Verfügbarkeit: Handbook of optical systems

Handbook of optical systems: 1 Fundamentals of technical optics

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2007
Ausgabe:	1. ed., 1. reprint
Schlagworte:	Technische Optik
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XXII, 826 S. graph. Darst. 25 cm
ISBN:	9783527403776

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245	1	0	\|a Handbook of optical systems \|n 1 \|p Fundamentals of technical optics \|c ed. by Herbert Gross
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	CONTENTS PREFACE V 1 INTRODUCTION I 2 PARAXIAL IMAGING 5 2.1 GENERAL REMARKS 7 2.1.1 PARAXIAL APPROXIMATION 7 2.1.2 LINEAR COLLINEATION 9 2.1-3 IMAGE LOCATIONS 10 2-1.4 MAGNIFICATION 14 2.1.5 LENS EQUATION 15 2.1.6 NEWTONS EQUATION 19 2.1.7 THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS 20 2.2 SINGLE SURFACE 21 2.2.1 REFRACTING PLANE SURFACE 21 2.2.2 REFRACTIVE SPHERICAL SURFACE 22 2.2.3 MIRROR SURFACE 23 2.3 SINGLE LENS 24 2.3.1 PARAMETERS OFA LENS 24 2.3.2 CARDINAL ELEMENTS 25 2.3.3 THIN LENS 28 2.3.4 THICK LENS 29 2.3.5 GRAPHICAL IMAGE CONSTRUCTION .32 2.4 MULTIPLE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS 33 2.4.1 SYSTEM CONSISTING OF TWO THIN COMPONENTS 33 2.4.2 SYSTEMS CONSISTING OF SEVERAL THIN LENSES 36 2.5 INVARIANTS 36 2.5.1 HELMHOLTZ-LAGRANGE INVARIANT 36 2.5.2 ABBE INVARIANT Q 39 2.5.3 PARAXIAL INVARIANT 39 2.5.4 FURTHER INVARIANTS 40 2.5.5 MATRIX FORM OF THE HELMHOLTZ INVARIANT 40 2.6 MATRIX CALCULUS 41 HANDBOOK OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS: VOL. 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF TECHNICAL OPTICS. H. GROSS COPYRIGHT 2005 WILEY-VCH VERLAG GMBH & CO. KCAA, WEINHEIM ISBN: 3-527-40577-9 VIII CONTENTS 2.6.1 PARAXIAL ABCD MATRICES 41 2.6.2 PROPERTIES OF THE MATRICES 44 2.6.3 MATRICES OF SIMPLE COMPONENTS 45 2.6.4 FINITE IMAGING WITH AN AFOCAL SYSTEM 48 2.6.5 DECORAPOSITIONS OF AN ABCD MATRIX 49 2.7 MATRICES DESCRIBING A MORE GENERAL GEOMETRY 5J 2.7.1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL 3X3MATRICES 51 2.7.2 CCNTERED 4X4TVIATRICES 54 2.7.3 GENERAL 5X5MATRICES 58 2.8 LITERATURE 59 3 INTERFACES 61 3.1 BASICS 62 3.1.1 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 62 3.1.2 THE LAW OF REFRACTION 63 3.1.3 THE LAW OF RCFLECTION 66 3.2 THE FRESNEL EQUATIONS 67 3.2.1 DEFINITION OF THE AMPLITUDE COEFFICIENTS 67 3.2.2 REFLECTION 67 3.2.3 TRANSMISSION 69 3.2.4 PROPERTIES OF THE FRESNEL EQUATIONS 69 3.2.5 STOKES RELATIONS 72 3.2.6 AZIMUTHAI ANGLE 74 3.2.7 REFLECTIVITY AND TRANSMITTIVITY 75 3.2.8 PHASE CHANGES 79 3.2.9 DESCRIPTION OF THE REFRACTION IN THE K-SPACE HO 5.2.10 RCFLECTION LOSSES IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS H2 3.3 POLARIZATION EFFECTS AT INTERFACES 84 3.3.1 BREWSTER ANGLE 84 3.3.2 DEGREE OF POLARIZATION 86 3.4 EVANESCENT WAVES H8 3.4.1 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION SS 3.4.2 EVANESCENT SURFACE WAVES 92 3.4.3 DAMPED TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 94 3.4.4 FRUSTRATED TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 95 3.5 NON-GEOMETRICAL EFFECTS AT REFLECTION 96 3.5.1 THE GOOS-HAENCHEN EFFECT 96 3.5.2 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION OF A GAUSSIAN BEAM WO 3.6 ABSORBING MEDIA 102 3.6.1 COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX 102 3.6.2 LAMBERT-BEER LAW 103 3.6.3 REFLECTION AT AN ABSORBING MEDIUM 104 3.6.4 METALS 105 3.6.5 REFLECTION AT METALS 105 3.7 LITERATURE 109 4 MATERIALS 111 4.1 BASICS 113 4.1.1 INTRODUCTION 113 4.1.2 OPTICAL PARAMETERS 113 4.1.3 NON-OPTICAL PROPERTIES 114 4.2 DISPERSION 114 4.2.1 DEFINITION 114 4.2.2 WAVELENGTHS ?7I 4.2.3 CHARACTERIZING THE DISPERSION 117 4.2.4 OPTICAL CROWNS AND FLINTS 118 4.2.5 INTERPOLATION OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX 120 4.2.6 DISPERSION OF THE GROUP VELOCITY 123 4.2.7 CHROMATIC COORDINATES ACCORDING TO BUCHDAHL 124 4.3 RELATIVE PARTIAL DISPERSION 125 4.3.1 DEFINITION 125 4.3.2 LINE OF NORMAL DISPERSION 128 4.3.3 GLASSES WITH ANOMALOUS PARTIAL DISPERSION 130 4.3.4 RELATIVE PARTIAL DISPERSION IN THE GLASS DIAGRAM 132 4.3.5 HOOGLAND DIAGRAM 133 4.4 TRANSMISSION 134 4.4.1 TRANSMISSION AND INTERNAL TRANSMISSION 134 4.4.2 TRANSMISSION EDGE 136 4.4.3 TRANSMISSION OF GLASSES AND PLASTICS 137 4.5 GLASSES [39 4.5.1 GENERAL REMARKS 139 4.5.2 GLASS DIAGRAM 139 4.5.3 GLASS RANGES 142 4.5.4 THERMAL PROPERTIES 143 4.5.5 DATASHEEL 146 4.5.6 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS 247 4.5.7 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS 149 4.5.8 DELIVERABLE FORMS OF GLASS 149 4.5-9 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE CHOICE OF GLASS IN OPTICAL DESIGN 149 4.5.10 SPECIAL GLASSES ISO 4.6 CRYSTALS AND SPECIAL MATERIALS 153 4.6.1 MATERIALS FOR IR AND UV 151 4.6.2 QUARTZ 154 4.7 PLASTICS 157 4.7.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES 157 4.7.2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES 158 4.7.3 TRANSMISSION 160 4.8 GASES 161 4.8.1 GENERAL REMARKS 161 4.8.2 AIR 161 4.9 LIQUIDS AND CEMCNTS 162 CONTENTS 4.9.1 WATER 162 4.9-2 TECHNICAL LIQUIDS 163 4.9.3 IMMERSION OILS 166 4.9.4 OPTICAL CEMENTS 767 4.10 METALS 168 4.10.1 OPTICAL PARAMETERS 168 4.10.2 REFLECTIVITY OF METALLIC MIRRORS 169 4.11 LITERATURE 171 S RAYTRACING 173 5.1 THE MEANING OF RAYTRACING 174 5.2 RAYTRACING SCHEINE 274 5.3 RAYTRACING FORMULA SETS 178 5.3.1 GENERAL REMARKS 178 5.3.2 PARAXIAL Y-U-METHOD 178 5.3.3 PARAXIAL S-H-METHOD 179 5.3.4 MERIDIONAL S-U-METHOD 180 5.3.5 MERIDIONAL Q-U-METHOD 181 5.3.6 SET OF VECTOR FORMULAS 182 5.3.7 ITERATIVE CALCULATION OFTHE INTERSECTION POINT FOR ASPHERICAL SURFACES 186 5.4 RAYTRACING IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS 189 5.4.1 DCSCRIPTION OFTHE GEOMETRY 189 5.4.2 TYPES OF SURFACE 194 5.4.3 PARTICULAR PROPERTIES 206 5.4.4 OUTPUT QUANTITIES 207 5.4.5 ERRORS 208 5.4.6 APODIZATION 208 5.4.7 POLARIZATION RAYTRACING 209 5.5 SPECIAL COMPONENTS 210 5.5.1 IDEAL LENS 210 5.5.2 RAYTRACING IN GRIN MEDIA 211 5.5.3 RAYTRACING FOR DIFFRACTIVE ELEMENTS 215 5.5.4 KNIFE-EDGE DIFFRACTION MODEL IN RAYTRACING 2J9 5.6 DIFFERENTIAL RAYS 220 5.6.1 CENERAL REMARKS 220 5.6.2 CODDINGTON EQUATIONS 220 5.6.3 GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL RAYS 221 5.6.4 RAYTUBES 223 5.7 NON-SEQUENTIAL RAYTRACING 224 5.7.1 GENERAL REMARKS 224 5.7.2 MONTE-CARLO RAYTRACING 226 5.8 LITERATURE 227 6 RADIOMETRY 229 6.1 INTRODUCTION 230 6.1.1 GENERAL REMARKS 230 6.1.2 DEFINITION OF THE RADIOMETRIE QUANTITIES 230 6.1.3 PHOTOMETRIC QUANTITIES 232 6.1.4 RADIOMETRIE AND PHOTOMETRIC QUANTITIES 233 6.1.5 SOLI D ANGLE 233 6.1.6 DIFFERENTIAL FLUX 235 6.1.7 FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF RADIOMETRY 235 6.1.8 PROJECTION OF THE LRRADIANCE 236 6.1.9 LRRADIANCE 237 6.1.10 SPECTRAL DENSITIES OF QUANTITIES 237 6.1.11 ENERGY, POWER AND PHOTONS 238 6.2 LAMBERTIAN RADIATOR 239 6.2.1 CLASSICAL LAMBERTIAN RADIATOR 239 6.2.2 GENERAL LAMBERTIAN RADIATOR 240 6.3 RADIATION TRANSFER 241 6.3.1 GENERAL REMARKS 241 6.3.2 POINT SOURCE OF LIGHT 242 6.3.3 RADIATION TRANSFER BETWEEN SURFACES 244 6.3.4 NUMERICAL RADIATION TRANSFER 247 6.4 RADIOMETRY OFOPTICAL SYSTEMS 24S 6.4.1 OPTICAL SYSTEM 248 6.4.2 RADIATION TRANSPORT WITH INTERACTION 249 6.4.3 APLANATIC SYSTEMS 250 6.4.4 NATURAL VIGNCTTING 252 6.4.5 RADIOMETRY IN REAL OPTICAL SYSTEMS 259 6.4.6 RAY TUBE MODEL 260 6.5 DCSCRIPTION OF RADIATION TRANSPORT IN THE PHASE SPACE 263 6.5.1 HELMHOLTZ - LAGRANGE INVARIANT 263 6.5.2 PHASE SPACE COORDINATES 264 6.5.3 PHASE SPACE REPRESENTATION OF RADIATION TRANSPORT 265 6.6 LITERATURE 267 7 LIGHT SOURCES 269 7.1 INTRODUCTION 271 7.1.1 CLASSIFICATION 271 7.1.2 EFFICIENCY 271 7.1.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 273 7.1.4 STANDARD LIGHT SOURCES 275 7.1.5 DAYLIGHT AND SUNLIGHT 276 7.2 THERMAL RADIATORS 278 7.2.1 PLANCKS FORMULA 278 7.2.2 OPTICAL EFFICIENCY 281 7.2.3 RADIATION TEMPERATURE 282 XII CONTENTS 7.2.4 WIENS DISPLACEMENT LAW 283 7.2.5 STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW 284 7.2.6 RAYLEIGH-JEANS RADIATION FORMULA 284 7.2.7 WIENS LAW OF RADIATION 28.5 7.3 CLASSICAL LAMPS 285 7.3.1 INCANDESCENT BULBS 285 7.3.2 HALOGEN LAMPS 288 7.3.3 ELECTRICAL ARE LAMPS / DISCHARGE LAMPS 288 7.3.4 XENON LAMPS 290 7.3.5 MERCURY-XERION LAMPS 291 7.3.6 HIGH-PRESSURE MERCURY LAMPS 291 7.4 DIODES 292 7.4.1 TYPES OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 292 7.4.2 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 294 7.4.3 SPCCTRA OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 295 7.4.4 EMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF LEDS 297 7.4.5 WHITE LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 299 7.5 LASER LIGHT SOURCES 300 7.5.1 OVERVIEW 300 7.5.2 COMPARISON OF LASERS WITH CLASSICAL LIGHT SOURCES 300 7.5.3 SEMICONDUCTOR LASER 303 7.5.4 GAS LASER 309 7.5.5 SOLID STATE LASER 309 7.5.6 EXCIMER LASER 311 7.6 MODEL DESCRIPTIONS OF RADIATION SOURCES 314 7.6.1 MODELS OF LIGHT SOURCES 314 7.6.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SPATIAL EMISSION 315 7.6.3 SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTIC 318 7.6.4 RAYTRACING MODEL DESCRIPTION OF SOURCES 319 7.7 LITERATURE 321 8 SENSOR TECHNOLOGY AND SIGNAL PROCESSING 323 8.1 LNTRODUCTION 325 8.1.1 SIGNAL CHAIN 325 8.1.2 INFORMATION TRANSFER IN OPTICS 325 8.1.3 ADJUSTMENT OFTHE BEAM 327 8. 1.4 INFORMATION GAIN 328 8.1.5 SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION AND RESOLUTION 331 8.1.6 DISCRETIZATION OFTHE SIGNAL STRENGTH 333 8.2 SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS 335 8.2.1 GENERAL REMARKS 335 8.2.2 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 336 8.2.3 PRECISION OF A SENSOR 337 8.2.4 DYNAMIC RANGE 339 8.2.5 TIME BEHAVIOR 340 8.2.6 DIRECTIONAL SENSITIVITY 342 8.2.7 DETECTION OF COLOR SIGNALS 343 8.3 SPECIAL TYPES OF SENSOR 345 8.3.1 CLASSIFICATION 345 8.3.2 PHOTOCONDUCTIVE DETECTOR 346 8.3.3 CCD ARRAYS 348 8.3.4 AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES 354 8.3.5 PHOTOGRAPHIC: FILM 354 8.4 SAMPLING 357 8.4.1 FOURIER TRANSFORMATION 357 8.4.2 SAMPLING THEOREM 358 8.4.3 SAMPLING OF A BAND-LIMITED SIGNAL 361 8.4.4 DETECTOR SAMPLING 362 8.5 SIGNAL PROCESSING 364 8.5.1 GENERAL REMARKS 364 8.5.2 POINT OPERATIONS 364 8.5.3 NEAREST-NEIGHBOR OPERATIONS 365 8.5.4 FOURIER FILTER 365 8.5.5 SAVITZKY-GOLAY FILTER 368 8.6 NOISE 370 8.6.1 INTRODUCTION 370 8.6.2 TYPES OF NOISE 372 8.6.3 FREQUENCY-DEPERIDENCE OF THC NOISE 374 8.6.4 CORRECTION OF THE BACKGROUND NOISE 375 8.7 SPECIAL METHODS OF DETECTION 376 8.7.1 HETERODYNE DETECTION 376 8.7.2 LOCK-IN PRINCIPLE 377 8.8 LITCRATURE 378 9 THEORY OF COLOR VISION 379 9.1 INTRODUCTION 3S0 9.2 COLOR VISION OF THE HUMAN EYE 380 9.2.1 SPCCTRAL SENSITIVITY OF THE EYE 380 9.2.2 TRANSMISSION OF THE EYE 383 9.2.3 BEZOLD EFFECT AND RESTIMULATION 385 9.2.4 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHROMATIC SENSATION 386 9.3 PHENOMENOLOGCAL THEORY OF COLOR VISION 387 9.3.1 GRASSMANNS BASIC LAWS 387 9.3.2 LIGHT AND SSODY COLOR 388 9.3.3 ADDITIVE COLOR MIXTURE 390 9.3.4 THREE-COLOR MIXTURE 390 9.3.5 MAXWELLS COLOR TRIANGLE 391 9.4 COLORIMETRY 394 9.4.1 GENERAL REMARKS 394 9.4.2 SPCCTRAL MATCHING FUNCTIONS 394 XIV CONTENTS 9.4.3 CONVERSION MATRICES 398 9.4.4 STANDARD SPECTRAL VALUE FUNCTIONS OF THE CIE STANDARD SYSTEM 399 9.4.5 NORMALIZED COLOR COORDINATES 400 9.5 COLOR TRIANGLE 402 9.5.1 BASIC PROPERTIES 402 9.5.2 COMPLEMENTARY COLORS 403 9.5.3 COLOR SATURATION 405 9.5.4 HEIMHOLTE COLOR VALUES 408 9.5.5 MIXTURE OF COLORS IN THE COLOR TRIANGLE 409 9.5.6 CLASSICAL COLOR TERMS 410 9.5.7 COLOR TEMPERATURE 412 9.5.8 BRIGHTNESS 414 9.5.9 COLOR BODY 415 9.5.10 COLOR DIFFERENCES 416 9.6 ALTERNATIVE BASIC SYSTEMS 417 9.6.1 RGB PRIMARY COLORS 417 9.6.2 IHS COLOR REPRESENTATION ACCORDING TO MUNSELL 421 9.6.3 U -V -CHROMATICITY CHART 423 9.7 LITERATURE 424 10 OPTICAL SYSTEMS 425 LUE.L SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF LENSES 426 10.1.1 BENDING OF LENSES 426 10.1.2 POSITION PARAMETER 429 10.1.3 IDEAL LENS 430 10.1.4 VOLUME OFA LENS 431 10.2 SPECIAL RAYS IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS 432 10.2.1 NUMERICAL APERTURE AND STOP NUMBER 432 10.2.2 CANONICAL COORDINATES 434 10.2.3 BUNDLES AND RAY FANS 438 10.2.4 SPECIAL RAYS 439 10.2.5 PRINCIPAL PLANES 441 10.3 PUPILS 442 10.3.1 DIAPHRAGMS 442 10.3.2 DEFINITION OF PUPILS 444 10.3.3 SPHERICAL PUPILS 446 10.3.4 PUPIL SAMPLING 448 10.3.5 VIGNETTING 451 10.3.6 VARIABLE PUPIL POSITION 454 10.3.7 SPECIAL STOP POSITIONS 455 10.3.8 INTERLINKED BUNDLES 458 10.3.9 PERSPECTIVE 458 10.4 DELANO DIAGRAM 463 10.4.1 DEFINITION 463 10.4.2 PROPERTIES OF THE DELANO DIAGRAM 464 10.4.3 EXAMPLES 468 10.4.4 VIGNETTING 472 20.5 SPECIAL ASPECTS 474 10.5.1 CURVED OBJECTS 474 10.5.2 SCHEIMPFLUG IMAGING 475 10.5.3 ANAMORPHOTIC IMAGING 479 10.5.4 INTRODUCTION OF THICK LENSES 480 10.6 LITERATURE 483 11 ABERRATIONS 4S5 11.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 486 11.2 DESCRIPTION OF ABERRATIONS 487 11.3 RAY ABERRATIONS 490 11.3.1 LONGITUDMAL ABERRATIONS 490 11.3.2 TRANSVERSE ABERRATIONS 491 11.3.3 SPOT DIAGRAMS 492 11.3.4 CAUSTICS 493 11.3.5 SEIDEL ABERRATIONS 494 11.4 THE SINE CONDITION 495 11.5 WAVE ABERRATIONS 497 11.5.1 DEFINITION 497 11.5.2 TILT 499 11..5.3 DEFOCNS 500 11.5.4 ZCRNIKE POLYNOMIALS 50/ 11.6 SPHERICAL ABERRATION 506 11.6.1 INTRODUCTION 506 11.6.2 APLANATIC SURFACES 507 11.6.3 APLANATIC LENSES 509 11.7 ASTIGMATISM 510 11.8 FICLD CURVATURE 511 11.8.1 IMAGE SURFACES 511 11.8.2 PETZVAL THEOREM 513 11.9 COMA 514 11.10 DISTORTION 5!6 11.11 CHROMATIC LONGITUDINAL ABERRATIONS 518 11.12 CHROMATIC TRANSVERSE ABERRATIONS 520 11.13 LITERATURE 521 12 WAVEOPTICS 523 12.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES 524 12.1.1 WAVE EQUATION 524 12.1.2 TEA AND LPIA APPROXIMATIONS FOR THIN COMPONENTS 525 12.1.3 KIRCHHOFFINTEGRAL 527 12.1.4 FRESNEL APPROXIMATION 530 12.1.5 FRAUNHOFER INTEGRAL 531 XVI CONTENTS 12.1.6 FRESNEL NUMBER 532 12.1.7 DIFFRACTION OF AN APERTURE 5.5.3 12.1.8 PARAXIAL APPROXIMATION 535 12.1.9 MODEL APPROXIMATION^ FOR TBE DESCRIPTION OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS 536 12.1.10 SPOT MODEL CALCULATIONS 538 12.2 POINT-SPREAD FUNCTION 539 12.2.1 IDEAL POINT IMAGE 539 12.2.2 SCALING FACTORS 542 12.2.3 TRANSVERSE AIRY DISTRIBUTION 543 12.2.4 AXIAL DISTRIBUTION 545 12.2.5 POINT-SPREAD FUNCTION AND ABERRATIONS 546 12.3 FOURIER THEORY OF IMAGE FORMATION 548 12.3.1 SPATIAL FREQUENCY AND EXPANSION IN PLANE WAVES 548 12.3.2 PLANE WAVE REPRESENTATION 549 12.3.3 PHASE EFFECT OFA LENS 550 12.3.4 RESOLUTION MODEL 55J 12.3.5 4-F-FOURIER MODEL 554 12.3.6 CORNPLETE 6-F-FOURIER MODEL 557 12.3.7 COHERENT IMAGE FORMATION 559 12.3.8 INCOHERENT IMAGE FORMATION 560 12.4 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 562 12.4.1 DEFINITION 562 12.4.2 OTFOF IDEAL SYSTEMS 564 12.4.3 CONTRAST TRANSFER 565 12.4.4 SAGITTAL AND TANGENTIAL STRUCTURES 566 12.5 LITERATURE 568 13 PLANO-OPTICAL COMPONENTS 13.1 PLANE-PARALLEL PLATES 571 13.1.1 BEAM DISPLACEMENT 571 13.1.2 ABERRATIONS 572 13.1.3 PLANE-PARALLEL PLATE IN A CONVERGENT BEAM 574 13.1.4 REFLECTIONS AT PLANE-PARALLEL PLATES 576 13.2 DISPERSION PRISMS 576 13.2.1 GENERAL CONSIDCRATIONS 577 13.2.2 DISPERSION BY A PRISM 578 13.2.3 THIN-PRISM APPROXIMATION 579 13.2.4 SYMMETRIE PRISMS 580 13.2.5 PRISM MAGNIFICATION 580 13.2.6 ASTIGMATISM OFA WEDGE PRISM 582 13.2.7 CURVED SPECTRAL LINES PRODUCED BY A PRISM 582 13.2.8 VARIABLE-ANGLE PRISMS 583 13.2.9 ACHROMATIC PRISM PAIRS 584 13.2.10 DIRECT-VISION PRISMS 585 13.2.11 DOUBLE AMICI PRISMS 586 13.2.12 WERNICKE-TYPE DIRECT-VISION PRISMS 587 13.2.13 WADSWORTH PRISM MOUNTING 588 13.2.14 FERY PRISMS 589 13.3 REFLECTION PRISMS 590 13.3.1 FUNCTION OF REFLECTION PRISMS 590 13.3.2 THE TUNNEL DIAGRAM 591 1 3.3.3 DIMENSIONING OF PRISMS 592 13.3.4 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 595 13.3.5 IMAGE REORIENTATION 596 13.3.6 MATRIX CAICULATIONS FOR REFLECTION PRISMS 599 13.3.7 ROOFPRISMS 601 1.3.3.8 CLASSIFICATION OF THE REFLECTION PRISMS 604 13.4 CONSTRUCTION DESIGNS FOR REFLECTION PRISMS 605 13.4.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATION 605 13.4.2 SINGLE PRISM TYPES 606 13.4.3 COMPOSITE PRISMS 624 13.5 PRISM SYSTEMS 630 13.5.1 SLIDING PRIS M PAIR 630 13.5.2 SCANNING BY ROTATING WEDGE PAIR 631 13.5.3 ANAMORPHOTIC PRISM PAIR 632 13.5.4 DOUBLE DOVE PRISM 633 13.5.5 BEAM SPLITTERS 635 13.6 FILTERS 639 13.6.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 639 13.6.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF FILTERS 640 13.6.3 FILTER TYPES 643 13.6.4 INTERFERENCE FILTERS 644 13.6.5 ABSORPTION FILTERS 645 13.7 LITERATURE 645 14 GRAETINGS 647 14.1 DIFFRACTION BY A SLIT 648 14.2 DIFFRACTION GRAETINGS 651 14.2.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 651 14.2.2 INTERFERENCE FUNCTION 652 14.2.3 DIFFRACTION BY A GRAETING 655 14.2.4 WIDTH OF THE DIFFRACTION ORDERS 658 14.2.5 GRAETING DISPERSION 659 14.2.6 GRAETING EFFICIENCY 662 14.3 BLAZED GRAETINGS 663 14.3.1 THE CONCEPT OF BLAZING 663 14.3.2 PARTICUTAR CASE OF NORMAL INCIDENCE 666 14.3.3 LITTROW ARRANGEMENT 667 14.3.4 REAL BLAZED GRAETINGS 668 14.4 FOURIER THEORY OF THE GRAETING DIFFRACTION 669 XVIII CONTENTS 14.4.1 EWALD MODEL OF THE GRAETING DIFFRACTION 669 14.4.2 RECTANGULAR AMPLITUDE GRAETING 671 14.4.3 GRAETING STRUCTURE FUNCTION 672 14.4.4 FOURIER OPTICS OF THE BLAZED GRAETING 672 14.5 TRANSMISSION GRAETINGS 673 14.5.1 BLAZE CONDITION 673 14.5.2 CARPENTER PRISTNS 674 14.5.3 DIFFRACTIVE LENSES 675 14.6 TYPES OF GRAETING 677 14.6.1 CLASSIFICATION 677 14.6.2 SINE PHASE GRAETINGS 679 14.6.3 LAMINAR} REFIECTION GRAETINGS 680 14.6.4 ECHELETTE GRAETINGS 681 14.6.5 RONCHI GRAETINGS 682 14.6.6 DAMMAN GRAETINGS 684 14.7 GRAETINGS IN IMAGE FORMATION SYSTEMS 686 14.8 DIFFRACTION BY A GRAETING IN THE GENERAL CASE 688 14.8.1 NON-PARAXIAL DIFFRACTION BY A GRAETING 688 14.8.2 CONICAL DIFFRACTION BY A GRAETING 690 14.9 LITERATURE 692 15 SPECIAL COMPONENTS 693 15.1 ASPHERICAL DEVICES 695 15.1.1 INTRODUCTION 695 15.1.2 CONIC SECTIONS 695 15.1.3 POLYNOMIAL ASPHERICAL SURFACES 700 15.1.4 CONICAL SURFACES 701 15.1.5 PARAMETERS FOR ASPHERICAL SURFACES 704 15.2 GRADIENT-INDEX LENSES 705 15.2.1 PARABOLIC LATERAL GRADIENT-INDEX 705 15.2.2 AXIAL LINEAR GRADIENT-INDEX MEDIA 707 15.2.3 GRADIUM MEDIA 708 15.2.4 SPHCRICALLY CORRECTED GRADIENT-INDEX LENSES 711 15.3 DIFFUSING DISKS 714 15.3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE EFFECT OF A DIFFUSING DISK 714 15.4 CYLINDER LENSES 717 15.5 SIMPLE CYLINDER LENSES 717 15.5.1 ROTATABLE PAIR OF CYLINDER LENSES 717 15.5.2 ALVAREZLENS 718 15.6 DYNAMIC LIGHT MODULATORS 719 15.6.1 GENERAL REMARKS 719 15.6.2 DIGITAL MIRROR DEVICE 720 15.6.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL DEVICES 72J 15.7 FRESNEL LENSES 729 15.7.1 PRINCIPLE 729 15.7.2 BASIC EQUATIONS 730 15.7.3 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 731 15.7.4 ABERRATIONS 732 15.7.5 STRAY LIGHT 733 15.7.6 APPLICATIONS 734 15.7.7 RADIOMETRIE ASPECTS 735 15.8 LIGHT PIPES 737 15.8.1 LIGHT-GUIDING RODS 737 15.8.2 SLAB HOMOGENIZER 738 15.8.3 TAPERS 747 15.9 AXICONS 751 15.9.1 REFRACTIVE AXICONS 751 15.9.2 REFRACTIVE AXICON WITH LENS 752 15.9.3 REFLECTIVE AXICONS 753 15.9.4 AXICON FOR AN AXIAL PROFILE FORMATION 755 15.10 LITERATURE 757 16 OPTICAL MEASUREMENT AND TESTING TECHNIQUES 759 16.1 OVERVIEW 761 16.2 MEASUREMENT OFTHE FOCAL LENGTH 761 16.2.1 MEASUREMENT WITH A COLLIMATOR 761 16.2.2 GAUSS METHOD 762 16.3 MEASUREMENT OFANGLES 763 16.3.1 AUTOCOLLIMATOR 763 16.3.2 INTERFEROMETRIC TEST OF PRISM ANGLES 764 16.3.3 ALIGNMENT TELESCOPE 768 16.4 CENTERING 769 16.4.1 MEASURING CENTERING IN REFLECTION 769 16.4.2 MEASURING CENTERING IN TRANSMISSION 770 16.4.3 INTERFERENCE METHOD 771 16.5 MEASURING THE INDEX OI REFRACTION 773 16.5.1 REFRACTOMETER 773 16.5.2 TOEPLERS SCHLIEREN METHOD 775 16.6 SURFACE-SHAPE MEASUREMENT 776 16.6.1 TRIANGULATION 776 16.6.2 FRINGE PROJECTION 776 16.6.3 OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY 778 16.7 TESTING OF SURFACE RADII AND SHAPES 780 16.7.1 NEWTON INTERFEROMETER 780 16.7.2 TWYMAN-GREEN INTERFEROMETER 782 16.7.3 FIZEAU INTERFEROMETER 784 16.7.4 EVALUATION OF THE FRINGES 785 16.8 MEASURING WAVEFRONTS 736 16.8.1 HARTMANN-SHACK WAVEFRONT SENSOR 786 16.8.2 1 LARTMANN TEST 790 XX CONTENTS 16.9 MEASUREMENT OF THE OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION 793 16.9-1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 793 16.9.2 MEASUREMENT BY EDGE IMAGING 794 16.9.3 MEASUREMENT BY LINE IMAGING 796 16.9.4 MEASUREMENT OF GRAETING STRUCTURES 797 16.10 BEAM-QUALITY MEASUREMENT 799 16.10.1 OVERVIEW 799 16.10.2 KNIFE-EDGE METHOD 800 16.10.3 SCANNING-SLIT METHOD 802 16.10.4 RONCHITEST 803 16.11 COHERENCE MEASUREMENT 807 16.11.1 YOUNGS EXPERIMENT 807 16.12 POLARIZATION MEASUREMENT 808 16.13 STRAY-LIGHT MEASUREMENT 810 16.14 COLOR MEASUREMENT 811 16.14.1 OVERVIEW 811 16.14.2 SPECTRAL PHOTOMETRY 812 16.15 LITERATURE 813 INDEX 815
adam_txt	CONTENTS PREFACE V 1 INTRODUCTION I 2 PARAXIAL IMAGING 5 2.1 GENERAL REMARKS 7 2.1.1 PARAXIAL APPROXIMATION 7 2.1.2 LINEAR COLLINEATION 9 2.1-3 IMAGE LOCATIONS 10 2-1.4 MAGNIFICATION 14 2.1.5 LENS EQUATION 15 2.1.6 NEWTONS EQUATION 19 2.1.7 THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS 20 2.2 SINGLE SURFACE 21 2.2.1 REFRACTING PLANE SURFACE 21 2.2.2 REFRACTIVE SPHERICAL SURFACE 22 2.2.3 MIRROR SURFACE 23 2.3 SINGLE LENS 24 2.3.1 PARAMETERS OFA LENS 24 2.3.2 CARDINAL ELEMENTS 25 2.3.3 THIN LENS 28 2.3.4 THICK LENS 29 2.3.5 GRAPHICAL IMAGE CONSTRUCTION .32 2.4 MULTIPLE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS 33 2.4.1 SYSTEM CONSISTING OF TWO THIN COMPONENTS 33 2.4.2 SYSTEMS CONSISTING OF SEVERAL THIN LENSES 36 2.5 INVARIANTS 36 2.5.1 HELMHOLTZ-LAGRANGE INVARIANT 36 2.5.2 ABBE INVARIANT Q 39 2.5.3 PARAXIAL INVARIANT 39 2.5.4 FURTHER INVARIANTS 40 2.5.5 MATRIX FORM OF THE HELMHOLTZ INVARIANT 40 2.6 MATRIX CALCULUS 41 HANDBOOK OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS: VOL. 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF TECHNICAL OPTICS. H. GROSS COPYRIGHT 2005 WILEY-VCH VERLAG GMBH & CO. KCAA, WEINHEIM ISBN: 3-527-40577-9 VIII CONTENTS 2.6.1 PARAXIAL ABCD MATRICES 41 2.6.2 PROPERTIES OF THE MATRICES 44 2.6.3 MATRICES OF SIMPLE COMPONENTS 45 2.6.4 FINITE IMAGING WITH AN AFOCAL SYSTEM 48 2.6.5 DECORAPOSITIONS OF AN ABCD MATRIX 49 2.7 MATRICES DESCRIBING A MORE GENERAL GEOMETRY 5J 2.7.1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL 3X3MATRICES 51 2.7.2 CCNTERED 4X4TVIATRICES 54 2.7.3 GENERAL 5X5MATRICES 58 2.8 LITERATURE 59 3 INTERFACES 61 3.1 BASICS 62 3.1.1 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 62 3.1.2 THE LAW OF REFRACTION 63 3.1.3 THE LAW OF RCFLECTION 66 3.2 THE FRESNEL EQUATIONS 67 3.2.1 DEFINITION OF THE AMPLITUDE COEFFICIENTS 67 3.2.2 REFLECTION 67 3.2.3 TRANSMISSION 69 3.2.4 PROPERTIES OF THE FRESNEL EQUATIONS 69 3.2.5 STOKES RELATIONS 72 3.2.6 AZIMUTHAI ANGLE 74 3.2.7 REFLECTIVITY AND TRANSMITTIVITY 75 3.2.8 PHASE CHANGES 79 3.2.9 DESCRIPTION OF THE REFRACTION IN THE K-SPACE HO 5.2.10 RCFLECTION LOSSES IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS H2 3.3 POLARIZATION EFFECTS AT INTERFACES 84 3.3.1 BREWSTER ANGLE 84 3.3.2 DEGREE OF POLARIZATION 86 3.4 EVANESCENT WAVES H8 3.4.1 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION SS 3.4.2 EVANESCENT SURFACE WAVES 92 3.4.3 DAMPED TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 94 3.4.4 FRUSTRATED TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 95 3.5 NON-GEOMETRICAL EFFECTS AT REFLECTION 96 3.5.1 THE GOOS-HAENCHEN EFFECT 96 3.5.2 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION OF A GAUSSIAN BEAM WO 3.6 ABSORBING MEDIA 102 3.6.1 COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX 102 3.6.2 LAMBERT-BEER LAW 103 3.6.3 REFLECTION AT AN ABSORBING MEDIUM 104 3.6.4 METALS 105 3.6.5 REFLECTION AT METALS 105 3.7 LITERATURE 109 4 MATERIALS 111 4.1 BASICS 113 4.1.1 INTRODUCTION 113 4.1.2 OPTICAL PARAMETERS 113 4.1.3 NON-OPTICAL PROPERTIES 114 4.2 DISPERSION 114 4.2.1 DEFINITION 114 4.2.2 WAVELENGTHS ?7I 4.2.3 CHARACTERIZING THE DISPERSION 117 4.2.4 OPTICAL CROWNS AND FLINTS 118 4.2.5 INTERPOLATION OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX 120 4.2.6 DISPERSION OF THE GROUP VELOCITY 123 4.2.7 CHROMATIC COORDINATES ACCORDING TO BUCHDAHL 124 4.3 RELATIVE PARTIAL DISPERSION 125 4.3.1 DEFINITION 125 4.3.2 LINE OF NORMAL DISPERSION 128 4.3.3 GLASSES WITH ANOMALOUS PARTIAL DISPERSION 130 4.3.4 RELATIVE PARTIAL DISPERSION IN THE GLASS DIAGRAM 132 4.3.5 HOOGLAND DIAGRAM 133 4.4 TRANSMISSION 134 4.4.1 TRANSMISSION AND INTERNAL TRANSMISSION 134 4.4.2 TRANSMISSION EDGE 136 4.4.3 TRANSMISSION OF GLASSES AND PLASTICS 137 4.5 GLASSES [39 4.5.1 GENERAL REMARKS 139 4.5.2 GLASS DIAGRAM 139 4.5.3 GLASS RANGES 142 4.5.4 THERMAL PROPERTIES 143 4.5.5 DATASHEEL 146 4.5.6 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS 247 4.5.7 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS 149 4.5.8 DELIVERABLE FORMS OF GLASS 149 4.5-9 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE CHOICE OF GLASS IN OPTICAL DESIGN 149 4.5.10 SPECIAL GLASSES ISO 4.6 CRYSTALS AND SPECIAL MATERIALS 153 4.6.1 MATERIALS FOR IR AND UV 151 4.6.2 QUARTZ 154 4.7 PLASTICS 157 4.7.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES 157 4.7.2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES 158 4.7.3 TRANSMISSION 160 4.8 GASES 161 4.8.1 GENERAL REMARKS 161 4.8.2 AIR 161 4.9 LIQUIDS AND CEMCNTS 162 CONTENTS 4.9.1 WATER 162 4.9-2 TECHNICAL LIQUIDS 163 4.9.3 IMMERSION OILS 166 4.9.4 OPTICAL CEMENTS 767 4.10 METALS 168 4.10.1 OPTICAL PARAMETERS 168 4.10.2 REFLECTIVITY OF METALLIC MIRRORS 169 4.11 LITERATURE 171 S RAYTRACING 173 5.1 THE MEANING OF RAYTRACING 174 5.2 RAYTRACING SCHEINE 274 5.3 RAYTRACING FORMULA SETS 178 5.3.1 GENERAL REMARKS 178 5.3.2 PARAXIAL Y-U-METHOD 178 5.3.3 PARAXIAL S-H-METHOD 179 5.3.4 MERIDIONAL S-U-METHOD 180 5.3.5 MERIDIONAL Q-U-METHOD 181 5.3.6 SET OF VECTOR FORMULAS 182 5.3.7 ITERATIVE CALCULATION OFTHE INTERSECTION POINT FOR ASPHERICAL SURFACES 186 5.4 RAYTRACING IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS 189 5.4.1 DCSCRIPTION OFTHE GEOMETRY 189 5.4.2 TYPES OF SURFACE 194 5.4.3 PARTICULAR PROPERTIES 206 5.4.4 OUTPUT QUANTITIES 207 5.4.5 ERRORS 208 5.4.6 APODIZATION 208 5.4.7 POLARIZATION RAYTRACING 209 5.5 SPECIAL COMPONENTS 210 5.5.1 IDEAL LENS 210 5.5.2 RAYTRACING IN GRIN MEDIA 211 5.5.3 RAYTRACING FOR DIFFRACTIVE ELEMENTS 215 5.5.4 KNIFE-EDGE DIFFRACTION MODEL IN RAYTRACING 2J9 5.6 DIFFERENTIAL RAYS 220 5.6.1 CENERAL REMARKS 220 5.6.2 CODDINGTON EQUATIONS 220 5.6.3 GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL RAYS 221 5.6.4 RAYTUBES 223 5.7 NON-SEQUENTIAL RAYTRACING 224 5.7.1 GENERAL REMARKS 224 5.7.2 MONTE-CARLO RAYTRACING 226 5.8 LITERATURE 227 6 RADIOMETRY 229 6.1 INTRODUCTION 230 6.1.1 GENERAL REMARKS 230 6.1.2 DEFINITION OF THE RADIOMETRIE QUANTITIES 230 6.1.3 PHOTOMETRIC QUANTITIES 232 6.1.4 RADIOMETRIE AND PHOTOMETRIC QUANTITIES 233 6.1.5 SOLI D ANGLE 233 6.1.6 DIFFERENTIAL FLUX 235 6.1.7 FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF RADIOMETRY 235 6.1.8 PROJECTION OF THE LRRADIANCE 236 6.1.9 LRRADIANCE 237 6.1.10 SPECTRAL DENSITIES OF QUANTITIES 237 6.1.11 ENERGY, POWER AND PHOTONS 238 6.2 LAMBERTIAN RADIATOR 239 6.2.1 CLASSICAL LAMBERTIAN RADIATOR 239 6.2.2 GENERAL LAMBERTIAN RADIATOR 240 6.3 RADIATION TRANSFER 241 6.3.1 GENERAL REMARKS 241 6.3.2 POINT SOURCE OF LIGHT 242 6.3.3 RADIATION TRANSFER BETWEEN SURFACES 244 6.3.4 NUMERICAL RADIATION TRANSFER 247 6.4 RADIOMETRY OFOPTICAL SYSTEMS 24S 6.4.1 OPTICAL SYSTEM 248 6.4.2 RADIATION TRANSPORT WITH INTERACTION 249 6.4.3 APLANATIC SYSTEMS 250 6.4.4 NATURAL VIGNCTTING 252 6.4.5 RADIOMETRY IN REAL OPTICAL SYSTEMS 259 6.4.6 RAY TUBE MODEL 260 6.5 DCSCRIPTION OF RADIATION TRANSPORT IN THE PHASE SPACE 263 6.5.1 HELMHOLTZ - LAGRANGE INVARIANT 263 6.5.2 PHASE SPACE COORDINATES 264 6.5.3 PHASE SPACE REPRESENTATION OF RADIATION TRANSPORT 265 6.6 LITERATURE 267 7 LIGHT SOURCES 269 7.1 INTRODUCTION 271 7.1.1 CLASSIFICATION 271 7.1.2 EFFICIENCY 271 7.1.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 273 7.1.4 STANDARD LIGHT SOURCES 275 7.1.5 DAYLIGHT AND SUNLIGHT 276 7.2 THERMAL RADIATORS 278 7.2.1 PLANCKS FORMULA 278 7.2.2 OPTICAL EFFICIENCY 281 7.2.3 RADIATION TEMPERATURE 282 XII CONTENTS 7.2.4 WIENS DISPLACEMENT LAW 283 7.2.5 STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW 284 7.2.6 RAYLEIGH-JEANS RADIATION FORMULA 284 7.2.7 WIENS LAW OF RADIATION 28.5 7.3 CLASSICAL LAMPS 285 7.3.1 INCANDESCENT BULBS 285 7.3.2 HALOGEN LAMPS 288 7.3.3 ELECTRICAL ARE LAMPS / DISCHARGE LAMPS 288 7.3.4 XENON LAMPS 290 7.3.5 MERCURY-XERION LAMPS 291 7.3.6 HIGH-PRESSURE MERCURY LAMPS 291 7.4 DIODES 292 7.4.1 TYPES OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 292 7.4.2 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 294 7.4.3 SPCCTRA OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 295 7.4.4 EMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF LEDS 297 7.4.5 WHITE LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 299 7.5 LASER LIGHT SOURCES 300 7.5.1 OVERVIEW 300 7.5.2 COMPARISON OF LASERS WITH CLASSICAL LIGHT SOURCES 300 7.5.3 SEMICONDUCTOR LASER 303 7.5.4 GAS LASER 309 7.5.5 SOLID STATE LASER 309 7.5.6 EXCIMER LASER 311 7.6 MODEL DESCRIPTIONS OF RADIATION SOURCES 314 7.6.1 MODELS OF LIGHT SOURCES 314 7.6.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SPATIAL EMISSION 315 7.6.3 SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTIC 318 7.6.4 RAYTRACING MODEL DESCRIPTION OF SOURCES 319 7.7 LITERATURE 321 8 SENSOR TECHNOLOGY AND SIGNAL PROCESSING 323 8.1 LNTRODUCTION 325 8.1.1 SIGNAL CHAIN 325 8.1.2 INFORMATION TRANSFER IN OPTICS 325 8.1.3 ADJUSTMENT OFTHE BEAM 327 8. 1.4 INFORMATION GAIN 328 8.1.5 SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION AND RESOLUTION 331 8.1.6 DISCRETIZATION OFTHE SIGNAL STRENGTH 333 8.2 SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS 335 8.2.1 GENERAL REMARKS 335 8.2.2 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 336 8.2.3 PRECISION OF A SENSOR 337 8.2.4 DYNAMIC RANGE 339 8.2.5 TIME BEHAVIOR 340 8.2.6 DIRECTIONAL SENSITIVITY 342 8.2.7 DETECTION OF COLOR SIGNALS 343 8.3 SPECIAL TYPES OF SENSOR 345 8.3.1 CLASSIFICATION 345 8.3.2 PHOTOCONDUCTIVE DETECTOR 346 8.3.3 CCD ARRAYS 348 8.3.4 AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES 354 8.3.5 PHOTOGRAPHIC: FILM 354 8.4 SAMPLING 357 8.4.1 FOURIER TRANSFORMATION 357 8.4.2 SAMPLING THEOREM 358 8.4.3 SAMPLING OF A BAND-LIMITED SIGNAL 361 8.4.4 DETECTOR SAMPLING 362 8.5 SIGNAL PROCESSING 364 8.5.1 GENERAL REMARKS 364 8.5.2 POINT OPERATIONS 364 8.5.3 NEAREST-NEIGHBOR OPERATIONS 365 8.5.4 FOURIER FILTER 365 8.5.5 SAVITZKY-GOLAY FILTER 368 8.6 NOISE 370 8.6.1 INTRODUCTION 370 8.6.2 TYPES OF NOISE 372 8.6.3 FREQUENCY-DEPERIDENCE OF THC NOISE 374 8.6.4 CORRECTION OF THE BACKGROUND NOISE 375 8.7 SPECIAL METHODS OF DETECTION 376 8.7.1 HETERODYNE DETECTION 376 8.7.2 LOCK-IN PRINCIPLE 377 8.8 LITCRATURE 378 9 THEORY OF COLOR VISION 379 9.1 INTRODUCTION 3S0 9.2 COLOR VISION OF THE HUMAN EYE 380 9.2.1 SPCCTRAL SENSITIVITY OF THE EYE 380 9.2.2 TRANSMISSION OF THE EYE 383 9.2.3 BEZOLD EFFECT AND RESTIMULATION 385 9.2.4 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHROMATIC SENSATION 386 9.3 PHENOMENOLOGCAL THEORY OF COLOR VISION 387 9.3.1 GRASSMANNS BASIC LAWS 387 9.3.2 LIGHT AND SSODY COLOR 388 9.3.3 ADDITIVE COLOR MIXTURE 390 9.3.4 THREE-COLOR MIXTURE 390 9.3.5 MAXWELLS COLOR TRIANGLE 391 9.4 COLORIMETRY 394 9.4.1 GENERAL REMARKS 394 9.4.2 SPCCTRAL MATCHING FUNCTIONS 394 XIV CONTENTS 9.4.3 CONVERSION MATRICES 398 9.4.4 STANDARD SPECTRAL VALUE FUNCTIONS OF THE CIE STANDARD SYSTEM 399 9.4.5 NORMALIZED COLOR COORDINATES 400 9.5 COLOR TRIANGLE 402 9.5.1 BASIC PROPERTIES 402 9.5.2 COMPLEMENTARY COLORS 403 9.5.3 COLOR SATURATION 405 9.5.4 HEIMHOLTE COLOR VALUES 408 9.5.5 MIXTURE OF COLORS IN THE COLOR TRIANGLE 409 9.5.6 CLASSICAL COLOR TERMS 410 9.5.7 COLOR TEMPERATURE 412 9.5.8 BRIGHTNESS 414 9.5.9 COLOR BODY 415 9.5.10 COLOR DIFFERENCES 416 9.6 ALTERNATIVE BASIC SYSTEMS 417 9.6.1 RGB PRIMARY COLORS 417 9.6.2 IHS COLOR REPRESENTATION ACCORDING TO MUNSELL 421 9.6.3 U'-V'-CHROMATICITY CHART 423 9.7 LITERATURE 424 10 OPTICAL SYSTEMS 425 LUE.L SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF LENSES 426 10.1.1 BENDING OF LENSES 426 10.1.2 POSITION PARAMETER 429 10.1.3 IDEAL LENS 430 10.1.4 VOLUME OFA LENS 431 10.2 SPECIAL RAYS IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS 432 10.2.1 NUMERICAL APERTURE AND STOP NUMBER 432 10.2.2 CANONICAL COORDINATES 434 10.2.3 BUNDLES AND RAY FANS 438 10.2.4 SPECIAL RAYS 439 10.2.5 PRINCIPAL PLANES 441 10.3 PUPILS 442 10.3.1 DIAPHRAGMS 442 10.3.2 DEFINITION OF PUPILS 444 10.3.3 SPHERICAL PUPILS 446 10.3.4 PUPIL SAMPLING 448 10.3.5 VIGNETTING 451 10.3.6 VARIABLE PUPIL POSITION 454 10.3.7 SPECIAL STOP POSITIONS 455 10.3.8 INTERLINKED BUNDLES 458 10.3.9 PERSPECTIVE 458 10.4 DELANO DIAGRAM 463 10.4.1 DEFINITION 463 10.4.2 PROPERTIES OF THE DELANO DIAGRAM 464 10.4.3 EXAMPLES 468 10.4.4 VIGNETTING 472 20.5 SPECIAL ASPECTS 474 10.5.1 CURVED OBJECTS 474 10.5.2 SCHEIMPFLUG IMAGING 475 10.5.3 ANAMORPHOTIC IMAGING 479 10.5.4 INTRODUCTION OF THICK LENSES 480 10.6 LITERATURE 483 11 ABERRATIONS 4S5 11.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 486 11.2 DESCRIPTION OF ABERRATIONS 487 11.3 RAY ABERRATIONS 490 11.3.1 LONGITUDMAL ABERRATIONS 490 11.3.2 TRANSVERSE ABERRATIONS 491 11.3.3 SPOT DIAGRAMS 492 11.3.4 CAUSTICS 493 11.3.5 SEIDEL ABERRATIONS 494 11.4 THE SINE CONDITION 495 11.5 WAVE ABERRATIONS 497 11.5.1 DEFINITION 497 11.5.2 TILT 499 11.5.3 DEFOCNS 500 11.5.4 ZCRNIKE POLYNOMIALS 50/ 11.6 SPHERICAL ABERRATION 506 11.6.1 INTRODUCTION 506 11.6.2 APLANATIC SURFACES 507 11.6.3 APLANATIC LENSES 509 11.7 ASTIGMATISM 510 11.8 FICLD CURVATURE 511 11.8.1 IMAGE SURFACES 511 11.8.2 PETZVAL THEOREM 513 11.9 COMA 514 11.10 DISTORTION 5!6 11.11 CHROMATIC LONGITUDINAL ABERRATIONS 518 11.12 CHROMATIC TRANSVERSE ABERRATIONS 520 11.13 LITERATURE 521 12 WAVEOPTICS 523 12.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES 524 12.1.1 WAVE EQUATION 524 12.1.2 TEA AND LPIA APPROXIMATIONS FOR THIN COMPONENTS 525 12.1.3 KIRCHHOFFINTEGRAL 527 12.1.4 FRESNEL APPROXIMATION 530 12.1.5 FRAUNHOFER INTEGRAL 531 XVI CONTENTS 12.1.6 FRESNEL NUMBER 532 12.1.7 DIFFRACTION OF AN APERTURE 5.5.3 12.1.8 PARAXIAL APPROXIMATION 535 12.1.9 MODEL APPROXIMATION^ FOR TBE DESCRIPTION OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS 536 12.1.10 SPOT MODEL CALCULATIONS 538 12.2 POINT-SPREAD FUNCTION 539 12.2.1 IDEAL POINT IMAGE 539 12.2.2 SCALING FACTORS 542 12.2.3 TRANSVERSE AIRY DISTRIBUTION 543 12.2.4 AXIAL DISTRIBUTION 545 12.2.5 POINT-SPREAD FUNCTION AND ABERRATIONS 546 12.3 FOURIER THEORY OF IMAGE FORMATION 548 12.3.1 SPATIAL FREQUENCY AND EXPANSION IN PLANE WAVES 548 12.3.2 PLANE WAVE REPRESENTATION 549 12.3.3 PHASE EFFECT OFA LENS 550 12.3.4 RESOLUTION MODEL 55J 12.3.5 4-F-FOURIER MODEL 554 12.3.6 CORNPLETE 6-F-FOURIER MODEL 557 12.3.7 COHERENT IMAGE FORMATION 559 12.3.8 INCOHERENT IMAGE FORMATION 560 12.4 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 562 12.4.1 DEFINITION 562 12.4.2 OTFOF IDEAL SYSTEMS 564 12.4.3 CONTRAST TRANSFER 565 12.4.4 SAGITTAL AND TANGENTIAL STRUCTURES 566 12.5 LITERATURE 568 13 PLANO-OPTICAL COMPONENTS 13.1 PLANE-PARALLEL PLATES 571 13.1.1 BEAM DISPLACEMENT 571 13.1.2 ABERRATIONS 572 13.1.3 PLANE-PARALLEL PLATE IN A CONVERGENT BEAM 574 13.1.4 REFLECTIONS AT PLANE-PARALLEL PLATES 576 13.2 DISPERSION PRISMS 576 13.2.1 GENERAL CONSIDCRATIONS 577 13.2.2 DISPERSION BY A PRISM 578 13.2.3 THIN-PRISM APPROXIMATION 579 13.2.4 SYMMETRIE PRISMS 580 13.2.5 PRISM MAGNIFICATION 580 13.2.6 ASTIGMATISM OFA WEDGE PRISM 582 13.2.7 CURVED SPECTRAL LINES PRODUCED BY A PRISM 582 13.2.8 VARIABLE-ANGLE PRISMS 583 13.2.9 ACHROMATIC PRISM PAIRS 584 13.2.10 DIRECT-VISION PRISMS 585 13.2.11 DOUBLE AMICI PRISMS 586 13.2.12 WERNICKE-TYPE DIRECT-VISION PRISMS 587 13.2.13 WADSWORTH PRISM MOUNTING 588 13.2.14 FERY PRISMS 589 13.3 REFLECTION PRISMS 590 13.3.1 FUNCTION OF REFLECTION PRISMS 590 13.3.2 THE TUNNEL DIAGRAM 591 1 3.3.3 DIMENSIONING OF PRISMS 592 13.3.4 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 595 13.3.5 IMAGE REORIENTATION 596 13.3.6 MATRIX CAICULATIONS FOR REFLECTION PRISMS 599 13.3.7 ROOFPRISMS 601 1.3.3.8 CLASSIFICATION OF THE REFLECTION PRISMS 604 13.4 CONSTRUCTION DESIGNS FOR REFLECTION PRISMS 605 13.4.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATION 605 13.4.2 SINGLE PRISM TYPES 606 13.4.3 COMPOSITE PRISMS 624 13.5 PRISM SYSTEMS 630 13.5.1 SLIDING PRIS M PAIR 630 13.5.2 SCANNING BY ROTATING WEDGE PAIR 631 13.5.3 ANAMORPHOTIC PRISM PAIR 632 13.5.4 DOUBLE DOVE PRISM 633 13.5.5 BEAM SPLITTERS 635 13.6 FILTERS 639 13.6.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 639 13.6.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF FILTERS 640 13.6.3 FILTER TYPES 643 13.6.4 INTERFERENCE FILTERS 644 13.6.5 ABSORPTION FILTERS 645 13.7 LITERATURE 645 14 GRAETINGS 647 14.1 DIFFRACTION BY A SLIT 648 14.2 DIFFRACTION GRAETINGS 651 14.2.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 651 14.2.2 INTERFERENCE FUNCTION 652 14.2.3 DIFFRACTION BY A GRAETING 655 14.2.4 WIDTH OF THE DIFFRACTION ORDERS 658 14.2.5 GRAETING DISPERSION 659 14.2.6 GRAETING EFFICIENCY 662 14.3 BLAZED GRAETINGS 663 14.3.1 THE CONCEPT OF BLAZING 663 14.3.2 PARTICUTAR CASE OF NORMAL INCIDENCE 666 14.3.3 LITTROW ARRANGEMENT 667 14.3.4 REAL BLAZED GRAETINGS 668 14.4 FOURIER THEORY OF THE GRAETING DIFFRACTION 669 XVIII CONTENTS 14.4.1 EWALD MODEL OF THE GRAETING DIFFRACTION 669 14.4.2 RECTANGULAR AMPLITUDE GRAETING 671 14.4.3 GRAETING STRUCTURE FUNCTION 672 14.4.4 FOURIER OPTICS OF THE BLAZED GRAETING 672 14.5 TRANSMISSION GRAETINGS 673 14.5.1 BLAZE CONDITION 673 14.5.2 CARPENTER PRISTNS 674 14.5.3 DIFFRACTIVE LENSES 675 14.6 TYPES OF GRAETING 677 14.6.1 CLASSIFICATION 677 14.6.2 SINE PHASE GRAETINGS 679 14.6.3 LAMINAR}' REFIECTION GRAETINGS 680 14.6.4 ECHELETTE GRAETINGS 681 14.6.5 RONCHI GRAETINGS 682 14.6.6 DAMMAN GRAETINGS 684 14.7 GRAETINGS IN IMAGE FORMATION SYSTEMS 686 14.8 DIFFRACTION BY A GRAETING IN THE GENERAL CASE 688 14.8.1 NON-PARAXIAL DIFFRACTION BY A GRAETING 688 14.8.2 CONICAL DIFFRACTION BY A GRAETING 690 14.9 LITERATURE 692 15 SPECIAL COMPONENTS 693 15.1 ASPHERICAL DEVICES 695 15.1.1 INTRODUCTION 695 15.1.2 CONIC SECTIONS 695 15.1.3 POLYNOMIAL ASPHERICAL SURFACES 700 15.1.4 CONICAL SURFACES 701 15.1.5 PARAMETERS FOR ASPHERICAL SURFACES 704 15.2 GRADIENT-INDEX LENSES 705 15.2.1 PARABOLIC LATERAL GRADIENT-INDEX 705 15.2.2 AXIAL LINEAR GRADIENT-INDEX MEDIA 707 15.2.3 GRADIUM MEDIA 708 15.2.4 SPHCRICALLY CORRECTED GRADIENT-INDEX LENSES 711 15.3 DIFFUSING DISKS 714 15.3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE EFFECT OF A DIFFUSING DISK 714 15.4 CYLINDER LENSES 717 15.5 SIMPLE CYLINDER LENSES 717 15.5.1 ROTATABLE PAIR OF CYLINDER LENSES 717 15.5.2 ALVAREZLENS 718 15.6 DYNAMIC LIGHT MODULATORS 719 15.6.1 GENERAL REMARKS 719 15.6.2 DIGITAL MIRROR DEVICE 720 15.6.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL DEVICES 72J 15.7 FRESNEL LENSES 729 15.7.1 PRINCIPLE 729 15.7.2 BASIC EQUATIONS 730 15.7.3 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 731 15.7.4 ABERRATIONS 732 15.7.5 STRAY LIGHT 733 15.7.6 APPLICATIONS 734 15.7.7 RADIOMETRIE ASPECTS 735 15.8 LIGHT PIPES 737 15.8.1 LIGHT-GUIDING RODS 737 15.8.2 SLAB HOMOGENIZER 738 15.8.3 TAPERS 747 15.9 AXICONS 751 15.9.1 REFRACTIVE AXICONS 751 15.9.2 REFRACTIVE AXICON WITH LENS 752 15.9.3 REFLECTIVE AXICONS 753 15.9.4 AXICON FOR AN AXIAL PROFILE FORMATION 755 15.10 LITERATURE 757 16 OPTICAL MEASUREMENT AND TESTING TECHNIQUES 759 16.1 OVERVIEW 761 16.2 MEASUREMENT OFTHE FOCAL LENGTH 761 16.2.1 MEASUREMENT WITH A COLLIMATOR 761 16.2.2 GAUSS METHOD 762 16.3 MEASUREMENT OFANGLES 763 16.3.1 AUTOCOLLIMATOR 763 16.3.2 INTERFEROMETRIC TEST OF PRISM ANGLES 764 16.3.3 ALIGNMENT TELESCOPE 768 16.4 CENTERING 769 16.4.1 MEASURING CENTERING IN REFLECTION 769 16.4.2 MEASURING CENTERING IN TRANSMISSION 770 16.4.3 INTERFERENCE METHOD 771 16.5 MEASURING THE INDEX OI' REFRACTION 773 16.5.1 REFRACTOMETER 773 16.5.2 TOEPLERS SCHLIEREN METHOD 775 16.6 SURFACE-SHAPE MEASUREMENT 776 16.6.1 TRIANGULATION 776 16.6.2 FRINGE PROJECTION 776 16.6.3 OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY 778 16.7 TESTING OF SURFACE RADII AND SHAPES 780 16.7.1 NEWTON INTERFEROMETER 780 16.7.2 TWYMAN-GREEN INTERFEROMETER 782 16.7.3 FIZEAU INTERFEROMETER 784 16.7.4 EVALUATION OF THE FRINGES 785 16.8 MEASURING WAVEFRONTS 736 16.8.1 HARTMANN-SHACK WAVEFRONT SENSOR 786 16.8.2 1 LARTMANN TEST 790 XX CONTENTS 16.9 MEASUREMENT OF THE OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION 793 16.9-1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 793 16.9.2 MEASUREMENT BY EDGE IMAGING 794 16.9.3 MEASUREMENT BY LINE IMAGING 796 16.9.4 MEASUREMENT OF GRAETING STRUCTURES 797 16.10 BEAM-QUALITY MEASUREMENT 799 16.10.1 OVERVIEW 799 16.10.2 KNIFE-EDGE METHOD 800 16.10.3 SCANNING-SLIT METHOD 802 16.10.4 RONCHITEST 803 16.11 COHERENCE MEASUREMENT 807 16.11.1 YOUNGS EXPERIMENT 807 16.12 POLARIZATION MEASUREMENT 808 16.13 STRAY-LIGHT MEASUREMENT 810 16.14 COLOR MEASUREMENT 811 16.14.1 OVERVIEW 811 16.14.2 SPECTRAL PHOTOMETRY 812 16.15 LITERATURE 813 INDEX 815
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spelling	Handbook of optical systems 1 Fundamentals of technical optics ed. by Herbert Gross 1. ed., 1. reprint Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2007 XXII, 826 S. graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Technische Optik (DE-588)4078181-1 gnd rswk-swf Technische Optik (DE-588)4078181-1 s DE-604 Gross, Herbert 1955- Sonstige (DE-588)134121201 oth (DE-604)BV019743683 1 OEBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016517493&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Handbook of optical systems Technische Optik (DE-588)4078181-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4078181-1
title	Handbook of optical systems
title_auth	Handbook of optical systems
title_exact_search	Handbook of optical systems
title_exact_search_txtP	Handbook of optical systems
title_full	Handbook of optical systems 1 Fundamentals of technical optics ed. by Herbert Gross
title_fullStr	Handbook of optical systems 1 Fundamentals of technical optics ed. by Herbert Gross
title_full_unstemmed	Handbook of optical systems 1 Fundamentals of technical optics ed. by Herbert Gross
title_short	Handbook of optical systems
title_sort	handbook of optical systems fundamentals of technical optics
topic	Technische Optik (DE-588)4078181-1 gnd
topic_facet	Technische Optik
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016517493&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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work_keys_str_mv	AT grossherbert handbookofopticalsystems1

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