer. He was perhaps a
teacher in a school in
Şimleul
at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th
century. We owe him the first written records regarding the antiquity discovered in the region
of
Şimleu
and in the western side of the former district of
Sălaj.
Among
1896-1910
he
published in the periodical archeology publication
-
Archaeológiai Értesítő
information
concerning his own diggings made in
Măgura Şimleului
together with several other accidental
discoveries in the area. Fetzer is often interested in the chronological assignment of the
described materials; he shows analogies and proves out to have thorough bibliographical
knowledge. For his work, Fetzer can be considered a predecessor of the archaeological
research in the area of
Şimleu Silvaniei
and at the same time the one who started to record the
archaeological vestiges in this region. Fetzer was also an enthusiast collector who had a close
relationship to other antiquity coUectors in the area, like L. Sziksay from
Zalău.
Along with
Fetzer we mention
Károly
P.
Szaťhmáry
another self-taught in archaeology, who sends some
of the materials discovered in
Măgura Şimleului
to the
Transylvanien
Museum from
Cluj.
Another collector from
Şimleu,
Ignác Salamon,
sells his antiquity collection to the Antiquity
Museum in Debrecen around
1910.
Other, more recent coUectors, worth mentioning are M.
Moga,
S.
Dumitraşcu,
Al.
V.
Matei and
M.
Brudiu,
each of them broadening the knowledge
144
ŞlMLEUSlLVANM.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MONOGRAPHY
area about the vestiges in
Şimleu
region through field research, some of them followed by
archaeological diggings in certain sites.
A grand project which aims at an archaeological investigation of the micro-area
Mugura Şimleului
is started in
1992.
The project was supervised by the late archaeologist
Mircea
Rusu
from the Archaeology and History of Art Institute in Cluj-Napoca. The initial
project was assisted by
Horea
Pop and loan Bejinariu, both working for the Museum in
Zalău.
Subsequently Dan and
Sanda Băcueţ-Crişan,
Daniel V. Sana and
Zsolt Csők
joined them.
Among the old discoveries, there are five bronze pieces sites which are worth
attention, together with other bronze and gold pieces isolated discovered before
1992
in
various sites in
Şimleului.
They are all dated in the Bronze Age and in the first Iron Age.
The site
Şimleu
Silvaniei I made up of three axes with a sectional hole and the site
Şimleu
Silvaniei II made up of a short sword
/
dagger with a full hilt and an armlet in
D
shape, can be assigned for the Wietenberg III habitation stage, well-represented by discoveries
in the town area, and chronologically assigned to the second half of the middle period in the
Bronze Age. We must take into account that both sites have famous pieces (axes, sword) with
a longer usage time, perhaps over more generations, and their dating is relatively unsure. The
discoveries after
1992
brought to light, as we stated, for the middle period of the Bronze Age,
only proofs of habitation for this period in Wietenberg III stage and this makes us connect
both the sites with the chronological stage represented by these discoveries. Obviously,
between the moment of immersion of the first and respectively the second site it could have
passed a certain period of time. The two sites contain both Transylvanian pieces (two axes of
Pãdureni
type in
Şimleu
Silvaniei I site) and western pieces (axe of
Hajdúsámson
type in the
first site and respectively the sword and the armlet in the second site).
We have little evidence on
Şimleu
Silvaniei
ΙΠ
site. According to M. Roska s records,
there are four bronze armlets found in the inter-war time in a private collection. The site was
assigned by M.
Petrescu-Dîmboviţa
for the late period of the Bronze Age.
Şimleu
Silvaniei IV site is made up of two bronze swords with horns. The connection
of the two pieces is uncertain. We do not have other information about the context of the
discovery. One of the two swords is garnished on the blade, towards the hilt, with three
stylized aquatic birds, before which there is a solar motif. This piece belongs to
Zürich
type of
the bronze swords with horns. The production of the first bronze swords with horns seems to
begin in Ha Bl stage and continues in
Ha B2
stage. This is the dating which is generally
accepted for the sites that contain this type of swords and in these stages there can be set a
broader dating, suggested for site IV in
Şimleu
Silvaniei.
Two bronze pots in the collection of the Museum of Debrecen (Hungary) have been
included in the so-called site
Şimleu
Silvaniei V dated by M.
Petrescu-Dîmboviţa
in
На С
stage. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, the pieces disappeared from the collection
of this museum. Relying on some old photographs T. Soroceanu proved convincingly, that at
least one of the pieces does not belong to the Iron Age, but is a Roman bronze pot. Neither the
origin of the discovery is sure, bought together with I. Salamon s collection from
Şimleu
Silvaniei.
We can notice among the isolated discoveries a sword scrap with a full hilt of Liptau
type, discovered in
1975
on
Dealul Cetăţii/
Várhegy.
The sword belongs to variant II of Liptau
type
(Bader),
and copies of this type are present in feculences assigned to the series Turia-
Jupalnic and more seldom
Moigrad-Tăuteu (Ha A2
-
Ha Bl). When I. Salamon s collection
from
Şimleu
was taken up, in the collection of the Museum of Debrecen got other pieces too,
145
Şmleu Silvaniei. Monografie Arheologică
perhaps from the area of
Şimleu
too: a needle with the head bearing a stamp, the rod of a
needle and a bronze armlet with a rhombic body section. We do not know other information
about these pieces.
In the collection of certain museums in
Wien
and Budapest there are prehistorical
golden pieces discovered at
Şimleu
Silvaniei. It is a golden armlet with a double screw at the
ends, found possibly in the channel of Crasna River and three links made of golden wire.
These pieces, mentioned repeatedly in the literature, are broadly dated, relying on typological
evidence in the time between the late period of the Bronze Age, respectively in the late period
of the first Iron Age (Bronze
D
-
Ha B).
Although they are accidental discoveries, most of them over a century ago, they are
enough to show a fact. It is obvious that for hundreds of years, since the second half of the
middle period of Bronze Age, until the first period in the Iron Age, in the area of
Şimleu
there
are confirmed many sites with bronze pieces, together with other pieces isolately discovered,
which can be interpreted as parts of a single piece. We appreciate that this richness of
deposits can also be explained by the location of the present town on a highly important link
route between the area of
Tisa Superioara
and Transylvania. This route was in the prehistory,
Crasna Valley, which is narrowing between
Cehei
and
Şimleu
Silvaniei and has the
appearance of a passing. The communities which lived in the prehistory in the present area of
Şimleu
Silvaniei town, begin to feel the strategical importance of this point beginning with the
middle period of the Bronze Age. We can assume that a pass control point was present here
and that the access in the pass was granted in exchange of a tax. Thus could be explained the
presence of the.above-mentioned deposits both: Transylvanian and the ones made in the
workshops of
Tisa
Superior or after prototypes in this area. On the other hand, the discoveries
shown can explain the presence of an area meant for religious services, used over a long
period of time.
These old findings, linked to the recent research results show the hall-mark left by the
geographical area on the eolution of the human communities in the prehistory, and also the
mutual inter-conditiorung between the geographical area and the society. In certain moments
the human communities takes advantage of the favorable geographical area for a more rapid
developement. The pattern can also be applied for the communities which lived in the area
called
Măgura Şimleului
starting with the middle period of the Bronze Age and the First Iron Age.
3.
THE DISCOVERIES OF THE FIRST IRON AGE
The first records of certain pieces that can be assigned to this period belong to F. J. Fetzer,
who, without making a cultural or chronological assigning, portrays some handmade pottery
fragments, some of them having a double color (black in the outer side and red in the inner
side) and presumably a groove. He also indicates some bronze pieces (a chisel and an armlet)
found on
Magura,
pieces that can be tied to the habitation in the Bronze Age or in the First
Iron Age.
Following the Second World War, the place has back the researchers attention.
Therefore, after certain fortuitous archaeological discoveries in
1945-1947,
on
Magura
hill, in
1949
M.
Moga
launches in the area a range of archaeological researches in the sites
Uliu cel Mic
(Kiskeselyü) and Observator.
After the research in the last site, M.
Moga
points out, in
1950,
that the discovered pottery material, belongs to the
Dacian
time but also to barbarian period,
respectively the Bronze Age , without mentioning a precise reference to the materials in the
First Bronze Age which are superabundant in this area.
146
ŞlMLEUSlLVANIEI.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MONOGRAPHY
The surface archaeological research made between
1969-1970
by S.
Dumitraşcu
at
Şimleu
Silvaniei on
Cetăţii
hill or
Várhegy,
as it is also known by the locals, led to the discovery
of an important
Dacian
settlement, when there were also found several pottery fragments
belonging to the Wietenberg culture and the first period of the iron
- Hallstatt . In
an analysis
which appeared in the first issue of Crisia magazine, debating on the collection of Simion
Bărnuţiu
High school from
Şimleu
Silvaniei, the same author reminds here the presence of
some
Hallstatt
materials that come from
Măgura,
without knowing precisely the place. It is
also mentioned that the place named
Vârful Şoimilor
(The Hawks Crest ) was found by pupils
in the high school of
Şimleu Silvaniei,
pottery belonging to the First Iron Age, together with
Dacian
pottery.
Once with some small size researches made in
1978,
on the central table land of
Măgura Şimleului,
in the site called
Observator,
there were found, besides a rich
Dacian
material, pottery fragments belonging to ...culture
Gåva .
A great merit for the setting into the scientific network of some archaeological
discoveries from the First Iron Age, had E.
Lakó,
name connected to the first records assigned
to the
Hallstatt
in the studied area, as well as the first archaeological research with a rescue
mission from
Cehei
Mesig
or the surface research from
Cehei
Nove.
In
1987
and
1988,
M.
Brudiu
makes some investigations in the area of
Şimleu
Silvaniei,
finding among others, in the site
Brijigă,
a settlement belonging to the early
Hallstatt.
In
1990,
The History and Art County Museum of
Zalău
performs a rescue digging at
Şimleu
Silvaniei
Dunării
Street no.
1,
when there are found several archeological materials
belonging to Wietenberg culture or to the
Dacian
period and some pottery fragments
belonging to
Gåva
culture, without being found a habitation level or complexes of interest for
the archeologists.
The most important achievements in the field of First Iron Age research in
Şimleu
Pass
were definitely as a result of an ample and ambitious project of archaeological diggings in the
main sites in the area, project started in the 20th century, together with the issuance of certain
remarkable school collections for the discovery of new sites. This program was set off by H.
Pop and I. Bejinariu (HACM
Zalău)
under the supervision of the late prof. Mircea
Rusu
from
the Archaeology and History of Art Institute of Cluj-Napoca. The team above-mentioned had
a special role, as a result of the research in the archaeological site from
Şimleu
Silvaniei
Observator.
In the first part of the
1990s,
following some surface research, an entrenched
settlement from the First Iron Stage was discovered here, in a total area of about
35
ha and a
plan suited for the configuration of the terrain. The systematical archaeological research,
started at this point in
1994,
will take place, with a few breaks, until
2003,
the specialists
intending to involve here in the future too.
There are known up to now
8
sites with discoveries which can be assigned for the First
Iron Age, and they all come from settlements in this period of time. The great number of
discoveries in a relatively small area can put forward the whole picture, with the minute
description of the place and the role of this area within the cultural-social events in the First
Iron Age.
The habitat and its aspects. Most of the discoveries come from settlements. These, open
°r entrenched, were usually set close to certain permanent water sources, in tamper-proof
places, with no danger of being flooded or on high places which provided natural advantages
for defense and area supervision.
147
ŞlMLEU SILVANIEI. MONOGRAFIE ARHEOLOGICĂ
Among the open settlements of this period, we mention here, reluctantly though in some
of the cases, the ones from
Cehei
Mesig
and
Nove, Şimleu
Silvaniei
Brijigă
and
Ştrandul
termal,
without ruling out the chance that the materials discovered on
Argeşului
Street and on
Dunării
Street no.
1
to be part of this class.
Even though, as a rule, the great heights are not permanently inhabited in this period,
the entrenched settlement from
Şimleu
Silvaniei
Observator
is an exception. This settlement, with
an area of about
35
ha and with a plan suited for the configuration of the terrain, is placed on
the high lands
oi Măgura Şimleului,
complex of hills positioned north to
Şimleul
Silvaniei. This
settlement entrenched with a defensive system, of entrenchment
-
vallum type and palisade,
has at least two construction stages, when the entrenched enclosure expands.
Concerning the structure of the settlements, the number and the complex types that
come from here, we must underline that the certain information that we have up to date,
although very few, come from only two settlements
(Şimleu
Silvaniei
Observator
and
Cehei
Mesig).
Until now there were researched
12
dwellings, most of them being the deepened type
(cottages). They were either oval or round, some of them with fire devices or domestic ovens.
In the dwelling from
Observator
there were studied the traces of certain sheds and the
discovery of a building with two construction stages, believed to be a metallurgical worlcshop. A
last type of household annexes is the holes, which from the point of view of their function, are
divided into four groups (supply holes, ritual holes, holes for clay working and holes for garbage),
these being the most abundant discoveries.
The archaeological inventory is made up of weights for the cloth weaving loom,
animal bones, whole or fragmentary grinders, spindle discs, amulets, idols and reels, bone
and horn objects, together with abundant pottery. There were also found, several metal
artifacts (bronze and iron) like: needles, armlet fragments, a fibula, arrow tips, iron axe.
Relying on the discovered material, the entrenched settlement from
Şimleu
Silvaniei
Observator
is dated in the stages
На Б1
-
Ha C, and it can be possible to maintain over the first
part of
Hallstatt D,
as it seems to show some of the discoveries, while the dwelling from
Cehei
Mesig
seems to start in the stage
Ha A2,
presumably at the end of the stage.
Relying upon this data, we are enabled to believe that the development of the ethno-
cultural events in the First Iron Age in the area, took place between the 11th century B.C. and
the end of the 7th century or the first half of the 6th century B.C. These events belong to a
Thracian population, with a culture tightly connected to the cultural complex with black
channeled pottery, of
Gåva
type, transferred on a local background which still keeps a hall¬
mark
Cehăluţ.
4.
THE
DACIAN
DISCOVERIES
The present study aims at dealing with the most important aspects and characteristics
of the classical
Dacian
civilization of the second half of the 2nd century B.C. and the beginning
of the 2nd century
A.D.,
within a unitary geographic space, a well-defined space known as the
Depression of
Şimleu.
This territory is nowadays covered by approximately
50
modern
localities. In
29
of them
archeologie
research has been performed which led to the discovery of
49
sites
La Tene
D,
in
16
of the
29
researched localities. About
2/3
of these localities are
concentrated in the area of the
Măgura Şimleului
which has been the beneficiary of several field
research activities
(459,
meaning
85,4
percent of the total
archeologie
findings the Depression
of
Şimleu).The
casual dynamics of the findings suggested, for the region of
Măgura Şimleului,
a continuous presence of the Dacians in the chronologic time period we mentioned.
148
Şimleu
Silvane. Archaeologicalmonography
The last hundred years represented for the Depression of
Şimleu,
a period of intense
quantitative accumulation in terms of
Dacian
thesaurus of coins and the mentioning, in the
historic literature, of several
Dacian
fortifications revealed by numerous treasure hunters and
Hungarian archeologists at the beginning of the century. The period between the wars does
not bring novelties to the analized space, the attention of researchers being focused on the
spectacular Roman complex Porolissum-Moigrad. Only at the end of the war the scientific
interest for this geographic space was risen as a result of the challenge of the hazardous
discovery of some presupposed burial places on the declivity of the hill, component part of
the
Măgura Şimleului.
The discovery of the two thesauruses of
drahma
coins by Dyrrhachium-
Apollonia of
Şimleu Silvaniei,
in the year
1964,
has increased the interest of the specialists for
this yet insufficiently explored zone. As a result, in the spot
Uliul cel Mic,
The History and Art
Museum from
Zalău (MIAZ)
carries out
1978
several surveys with little results, superficially
exploited. The first site, thoroughly investigated, the research concluding in a micro-
monography, is the fortress of
Dacian
origin at
Marca,
less known in the speciality literature.
As an achievement of the previous discoveries, in the year
1986
has been discovered,
hazardously again, at
Şimleu Silvaniei-Cehei,
a rich thesaurus, a mixture of jewellery and
sñver
drahmas, specific to the beginning of the 1st century B.C. Other discoveries, of a
different nature, settlements, fortification, isolated pieces, in the region of
Magura
Şimleului,
permitted and encouraged the initiation of a vast project for research of the
Dacian
establishments in this area of great historical value. Thus, beginning with the year
1992,
there
have been systematically investigated, the spots
Cetate
(almost entirely) and
Observator
(yet in
the phase of survey) of
Şimleu
Silvaniei, on the territory of the town being
signaledand
verified numerous spots belonging to civile settlements and areas supposedly ritual in nature.
In the
16
localities with
Dacian
discoveries in the
Depresión
of
Şimleu,
there were
discovered a number of
15
civile plain settlements, disposed on small water courses and one
in a high geographic position,
Bădăcin-Coraei,
placed on a long, sunny cliff, where there have
been small terraces as a habitat. One of these impresses by its actual dimensions:
10
m
wide
and
175
m
long, in the modern ruptures of the settlement appearing fireplaces, ovens and
dwellings. Much better known is the civile settlement disposed in a semicircular shape at the
basis of the hill
Cetate
from
Şimleu
Silvaniei. This has materialized by the appearance of about
30
spots with discoveries of a profane character, but ritual as well, in the
Dacian
terraces
arranged on both sides of the valley along which the settlement was arranged. The terraces, in
the number of
16,
one of the longest being of over
100
m long,
there can also be seen on
widths of more than
20
m, many of these not being visible because of the ground slidings or
the levelling that have later been done. They offer the specialist eye inhabitable complexes
such as: dwellings, fireplaces, ovens and pits, but also evidence regarding ritual practicesof
the Dacians of the potential Dacidava, mentioned by the ancient geograph Ptolemeu.
Especially favourable to the human habitat of all times, situated on the route to
^portant
commercial roads, the Depression of
Şimleu
is known, in the literature, as one of
the regions with the greatest density in terms of
Dacian
thesauruses. There are
12
such
thesauruses known of which
9
contained coins, one jewellery and
2
with mixed treasures.
Recent
archeologie
researches in
Şimleu
Sñvaniei
have revealed the fact that on
Magura
Şimleului
have functioned fortification complexes, fortified acropolis, settlements and even
ritual places. All of them urge us to belive that this complex of settlements and fortifications
was a powerful and prosperous centre of a tribal union of
Dacian
origin with its territory in
the western half of the county
Sălaj,
in the upper and middle basins of the rivers Crasna and
Barcău.
149
Şimleu Silvaniei. Monografie Arheologică
Limited
at the south-south-west by the Mountains
Plopiş
and in the south-south-east
by the Mountains
Meseş,
this territory is closed in the north by the hills that from
Măgura
Şimleului
with a maximum altitude of
597
m. This complex of
hüls
occupies a surface of about
60
square km. By its massive from, with the central plateaus stretched on the top, where there
are conditions for living under optimum circumstances, (springs, pastures and areas for
agriculture), naturally secure, but artificially protected in the same time, by the palisades
stretched on on the waves situated behind impressive ditches, with
suplimentai
spots, with
fortifications on the
périphérie
hills
(Cetate, Uliul cel Mic, Hempului
Hill, Damian s Rib, a.s.o.)/
linked to the central massif by narrow saddles.
Măgura Şimleului
presents itself as resembling
more and to a nucleus of the size and stature of an aristrocratic laic and eclessiastic residence
of the tribal union before mentioned.
The territory is protected at the entrance by the
Dacian
fortress of
Marca
on the Barcau
valley where the two circumvolutions of concentric shape that fortify the hill
Cetate
have been
researched. From the north, the access is closed by the defence elements on the
Măgura
Şimleului
in the
Observator
spot
wich,
by the three waves and the barrier ditches, fortifies the
plateaus on the hights of
Magura
Şimleului
and
Damian
s
Rib point. From the north-east the
fortification of Hempului Hill, a stretch on the
Magura
towards the east, ensures the protection
of the access ways to the top and the valley in that sector. Towards the eastern extremity of
the territory, the main way of access,
Poarta Meseşam,
is controlled by the fortifications on
Poguior and
Măgura Moigradului.
From the south-east, the access on the valley Ragului is
blocked by the fortress complex on Starciu-Cerflrwz e. The entire territory that encloses the
basins of the upper and middle courses of the rivers Crasna and Barcau include the majority
of the discoveries of the
Dacian
classical epoch in the county of Salaj.
The easiness with which the access and the commercial roads could be supervised,
controlled and defended, made this territory an area that was better shaped and defended,
but a more prosperous area from an economic point of view in the same time,
al
though local
resources were limited at all times.
If, generally speaking, for the entire chronology established,
Magura
Şimleului
was the
nucleus and centre of command of the
Dacian
power in the Depression of
Şimleu,
it is
interesting to follow the evolution of region in the
200
years prior to the Roman Conquest. A
major change regarding the tactics and military strategy, but of the habitat in the same time,
has been noticed in
Şimleu
Silvaniei, on
Magura,
at the moment when there has been evidence
of the complete and definite abandonment of the acropolis that has functioned in the 1st
century B.C. in the
Observator
point, at the maximum altitude of
597
m
oí
Magura
Şimleului.
Its
role
was seemingly overtaken by the acropolis at the point
Cetate,
situated at an inferior
altitude of
372
m. It is hard to explain this change in points of view in the conditions in which
we cannot find evidence of a massive distraction of a violent nature of the fortification from
the
Observator.
The decrease of water flows, the immobility due to isolation or more exactly
the impossibility of close supervision and the efficient supervision of the strategic and
commercial roads can be considered causes of the abandonment we priorly mentioned. The
renouncement to the type of great fortified settlement
dava
and the overtaking of the
military situation by the smaller fortifications, with permanent garrisons, variable in size, but
arranged in strategic points of crossing, can be considered another reason for the
abandonment of the fortifications of about
4-5
ha from the
Observator.
The geo-strategic importance of the zone, situated at the periphery north-western side
of the kingdom of Decebal, made the Depression of
Şimleu
a link between the contact zone
150
ŞlMLEUSlLVANIEI.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MONOGRAPHY
with the Celtic world both as an outpost well-fortified for defencepurposes, in order to control
and survey the main entrance into Transylvania from the north-west, The Mesesana Gate.
The unity in conceiving the
Dacian
defence micro-system, reflected in the military
architecture of
Şimleu
Depression, constitutes one of the expression of material and spiritual
unity of the Darians manifested during the last two centuries that has impeded the explosion
of civilization never encountered before in native manner.
In the chronologic interval of time proposed are to be found the complexes of housing
identified by means of research on the surface and in a systematic manner. We have a lot of
9
deepened dwellings
(15
percent),
13
shallow dwellings
(22
percent) and
37
not specified from
the point of view of the construction
(63
percent). The manner of arrangement of these
dwellings has taken into a count the specific relief conditions. In some of cases there have
been tremendous efforts to arrange the terraces on which later on were mounted civile
constructions and their
anexes.
It has been established that the space has also has a judicious
utility, using repeated
arrangemente,
successive of the same terraces of
systématisations
of the
arrangement of the complexes within the fortress or the establishment. The housing
complexes were constantly accompanied by fire installations, fireplace
(22)
and ovens
(16).
The other auxiliary arrangements, the provision pits, the ritual or housing pits, in number of
113
were completing, by from special inventory, the scenery of the antique human
establishments.
The inventory on the over mentioned complexes, gathered by systematic
archeologie
investigations, is impressive from quantitative and qualitative point of view.
The range covered by ceramic recipients is compared with the specific ones in the area
inhabited by the Dacians. There have been several handmade objects, like: dolia-storage
vessels, pots, bowls, plates, fruit bowls with leg, cups, rush lights, smoking cups, lids,
strainers, situlae with graphit in paste, crucibles, kantharoi used for drinking, cups with leg,
bowls for drinking or for eating, salvers and miniature containers. From the statistics, we can
observe the fact that the most numerous category is represented by the pots used for
preparing the food
(1188,
that is
69
percent), than by the illumination installations: rush lights
(161,
that is
9,2
percent), fruit bowls for eating
(66,
that is
3.8
percent), cups used to pour
liquids
(57,
that is
3.2
percent), dolia for storage the food
(51,
that is
3
percent), bowls for
eating
(49,
that is
2.8
percent), bowls used to bring the food
(50,
that is
2.8
percent) and
crucibles
(47,
that is
2.7
percent). It is clear the fact that bowls used in metallurgy occupy the
most significant place.
The register of the ceramics used in pottery at wheel contains: dolia, bowls for
cooking, bowls for bringing the food or for eating, fruit bowls , small pots, kantharoi, cups,
Hds, strainers and only amphora. The first place is detaine by the fruit
poť
with
182
pieces
(i.e. 40
percent), than the cups for liquids
(84, i.e. 18.5
percent), the kantharos
(79, i.e. 17.3
percent) and about the same position is held by the dolia, bowls and cups, for eating, with
about
20
pieces each (about
4.5
percent).
From the point of view of their function we can observe the fact that some ceramic
categories have main role, together with some of the recipients for storing food,
89
pieces
(51
hand made,
38
pottery at wheel), representing only
4
percent of the total. The majority is
represented by the bowl for preparing food,
1207
copies, all hand made
(55
percent). An
important
category is that of the bowls for serving the meal,
399
pieces
(18
percent) of which
171
hand made and
228
pottery at wheel. The recipients for drinking and carrying of liquids
are in number of
255,
that is
12
percent of the total
(65
hand made and
190
pottery at wheel).
151
ŞmleuSilvaniei. Monografie Arheologică
The
installations
destined for the illumination are all hand made, in a number of
174 (8
percent). The crucibles are a category destined for
metallurgie
activities. We have
47
such
recipients, all hand made. The miniature bowls, considered component parts of the magic
kit are
24
number, representing
1
percent, all hand made.
Of the total of
2195
pieces of ceramics processed,
79
percent are hand made only
21
percent are pottery at wheel, but this differs from one established to the other.
Together with this large ceramic lot, we believe representative, a number of
1897
other
objects have been investigated, such as: tools, utensiles, fire arms, pieces of military
equipment and saddling, pieces of costumes and jewellery, coins. In the Depression of
Şimleu
there are
646
tools and ceramic utensils known
(458,
instruments for pottery
-14:
pi.
30/1-8;
weights
- 29,
puzzles
-
over
400),
stones
(87,
hand mills
- 40;
cutes
- 47:
pl.
29/1-3, 30/8-10,
13,14,16),
bone
(17,
handles, awls, tubes
- 6;
planting machines
-1;
spatulas
- 3:
pi.
30/11,15;
broches
- 4;
wistles
- 3),
iron
(81,
ramp iron, nails
- 29;
fishing rods
- 2;
knives
- 32;
scythes,
sickles
- 4;
axes, hatches
- 2;
chisels
- 1;
grills
- 2;
drills
- 1;
chains
- 3;
torches
- 1;
pieces of
doors
- 3),
bronze
(7); 53
pieces representing weapons, military equipment, pieces of saddling,
predominant being the ones made of iron
(38,
arrows
-3;
javelins and
lanches
- 18;
spades,
battle knives, sheaths, spurs);
214
pieces of costumes and ornaments made of bone
(5,
beads
and brouches), ceramics
(2,
beads), glass
(9,
pearls, bracelets), iron
(5,
belt buckles
- 2,
brouches
- 1),
bronze
(174,
brackets
- 142,
fibulas
- 12,
links
- 10,
earrings
- 2,
belts
- 4,
bracelets
- 4)
silver
(19,
earrings
-1,
rings
-2,
bracelets
- 9:
pi.
31,
fibulas
-1:
pi.
32,
necklaces
-
4:
pi.
33,
chains
- 1:
pi.
32,
belts
- 1)
and
978
coins, the majority made of silver
(Dacian
suberate tetradrahma
-1,
Greek
drahma
type
Apollónia
-
Dyrrhachium
- 827,
Roman dinars-
149,
bronze
ase
-1).
The
archeologie do
not suggest agricultural preoccupations of the investigated
community which have a very little civile character. It is the achropoles of
Şimleu Cetate
and
Observator
and
Marca Cetate,
the last one with a pronounced military character. The recent
osteologic
analysis made of the lot of paleofaunistic remains, taken from the first two sites,
impose the statement, hunting having an important role in the nutrition of those times.
Furthermore, as a comparison, in the point
Observator
we can establish the fact that there is a
chronologic altering between the two sites and in the character of difference in the basic
occupations during this time period. If in the last century B.C. there was a preference for beef,
nutrition based on hunting being only
10
percent, thus suggesting the existence of a stabile,
immovable community, but the agricultural activities as part of this culture, in the last century
A.D.
this undergoes an unusual development and hight mobility, reflected in the increase of
the hunted animal in the nutrition to
31
percent and the preference for pork, that meant a
minimum effort in terms of herding.
The predominant aristochratic-military character of the two main sites investigated,
which offered the most spectacular discoveries and answers to the questions raised by some
of them, offers a certain specificity in terms of the other occupations of the
Dacian
community
they have been represented by. Pottery, the processing of bones, stones, spinning and
weaving did not make up the basic occupations but for the people working in the
acropoles,
the communities that lived at there basis, radially to the tops of the
Măgura Şimleului.
Moreover, the processing of metals was the privilege of the specialized craftsmen, very
probally itinerant, animated by material interests satisfied by the local aristochracy, longing to
fulfill their desires and specific tastes according to the fashion of the time, but also to prosper
economically through the promotion of a policy of faithful copying of the Roman coin, in
numerous retorts, necessary to the trade imposed by the authentic monetary economy.
152
ŞmleuSilvaniei.
Archaeologicalmonography
The increasing economic needs of the community in the Depression of
Şimleu
subjugated the constant specific ritual manifestations of the populace all through those times.
Any human profane action was followed by a profound ritual charge materialized in
incantations or/and sacrifices whose traces are to be seen sometimes.
Бе
it that they are holes
with remains of scheletons of human or animal origin buried or cremated, or they are an
inventory of ceramic recipients intact,
reconstructible
or intentionally broken or deposed in a
certain order: bowls or tools, utensils, weapons, ornaments, coins, a.s.0., these complexes
served to the spiritual side of the communities that they could not exist without which they
would not have been able to establish and justify their existence.
In the nowadays state of the research of the La
Tène D
period, we could offer an
attempt to show the lower and upper limits of the
Dacian
establishments from
Şimleu
Depression.
For the beginning of the inhabitations of the La
Tène D
we can discuss the knotted
fíbulas
made of silver in Moigrad and
Cehei,
dating back in the 2nd
с
B.C. and through the 1st
с
B.C.
The end of the inhabitation process can be tacked with enough precision in the sites of
Moigrad-Mogura
and
Şimleu
Silvaniei-Ceŕaŕe.
This corresponds to the period of the Dacian-
Roman wars for the over mentioned period having as proof the norico-pannonian
fibules
and
the brackets of the same origin discovered in
Şimleu,
and for the Moigrad case the best
elements of daring the
fíbulas
are strongly profiled, eastern type, daring from the end of the 1st
с
A.D.
and the beginning of the 2 d
c
A.D.
The other pieces of metal discovered date from the limited interval mentioned above.
The coins only offer a terminus post quern , pretty vast. As far as the
Dacian
ceramics is
concerned, it is difficult to establish very precise limitations in time, but we cannot deny it a
certain chronologic value when it is situated within precise complexes. The bronze
fibule type
8b, discovered at Sixnieu-Observator, Gg pit, is a very precise element of dating of the complex
and an inventory for the latter. We can easily state that the ceramic material from the
Obseivator is chronologically dated through the 1st century B.C. without asserting with
precision the moment of debut of the inhabitance of the place. The chronologic differences
between the sites of
Şimleu Cetate
and
Observator
are established and argumented by the types
of distinctive ceramics discovered there. For the hand made ceramics of the
Observator
wecan
establish, as delubricated, especially the presence of the pounded shivers while the ceramics
from the sites dating the 1st century
A.D.
(Cetate)
mainly for the presence of the fragments of
rock and quarts sand. If for the
Observator,
the ceramic lot of
435
fragments has offered only
56
pottery at wheel pieces, that is
13
percent of the total, at
Cetate,
from the manufactured
ceramics
(1209
pieces),
26,6
percent is represented by this superior category. This doubling,
meaning a technological qualitative development, is specific to the second half of the period of
Maximum development of the civilization type
La Tène
at the time when
Dacia
exceeded from
a political-economic point of view
û e
former power represented by the Celts.
The material unity established for the most researched sites of
Dacian
origin from the
Şimleu
Depression suggest the possibility of overgeneralising the hypothesis that for the time
interval proposed and proven (second half of the
г™1 с
B.C.
-
the beginning of the 2«d
с
A-D.),
the inhabitance of
Dacia
is
continuos
and concrete by settlements and fortifications with a
special inventory, dating from this period of maximum nourishment of the
Dacian
civilization
in all
Dacia.
Exception is the
Observator
for which we can sustain the hypothesis of desertion
from reasons easy to understand at a moment of the debut of the 1st century of out time. The
153
ŞlMLEU SlLVANIEI. MONOGRAFIE ARHEOLOGICĂ
other sites do not raise such problems, but the lack of systematic
archeologie
research can
confuse in argumentation.
The present trial, far from offering a comprehensive view of the
Dacian
civilization
from the studied space, has tried to put to value almost all that has been published up to now
on the subject, taking into account the numerous materials of novelty so far. The intention of
this endeavour was to offer, as much as possible, a general image,of all the possible aspects, of
the greatness of the
Dacian
phenomenon on territory of
Şimleu
Depression. Clearly focused
on the geographic space tackled in this thesis, this phenomenon proves to be more and
consistent, as years go by, as a result of the
archeologie
discoveries performed systematically
and through field work. We can therefore state that there is almost no fragment of civilization
specific to the
Dacian
area that does not have a correspondent in the discoveries presented
here.
The glimps of civilization of
Dacian
origin, tackled on in this endeavour, does nothing
else but to prove the over mentioned statements, offering reasons for meditation on a series of
pieces, facts and hypotheses.
5.
THE ROMAN AGE DISCOVERIES
The numerous archaeological findings over the last few years, concerning the area
outside the Roman border in
Sălaj
region, enabled us to outline a new picture about what it
was the age following the conquest of these territories by the Roman Empire. The whole area
of the kingdom ruled by the last
Dacian
king, Decebal, was conquered by the Romans
(106
A.D.),
but only a region was made a Roman province and ruled by them until the Aurelian
backing
(275
A.D). For the areas outside the
Dacian
Province, including
Şimleu
Pass, the
conquest meant the complete and eventual destruction of the
Dacian
entrenchments and the
migration of local
Dacian
communities within the Roman
Dacia in
order to make the watch
easier. The Romans exerted a permanent firm control over the neighbor areas in the first half
of the 2nd century
A.D.
Subsequently, due to the pressure of the Germanic populations of
kvas
and
Marcomanni on the north-west areas of Romania, inhabited by free Dacians and Vandals, the
Romanians change the main strategy concerning the relationships with the barbarians . At
the end of the 2nd century
A.D.
the Dacians and the Vandals are let to settle in the close
vicinity of the border of Roman
Dacia,
this representing a buffer demographic and military
power between the Romans and the Germans. This new approach of the Romans towards the
barbarians doubles the number of settlements, inhabited by the free Dacians and Vandals,
in relation to the pre-Roman time, their relations with the Empire, of neighborliness, is the
major premise for the Romanization of the barbarian territories.
The Roman Age discoveries from
ŞIMLEU SlLVANIEI
Remote discoveries West to the site
Szörmal
there were found in
1898
octagonal bricks
and Roman pavement pieces that may come from a Roman type dwelling, built presumably
for a barbarian chief. On the area of the town, we have, from older discoveries: two bronze
fibulae and a bronze Roman lamp. Qn the bottom of the lamp, one can see, embossed, the
name of the handicraftsman IANVARIUS. The lamp is dated in the time beginning to the 2nd
century until the second half of the 3rd century
A.D.
The older remote discoveries of Roman coins: a denarius from the Emperor Traianus, a
denarius
Antonius
Pius, a denarius Septimius Severus and Iulia Mammaea, a denarius
Marcus Aurelius, a sestertius
Filip
Arabul,
a piece from Gordianus and two from
Constantin.
154
ŞlMLEU SILVANIEI.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MONOGRAPHY
Settlement. A Roman Age settlement was discovered on the watercourse near the
Military Units, the site
Nagy
Pista.
The discovered materials are made of fine grey ash, wheel
made (fragments of impressions) and hand made pottery, with small gravels and paste mica
(pot fragments).
A great and broad Roman Age settlement was found on a non-floodable terrace of
Crasna, overlapping today the streets:
Oaşului,
T.
Vladimirescu and Gh. Baritiu, and another
one, just as important, near the boiling spring swimming pool. At
Cehei
in the site
Omanu
între Urât
there was found another settlement from the 3rd
-
4th century
A.D.,
and another two
in the sites
Mesig
and
Nove.
Fortifications. Inside the
Báthory
Castle there were found possible traces of a Roman
control fortification of the Roman road, which connected
Dacia
Province to Panonnia, through
the barbarian territory. Future studies will bring more light for this.
The golden articles treasure from
Şimleu
Silvaniei
The power lack, created after the Aurelian backing
(275
A. D.) enabled the Germanic
population to occupy the territories of the former Roman province
-
Dacia.
This phenomenon
which happened only after about a century after the backing, as initially this territory was not
aimed at by the barbarians . The border of the Roman
Dacia,
defended by a tenth of the
Empire troops, was able to withstand the external pressure, but, in order to strengthen the
Danube line, they have given up the defense and the ruling of
Dacia. In a
permanent search
for allies to counterbalance the power of other barbarian populations, the Roman Empire
resorted to the Gepidae chiefs in the 4th
-
5th centuries
A.D.,
and they tried to win them over
by giving them gifts, military, politic and religious insignia. Such a proof is the golden articles
treasure from
Şimleu
Silvaniei, discovered in two stages,
1797
and
1889,
which is now in
famous museum collections in
Wien
and Budapest. The treasure contains costumes and
adornments, fibulae, pots, medallions, in a total amount of almost
8
kg of gold and golden
silver, worked out by the Roman and Gepidae craftsmen in a remarkable artistic manner. The
constituent parts were gathered on a period over about
100
years by one of the Gepidae royal
families, beginning with the 4th century
A.D.
until the 5th century
A.D.,
when its members,
who were against a Hun-Gepidae alliance, accepted by the supreme Gepidae chief
-
Ardarich,
were murdered by his order and so the treasure was never regained by the owners.
6.
THE EARLY MEDIAEVAL DISCOVERIES
The archaeological research made up to date on the territory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei
showed traces of human habitation in various historical stages: Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron
Age, etc. To this information there add the archaeological vestiges dated back in early Middle
Age.
The early Middle Age vestiges discovered to date on the tercitory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei
are not rich; they are a result of a ampleness of the research here. The archaeological sites
found until now are several settlements, among which only one was archaeologically studied,
as well as two fortifications, which are both under research.
Even if the discoveries for the
8* -
9th centuries are not rich and the archaeological
material collected is little from the point of view of quantity, it is necessary to deal with these
vestiges exhaustively, in order to establish the level of knowledge regarding the early
mediaeval civilization, developed in the area held by the current town
Şimleu
Silvaniei, being
confident that the data supplied by the research here, add to the information in the north-west
area of Romania.
155
ŞMLEU SILVANIEI. MONOGRAFIE ARHEOLOGICĂ
The archaeological research made up to now in the area of
Şimleu Silvaniei
confirm
the presence of early mediaeval vestiges in
8
sites where artifacts that cover a broad
chronological period were found (the 8th
-
13th centuries). Among these sites, only three were
archaeologically studied.
As far as the sites archaeologically studied, we determine that one of the sites is a
settlement and the other two are fortifications. Unfortunately the settlement from
Şimleu
Silvaniei A. Mureşanu
Street, no.
11
did not have systematic archaeological studies. The other
two studied sites are fortifications
(Şimleu
Silvaniei
Observator
and
Şimleu
Silvaniei
Cetate/Várhegy)
both of them were examined in ample systematical archaeological diggings.
The diggings are not finished yet, thus the results shown by now are only a stage of the
research of these sites.
The issue of ownership of the territory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei in the north-west of
Romania is not only a geographical one. The historical events and phenomena that happened
in the north-west of Romania, between the second half of the 7th century and the 8th century,
left a hallmark on the archaeological vestiges discovered here. This enterprise depicts only a
stage in the archaeological vestiges research in these places. There are several features that
could not be adequately explained
/
exploited. Definitely, the future research will provide
more information on this theme, acknowledging or refuting the dating suggested and the
concepts expressed until now.
7.
THE CLASSICAL MEDIAEVAL DISCOVERIES
The medieval city of
Şimleu
unfortunately
stül Hes
in a historical fog, mostly
concerning its full research. In lack of medieval archeologists we can only hope that
sometimes it will be made a systematic documentary, historical and archeological research of
the city.
Until then, we try to start a process of studies about the city in every historical period.
During this small study we tried to present some bibliographical issues concerning the
medieval period of the city. During the first part of the article there is presented a very short
history of
Şimleu
Silvaniei in the 11th
-
14th centuries, as an introduction in the historiography
of the city. In the second part, there is a list of main historians and archeologists whom have
researched the territory of the city, since the early periods of
19ul
century. There are names like
Petri
Mór,
Györffy
György, Csánki Dezső
and others, researchers who have spent years of
their lives studying the medieval past of
Şimleu.
During the research for material presented in the present article, it have been revealed
for us the beauty that stays hidden during these centuries, so we live in the hope that in the
near future it shall be formed a team of archeologists and historians that will show this beauty
in studies of this kind.
156
|
| adam_txt |
CUPRINS
CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE
9
I.
CADRUL GEOGRAFIC ŞI CONDIŢIILE NATURALE
U
Daniel
SANA
П.
PRECURSORII. „ARHEOLOGI" ŞI COLECŢIONARI
15
loan
BEJDNIARIU
Ш.
DESCOPERIRILE NEO/ENEOLITICE
19
Sanda BACUEŢ-CRIŞAN
IV. DESCOPERIRI DIN EPOCA BRONZULUI ŞI PRIMA EPOCĂ A FIERULUI
31
loan
BEJEMARIU
V.
DESCOPERIRI ALE PRIMEI EPOCI A FIERULUI
45
Daniel
SANA
VI.
DESCOPERIRILE DACICE DE LA ŞIMLEU SILVANIEI
67
Horea POP
Vu.
DESCOPERIRILE DIN EPOCA ROMANĂ DE LA ŞIMLEU SILVANIEI
97
Horea POP
Vni. DESCOPERIRILE MEDIEVALE TIMPURII (SEC.
νΠ
-ХШ)
113
Dan BĂCUEŢ-CRIŞAN
IX.
DESCOPERIRILE MEDIEVALE (SEC. XI-XIV) ÎN OGLINDA
ISTORIOGRAFIEI MODERNE
131
Zsolt CSÓK
ŞIMLEU SILVANIEI.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHY
143
ABREVIERI ŞI BIBLIOGRAFIE
157
ŞIMLEUSILVANIEI
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MONOGRAPHS
(I)
ГНЕ
HISTORY OF RESEARCHES
(Abstract)
1.
THE NEO-AENEOLITHIC DISCOVERIES
The archaeological, the ethno-archaeological research and the dynamics of the of the
accidental discoveries proved that in the Neo-Eneolithic, the human communities decided to
found settlements in friendly places, which would offer minimum surviving conditions:
closeness to a source of water, to an area that would secure an elementary farming or the
proximity to a source of basic materials. The differences that arise over the millennia are
tightly connected to the economy of the community and the acclimation to certain life
condition.
Şimleu
Depression, pervaded by the two important hydrographical networks,
Barcăul
and Crasna, and implicitly the area of
Şimleu Silvaniei
fully provided these friendly life
premises. The older and newer researches, the accidental or systematical research, confirm the
compact habitation on the territory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei in the period in question and not only.
In order to illustrate this, we will ground mainly on accidental researches, made once with the
utilitarian workings and less with systematical archeological research.
Looking back to the older and newer discoveries on the territory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei
town, including the villages of
Cehei
and
Біс,
we can state that this area is contained in the
process of neolithization of the Carpathian-Danubian area. The first discoveries that can be set
down to the Neolithic period are the sites of
Starcevo-Criş
from
Şimleu Observator
and
Cehei
Mesig.
Concerning the whole territory of
Sălaj
County and the north west of Romania, we can
notice the emergence of the first Neolithic communities only during the phase
ІПБ
of
Starcevo-Criş
culture, according to Lazarovici's chronology, most of the settlements can be
assigned to stage
IVA or
even IVB. The two sites with discoveries add to the
9
settlements
identified on the territory of
Sălaj
County, known particularly due to the surface research.
The dynamics of the archaeological discoveries do not supply, up to now, information
regarding the subsequent period of time, having only date pertaining to the evolved
communities from the end of the developed Neolithic and much more substantial evidence
concerning the early or late Eneolithic communities
(Tiszapolgár
and Bodrogkeresztur
cultures). Apart of the two settlements on
Oaşului
Street and Miliceri tag, which can be
assigned to the complex of Cluj-Cheile Turzii, on the territory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei we can
observe five sites where
Tiszapolgár
pottery materials were identified, of which one is
Possible to have been a fort and
4
settlements, adding to the two sites where there were found
copper axes with crossed arms.
Up to present, the material which we have, only shows the presence of settlements
belonging to the first development stage in
Tiszapolgár
culture, phase A, which includes this
143
Şimleu Silvaniei. Monografie Arheologică
region
in the field of culture formation. The last stage of Eneolithical habitation on the
territory of the town, perhaps the most exciting, is the Bodrogkeresztur type. We regard it as
highly important, because of the lack of any certain evidence concerning the Bodrogkeresztur
communities on the territory of
Şimleu
Depression, before this site was found. The update
research in the north west of Romania highlighted the presence of this culture on the lower
flow of Crasna River, as there were found several sites with Bodrogkeresztur discoveries on
the territory of
Satu
Mare County. The nature of the discoveries from
Şimleul
Silvaniei, can
make us believe that we deal with a small settlement belonging to this culture, which add to
the other sites in Crasna basin. The archaeological materials gathered in the site from
Şimleu
Silvaniei
Bariţiu
8
can be assigned to the stage Bodrogkeresztur A or to the classical phase of
this culture. This add to the scarce evidence on the territory of
Sălaj
County, actually for this
culture we only have the discoveries from
Zalău, Mihai Viteazul
av.
104-105
(Рапіс-Ія
blocuri)
and the famous gold pieces from Moigrad, believed lately as belonging to another treasury
discovered at
Tiszaszőlős.
We are aware that the information provided by the few sites with discoveries
belonging to the Neo-Eneolithical period on the territory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei are incomplete
and defective in determining the cultural, economic and social nature of the communities that
inhabited this area. Moreover, we assume that, due to the small amount of evidence about
certain cultures known through few, or little researched sites, any new information is a step
ahead. It is no less important that their identification as sites will diminish the danger that
they could be affected in the future by other
urbanistic
works and not only.
2.
THE BRONZE AGE DISCOVERIES
The second half of the 19th century is the "romantic" period of the research in the
archaeological traces within the area of
Şimleu
Silvaniei, an age when archaeology as a
subsidiary branch of the historical science started to set out the research method. As
everywhere in the world, the delusion of ancient gold (here, the two treasures from the 5th
century A. D discovered at
Şimleu)
incurred a real psychosis, which led to diggings in various
places in
Măgura Şimleului.
Among all these amateur archaeologists, often not different from
the treasure hunters, we can find an important name:
János
Ferencz Fetzer. He was perhaps a
teacher in a school in
Şimleul
at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th
century. We owe him the first written records regarding the antiquity discovered in the region
of
Şimleu
and in the western side of the former district of
Sălaj.
Among
1896-1910
he
published in the periodical archeology publication
-
Archaeológiai Értesítő
information
concerning his own diggings made in
Măgura Şimleului
together with several other accidental
discoveries in the area. Fetzer is often interested in the chronological assignment of the
described materials; he shows analogies and proves out to have thorough bibliographical
knowledge. For his work, Fetzer can be considered a predecessor of the archaeological
research in the area of
Şimleu Silvaniei
and at the same time the one who started to record the
archaeological vestiges in this region. Fetzer was also an enthusiast collector who had a close
relationship to other antiquity coUectors in the area, like L. Sziksay from
Zalău.
Along with
Fetzer we mention
Károly
P.
Szaťhmáry
another self-taught in archaeology, who sends some
of the materials discovered in
Măgura Şimleului
to the
Transylvanien
Museum from
Cluj.
Another collector from
Şimleu,
Ignác Salamon,
sells his antiquity collection to the Antiquity
Museum in Debrecen around
1910.
Other, more recent coUectors, worth mentioning are M.
Moga,
S.
Dumitraşcu,
Al.
V.
Matei and
M.
Brudiu,
each of them broadening the knowledge
144
ŞlMLEUSlLVANM.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MONOGRAPHY
area about the vestiges in
Şimleu
region through field research, some of them followed by
archaeological diggings in certain sites.
A grand project which aims at an archaeological investigation of the micro-area
Mugura Şimleului
is started in
1992.
The project was supervised by the late archaeologist
Mircea
Rusu
from the Archaeology and History of Art Institute in Cluj-Napoca. The initial
project was assisted by
Horea
Pop and loan Bejinariu, both working for the Museum in
Zalău.
Subsequently Dan and
Sanda Băcueţ-Crişan,
Daniel V. Sana and
Zsolt Csők
joined them.
Among the old discoveries, there are five bronze pieces sites which are worth
attention, together with other bronze and gold pieces isolated discovered before
1992
in
various sites in
Şimleului.
They are all dated in the Bronze Age and in the first Iron Age.
The site
Şimleu
Silvaniei I made up of three axes with a sectional hole and the site
Şimleu
Silvaniei II made up of a short sword
/
dagger with a full hilt and an armlet in
D
shape, can be assigned for the Wietenberg III habitation stage, well-represented by discoveries
in the town area, and chronologically assigned to the second half of the middle period in the
Bronze Age. We must take into account that both sites have famous pieces (axes, sword) with
a longer usage time, perhaps over more generations, and their dating is relatively unsure. The
discoveries after
1992
brought to light, as we stated, for the middle period of the Bronze Age,
only proofs of habitation for this period in Wietenberg III stage and this makes us connect
both the sites with the chronological stage represented by these discoveries. Obviously,
between the moment of immersion of the first and respectively the second site it could have
passed a certain period of time. The two sites contain both Transylvanian pieces (two axes of
Pãdureni
type in
Şimleu
Silvaniei I site) and western pieces (axe of
Hajdúsámson
type in the
first site and respectively the sword and the armlet in the second site).
We have little evidence on
Şimleu
Silvaniei
ΙΠ
site. According to M. Roska's records,
there are four bronze armlets found in the inter-war time in a private collection. The site was
assigned by M.
Petrescu-Dîmboviţa
for the late period of the Bronze Age.
Şimleu
Silvaniei IV site is made up of two bronze swords with horns. The connection
of the two pieces is uncertain. We do not have other information about the context of the
discovery. One of the two swords is garnished on the blade, towards the hilt, with three
stylized aquatic birds, before which there is a solar motif. This piece belongs to
Zürich
type of
the bronze swords with horns. The production of the first bronze swords with horns seems to
begin in Ha Bl stage and continues in
Ha B2
stage. This is the dating which is generally
accepted for the sites that contain this type of swords and in these stages there can be set a
broader dating, suggested for site IV in
Şimleu
Silvaniei.
Two bronze pots in the collection of the Museum of Debrecen (Hungary) have been
included in the so-called site
Şimleu
Silvaniei V dated by M.
Petrescu-Dîmboviţa
in
На С
stage. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, the pieces disappeared from the collection
of this museum. Relying on some old photographs T. Soroceanu proved convincingly, that at
least one of the pieces does not belong to the Iron Age, but is a Roman bronze pot. Neither the
origin of the discovery is sure, bought together with I. Salamon's collection from
Şimleu
Silvaniei.
We can notice among the isolated discoveries a sword scrap with a full hilt of Liptau
type, discovered in
1975
on
Dealul Cetăţii/
Várhegy.
The sword belongs to variant II of Liptau
type
(Bader),
and copies of this type are present in feculences assigned to the series Turia-
Jupalnic and more seldom
Moigrad-Tăuteu (Ha A2
-
Ha Bl). When I. Salamon's collection
from
Şimleu
was taken up, in the collection of the Museum of Debrecen got other pieces too,
145
Şmleu Silvaniei. Monografie Arheologică
perhaps from the area of
Şimleu
too: a needle with the head bearing a stamp, the rod of a
needle and a bronze armlet with a rhombic body section. We do not know other information
about these pieces.
In the collection of certain museums in
Wien
and Budapest there are prehistorical
golden pieces discovered at
Şimleu
Silvaniei. It is a golden armlet with a double screw at the
ends, found possibly in the channel of Crasna River and three links made of golden wire.
These pieces, mentioned repeatedly in the literature, are broadly dated, relying on typological
evidence in the time between the late period of the Bronze Age, respectively in the late period
of the first Iron Age (Bronze
D
-
Ha B).
Although they are accidental discoveries, most of them over a century ago, they are
enough to show a fact. It is obvious that for hundreds of years, since the second half of the
middle period of Bronze Age, until the first period in the Iron Age, in the area of
Şimleu
there
are confirmed many sites with bronze pieces, together with other pieces isolately discovered,
which can be interpreted as parts of a single piece. We appreciate that this "richness" of
deposits can also be explained by the location of the present town on a highly important link
route between the area of
Tisa Superioara
and Transylvania. This route was in the prehistory,
Crasna Valley, which is narrowing between
Cehei
and
Şimleu
Silvaniei and has the
appearance of a passing. The communities which lived in the prehistory in the present area of
Şimleu
Silvaniei town, begin to feel the strategical importance of this point beginning with the
middle period of the Bronze Age. We can assume that a pass control point was present here
and that the access in the pass was granted in exchange of a tax. Thus could be explained the
presence of the.above-mentioned deposits both: Transylvanian and the ones made in the
workshops of
Tisa
Superior or after prototypes in this area. On the other hand, the discoveries
shown can explain the presence of an area meant for religious services, used over a long
period of time.
These old findings, linked to the recent research results show the hall-mark left by the
geographical area on the eolution of the human communities in the prehistory, and also the
mutual inter-conditiorung between the geographical area and the society. In certain moments
the human communities takes advantage of the favorable geographical area for a more rapid
developement. The pattern can also be applied for the communities which lived in the area
called
Măgura Şimleului
starting with the middle period of the Bronze Age and the First Iron Age.
3.
THE DISCOVERIES OF THE FIRST IRON AGE
The first records of certain pieces that can be assigned to this period belong to F. J. Fetzer,
who, without making a cultural or chronological assigning, portrays some handmade pottery
fragments, some of them having a double color (black in the outer side and red in the inner
side) and presumably a groove. He also indicates some bronze pieces (a chisel and an armlet)
found on
Magura,
pieces that can be tied to the habitation in the Bronze Age or in the First
Iron Age.
Following the Second World War, the place has back the researchers' attention.
Therefore, after certain fortuitous archaeological discoveries in
1945-1947,
on
Magura
hill, in
1949
M.
Moga
launches in the area a range of archaeological researches in the sites
Uliu cel Mic
(Kiskeselyü) and Observator.
After the research in the last site, M.
Moga
points out, in
1950,
that the discovered pottery material, belongs to the
Dacian
time "but also to barbarian period,
respectively the Bronze Age", without mentioning a precise reference to the materials in the
First Bronze Age which are superabundant in this area.
146
ŞlMLEUSlLVANIEI.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MONOGRAPHY
The surface archaeological research made between
1969-1970
by S.
Dumitraşcu
at
Şimleu
Silvaniei on
Cetăţii
hill or
Várhegy,
as it is also known by the locals, led to the discovery
of an important
Dacian
settlement, when there were also "found several pottery fragments
belonging to the Wietenberg culture and the first period of the iron
- Hallstatt". In
an analysis
which appeared in the first issue of Crisia magazine, debating on the collection of "Simion
Bărnuţiu"
High school from
Şimleu
Silvaniei, the same author reminds here the presence of
some
"Hallstatt"
materials that come from
Măgura,
without knowing precisely the place. It is
also mentioned that the place named
Vârful Şoimilor
(The Hawks' Crest") was found by pupils
in the high school of
Şimleu Silvaniei,
pottery belonging to the First Iron Age, together with
Dacian
pottery.
Once with some small size researches made in
1978,
on the central table land of
Măgura Şimleului,
in the site called
Observator,
there were found, besides a rich
Dacian
material, "pottery fragments belonging to .culture
Gåva".
A great merit for the setting into the scientific network of some archaeological
discoveries from the First Iron Age, had E.
Lakó,
name connected to the first records assigned
to the
"Hallstatt"
in the studied area, as well as the first archaeological research with a rescue
mission from
Cehei
Mesig
or the surface research from
Cehei
Nove.
In
1987
and
1988,
M.
Brudiu
makes some investigations in the area of
Şimleu
Silvaniei,
finding among others, in the site
Brijigă,
a settlement belonging to the early
Hallstatt.
In
1990,
The History and Art County Museum of
Zalău
performs a rescue digging at
Şimleu
Silvaniei
Dunării
Street no.
1,
when there are found several archeological materials
belonging to Wietenberg culture or to the
Dacian
period and some pottery fragments
belonging to
Gåva
culture, without being found a habitation level or complexes of interest for
the archeologists.
The most important achievements in the field of First Iron Age research in
Şimleu
Pass
were definitely as a result of an ample and ambitious project of archaeological diggings in the
main sites in the area, project started in the 20th century, together with the issuance of certain
remarkable school collections for the discovery of new sites. This program was set off by H.
Pop and I. Bejinariu (HACM
Zalău)
under the supervision of the late prof. Mircea
Rusu
from
the Archaeology and History of Art Institute of Cluj-Napoca. The team above-mentioned had
a special role, as a result of the research in the archaeological site from
Şimleu
Silvaniei
Observator.
In the first part of the
1990s,
following some surface research, an entrenched
settlement from the First Iron Stage was discovered here, in a total area of about
35
ha and a
plan suited for the configuration of the terrain. The systematical archaeological research,
started at this point in
1994,
will take place, with a few breaks, until
2003,
the specialists
intending to involve here in the future too.
There are known up to now
8
sites with discoveries which can be assigned for the First
Iron Age, and they all come from settlements in this period of time. The great number of
discoveries in a relatively small area can put forward the whole picture, with the minute
description of the place and the role of this area within the cultural-social events in the First
Iron Age.
The habitat and its aspects. Most of the discoveries come from settlements. These, open
°r entrenched, were usually set close to certain permanent water sources, in tamper-proof
places, with no danger of being flooded or on high places which provided natural advantages
for defense and area supervision.
147
ŞlMLEU SILVANIEI. MONOGRAFIE ARHEOLOGICĂ
Among the open settlements of this period, we mention here, reluctantly though in some
of the cases, the ones from
Cehei
Mesig
and
Nove, Şimleu
Silvaniei
Brijigă
and
Ştrandul
termal,
without ruling out the chance that the materials discovered on
Argeşului
Street and on
Dunării
Street no.
1
to be part of this class.
Even though, as a rule, the great heights are not permanently inhabited in this period,
the entrenched settlement from
Şimleu
Silvaniei
Observator
is an exception. This settlement, with
an area of about
35
ha and with a plan suited for the configuration of the terrain, is placed on
the high lands
oi Măgura Şimleului,
complex of hills positioned north to
Şimleul
Silvaniei. This
settlement entrenched with a defensive system, of entrenchment
-
vallum type and palisade,
has at least two construction stages, when the entrenched enclosure expands.
Concerning the structure of the settlements, the number and the complex types that
come from here, we must underline that the certain information that we have up to date,
although very few, come from only two settlements
(Şimleu
Silvaniei
Observator
and
Cehei
Mesig).
Until now there were researched
12
dwellings, most of them being the deepened type
(cottages). They were either oval or round, some of them with fire devices or domestic ovens.
In the dwelling from
Observator
there were studied the traces of certain sheds and the
discovery of a building with two construction stages, believed to be a metallurgical worlcshop. A
last type of household annexes is the holes, which from the point of view of their function, are
divided into four groups (supply holes, ritual holes, holes for clay working and holes for garbage),
these being the most abundant discoveries.
The archaeological inventory is made up of weights for the cloth weaving loom,
animal bones, whole or fragmentary grinders, spindle discs, amulets, idols and reels, bone
and horn objects, together with abundant pottery. There were also found, several metal
artifacts (bronze and iron) like: needles, armlet fragments, a fibula, arrow tips, iron axe.
Relying on the discovered material, the entrenched settlement from
Şimleu
Silvaniei
Observator
is dated in the stages
На Б1
-
Ha C, and it can be possible to maintain over the first
part of
Hallstatt D,
as it seems to show some of the discoveries, while the dwelling from
Cehei
Mesig
seems to start in the stage
Ha A2,
presumably at the end of the stage.
Relying upon this data, we are enabled to believe that the development of the ethno-
cultural events in the First Iron Age in the area, took place between the 11th century B.C. and
the end of the 7th century or the first half of the 6th century B.C. These events belong to a
Thracian population, with a culture tightly connected to the cultural complex with black
channeled pottery, of
Gåva
type, transferred on a local background which still keeps a hall¬
mark
Cehăluţ.
4.
THE
DACIAN
DISCOVERIES
The present study aims at dealing with the most important aspects and characteristics
of the classical
Dacian
civilization of the second half of the 2nd century B.C. and the beginning
of the 2nd century
A.D.,
within a unitary geographic space, a well-defined space known as the
Depression of
Şimleu.
This territory is nowadays covered by approximately
50
modern
localities. In
29
of them
archeologie
research has been performed which led to the discovery of
49
sites
La Tene
D,
in
16
of the
29
researched localities. About
2/3
of these localities are
concentrated in the area of the
Măgura Şimleului
which has been the beneficiary of several field
research activities
(459,
meaning
85,4
percent of the total
archeologie
findings the Depression
of
Şimleu).The
casual dynamics of the findings suggested, for the region of
Măgura Şimleului,
a continuous presence of the Dacians in the chronologic time period we mentioned.
148
Şimleu
Silvane. Archaeologicalmonography
The last hundred years represented for the Depression of
Şimleu,
a period of intense
quantitative accumulation in terms of
Dacian
thesaurus of coins and the mentioning, in the
historic literature, of several
Dacian
fortifications revealed by numerous treasure hunters and
Hungarian archeologists at the beginning of the century. The period between the wars does
not bring novelties to the analized space, the attention of researchers being focused on the
spectacular Roman complex Porolissum-Moigrad. Only at the end of the war the scientific
interest for this geographic space was risen as a result of the challenge of the hazardous
discovery of some presupposed burial places on the declivity of the hill, component part of
the
Măgura Şimleului.
The discovery of the two thesauruses of
drahma
coins by Dyrrhachium-
Apollonia of
Şimleu Silvaniei,
in the year
1964,
has increased the interest of the specialists for
this yet insufficiently explored zone. As a result, in the spot
Uliul cel Mic,
The History and Art
Museum from
Zalău (MIAZ)
carries out
1978
several surveys with little results, superficially
exploited. The first site, thoroughly investigated, the research concluding in a micro-
monography, is the fortress of
Dacian
origin at
Marca,
less known in the speciality literature.
As an achievement of the previous discoveries, in the year
1986
has been discovered,
hazardously again, at
Şimleu Silvaniei-Cehei,
a rich thesaurus, a mixture of jewellery and
sñver
drahmas, specific to the beginning of the 1st century B.C. Other discoveries, of a
different nature, settlements, fortification, isolated pieces, in the region of
Magura
Şimleului,
permitted and encouraged the initiation of a vast project for research of the
Dacian
establishments in this area of great historical value. Thus, beginning with the year
1992,
there
have been systematically investigated, the spots
Cetate
(almost entirely) and
Observator
(yet in
the phase of survey) of
Şimleu
Silvaniei, on the territory of the town being
signaledand
verified numerous spots belonging to civile settlements and areas supposedly ritual in nature.
In the
16
localities with
Dacian
discoveries in the
Depresión
of
Şimleu,
there were
discovered a number of
15
civile plain settlements, disposed on small water courses and one
in a high geographic position,
Bădăcin-Coraei,
placed on a long, sunny cliff, where there have
been small terraces as a habitat. One of these impresses by its actual dimensions:
10
m
wide
and
175
m
long, in the modern ruptures of the settlement appearing fireplaces, ovens and
dwellings. Much better known is the civile settlement disposed in a semicircular shape at the
basis of the hill
Cetate
from
Şimleu
Silvaniei. This has materialized by the appearance of about
30
spots with discoveries of a profane character, but ritual as well, in the
Dacian
terraces
arranged on both sides of the valley along which the settlement was arranged. The terraces, in
the number of
16,
one of the longest being of over
100
m long,
there can also be seen on
widths of more than
20
m, many of these not being visible because of the ground slidings or
the levelling that have later been done. They offer the specialist eye inhabitable complexes
such as: dwellings, fireplaces, ovens and pits, but also evidence regarding ritual practicesof
the Dacians of the potential Dacidava, mentioned by the ancient geograph Ptolemeu.
Especially favourable to the human habitat of all times, situated on the route to
^portant
commercial roads, the Depression of
Şimleu
is known, in the literature, as one of
the regions with the greatest density in terms of
Dacian
thesauruses. There are
12
such
thesauruses known of which
9
contained coins, one jewellery and
2
with mixed treasures.
Recent
archeologie
researches in
Şimleu
Sñvaniei
have revealed the fact that on
Magura
Şimleului
have functioned fortification complexes, fortified acropolis, settlements and even
ritual places. All of them urge us to belive that this complex of settlements and fortifications
was a powerful and prosperous centre of a tribal union of
Dacian
origin with its territory in
the western half of the county
Sălaj,
in the upper and middle basins of the rivers Crasna and
Barcău.
149
Şimleu Silvaniei. Monografie Arheologică
Limited
at the south-south-west by the Mountains
Plopiş
and in the south-south-east
by the Mountains
Meseş,
this territory is closed in the north by the hills that from
Măgura
Şimleului
with a maximum altitude of
597
m. This complex of
hüls
occupies a surface of about
60
square km. By its massive from, with the central plateaus stretched on the top, where there
are conditions for living under optimum circumstances, (springs, pastures and areas for
agriculture), naturally secure, but artificially protected in the same time, by the palisades
stretched on on the waves situated behind impressive ditches, with
suplimentai
spots, with
fortifications on the
périphérie
hills
(Cetate, Uliul cel Mic, Hempului
Hill, Damian's Rib, a.s.o.)/
linked to the central massif by narrow saddles.
Măgura Şimleului
presents itself as resembling
more and to a nucleus of the size and stature of an aristrocratic laic and eclessiastic residence
of the tribal union before mentioned.
The territory is protected at the entrance by the
Dacian
fortress of
Marca
on the Barcau
valley where the two circumvolutions of concentric shape that fortify the hill
Cetate
have been
researched. From the north, the access is closed by the defence elements on the
Măgura
Şimleului
in the
Observator
spot
wich,
by the three waves and the barrier ditches, fortifies the
plateaus on the hights of
Magura
Şimleului
and
Damian'
s
Rib point. From the north-east the
fortification of Hempului Hill, a stretch on the
Magura
towards the east, ensures the protection
of the access ways to the top and the valley in that sector. Towards the eastern extremity of
the territory, the main way of access,
Poarta Meseşam,
is controlled by the fortifications on
Poguior and
Măgura Moigradului.
From the south-east, the access on the valley Ragului is
blocked by the fortress complex on Starciu-Cerflrwz'e. The entire territory that encloses the
basins of the upper and middle courses of the rivers Crasna and Barcau include the majority
of the discoveries of the
Dacian
classical epoch in the county of Salaj.
The easiness with which the access and the commercial roads could be supervised,
controlled and defended, made this territory an area that was better shaped and defended,
but a more prosperous area from an economic point of view in the same time,
al
though local
resources were limited at all times.
If, generally speaking, for the entire chronology established,
Magura
Şimleului
was the
nucleus and "centre of command" of the
Dacian
power in the Depression of
Şimleu,
it is
interesting to follow the evolution of region in the
200
years prior to the Roman Conquest. A
major change regarding the tactics and military strategy, but of the habitat in the same time,
has been noticed in
Şimleu
Silvaniei, on
Magura,
at the moment when there has been evidence
of the complete and definite abandonment of the acropolis that has functioned in the 1st
century B.C. in the
Observator
point, at the maximum altitude of
597
m
oí
Magura
Şimleului.
Its
role
was seemingly overtaken by the acropolis at the point
Cetate,
situated at an inferior
altitude of
372
m. It is hard to explain this change in points of view in the conditions in which
we cannot find evidence of a massive distraction of a violent nature of the fortification from
the
Observator.
The decrease of water flows, the immobility due to isolation or more exactly
the impossibility of close supervision and the efficient supervision of the strategic and
commercial roads can be considered causes of the abandonment we priorly mentioned. The
renouncement to the type of great fortified settlement
"dava"
and the overtaking of the
military situation by the smaller fortifications, with permanent garrisons, variable in size, but
arranged in strategic points of crossing, can be considered another reason for the
abandonment of the fortifications of about
4-5
ha from the
Observator.
The geo-strategic importance of the zone, situated at the periphery north-western side
of the kingdom of Decebal, made the Depression of
Şimleu
a link between the contact zone
150
ŞlMLEUSlLVANIEI.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MONOGRAPHY
with the Celtic world both as an outpost well-fortified for defencepurposes, in order to control
and survey the main entrance into Transylvania from the north-west, The Mesesana Gate.
The unity in conceiving the
Dacian
defence micro-system, reflected in the military
architecture of
Şimleu
Depression, constitutes one of the expression of material and spiritual
unity of the Darians manifested during the last two centuries that has impeded the explosion
of civilization never encountered before in native manner.
In the chronologic interval of time proposed are to be found the complexes of housing
identified by means of research on the surface and in a systematic manner. We have a lot of
9
deepened dwellings
(15
percent),
13
shallow dwellings
(22
percent) and
37
not specified from
the point of view of the construction
(63
percent). The manner of arrangement of these
dwellings has taken into a count the specific relief conditions. In some of cases there have
been tremendous efforts to arrange the terraces on which later on were mounted civile
constructions and their
anexes.
It has been established that the space has also has a judicious
utility, using repeated
arrangemente,
successive of the same terraces of
systématisations
of the
arrangement of the complexes within the fortress or the establishment. The housing
complexes were constantly accompanied by fire installations, fireplace
(22)
and ovens
(16).
The other auxiliary arrangements, the provision pits, the ritual or housing pits, in number of
113
were completing, by from special inventory, the scenery of the antique human
establishments.
The inventory on the over mentioned complexes, gathered by systematic
archeologie
investigations, is impressive from quantitative and qualitative point of view.
The range covered by ceramic recipients is compared with the specific ones in the area
inhabited by the Dacians. There have been several handmade objects, like: dolia-storage
vessels, pots, bowls, plates, "fruit bowls" with leg, cups, rush lights, smoking cups, lids,
strainers, situlae with graphit in paste, crucibles, kantharoi used for drinking, cups with leg,
bowls for drinking or for eating, salvers and miniature containers. From the statistics, we can
observe the fact that the most numerous category is represented by the pots used for
preparing the food
(1188,
that is
69
percent), than by the illumination installations: rush lights
(161,
that is
9,2
percent), "fruit bowls" for eating
(66,
that is
3.8
percent), cups used to pour
liquids
(57,
that is
3.2
percent), dolia for storage the food
(51,
that is
3
percent), bowls for
eating
(49,
that is
2.8
percent), bowls used to bring the food
(50,
that is
2.8
percent) and
crucibles
(47,
that is
2.7
percent). It is clear the fact that bowls used in metallurgy occupy the
most significant place.
The register of the ceramics used in pottery at wheel contains: dolia, bowls for
cooking, bowls for bringing the food or for eating, "fruit bowls", small pots, kantharoi, cups,
Hds, strainers and only amphora. The first place is detaine by the "fruit
poť'
with
182
pieces
(i.e. 40
percent), than the cups for liquids
(84, i.e. 18.5
percent), the kantharos
(79, i.e. 17.3
percent) and about the same position is held by the dolia, bowls and cups, for eating, with
about
20
pieces each (about
4.5
percent).
From the point of view of their function we can observe the fact that some ceramic
categories have main role, together with some of the recipients for storing food,
89
pieces
(51
hand made,
38
pottery at wheel), representing only
4
percent of the total. The majority is
represented by the bowl for preparing food,
1207
copies, all hand made
(55
percent). An
important
category is that of the bowls for serving the meal,
399
pieces
(18
percent) of which
171
hand made and
228
pottery at wheel. The recipients for drinking and carrying of liquids
are in number of
255,
that is
12
percent of the total
(65
hand made and
190
pottery at wheel).
151
ŞmleuSilvaniei. Monografie Arheologică
The
installations
destined for the illumination are all hand made, in a number of
174 (8
percent). The crucibles are a category destined for
metallurgie
activities. We have
47
such
recipients, all hand made. The miniature bowls, considered component parts of the "magic
kit" are
24
number, representing
1
percent, all hand made.
Of the total of
2195
pieces of ceramics processed,
79
percent are hand made only
21
percent are pottery at wheel, but this differs from one established to the other.
Together with this large ceramic lot, we believe representative, a number of
1897
other
objects have been investigated, such as: tools, utensiles, fire arms, pieces of military
equipment and saddling, pieces of costumes and jewellery, coins. In the Depression of
Şimleu
there are
646
tools and ceramic utensils known
(458,
instruments for pottery
-14:
pi.
30/1-8;
weights
- 29,
puzzles
-
over
400),
stones
(87,
hand mills
- 40;
cutes
- 47:
pl.
29/1-3, 30/8-10,
13,14,16),
bone
(17,
handles, awls, tubes
- 6;
planting machines
-1;
spatulas
- 3:
pi.
30/11,15;
broches
- 4;
wistles
- 3),
iron
(81,
ramp iron, nails
- 29;
fishing rods
- 2;
knives
- 32;
scythes,
sickles
- 4;
axes, hatches
- 2;
chisels
- 1;
grills
- 2;
drills
- 1;
chains
- 3;
torches
- 1;
pieces of
doors
- 3),
bronze
(7); 53
pieces representing weapons, military equipment, pieces of saddling,
predominant being the ones made of iron
(38,
arrows
-3;
javelins and
lanches
- 18;
spades,
battle knives, sheaths, spurs);
214
pieces of costumes and ornaments made of bone
(5,
beads
and brouches), ceramics
(2,
beads), glass
(9,
pearls, bracelets), iron
(5,
belt buckles
- 2,
brouches
- 1),
bronze
(174,
brackets
- 142,
fibulas
- 12,
links
- 10,
earrings
- 2,
belts
- 4,
bracelets
- 4)
silver
(19,
earrings
-1,
rings
-2,
bracelets
- 9:
pi.
31,
fibulas
-1:
pi.
32,
necklaces
-
4:
pi.
33,
chains
- 1:
pi.
32,
belts
- 1)
and
978
coins, the majority made of silver
(Dacian
suberate tetradrahma
-1,
Greek
drahma
type
Apollónia
-
Dyrrhachium
- 827,
Roman dinars-
149,
bronze
ase
-1).
The
archeologie do
not suggest agricultural preoccupations of the investigated
community which have a very little civile character. It is the achropoles of
Şimleu Cetate
and
Observator
and
Marca Cetate,
the last one with a pronounced military character. The recent
osteologic
analysis made of the lot of paleofaunistic remains, taken from the first two sites,
impose the statement, hunting having an important role in the nutrition of those times.
Furthermore, as a comparison, in the point
Observator
we can establish the fact that there is a
chronologic altering between the two sites and in the character of difference in the basic
occupations during this time period. If in the last century B.C. there was a preference for beef,
nutrition based on hunting being only
10
percent, thus suggesting the existence of a stabile,
immovable community, but the agricultural activities as part of this culture, in the last century
A.D.
this undergoes an unusual development and hight mobility, reflected in the increase of
the hunted animal in the nutrition to
31
percent and the preference for pork, that meant a
minimum effort in terms of herding.
The predominant aristochratic-military character of the two main sites investigated,
which offered the most spectacular discoveries and answers to the questions raised by some
of them, offers a certain specificity in terms of the other occupations of the
Dacian
community
they have been represented by. Pottery, the processing of bones, stones, spinning and
weaving did not make up the basic occupations but for the people working in the
acropoles,
the communities that lived at there basis, radially to the tops of the
Măgura Şimleului.
Moreover, the processing of metals was the privilege of the specialized craftsmen, very
probally itinerant, animated by material interests satisfied by the local aristochracy, longing to
fulfill their desires and specific tastes according to the fashion of the time, but also to prosper
economically through the promotion of a policy of faithful copying of the Roman coin, in
numerous retorts, necessary to the trade imposed by the authentic monetary economy.
152
ŞmleuSilvaniei.
Archaeologicalmonography
The increasing economic needs of the community in the Depression of
Şimleu
subjugated the constant specific ritual manifestations of the populace all through those times.
Any human profane action was followed by a profound ritual charge materialized in
incantations or/and sacrifices whose traces are to be seen sometimes.
Бе
it that they are holes
with remains of scheletons of human or animal origin buried or cremated, or they are an
inventory of ceramic recipients intact,
reconstructible
or intentionally broken or deposed in a
certain order: bowls or tools, utensils, weapons, ornaments, coins, a.s.0., these complexes
served to the spiritual side of the communities that they could not exist without which they
would not have been able to establish and justify their existence.
In the nowadays state of the research of the La
Tène D
period, we could offer an
attempt to show the lower and upper limits of the
Dacian
establishments from
Şimleu
Depression.
For the beginning of the inhabitations of the La
Tène D
we can discuss the knotted
fíbulas
made of silver in Moigrad and
Cehei,
dating back in the 2nd
с
B.C. and through the 1st
с
B.C.
The end of the inhabitation process can be tacked with enough precision in the sites of
Moigrad-Mogura
and
Şimleu
Silvaniei-Ceŕaŕe.
This corresponds to the period of the Dacian-
Roman wars for the over mentioned period having as proof the norico-pannonian
fibules
and
the brackets of the same origin discovered in
Şimleu,
and for the Moigrad case the best
elements of daring the
fíbulas
are strongly profiled, eastern type, daring from the end of the 1st
с
A.D.
and the beginning of the 2'd
c
A.D.
The other pieces of metal discovered date from the limited interval mentioned above.
The coins only offer a "terminus post quern", pretty vast. As far as the
Dacian
ceramics is
concerned, it is difficult to establish very precise limitations in time, but we cannot deny it a
certain chronologic value when it is situated within precise complexes. The bronze
fibule type
8b, discovered at Sixnieu-Observator, Gg pit, is a very precise element of dating of the complex
and an inventory for the latter. We can easily state that the ceramic material from the
Obseivator is chronologically dated through the 1st century B.C. without asserting with
precision the moment of debut of the inhabitance of the place. The chronologic differences
between the sites of
Şimleu Cetate
and
Observator
are established and argumented by the types
of distinctive ceramics discovered there. For the hand made ceramics of the
Observator
wecan
establish, as delubricated, especially the presence of the pounded shivers while the ceramics
from the sites dating the 1st century
A.D.
(Cetate)
mainly for the presence of the fragments of
rock and quarts sand. If for the
Observator,
the ceramic lot of
435
fragments has offered only
56
pottery at wheel pieces, that is
13
percent of the total, at
Cetate,
from the manufactured
ceramics
(1209
pieces),
26,6
percent is represented by this superior category. This doubling,
meaning a technological qualitative development, is specific to the second half of the period of
Maximum development of the civilization type
La Tène
at the time when
Dacia
exceeded from
a political-economic point of view
û\e
former power represented by the Celts.
The material unity established for the most researched sites of
Dacian
origin from the
Şimleu
Depression suggest the possibility of overgeneralising the hypothesis that for the time
interval proposed and proven (second half of the
г™1 с
B.C.
-
the beginning of the 2«d
с
A-D.),
the inhabitance of
Dacia
is
continuos
and concrete by settlements and fortifications with a
special inventory, dating from this period of maximum nourishment of the
Dacian
civilization
in all
Dacia.
Exception is the
Observator
for which we can sustain the hypothesis of desertion
from reasons easy to understand at a moment of the debut of the 1st century of out time. The
153
ŞlMLEU SlLVANIEI. MONOGRAFIE ARHEOLOGICĂ
other sites do not raise such problems, but the lack of systematic
archeologie
research can
confuse in argumentation.
The present trial, far from offering a comprehensive view of the
Dacian
civilization
from the studied space, has tried to put to value almost all that has been published up to now
on the subject, taking into account the numerous materials of novelty so far. The intention of
this endeavour was to offer, as much as possible, a general image,of all the possible aspects, of
the greatness of the
Dacian
phenomenon on territory of
Şimleu
Depression. Clearly focused
on the geographic space tackled in this thesis, this phenomenon proves to be more and
consistent, as years go by, as a result of the
archeologie
discoveries performed systematically
and through field work. We can therefore state that there is almost no fragment of civilization
specific to the
Dacian
area that does not have a correspondent in the discoveries presented
here.
The glimps of civilization of
Dacian
origin, tackled on in this endeavour, does nothing
else but to prove the over mentioned statements, offering reasons for meditation on a series of
pieces, facts and hypotheses.
5.
THE ROMAN AGE DISCOVERIES
The numerous archaeological findings over the last few years, concerning the area
outside the Roman border in
Sălaj
region, enabled us to outline a new picture about what it
was the age following the conquest of these territories by the Roman Empire. The whole area
of the kingdom ruled by the last
Dacian
king, Decebal, was conquered by the Romans
(106
A.D.),
but only a region was made a Roman province and ruled by them until the Aurelian
backing
(275
A.D). For the areas outside the
Dacian
Province, including
Şimleu
Pass, the
conquest meant the complete and eventual destruction of the
Dacian
entrenchments and the
migration of local
Dacian
communities within the Roman
Dacia in
order to make the watch
easier. The Romans exerted a permanent firm control over the neighbor areas in the first half
of the 2nd century
A.D.
Subsequently, due to the pressure of the Germanic populations of
kvas
and
Marcomanni on the north-west areas of Romania, inhabited by free Dacians and Vandals, the
Romanians change the main strategy concerning the relationships with the "barbarians". At
the end of the 2nd century
A.D.
the Dacians and the Vandals are let to settle in the close
vicinity of the border of Roman
Dacia,
this representing a buffer demographic and military
power between the Romans and the Germans. This new approach of the Romans towards the
"barbarians" doubles the number of settlements, inhabited by the free Dacians and Vandals,
in relation to the pre-Roman time, their relations with the Empire, of neighborliness, is the
major premise for the Romanization of the "barbarian" territories.
The Roman Age discoveries from
ŞIMLEU SlLVANIEI
Remote discoveries West to the site
Szörmal
there were found in
1898
octagonal bricks
and Roman pavement pieces that may come from a Roman type dwelling, built presumably
for a barbarian chief. On the area of the town, we have, from older discoveries: two bronze
fibulae and a bronze Roman lamp. Qn the bottom of the lamp, one can see, embossed, the
name of the handicraftsman IANVARIUS. The lamp is dated in the time beginning to the 2nd
century until the second half of the 3rd century
A.D.
The older remote discoveries of Roman coins: a denarius from the Emperor Traianus, a
denarius
Antonius
Pius, a denarius Septimius Severus and Iulia Mammaea, a denarius
Marcus Aurelius, a sestertius
Filip
Arabul,
a piece from Gordianus and two from
Constantin.
154
ŞlMLEU SILVANIEI.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MONOGRAPHY
Settlement. A Roman Age settlement was discovered on the watercourse near the
Military Units, the site
Nagy
Pista.
The discovered materials are made of fine grey ash, wheel
made (fragments of impressions) and hand made pottery, with small gravels and paste mica
(pot fragments).
A great and broad Roman Age settlement was found on a non-floodable terrace of
Crasna, overlapping today the streets:
Oaşului,
T.
Vladimirescu and Gh. Baritiu, and another
one, just as important, near the boiling spring swimming pool. At
Cehei
in the site
Omanu
între Urât
there was found another settlement from the 3rd
-
4th century
A.D.,
and another two
in the sites
Mesig
and
Nove.
Fortifications. Inside the
Báthory
Castle there were found possible traces of a Roman
control fortification of the Roman road, which connected
Dacia
Province to Panonnia, through
the "barbarian" territory. Future studies will bring more light for this.
The golden articles treasure from
Şimleu
Silvaniei
The power lack, created after the Aurelian backing
(275
A. D.) enabled the Germanic
population to occupy the territories of the former Roman province
-
Dacia.
This phenomenon
which happened only after about a century after the backing, as initially this territory was not
aimed at by the "barbarians"'. The border of the Roman
Dacia,
defended by a tenth of the
Empire troops, was able to withstand the external pressure, but, in order to strengthen the
Danube line, they have given up the defense and the ruling of
Dacia. In a
permanent search
for allies to counterbalance the power of other "barbarian" populations, the Roman Empire
resorted to the Gepidae chiefs in the 4th
-
5th centuries
A.D.,
and they tried to win them over
by giving them gifts, military, politic and religious insignia. Such a proof is the golden articles
treasure from
Şimleu
Silvaniei, discovered in two stages,
1797
and
1889,
which is now in
famous museum collections in
Wien
and Budapest. The treasure contains costumes and
adornments, fibulae, pots, medallions, in a total amount of almost
8
kg of gold and golden
silver, worked out by the Roman and Gepidae craftsmen in a remarkable artistic manner. The
constituent parts were gathered on a period over about
100
years by one of the Gepidae royal
families, beginning with the 4th century
A.D.
until the 5th century
A.D.,
when its members,
who were against a Hun-Gepidae alliance, accepted by the supreme Gepidae chief
-
Ardarich,
were murdered by his order and so the treasure was never regained by the owners.
6.
THE EARLY MEDIAEVAL DISCOVERIES
The archaeological research made up to date on the territory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei
showed traces of human habitation in various historical stages: Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron
Age, etc. To this information there add the archaeological vestiges dated back in early Middle
Age.
The early Middle Age vestiges discovered to date on the tercitory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei
are not rich; they are a result of a ampleness of the research here. The archaeological sites
found until now are several settlements, among which only one was archaeologically studied,
as well as two fortifications, which are both under research.
Even if the discoveries for the
8* -
9th centuries are not rich and the archaeological
material collected is little from the point of view of quantity, it is necessary to deal with these
vestiges exhaustively, in order to establish the level of knowledge regarding the early
mediaeval civilization, developed in the area held by the current town
Şimleu
Silvaniei, being
confident that the data supplied by the research here, add to the information in the north-west
area of Romania.
155
ŞMLEU SILVANIEI. MONOGRAFIE ARHEOLOGICĂ
The archaeological research made up to now in the area of
Şimleu Silvaniei
confirm
the presence of early mediaeval vestiges in
8
sites where artifacts that cover a broad
chronological period were found (the 8th
-
13th centuries). Among these sites, only three were
archaeologically studied.
As far as the sites archaeologically studied, we determine that one of the sites is a
settlement and the other two are fortifications. Unfortunately the settlement from
Şimleu
Silvaniei A. Mureşanu
Street, no.
11
did not have systematic archaeological studies. The other
two studied sites are fortifications
(Şimleu
Silvaniei
Observator
and
Şimleu
Silvaniei
Cetate/Várhegy)
both of them were examined in ample systematical archaeological diggings.
The diggings are not finished yet, thus the results shown by now are only a stage of the
research of these sites.
The issue of ownership of the territory of
Şimleu
Silvaniei in the north-west of
Romania is not only a geographical one. The historical events and phenomena that happened
in the north-west of Romania, between the second half of the 7th century and the 8th century,
left a hallmark on the archaeological vestiges discovered here. This enterprise depicts only a
stage in the archaeological vestiges research in these places. There are several features that
could not be adequately explained
/
exploited. Definitely, the future research will provide
more information on this theme, acknowledging or refuting the dating suggested and the
concepts expressed until now.
7.
THE CLASSICAL MEDIAEVAL DISCOVERIES
The medieval city of
Şimleu
unfortunately
stül Hes
in a historical fog, mostly
concerning its full research. In lack of medieval archeologists we can only hope that
sometimes it will be made a systematic documentary, historical and archeological research of
the city.
Until then, we try to start a process of studies about the city in every historical period.
During this small study we tried to present some bibliographical issues concerning the
medieval period of the city. During the first part of the article there is presented a very short
history of
Şimleu
Silvaniei in the 11th
-
14th centuries, as an introduction in the historiography
of the city. In the second part, there is a list of main historians and archeologists whom have
researched the territory of the city, since the early periods of
19ul
century. There are names like
Petri
Mór,
Györffy
György, Csánki Dezső
and others, researchers who have spent years of
their lives studying the medieval past of
Şimleu.
During the research for material presented in the present article, it have been revealed
for us the beauty that stays hidden during these centuries, so we live in the hope that in the
near future it shall be formed a team of archeologists and historians that will show this beauty
in studies of this kind.
156 |
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| spelling | Şimleu Silvaniei monografie arheologică 1 Istoricul cercetărilor Horea Pop ... Cluj-Napoca Ed. Mega 2006 173 S., [95] Bl. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Pop, Horea Sonstige oth (DE-604)BV023342906 1 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016526653&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016526653&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Şimleu Silvaniei monografie arheologică |
| title | Şimleu Silvaniei monografie arheologică |
| title_auth | Şimleu Silvaniei monografie arheologică |
| title_exact_search | Şimleu Silvaniei monografie arheologică |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Şimleu Silvaniei monografie arheologică |
| title_full | Şimleu Silvaniei monografie arheologică 1 Istoricul cercetărilor Horea Pop ... |
| title_fullStr | Şimleu Silvaniei monografie arheologică 1 Istoricul cercetărilor Horea Pop ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Şimleu Silvaniei monografie arheologică 1 Istoricul cercetărilor Horea Pop ... |
| title_short | Şimleu Silvaniei |
| title_sort | simleu silvaniei monografie arheologica istoricul cercetarilor |
| title_sub | monografie arheologică |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016526653&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016526653&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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