Lietuvos humanitarų mokslo organizacijos: (1918 - 1940)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Lithuanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Vilnius
Kultūros, Filosofijos ir Meno Inst.
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 270 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789986638926 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Lietuvos humanitarų mokslo organizacijos |b (1918 - 1940) |c Romas Juzefovičius |
| 264 | 1 | |a Vilnius |b Kultūros, Filosofijos ir Meno Inst. |c 2007 | |
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| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1918-1940 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Associations, institutions, etc. |z Lithuania | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Humanities |z Lithuania | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Learned institutions and societies |z Lithuania | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137694715969536 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TURINYS
ţvadas
.............................................................................................................................8
I skyrius. Lietuvos
visuomeninitţ.
mokslo
institucijiţ
steigimo
istorinès ir kulturinés prielaidos
•
Mokslo institucionalizavimo patirtis
XIX
a. ir
XX
a. pradžioje
...........20
•
Mokslo
institucija
ir
organizacija
steigimo
sąlygos
Nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje
(1918-1940).................................................29
•
Lietuvos mokslo draugijq.
steigéjtj. ükslai
ir nuostatos
.........................45
II
skyrius. Humanitartj draugiju. organizacinis modelis
•
Mokslo draugijn veiklos organizavimo
struktura
................................60
•
Mokslo draugijq.
пагіц
vidiniai ir
išoriniai ryšiai..................................
66
•
Organizacija
léšu, tvarkymas
....................................................................81
III skyrius.
МокѕНшпкц
humanitära
organizacija raiškos
sritys
ir formos Nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje
•
Mokslinés
medžiagos
kaupimas, tyrimas, aptarimas
...........................86
•
Mokslo
žiniu,
ir naujq. idéjq skleidimas visuomenéje
.........................103
IV
skyrius. Lituanistika Vilniaus mokslo draugijose
1920-1940
metais
•
Lietuviu. mokslo draugijos veiklos savitumai
......................................132
•
Lietuviu, mokslo draugijos
ryšiai
...........................................................142
•
Lituanistiniai
aspektai kint
Vilniaus mokslo
organizacija veikloje
.... 168
V
skyrius. Mokslo sistemos sovietinimo
pradžia
ir jo
pasekmés
•
Lietuvos mokslo transformacijos
...........................................................184
•
Organizaciju,
veiklos
tęstinumo pastangos
..........................................190
Išvados
.........................................................................................................................194
Summary......................................................................................................................
198
Naudoti šaltiniai
ir literatura
.....................................................................................207
Priedai
.........................................................................................................................217
Iliustracijtţ.
sarasas
.......................................................................................................266
Asmenvardžiu,
rodyklé
...............................................................................................267
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITÄR^ MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
HUMANITIES ORGANIZATIONS IN LITHUANIA
(1918-1940)
Summary
Drawing on published, archival and manuscript resources, this book aims
to explore and systematize knowledge about scholars participation in establishing
public organizations in the field of the humanities in Lithuania between
1918
and
1940.
It also seeks to reveal various aspects of the formation of such organizations
and to present their most important achievements. The author identifies general
and specific characteristics of the organizational pattern of scientific activity, dis¬
cusses the essential features of scholarly ideas and their spread within organiza¬
tions, and considers the scientific and educational accomplishments. Along with
previously unpublished resources relating to the establishment of public scientific
organizations and their branches in the field of literature, philosophy and war
history, this book includes material on other underresearched organizations and
on the ties of scientists and contains some new assessments of the trends of public
science institutionalization observed during the period under study.
Public learned societies established in the first decade of Lithuania s inde¬
pendent existence following World War I played an important role in bringing
scholars together to implement their ideas, as state-funded science and educatio¬
nal institutions were still unable to cover, coordinate and solve all issues related to
science development. A significant contribution to the process of science institu-
tionalization and modernization of research infrastructure was made by profes¬
sional researchers in the humanities and other representatives of the intellectual
elite through their participation in forming societies, foundations and their bran¬
ches, both generic and specialized.
It was attempted to unite researchers working in various areas primarily
through the establishment and development multidisciplinary public scholarly
organizations. In this respect, opening of the Kaunas branch of the Lithuanian
Society of Science at the beginning of
1920
was a significant event that united
the efforts of society s members in Kaunas and contributed to the organization
of science and education in independent Lithuania. The founders of this branch
highlighted the necessity of furthering research into various areas, establishing
scientific sections and forming background for the creation of the national acade-
198
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITARU MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
my of sciences. In addition to applied sciences, they recognized the importance of
the humanities for the general public.
The multidisciplinary organizational structure developed with the establis¬
hment in
1922
of the Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science, which was direc¬
ted under its constitution „to assemble Lithuanian Catholic scholars, to provide
facilities for scientific work and fruitful activity in the realm of science, to prepare
and produce new scholars, and to propagate and enhance erudition and the Chris¬
tian culture among the Lithuanian nation . The Academy scheduled a consistent
establishment of units that would coordinate activities in different fields.
In
1922
the idea of founding another, more liberal organization was born in
circles of scientists. That same year the Liberal Philosophical Society was started.
Throughout the period under consideration, special interest was paid to the
question of opportunities for specializing scholarly activity in the humanities, most
notably in the field of Lithuanian language study. As the idea of instituting a uni¬
fied academy of sciences had remained unrealized, a number of learned societies
working in the area of Lithuanian studies came into being. Among their founding
members were mainly scientists, educators and experts with experience acquired
in other organizations.
In terms of science specialization and institutionalization exceptional was
the Language Society, founded in
1925,
which had as its purpose the study and
promotion of Lithuanian language as well as dealing with practical issues in ort¬
hography and other topics relating to Lithuanian language. But, according to the
members themselves, the activity was slow due to a lack of language specialists
and insufficient resources to organize activity and to develop publishing projects.
After a few years of its existence the society s activity weakened and in
1931
it was
closed.
At the beginning of
1935
it was decided to start a new organization of lin¬
guists
-
the Society for Lithuanian Language. The same year saw registration of its
constitution, which was reregistered in June
1936
to meet new requirements. The
organization was aimed at the knowledge, study and refinement of Lithuanian
language and the promotion of the standard language among the public.
There was still another public organization in the interwar years that was
related to the theory and practice of Lithuanian language. With an aim to immor¬
talize the memory of the linguist and educator professor Jonas Jablonskis and to
encourage the continuation of his works, a group of linguists representing a youn-
199
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITARV MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
ger
generation as
weil
as scientists from other areas decided to establish a founda¬
tion in his honour. The constitution of the new organization was presented to the
Kaunas City and District Mayor on the 29th of March
1930.
In May of the same year,
after certain revisions, the constitution was registered and the foundation was in¬
corporated as a public organization. It was aimed at raising funds to support Lithu¬
anian language-related studies, university programs and book publishing.
The Society for Lithuanian History was begun in May
1929
for the purpose
of the study and development of the science of history in Lithuania with an emp¬
hasis on the history of the Lithuanian nation. Its founding also witnessed of the
need for research specialization. The period under consideration also saw the es¬
tablishment of societies and branches interested in book science, war history and
some other areas in the humanities.
Though the establishment and reregistration of societies in the independent
Lithuania of the
1930s
was regulated by the Law on societies
(1936),
learned socie¬
ties in the humanities were different from other ones in their organizational struc¬
ture, membership requirements, and the scope of internal and external ties. Work
specialization and professional competence were particularly emphasized by the
founders of the Society for Lithuanian Language, which had an extensive and
purpose-oriented organizational structure. Although having a small membership,
scholarly organizations in the humanities sought to ensure regular participation
and consistent cooperation among their members.
Establishment of scholarly organizations provoked debate and necessitated
coordination of liberal and Christian worldviews and methodological positions of
the men of science of independent Lithuania. In the fourth decade of the 20th
century a younger generation of humanities scholars most of whom received trai¬
ning or acquired specialization abroad came to the forefront of activity. They were
able to analyse new global scientific trends and to advance new theoretical and
practical ideas concerning research development. Many of them supported mo¬
dernization of the activity of both state institutions in science and education and
public scholarly organizations and sought better coordination of the dialogue bet¬
ween scholars and between societies.
Right from their beginning Lithuanian public scholarly organizations un¬
dertook theoretical and applied research activities that were laid out in their
constitutions. The first phase of the organization of research work encompassed
accumulation, description, classification and investigation of material relating
to Lithuanian language. In interdisciplinary terms, an important work started by
200
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITARV MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
linguists and other researchers was the development of scientific terminology in
Lithuanian. Societies launched significant linguistic initiatives in the areas of stan¬
dardization of Lithuanian language, evolution of the press, war history and book
art; performed search for sources on the history of the Lithuanian state; investiga¬
ted problems relating to the quality of scientific publications and composition of
bibliography; addressed other issues important for both the academic community
and an increasingly sophisticated public of the time.
The second phase in the operation of humanities-related learned societies
encompassed activities directed at a more exhaustive discussion of study results
and preparation of research works for publication. Professional planning of con¬
ferences, meetings and other scientific events and hot topics of scientific discus¬
sions attest to an important role of scholarly organizations in the intellectual life of
independent Lithuania.
Many of the organizations issued scientific publication series that attempted
to combine science and knowledge popularization. For example, the Society for
Lithuanian History consisting of professional historians issued the journal titled
Praeitis (The Past) edited by
Augustinas Janulaitis,
an active member of the histo¬
rians community. Funds for the publication of the journal were provided by the
Commission on Book Publishing operating under the Ministry of Education, which
included The Past in the list of subsidized publications. The financial support enab¬
led publishing the first two issues of the journal in
600
copies. Periodical publica¬
tions were published by linguists, writers, and war historians as well.
The published material included other types of publication series as well.
Among them are volumes of congress publications of the Lithuanian Catholic Aca¬
demy of Science, which reflected the activities of the organization and its mem¬
bers during congresses. The interwar years saw publication of the material from
all the three congresses held.
The Society of
27
Book Lovers issued The Yearbook of the Society of
27
Book
Lovers, which published articles of the society members on the issues of the histo¬
ry of Lithuanian press and provided much factual and biographical material and
information on publications relating to book science. In addition, it published da¬
ta on the activity of the society itself. The first volume of the yearbook appeared in
1933.
The publications issued by the organization were representative of its work
and beneficial for the general public, though the total output was not large
-
it
consisted of two volumes of the yearbook and several individual publications.
201
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITÄR MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
Monographs and collective publications produced by societies members al¬
so contributed to the advancement of Lithuanian culture. Learned societies of
Lithuanian linguists were active intermediaries in publication of scholarly litera¬
ture. Organizations maintained scholarly ties with researchers abroad and with
the institutions they represented, participated in international scientific and cul¬
tural events, and sent their publications to book fairs.
Along with development of publishing activity and improvement of the
quality of the contents of publications, members of scholarly societies also made
reviews and evaluated drafts for publication prepared by other authors and at¬
tempted to measure their benefits to society and educational institutions. Gene¬
rally, state and public institutionalization of science in independent Lithuania
stimulated development of scholarly literature: in
1920
scholarly works made
up only
4
per cent of all the publications, whereas with the establishment of
some scientific bodies and organizations their portion increased to
20
per cent in
1925
and
36
per cent in
1930.
Nonetheless the publishing activity and other initia¬
tives carried out by the societies discussed in this book were irregular and depen¬
ded on the consistency and activeness of member participation, their proficiency,
and the attractiveness and relevance of the promoted material, along with the
priorities in the interests of the public.
In addition to publishing, the social activities of Lithuanian learned societies
comprised organization of public events, such as contests, public lectures given
by society members, broadcasts on Radiofonas, organization of exhibitions to mark
special events and so on. Many of the organizations were dominated by the view
that the social role of their members shall be limited to research-based reports,
lectures and factual material in the domestic popular press. The right balance bet¬
ween science and popularization was an important issue for all the scientific insti¬
tutions of the time. Humanities-related scholarly organizations attempted harmo¬
nising research orientation and the forms of their activity with public needs; they
sought to attract public attention to hot cultural, educational or practical everyday
issues, though not all of them succeeded in acquiring a strong position under the
conditions of the time or gaining sufficient support from the public.
During the period under discussion, humanities-related learned societies of
independent Lithuania made a progress in their activity both within scholarly
environment and within a wider public and were partially meeting their aims. It
was attempted to develop the internal and external ties further and attract better
financial support for the scholarly and educational activity. The educational ini-
202
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITARV MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
tiatives
of humanities organizations in the period from
1918
through to
1940
are to
be viewed as an important contribution to the building of the overall
20th-century
humanities culture in Lithuania.
In the interwar years, Lithuanian scientific and cultural organizations, he¬
adquartered in Vilnius which was then under the Polish rule, operated under com¬
plicated conditions. In the general context of institufionalization of Lithuanian
science, the organizational and scientific experience of the Lithuanian Society of
Science was of special importance. Right from its establishment in
1907,
the socie¬
ty not only united its members for the scholarly and educational projects, but also
sought to involve foreign scientists and organizations, developed international
ties and promoted scientific and educational initiatives in the arising Lithuanian
state. Though due to political circumstances Lithuanian researchers working in
Vilnius region were separated from the independent Lithuanian state in
1920,
cooperation continued even under unfavourable conditions.
The society further maintained ties with Lithuanian studies researchers ab¬
road. Foreign researchers used the material collected by the organization, provi¬
ded support and information for it, and helped establishing contacts with foreign
scientific and educational institutions, scholarly societies and other organizations.
Foreign scientists also made reviews of the research works presented by their
colleagues in Vilnius. During the period under discussion the international ties
maintained by the Lithuanian Society of Science helped identifying its main re¬
search direction
-
Lithuanian studies. In mid-19408 the organization had contacts
with
18
institutions abroad.
A significant role in maintaining the organization s scientific activity un¬
der the conditions of the time was played by its leader Jonas
Basanavičius
who
involved in the society Lithuanians from Vilnius region.
Basanavičius
encoura¬
gement to collect folklore expanded the scope of this initiative
-
it was due to
him that much folk material from Vilnius region was added to the collection and
that folklore came to be collected by teachers and pupils. The experience accumu¬
lated in the field of folklore and ethnic culture studies still bears
historiographie
significance nowadays.
Between the wars the Lithuanian Society of Science attempted to maintain
good professional scientific and cultural contacts with the science institutions and
organizations representing Poles and other nationalities in Vilnius. Communica¬
tion with intellectuals from different national communities residing in Vilnius had
203
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITARV MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
been maintained for many years and involved not only exchange of scientific lite¬
rature and information, but also organization of scientific presentations and pub¬
lic lectures. The work experience, the material collected and the studies carried
out by the scholarly organizations of the different national communities of Vilnius
region was viewed by Lithuanian researchers as an important part of Lithuanian
scientific and general cultural heritage. During the period under discussion intense
activities were carried out by Polish scholars and new public scholarly organiza¬
tions and institutions were established in Vilnius by Jewish, Byelorussian,
Karaim,
and Tatar communities, which collected and studied material relating to their own
historical-cultural heritage.
The process of science institutionalization, which had been developed in
independent Lithuania, was negatively affected by the Soviet occupation and the
establishment of the political regime that strictly regulated all areas of public life.
A study of historical documents revealed that from the beginning of the Soviet
occupation on
15
June
1940
till Lithuania s forced inclusion in the USSR in early
August of the same year reforms were carried out hastily and under political and
ideological pressure.
In the beginning of the Soviet occupation it was sought to use the still-appli¬
cable laws of the Republic of Lithuania and to clear the way for Soviet reforms,
which undoubtedly had to affect both public and state-governed science institu¬
tions. Prohibition of the activity of many public scholarly organizations was en¬
forced on the basis of the aforementioned Law on Societies of independent Lit¬
huania, though the fate of some public associations of intellectuals was decided
taking exceptionally radical measures. For example, the Soviet regime not only
prohibited the Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science, but also destroyed its
library, confiscated securities held at the bank, and arrested many of its members.
Societies of linguists, historians and scholars in some other fields attempted
to continue their activity for some time, but they were floundering. The members
were soon to experience Soviet repression; part of them withdrew to the West.
Following the incorporation of Lithuania into the USSR in August
1940
a
speedy reorganization of science was started. The activity of the majority of scien¬
ce institutions was suspended or disrupted. From the organizational point of
view this may be viewed as the beginning of the institutionalization of science
along the Soviet lines, i.e. the creation of a network of entirely new science insti¬
tutions and organizations adopting strict Soviet criteria of cadres selection and
certification and adapting the independent Lithuania s projects to establish
204
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITÄR MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
the academy of sciences and to transfer the major portion of scientific potential
from Kaunas to Vilnius.
In the autumn and winter of
1940
the Soviet system of the award of acade¬
mic degrees and titles was introduced and new requirements of research work
experience and training came to be applied. In order to be selected for further
activity at research and education institutions, scholars in the humanities had to
satisfy especially strict ideological and political requirements. Simultaneously a
Soviet scheme of the organization and coordination of the activities of research
and education institutions was implemented.
This pointed to the official intention of the transformation of science sys¬
tem,
i.e.
an attempt to adapt to the Soviet system suitable researchers, to employ
their organizational skills, projects, and developed research basis thus camoufla¬
ging the implementation of the Soviet model of science organization, which re¬
jects misfit intellectuals. The same period saw appearing the first marks of an
unofficial science transformation, which was aimed at the preservation of the aut¬
hentic scientific heritage, base, cadres, and research continuity and at the adapta¬
tion to the new environment of uninterrupted pressure.
Forming of the principal scientific institution, the Academy of Sciences, was
begun not only with the transfer of the Institute for Lithuanian Studies from Kau¬
nas to Vilnius in the October and November of
1940,
but also with the passing of
the property, valuable material, books and other resources of closed scientific
organizations of Vilnius to the academy. Simultaneously it was the transfer of
cultural heritage, which had been long assembled and studied by Lithuanians
and other nationalities residing in Lithuania. But the preservation and further
enhancement of the heritage had not been the central focus of the Academy of
Sciences of the Lithuanian
SSR,
which was established in early
1941
and was
initially concentrated on the consolidation of the Soviet system. Care of the cul¬
tural heritage of the Lithuanian nation was largely exercised within the limits of
individual initiative and freedom of action allowed.
There were attempts to begin some new public organizations of scientists,
but the authorities, though permitting social activity of scholars, did not tolerate
different opinions and tried to unify Lithuanian institutions of higher education
and science and to establish new organizations following the Soviet model as
quickly as possible. On the other hand, emphasis was laid on the importance of
„local initiatives , therefore it was sought to direct the activity of scholars in
proper direction.
205
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS
HUMANITÄRT«!
MOKSLO
ORGANIZACIJOS
Soviet lifestyles and political and ideological pressure had by no means be¬
come acceptable for all the new organizers of science
-
some of them still had
illusions to safeguard and to continue previously started research projects and to
foster cultural heritage. Five out of thirteen members elected to the Academy of
Sciences in
1941,
including the humanities scholars
Mykolas
Biržiška,
Vaclovas
Biržiška,
and
Vincas
Krévé
Mickevidus, fled to the West during the war.
The Soviet regime encouraged the birth of duality: along with the official
conduct patterns that were based on the imposed Soviet value system, there exis¬
ted a hidden behaviour of society members, which was naturally influenced by
ethnic culture. The coexistence and permanent interaction between the two diffe¬
rent layers of behaviour lead to the acquisition of an experience, which may be
characterized as the ability to act under the occupational regime; in other words,
the society acquired the capability to exist in the environment of total sovietiza-
tion. This dramatic experience manifested itself as the ability to manoeuvre and to
seek at least minimal self-expression, i.e. to have an authentic cultural life. Nevert¬
heless, the social activity of scholars and the possibilities of forming organizations
and clustering intellectuals were highly restricted.
Only with the changing political situation in Lithuania in the late
1980s
the
question of the
reestablishment
of public scientific organizations and legitimiza-
tion of their activity became part of a new cultural movement and a proof of the
continuity of Lithuanian culture and its nourishment. The national revival that
was spreading throughout the country in
1988
brought about a decision to re¬
establish under the same name the Society for Lithuanian History that functioned
between
1929
and
1940.
The Society for Lithuanian Language was also restored in
the same year.
In
1989
the process of the restoration of the activity of the Lithuanian Catholic
Academy of Science, which had operated in exile, began. In
1992
its headquarters
were moved to Lithuania and the academy started to organize events and to pub¬
lish publications. Local and
émigré
scientists began restoration of other scientific
organizations, which was based on the cultural values and organizational prac¬
tices of the interwar period, though it was attempted to adjust to the changed
times as well.
206
|
| adam_txt |
TURINYS
ţvadas
.8
I skyrius. Lietuvos
visuomeninitţ.
mokslo
institucijiţ
steigimo
istorinès ir kulturinés prielaidos
•
Mokslo institucionalizavimo patirtis
XIX
a. ir
XX
a. pradžioje
.20
•
Mokslo
institucija
ir
organizacija
steigimo
sąlygos
Nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje
(1918-1940).29
•
Lietuvos mokslo draugijq.
steigéjtj. ükslai
ir nuostatos
.45
II
skyrius. Humanitartj draugiju. organizacinis modelis
•
Mokslo draugijn veiklos organizavimo
struktura
.60
•
Mokslo draugijq.
пагіц
vidiniai ir
išoriniai ryšiai.
66
•
Organizacija
léšu, tvarkymas
.81
III skyrius.
МокѕНшпкц
humanitära
organizacija raiškos
sritys
ir formos Nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje
•
Mokslinés
medžiagos
kaupimas, tyrimas, aptarimas
.86
•
Mokslo
žiniu,
ir naujq. idéjq skleidimas visuomenéje
.103
IV
skyrius. Lituanistika Vilniaus mokslo draugijose
1920-1940
metais
•
Lietuviu. mokslo draugijos veiklos savitumai
.132
•
Lietuviu, mokslo draugijos
ryšiai
.142
•
Lituanistiniai
aspektai kint
Vilniaus mokslo
organizacija veikloje
. 168
V
skyrius. Mokslo sistemos sovietinimo
pradžia
ir jo
pasekmés
•
Lietuvos mokslo transformacijos
.184
•
Organizaciju,
veiklos
tęstinumo pastangos
.190
Išvados
.194
Summary.
198
Naudoti šaltiniai
ir literatura
.207
Priedai
.217
Iliustracijtţ.
sarasas
.266
Asmenvardžiu,
rodyklé
.267
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITÄR^ MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
HUMANITIES ORGANIZATIONS IN LITHUANIA
(1918-1940)
Summary
Drawing on published, archival and manuscript resources, this book aims
to explore and systematize knowledge about scholars'participation in establishing
public organizations in the field of the humanities in Lithuania between
1918
and
1940.
It also seeks to reveal various aspects of the formation of such organizations
and to present their most important achievements. The author identifies general
and specific characteristics of the organizational pattern of scientific activity, dis¬
cusses the essential features of scholarly ideas and their spread within organiza¬
tions, and considers the scientific and educational accomplishments. Along with
previously unpublished resources relating to the establishment of public scientific
organizations and their branches in the field of literature, philosophy and war
history, this book includes material on other underresearched organizations and
on the ties of scientists and contains some new assessments of the trends of public
science institutionalization observed during the period under study.
Public learned societies established in the first decade of Lithuania's inde¬
pendent existence following World War I played an important role in bringing
scholars together to implement their ideas, as state-funded science and educatio¬
nal institutions were still unable to cover, coordinate and solve all issues related to
science development. A significant contribution to the process of science institu-
tionalization and modernization of research infrastructure was made by profes¬
sional researchers in the humanities and other representatives of the intellectual
elite through their participation in forming societies, foundations and their bran¬
ches, both generic and specialized.
It was attempted to unite researchers working in various areas primarily
through the establishment and development multidisciplinary public scholarly
organizations. In this respect, opening of the Kaunas branch of the Lithuanian
Society of Science at the beginning of
1920
was a significant event that united
the efforts of society's members in Kaunas and contributed to the organization
of science and education in independent Lithuania. The founders of this branch
highlighted the necessity of furthering research into various areas, establishing
scientific sections and forming background for the creation of the national acade-
198
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITARU MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
my of sciences. In addition to applied sciences, they recognized the importance of
the humanities for the general public.
The multidisciplinary organizational structure developed with the establis¬
hment in
1922
of the Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science, which was direc¬
ted under its constitution „to assemble Lithuanian Catholic scholars, to provide
facilities for scientific work and fruitful activity in the realm of science, to prepare
and produce new scholars, and to propagate and enhance erudition and the Chris¬
tian culture among the Lithuanian nation". The Academy scheduled a consistent
establishment of units that would coordinate activities in different fields.
In
1922
the idea of founding another, more liberal organization was born in
circles of scientists. That same year the Liberal Philosophical Society was started.
Throughout the period under consideration, special interest was paid to the
question of opportunities for specializing scholarly activity in the humanities, most
notably in the field of Lithuanian language study. As the idea of instituting a uni¬
fied academy of sciences had remained unrealized, a number of learned societies
working in the area of Lithuanian studies came into being. Among their founding
members were mainly scientists, educators and experts with experience acquired
in other organizations.
In terms of science specialization and institutionalization exceptional was
the Language Society, founded in
1925,
which had as its purpose the study and
promotion of Lithuanian language as well as dealing with practical issues in ort¬
hography and other topics relating to Lithuanian language. But, according to the
members themselves, the activity was slow due to a lack of language specialists
and insufficient resources to organize activity and to develop publishing projects.
After a few years of its existence the society's activity weakened and in
1931
it was
closed.
At the beginning of
1935
it was decided to start a new organization of lin¬
guists
-
the Society for Lithuanian Language. The same year saw registration of its
constitution, which was reregistered in June
1936
to meet new requirements. The
organization was aimed at the knowledge, study and refinement of Lithuanian
language and the promotion of the standard language among the public.
There was still another public organization in the interwar years that was
related to the theory and practice of Lithuanian language. With an aim to immor¬
talize the memory of the linguist and educator professor Jonas Jablonskis and to
encourage the continuation of his works, a group of linguists representing a youn-
199
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITARV MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
ger
generation as
weil
as scientists from other areas decided to establish a founda¬
tion in his honour. The constitution of the new organization was presented to the
Kaunas City and District Mayor on the 29th of March
1930.
In May of the same year,
after certain revisions, the constitution was registered and the foundation was in¬
corporated as a public organization. It was aimed at raising funds to support Lithu¬
anian language-related studies, university programs and book publishing.
The Society for Lithuanian History was begun in May
1929
for the purpose
of the study and development of the science of history in Lithuania with an emp¬
hasis on the history of the Lithuanian nation. Its founding also witnessed of the
need for research specialization. The period under consideration also saw the es¬
tablishment of societies and branches interested in book science, war history and
some other areas in the humanities.
Though the establishment and reregistration of societies in the independent
Lithuania of the
1930s
was regulated by the Law on societies
(1936),
learned socie¬
ties in the humanities were different from other ones in their organizational struc¬
ture, membership requirements, and the scope of internal and external ties. Work
specialization and professional competence were particularly emphasized by the
founders of the Society for Lithuanian Language, which had an extensive and
purpose-oriented organizational structure. Although having a small membership,
scholarly organizations in the humanities sought to ensure regular participation
and consistent cooperation among their members.
Establishment of scholarly organizations provoked debate and necessitated
coordination of liberal and Christian worldviews and methodological positions of
the men of science of independent Lithuania. In the fourth decade of the 20th
century a younger generation of humanities scholars most of whom received trai¬
ning or acquired specialization abroad came to the forefront of activity. They were
able to analyse new global scientific trends and to advance new theoretical and
practical ideas concerning research development. Many of them supported mo¬
dernization of the activity of both state institutions in science and education and
public scholarly organizations and sought better coordination of the dialogue bet¬
ween scholars and between societies.
Right from their beginning Lithuanian public scholarly organizations un¬
dertook theoretical and applied research activities that were laid out in their
constitutions. The first phase of the organization of research work encompassed
accumulation, description, classification and investigation of material relating
to Lithuanian language. In interdisciplinary terms, an important work started by
200
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITARV MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
linguists and other researchers was the development of scientific terminology in
Lithuanian. Societies launched significant linguistic initiatives in the areas of stan¬
dardization of Lithuanian language, evolution of the press, war history and book
art; performed search for sources on the history of the Lithuanian state; investiga¬
ted problems relating to the quality of scientific publications and composition of
bibliography; addressed other issues important for both the academic community
and an increasingly sophisticated public of the time.
The second phase in the operation of humanities-related learned societies
encompassed activities directed at a more exhaustive discussion of study results
and preparation of research works for publication. Professional planning of con¬
ferences, meetings and other scientific events and hot topics of scientific discus¬
sions attest to an important role of scholarly organizations in the intellectual life of
independent Lithuania.
Many of the organizations issued scientific publication series that attempted
to combine science and knowledge popularization. For example, the Society for
Lithuanian History consisting of professional historians issued the journal titled
Praeitis (The Past) edited by
Augustinas Janulaitis,
an active member of the histo¬
rians community. Funds for the publication of the journal were provided by the
Commission on Book Publishing operating under the Ministry of Education, which
included The Past in the list of subsidized publications. The financial support enab¬
led publishing the first two issues of the journal in
600
copies. Periodical publica¬
tions were published by linguists, writers, and war historians as well.
The published material included other types of publication series as well.
Among them are volumes of congress publications of the Lithuanian Catholic Aca¬
demy of Science, which reflected the activities of the organization and its mem¬
bers during congresses. The interwar years saw publication of the material from
all the three congresses held.
The Society of
27
Book Lovers issued The Yearbook of the Society of
27
Book
Lovers, which published articles of the society members on the issues of the histo¬
ry of Lithuanian press and provided much factual and biographical material and
information on publications relating to book science. In addition, it published da¬
ta on the activity of the society itself. The first volume of the yearbook appeared in
1933.
The publications issued by the organization were representative of its work
and beneficial for the general public, though the total output was not large
-
it
consisted of two volumes of the yearbook and several individual publications.
201
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITÄR MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
Monographs and collective publications produced by societies'members al¬
so contributed to the advancement of Lithuanian culture. Learned societies of
Lithuanian linguists were active intermediaries in publication of scholarly litera¬
ture. Organizations maintained scholarly ties with researchers abroad and with
the institutions they represented, participated in international scientific and cul¬
tural events, and sent their publications to book fairs.
Along with development of publishing activity and improvement of the
quality of the contents of publications, members of scholarly societies also made
reviews and evaluated drafts for publication prepared by other authors and at¬
tempted to measure their benefits to society and educational institutions. Gene¬
rally, state and public institutionalization of science in independent Lithuania
stimulated development of scholarly literature: in
1920
scholarly works made
up only
4
per cent of all the publications, whereas with the establishment of
some scientific bodies and organizations their portion increased to
20
per cent in
1925
and
36
per cent in
1930.
Nonetheless the publishing activity and other initia¬
tives carried out by the societies discussed in this book were irregular and depen¬
ded on the consistency and activeness of member participation, their proficiency,
and the attractiveness and relevance of the promoted material, along with the
priorities in the interests of the public.
In addition to publishing, the social activities of Lithuanian learned societies
comprised organization of public events, such as contests, public lectures given
by society members, broadcasts on Radiofonas, organization of exhibitions to mark
special events and so on. Many of the organizations were dominated by the view
that the social role of their members shall be limited to research-based reports,
lectures and factual material in the domestic popular press. The right balance bet¬
ween science and popularization was an important issue for all the scientific insti¬
tutions of the time. Humanities-related scholarly organizations attempted harmo¬
nising research orientation and the forms of their activity with public needs; they
sought to attract public attention to hot cultural, educational or practical everyday
issues, though not all of them succeeded in acquiring a strong position under the
conditions of the time or gaining sufficient support from the public.
During the period under discussion, humanities-related learned societies of
independent Lithuania made a progress in their activity both within scholarly
environment and within a wider public and were partially meeting their aims. It
was attempted to develop the internal and external ties further and attract better
financial support for the scholarly and educational activity. The educational ini-
202
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITARV MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
tiatives
of humanities organizations in the period from
1918
through to
1940
are to
be viewed as an important contribution to the building of the overall
20th-century
humanities culture in Lithuania.
In the interwar years, Lithuanian scientific and cultural organizations, he¬
adquartered in Vilnius which was then under the Polish rule, operated under com¬
plicated conditions. In the general context of institufionalization of Lithuanian
science, the organizational and scientific experience of the Lithuanian Society of
Science was of special importance. Right from its establishment in
1907,
the socie¬
ty not only united its members for the scholarly and educational projects, but also
sought to involve foreign scientists and organizations, developed international
ties and promoted scientific and educational initiatives in the arising Lithuanian
state. Though due to political circumstances Lithuanian researchers working in
Vilnius region were separated from the independent Lithuanian state in
1920,
cooperation continued even under unfavourable conditions.
The society further maintained ties with Lithuanian studies researchers ab¬
road. Foreign researchers used the material collected by the organization, provi¬
ded support and information for it, and helped establishing contacts with foreign
scientific and educational institutions, scholarly societies and other organizations.
Foreign scientists also made reviews of the research works presented by their
colleagues in Vilnius. During the period under discussion the international ties
maintained by the Lithuanian Society of Science helped identifying its main re¬
search direction
-
Lithuanian studies. In mid-19408 the organization had contacts
with
18
institutions abroad.
A significant role in maintaining the organization's scientific activity un¬
der the conditions of the time was played by its leader Jonas
Basanavičius
who
involved in the society Lithuanians from Vilnius region.
Basanavičius'
encoura¬
gement to collect folklore expanded the scope of this initiative
-
it was due to
him that much folk material from Vilnius region was added to the collection and
that folklore came to be collected by teachers and pupils. The experience accumu¬
lated in the field of folklore and ethnic culture studies still bears
historiographie
significance nowadays.
Between the wars the Lithuanian Society of Science attempted to maintain
good professional scientific and cultural contacts with the science institutions and
organizations representing Poles and other nationalities in Vilnius. Communica¬
tion with intellectuals from different national communities residing in Vilnius had
203
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITARV MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
been maintained for many years and involved not only exchange of scientific lite¬
rature and information, but also organization of scientific presentations and pub¬
lic lectures. The work experience, the material collected and the studies carried
out by the scholarly organizations of the different national communities of Vilnius
region was viewed by Lithuanian researchers as an important part of Lithuanian
scientific and general cultural heritage. During the period under discussion intense
activities were carried out by Polish scholars and new public scholarly organiza¬
tions and institutions were established in Vilnius by Jewish, Byelorussian,
Karaim,
and Tatar communities, which collected and studied material relating to their own
historical-cultural heritage.
The process of science institutionalization, which had been developed in
independent Lithuania, was negatively affected by the Soviet occupation and the
establishment of the political regime that strictly regulated all areas of public life.
A study of historical documents revealed that from the beginning of the Soviet
occupation on
15
June
1940
till Lithuania's forced inclusion in the USSR in early
August of the same year reforms were carried out hastily and under political and
ideological pressure.
In the beginning of the Soviet occupation it was sought to use the still-appli¬
cable laws of the Republic of Lithuania and to clear the way for Soviet reforms,
which undoubtedly had to affect both public and state-governed science institu¬
tions. Prohibition of the activity of many public scholarly organizations was en¬
forced on the basis of the aforementioned Law on Societies of independent Lit¬
huania, though the fate of some public associations of intellectuals was decided
taking exceptionally radical measures. For example, the Soviet regime not only
prohibited the Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science, but also destroyed its
library, confiscated securities held at the bank, and arrested many of its members.
Societies of linguists, historians and scholars in some other fields attempted
to continue their activity for some time, but they were floundering. The members
were soon to experience Soviet repression; part of them withdrew to the West.
Following the incorporation of Lithuania into the USSR in August
1940
a
speedy reorganization of science was started. The activity of the majority of scien¬
ce institutions was suspended or disrupted. From the organizational point of
view this may be viewed as the beginning of the institutionalization of science
along the Soviet lines, i.e. the creation of a network of entirely new science insti¬
tutions and organizations adopting strict Soviet criteria of cadres selection and
certification and adapting the independent Lithuania's projects to establish
204
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS HUMANITÄR MOKSLO ORGANIZACIJOS
the academy of sciences and to transfer the major portion of scientific potential
from Kaunas to Vilnius.
In the autumn and winter of
1940
the Soviet system of the award of acade¬
mic degrees and titles was introduced and new requirements of research work
experience and training came to be applied. In order to be selected for further
activity at research and education institutions, scholars in the humanities had to
satisfy especially strict ideological and political requirements. Simultaneously a
Soviet scheme of the organization and coordination of the activities of research
and education institutions was implemented.
This pointed to the official intention of the transformation of science sys¬
tem,
i.e.
an attempt to adapt to the Soviet system suitable researchers, to employ
their organizational skills, projects, and developed research basis thus camoufla¬
ging the implementation of the Soviet model of science organization, which re¬
jects 'misfit' intellectuals. The same period saw appearing the first marks of an
unofficial science transformation, which was aimed at the preservation of the aut¬
hentic scientific heritage, base, cadres, and research continuity and at the adapta¬
tion to the new environment of uninterrupted pressure.
Forming of the principal scientific institution, the Academy of Sciences, was
begun not only with the transfer of the Institute for Lithuanian Studies from Kau¬
nas to Vilnius in the October and November of
1940,
but also with the passing of
the property, valuable material, books and other resources of closed scientific
organizations of Vilnius to the academy. Simultaneously it was the transfer of
cultural heritage, which had been long assembled and studied by Lithuanians
and other nationalities residing in Lithuania. But the preservation and further
enhancement of the heritage had not been the central focus of the Academy of
Sciences of the Lithuanian
SSR,
which was established in early
1941
and was
initially concentrated on the consolidation of the Soviet system. Care of the cul¬
tural heritage of the Lithuanian nation was largely exercised within the limits of
individual initiative and freedom of action allowed.
There were attempts to begin some new public organizations of scientists,
but the authorities, though permitting social activity of scholars, did not tolerate
different opinions and tried to unify Lithuanian institutions of higher education
and science and to establish new organizations following the Soviet model as
quickly as possible. On the other hand, emphasis was laid on the importance of
„local initiatives", therefore it was sought to direct the activity of scholars in
proper direction.
205
ROMAS
JUZEFOVIČIUS.
LIETUVOS
HUMANITÄRT«!
MOKSLO
ORGANIZACIJOS
Soviet lifestyles and political and ideological pressure had by no means be¬
come acceptable for all the new organizers of science
-
some of them still had
illusions to safeguard and to continue previously started research projects and to
foster cultural heritage. Five out of thirteen members elected to the Academy of
Sciences in
1941,
including the humanities scholars
Mykolas
Biržiška,
Vaclovas
Biržiška,
and
Vincas
Krévé
Mickevidus, fled to the West during the war.
The Soviet regime encouraged the birth of duality: along with the official
conduct patterns that were based on the imposed Soviet value system, there exis¬
ted a hidden behaviour of society members, which was naturally influenced by
ethnic culture. The coexistence and permanent interaction between the two diffe¬
rent layers of behaviour lead to the acquisition of an experience, which may be
characterized as the ability to act under the occupational regime; in other words,
the society acquired the capability to exist in the environment of total sovietiza-
tion. This dramatic experience manifested itself as the ability to manoeuvre and to
seek at least minimal self-expression, i.e. to have an authentic cultural life. Nevert¬
heless, the social activity of scholars and the possibilities of forming organizations
and clustering intellectuals were highly restricted.
Only with the changing political situation in Lithuania in the late
1980s
the
question of the
reestablishment
of public scientific organizations and legitimiza-
tion of their activity became part of a new cultural movement and a proof of the
continuity of Lithuanian culture and its nourishment. The national revival that
was spreading throughout the country in
1988
brought about a decision to re¬
establish under the same name the Society for Lithuanian History that functioned
between
1929
and
1940.
The Society for Lithuanian Language was also restored in
the same year.
In
1989
the process of the restoration of the activity of the Lithuanian Catholic
Academy of Science, which had operated in exile, began. In
1992
its headquarters
were moved to Lithuania and the academy started to organize events and to pub¬
lish publications. Local and
émigré
scientists began restoration of other scientific
organizations, which was based on the cultural values and organizational prac¬
tices of the interwar period, though it was attempted to adjust to the changed
times as well.
206 |
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| id | DE-604.BV023341570 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:01:48Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:16:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789986638926 |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016525326 |
| oclc_num | 301281883 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 270 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Kultūros, Filosofijos ir Meno Inst. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Juozefovičius, Romas Verfasser aut Lietuvos humanitarų mokslo organizacijos (1918 - 1940) Romas Juzefovičius Vilnius Kultūros, Filosofijos ir Meno Inst. 2007 270 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1918-1940 gnd rswk-swf Associations, institutions, etc. Lithuania Humanities Lithuania Learned institutions and societies Lithuania Organisation (DE-588)4043774-7 gnd rswk-swf Geisteswissenschaftler (DE-588)4156360-8 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Geisteswissenschaftler (DE-588)4156360-8 s Organisation (DE-588)4043774-7 s Geschichte 1918-1940 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016525326&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016525326&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Juozefovičius, Romas Lietuvos humanitarų mokslo organizacijos (1918 - 1940) Associations, institutions, etc. Lithuania Humanities Lithuania Learned institutions and societies Lithuania Organisation (DE-588)4043774-7 gnd Geisteswissenschaftler (DE-588)4156360-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043774-7 (DE-588)4156360-8 (DE-588)4074266-0 |
| title | Lietuvos humanitarų mokslo organizacijos (1918 - 1940) |
| title_auth | Lietuvos humanitarų mokslo organizacijos (1918 - 1940) |
| title_exact_search | Lietuvos humanitarų mokslo organizacijos (1918 - 1940) |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Lietuvos humanitarų mokslo organizacijos (1918 - 1940) |
| title_full | Lietuvos humanitarų mokslo organizacijos (1918 - 1940) Romas Juzefovičius |
| title_fullStr | Lietuvos humanitarų mokslo organizacijos (1918 - 1940) Romas Juzefovičius |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lietuvos humanitarų mokslo organizacijos (1918 - 1940) Romas Juzefovičius |
| title_short | Lietuvos humanitarų mokslo organizacijos |
| title_sort | lietuvos humanitaru mokslo organizacijos 1918 1940 |
| title_sub | (1918 - 1940) |
| topic | Associations, institutions, etc. Lithuania Humanities Lithuania Learned institutions and societies Lithuania Organisation (DE-588)4043774-7 gnd Geisteswissenschaftler (DE-588)4156360-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Associations, institutions, etc. Lithuania Humanities Lithuania Learned institutions and societies Lithuania Organisation Geisteswissenschaftler Litauen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016525326&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016525326&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT juozefoviciusromas lietuvoshumanitarumoksloorganizacijos19181940 |