Holdings: Cognitive psychology

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Quinlan, Philip T. (Author), Dyson, Ben (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Harlow ; Munich [u.a.] Pearson Prentice Hall 2008
Edition:	1. publ.
Series:	Pearson education
Subjects:	Psychologie cognitive - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur Cognitive psychology Kognitive Psychologie Lehrbuch
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XXXVI, 706 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780131298101

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adam_text	Contents List of figures and tables Guided tour Preface Acknowledgements About the authors xxiv xxx xxxv xxxvii xxxviii Chapter 1 Foundations Learning objectives 1 Chapter contents 1 If you don t believe, she won t come : Playground hypothesising about the tooth fairy 2 Reflective questions 3 Part 1: An historical perspective and why there is more to cognitive psychology than meets the eye 3 Introduction and preliminary considerations 3 The abstract nature of cognitive psychology 4 Dualism and one of the many mind/body problems 5 Behaviourism 6 The laws of behaviour б The principles of associationism 7 Associative processes and learning about causation 8 Some general points about behaviourism 8 Research focus 1.1: Are you looking at me? The role of race when fear stares you in the face 9 Methodological behaviourism 10 Behaviourism and free will 10 Behaviourism and the science of psychology 11 Logical behaviourism 11 Criticisms of logical behaviourism 12 Testability is falsifiability : cognitive psychology and theory testing 13 Occam s Razor: the beauty of simplicity 14 Simplicity and the thermostat 14 Simplicity and cognitive theory 15 Research focus 1.2: Reefer madness: behavioural solutions to marijuana problems 17 Contents Part 2: An introduction to the nature of explanation in cognitive psychology How the mind and the brain are related Central state identity theory Type identity theory The different brains problem Token identity theory Function and functional role Functionalism Flow-charts of the mind: distinctions between mind, brain, software and hardware Functional description and a return to the thermostat Functionalism and information processing systems Marr s levels of explanation and cognitive psychology The level of the computational theory The level of the representation and the algorithm The level of the hardware Levels of explanation and information processing systems Research focus 1.3: What s a computer? Half a century playing the imitation game Levels of explanation and reductionism Concluding comments Chapter summary Answers to pinpoint questions 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 24 24 24 25 26 26 27 28 30 Chapter 2 Information processing and nature of the mind Learning objectives Chapter contents Hold the bells! The unfortunate case of the modular fruit machine Reflective questions Part 1: An introduction to computation and cognitive psychology Introduction and preliminary considerations Different methodological approaches to the study of the mind The cognitive approach The artificial intelligence approach The neuroscience approach Information theory and information processing A brief introduction to information theory Information and the notion of redundancy Information theory and human information processing The computational metaphor of mind and human cognition The naked desktop: the internal workings of a digital computer laid bare Physical symbol systems Symbolic representation Symbolic representation and memory Information processing and the internal set of operations Control 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 38 40 40 41 41 42 43 43 Contents The Special nature of minds and computers 44 Rule-following vs. rule-governed systems 44 Mental computation 46 The formality condition 46 The formality condition and strong Al 47 Part 2: So what is the mind really like? 49 Marr s principle of modular design 49 Research focus 2.1 : We are not amusia-ed: is music modularised? 50 Other conceptions of modularity 51 The nature of horizontal faculties 51 The nature of vertical faculties: a different kind of pot head 52 Fodor s modules 53 How is it best to characterise modules? 54 Modularity and cognitive neuropsychology 55 Cognitive neuropsychology 55 Research focus 2.2: Life after trauma: the astonishing case of Phineas Gage and the iron rod 56 The logic of the cognitive neuropsychological approach 57 Association deficits 57 Dissociation deficits 58 Cognitive deficits and cognitive resources 58 Double dissociations 58 Research focus 2.3: It s rude to point: double dissociations and manual behaviour 59 Concluding comments Chapter summary Answers to pinpoint questions 61 62 63 Chapter 3 Visual processes and visual sensory memory Learning objectives Chapter contents Catching the last bus home? Reflective questions Introduction and preliminary considerations An introduction to sensory memory Visual sensory memory: iconic memory Early experimental investigations of iconic memory Research focus 3.1: Blinking heck! What happens to iconic memory when you blink? Iconic memory and visual masking Iconic memory and visible persistence Visible vs. informational persistence Puzzling findings and the traditional ¡con The eye-as-a-camera view of visual perception The discrete moment and the travelling moment hypotheses Icons as retinal snapshots 64 64 65 65 65 66 67 68 72 73 76 77 80 83 84 86 Coding in the visual system 87 Visual frames of reference 88 Research focus 3.2: Honk if you can hear me: listening to trains inside cars 91 Turvey s (1973) experiments on masking 92 Visual masking and the organisation of the visual system 92 Further evidence on where the icon is 96 Research focus 3.3: Going, going, gone: iconic memory in dementia patients 97 Iconic memory and the more durable store 98 Aperture viewing 98 Concluding comments 101 Chapter summary 102 Answers to pinpoint questions 104 Chapter 4 Masking, thresholds and consciousness Learning objectives Chapter contents While you were sleeping: The continuing joys of communal living Reflective questions Introduction and preliminary considerations The sequential account of processing and Turvey s work on visual masking The concurrent and contingent model of masking Masking by object substitution Feedforward and feedback processes Feedback as re-entrant visual processes Masking and consciousness Semantic activation without conscious identification? Allport (1977) Problems for Allport (1977) and a re-interpretation of his data Drawing the line between conscious and non-conscious processing Perceptual thresholds Thresholds and conscious perception Research focus 4.1 : Did you say something ? Subliminal priming in audition The traditional view of an absolute threshold Variable thresholds and subjective factors Thresholds and perceptual defence Research focus 4.2: Slap or tickle: do we have a preference for the detection of negative or positive words? Perceptual defence: a perceptual effect? Thresholds and signal detection theory The traditional interpretation of SDT in information processing terms Perceptual defence a perceptual effect? Broadbent and Gregory (1967a) revisited More recent accounts of semantic activation without conscious identification Marcel s work on semantic activation without conscious identification Perception without awareness? A re-appraisal of Marcel s findings Cheesman and Merikle (1984) 705 705 706 706 107 108 108 110 111 111 113 113 114 115 115 116 118 119 120 120 122 123 124 125 128 129 131 131 132 132 Research focus 4.3: Paying your way into consciousness: can post-decision wagers measure awareness? 135 Perception without awareness? More provocative evidence 136 Just how effective is visual masking in halting stimulus processing? 138 Concluding comments 140 Chapter summary 140 Answers to pinpoint questions 142 Chapter 5 An introduction to perception Learning objectives 143 Chapter contents 143 It only attacks when the moon is aglow : The Beast of Burnley 144 Reflective questions 144 Introduction and preliminary considerations 144 Distinguishing perception from cognition 145 Drawing a distinction between the perceptual system and the cognitive system 147 Familiarity and perception 148 Familiarity and word recognition 149 Sensory/perceptual accounts of the effects of familiarity 150 Decisional/post-perceptual accounts of familiarity 151 Explaining the word frequency effect 152 Active vs. passive theories of perception 152 Familiarity effects reflect late processes 152 Familiarity effects reflect early processes 153 Recency and expectancy 157 The perception of ambiguous figures 157 Research focus 5.1: Flip-flopping: children s responses to ambiguous figures 158 Attempting to disentangle effects of recency from those of expectancy 159 Recency and repetition priming 160 Expectancy and set 162 Instructional set 163 Mentalset 163 More general conclusions 165 The Old Look/New Look schools in perception 166 The Old Look: Gestalt theory 166 The Gestalt laws of perceptual organisation 167 The Principle of Prägnanz 168 Gestalt theory and the brain 168 Mental copies and perceptual organisation 170 Research focus 5.2: The gestation of Gestalt: how infants learn to group perceptually 170 The New Look 172 Bruner s perceptual readiness theory 172 Perception as a process of unconscious inference 173 The likelihood principle 173 The poverty of the stimulus argument 174 Perceptual inference-making 174 Research focus 5.3: You saw the whole of the cube: spatial neglect and Necker dra wings 175 Lessons from perceptual illusions 176 Modularity revisited 179 Bottom-up vs. top-down modes of processing 180 Concluding comments 181 Chapter summary 182 Answers to pinpoint questions 183 Chapter б Theories of perception Learning objectives 185 Chapter contents 185 But is it art? Aesthetic observations and twiglets 186 Reflective questions 186 Introduction and preliminary considerations 186 Simplicity and likelihood 187 The minimum principle 187 Critical appraisal of SIT 190 The likelihood principle 191 Simplicity and likelihood reconsidered 193 Simplicity, likelihood and the nature of perception 193 Are short codes all they are cracked up to be? 193 The advantages of the likelihood principle 194 Global-to-local processing 196 Experiments with compound letters 197 Accounting for global-to-local processing 198 Navon s (2003) account of global-to-local processing 200 Change blindness 202 Research focus 6.1: Touchy touchy: the inability to detect changes in the tactile modality 204 Context effects in perception 206 Context in the perception of speech 207 Analysis by synthesis and speech perception 208 Initial appraisal of analysis by synthesis 209 Research focus 6.2: Hear my lips: visual and auditory dominance in the McGurk effect 212 Perception as a process of embellishment 213 Minsky s (1975) frame theory 213 Problems for knowledge-driven accounts of perception 214 Phonemic restoration as an act of perceptual embellishment 216 Detailed theoretical accounts of performance 217 Research focus 6.3: Sorry, I ll read that again: phonemic restoration with the initial phoneme 218 Top-down processing and interactive activation models 218 Interaction activation and phonemic restoration 220 Samuel s findings 220 Perception as constrained hallucination? 221 Pulling it all together Embellishment in perception revisited Top-down influences in perception revisited Concluding comments Chapter summary Answers to pinpoint questions 223 223 224 225 225 227 Chapter 7 Mental representation Learning objectives 228 Chapter contents 228 You are nothing! 229 Reflective questions 229 Introduction and preliminary considerations 230 How rats running mazes led to some insights about mental representation 230 Maps and cognitive maps 231 Analogical representation 232 Research focus 7.1: Is 8 to 9 further than W to 9? Representing the mental number line 236 Tolman s alternative theoretical perspective to behaviourism 237 Some examples of Tolman s experiments on cognitive maps 238 Mental operations carried out on mental maps 240 Research focus 7.2: You can t get there from here: the cognitive map of a brain-damaged London taxi driver 242 Maps and pictures-in-the-head 242 Mental pictures 242 Kosslyn s view of mental pictures 244 Mental images and the mental cathode-ray screen 244 Dual-format systems 245 Mental scanning 246 Further provocative data 248 Real space in the head: what is mental space really like? 249 Further evidence for analogical representation 249 The dissenting view: descriptive, not depictive representations 250 Depictive representations and a pause for thought 251 The ambiguity of mental images 252 Mental rotation 255 Research focus 7.3: Monkey see, monkey do, monkey rotate? The mental life of a macaque 257 Descriptive representations 258 Mentalese - the language of thought 258 Structural descriptions of shapes 259 Shape discriminations and template matching 262 The lingua mentis and propositional representation 263 Concluding comments 267 Chapter summary 268 Answers to pinpoint questions 270 ■lililí: Chapter 8 Attention: general introduction, basic models and data Learning objectives 271 Chapter contents 271 A cognitive psychologist in the DJ booth 272 Reflective questions 273 Introduction and preliminary considerations 273 Out with the new and in with the old 273 Early filtering accounts of selection 274 Selection by filtering 275 Information processing constraints in the model 277 Split-span experiments 278 Shadowing experiments 280 Provocative data - challenges to the early filter account 280 Research focus 8.1 : / think my ears are burning: why do I hear my name across a crowded room? 281 The attenuated filter model of attention 282 Further revisions to the original filter theory 283 The differences between stimulus set and response set 284 Late filtering accounts of selection 285 Evidence in support of late selection 286 No structural bottleneck accounts of attention 288 The notion of attentional resources 290 A single pool of resources? 290 Single resource accounts and the dual-task decrement 291 Research focus 8.2: Patting my head and rubbing my belly: can I really do two things at once? 292 Appraisal of single resource theories 293 Resources and resource allocation in more detail 295 Attentional resources or something else? 296 Multiple resources? 299 Research focus 8.3: Sorry, I can t speak now, I m in the hospital : mobile phone use and driving as dual task 300 When doing two things at once is as easy as doing either alone 300 Pulling it all together 302 Controlled parallel processing 304 Perceptual load theory 305 Load theory and effects of varying perceptual load 306 Load theory and effects of varying memory load 307 Concluding comments 309 Chapter summary 309 Answers to pinpoint questions 310 Chapter 9 Attentional constraints and performance limitations Learning objectives Chapter contents Back in the booth Reflective questions 312 312 313 313 Introduction and preliminary considerations 313 Stages of information processing 314 Further analyses of dual-task performance 316 Research focus 9.1: Counting the cost: Alzheimer s disease and dual-task performance 317 Studies of the psychological refractory period 317 Understanding the PRP 319 Pashler s (1994) four principles of the central bottleneck theory 320 Testing the principles of the central bottleneck account 322 Additivity and under-additivity on RT2 323 Standing back from the central bottlenecks 328 Capacity sharing? 328 PRP and driving 329 Research focus 9.2: Because practice makes ... : PRP, practice and the elderly 330 Task switching 331 Basic concepts and findings from the task-switching literature 331 Task set reconfiguration 333 Some additional theoretical ideas 336 The task carryover account 336 Switching costs and proactive interference 337 Research focus 9.3: Totally wired? The effect of caffeine on task switching 338 Concluding comments 339 Chapter summary 339 Answers to pinpoint questions 340 Chapter 10 Human memory: an introduction Learning objectives Chapter contents You must remember this? A levels of processing approach to exam cramming Reflective questions Introduction and preliminary considerations Libraries/warehouses/computers The modularity of mind revisited Memory as a horizontal faculty Organisation and memory Organisation vs. associations? The levels of processing approach Problems with levels and alternative accounts Compartmentalisation of memory Episodic vs. semantic memory Further evidence for the episodic/semantic distinction Further divisions between memory systems Short-term and long-term memory Forgetting and short-term memory Research focus 10.1: Playing tag on . . . which street? Childhood memories for street names 342 342 343 343 343 345 346 346 349 351 351 352 354 354 355 356 356 358 359 Further evidence for trace decay 360 Further evidence that bears on the short-term/long-term memory distinction 364 The modal model and its detractors 367 Arguments about recency effects 368 Research focus 10.2: Faithful all ye come: serial position effects in hymns 370 Alternative accounts of the recency effects 370 Memory as a vertical faculty 374 The working memory model 374 Visuo-spatial, short-term memory 378 The central executive 379 Research focus 10.3: Standing in the way of control: restarting the central executive after brain injury 380 The episodic buffer 382 Concluding comments 383 Chapter summary 384 Answers to pinpoint questions 385 Chapter 11 Human memory: fallibilities and failures Learning objectives 387 Chapter contents 387 Night 388 Reflective questions 388 Introduction and preliminary considerations 388 Headed records 389 Headed records and various memory phenomena 390 Eyewitness memory 391 Reconstructive and destructive processes: the misleading information effect 392 Research focus 11.1: But I heard them with my own ears! An exploration in earwitness testimony 393 Headed records and the misleading information effect 393 Alternative accounts of the misleading information effect 395 Further evidence that bears on destructive processes 396 The misleading information effect and encoding specificity 397 Going beyond encoding specificity 398 Research focus 11.2: Do you remember the first time? Remembering misleading information about upcoming novel events 399 Even more accounts of the misleading information effect 400 Signal detection theory, recognition memory and explaining false memories 400 False memories and response bias 403 False memories in the real world 405 Research focus 11.3: Remembering the mothership: false memories and alien abductees 407 False memories and aging 408 False autobiographical memories 411 Memory and the remember/know distinction 412 Concluding comments Chapter summary Answers to pinpoint questions 413 414 415 Chapter 12 Semantic memory and concepts Learning objectives 416 Chapter contents 416 Wardrobe refreshing and memories of the Pyramid stage 417 Reflective questions 417 Introduction and preliminary considerations 418 Key terms and key concepts 418 Extensions and intensions 419 Propositions and propositional networks 421 Semantic network representations of human memory 422 Semantic networks 423 A psychologically plausible semantic network? 426 Data that challenge the Collins and Quillian account 428 Feature models 430 Psychological space and multi-dimensional scaling 430 Research focus 12.1: I think I m gonna barf: the different dimensions of disgust 432 The Smith et al. (1974) featural model 432 Difficult findings for the featural account 434 Research focus 12.2: Do geese or squirrels lay eggs? Semantic memory in a schizophrenic 435 Semantic features, semantic primitives and cogits 436 Semantic features as defined on semantic dimensions 436 Semantic primitives as the atoms of meaning 436 Semantic features and semantic feature norms 437 Semantic features and semantic relatedness 437 Localist vs. distributed models 441 Distributed representation and mental chemistry 442 The Rumelhart and Todd (1993) model of semantic memory 444 Connectionist models and the simulation of knowledge acquisition 445 Training connectionist networks 446 Hidden unit representations 449 Research focus 12.3: What should I call you? Networks, nominal competition and naming 452 Prototypes 453 Early experimental work on prototypes 454 Conceptual categories and family resemblance 455 Prototype formation 456 The internal structure of mental taxonomies 457 The basic level and the structure of mental categories 457 Prototype models vs. exemplar-based models 459 Concluding comments 460 Chapter summary 461 Answers to pinpoint questions 462 Chapter 13 Object recognition Learning objectives 464 Chapter contents 464 But mine was small, grey and shiny as well: Disputes at baggage carousel number 6 465 Reflective questions 465 Introduction and preliminary considerations 466 A general framework for thinking about object recognition 467 Sorting out recognition , identification and classification 467 The basic level advantage 468 The crude-to-fine framework reappears 469 Further claims about the basic level advantage and perceptual processing 470 The basic level advantage and expertise 471 Experts and experts 472 Research focus 13.1: Knowing your plonk from your plink: what makes a wine expert? 474 Further issues and controversies in visual object recognition 475 Additional useful terminology: introduction to Marr s theory 477 2D representations 477 2-jD representations 477 Marr s levels of representation in vision 478 The catalogue of 3D models 479 Object recognition and the process of matching 481 Object recognition and axis-based descriptions 481 Connections with the previous material 483 The basic first hypothesis revisited 483 Object recognition via the recognition of part of an object 483 Empirical evidence that bears on Marr s theory 483 Can we imagine how objects look from other viewpoints? 484 Research focus 13.2: Narrowing towards the back : foreshortening without sight 489 Restricted viewpoint-invariant theories 490 Biederman s recognition by components account 491 Appraisal of RBC 494 Viewpoint-dependent theories 496 Privileged view or privileged views? 498 The chorus of prototypes 499 Research focus 13.3: Meet the Greebles: the effects of training on an individual with visual agnosia 502 Evidence regarding context and object recognition 503 Concluding comments 506 Chapter summary 507 Answers to pinpoint questions 508 Chapter 14 The nature of language and ¡ts relation to the other mental faculties 509 Learning objectives Chapter contents 509 509 Off the starting blocks: Language on a lazy Sunday afternoon 510 Reflective questions 510 Introduction and preliminary considerations 511 Some basic characteristics of natural language 511 Performance vs. competence 511 The difference between the surface forms of language and the deeper forms 513 Linguistics vs. psycholinguistics 514 The componential nature of language 515 The phonological structure 515 The syntactic structure 515 The semantic structure 517 Research focus 14.1 : / know it, I know it, it s on the tip of my fingers: failure of sign retrieval in the deaf 519 Other basic characteristics of natural language 519 Productivity 520 Systematicity 520 Compositionality 521 Recursion 521 Syntactic parsing on-line 524 Syntax and the garden path 524 Research focus 14.2: While Anna dressed the baby spit up on the bed: what we believe happened as we walk down the garden path 526 Parsing according to minimal attachment 527 Parsing according to late closure 529 Multiple-constraint satisfaction accounts of parsing: semantically driven parsing 530 Mental rules 532 Rule-following vs. rule-governed devices reconsidered 533 The past-tense debate 533 The establishment account of past-tense learning 534 Connectionist accounts of past-tense learning 535 Past-tense learning according to Rumelhart and McClelland (1986) 535 Research focus 14.3: Holded the front page! Sex differences in past-tense overgeneralisations 539 Appraising the Rumelhart and McClelland past-tense model 540 Language, knowledge and perception 542 A final general framework for thinking about the relations between language and the other related faculties 542 Language, mental categories and perception 544 Influences of categorisation on perceptual discrimination - Goldstone (1994) 544 Categorical perception and verbal labelling 547 Categorical perception, colour perception and colour naming 549 The Whorf hypothesis vs. the Roschian hypothesis 549 The early work of Heider/Rosch 550 More recent work by Roberson and colleagues 551 Concluding comments 553 Chapter summary 554 Answers to pinpoint questions 556 Chapter 15 Reasoning Learning objectives 557 Chapter contents 557 A day at the races 558 Reflective questions 558 Introduction and preliminary considerations 559 The dual system account of reasoning 559 The associative system 559 The rule-based system 559 Distinguishing between the two systems 560 Linda-the-bank-teller problem 560 The conjunction fallacy and representativeness 561 Reasoning by heuristics and biases 562 The representative heuristic 563 The availability heuristic 563 Base rate neglect 564 Research focus 15.1 : You are either with us or against us: the heuristics of terror 566 The medical diagnosis problem 567 Heuristics and biases and the competence/performance distinction 570 The standard picture 570 Why people are not Bayesian reasoners 571 Natural frequencies vs. conditional probabilities 572 The two systems of reasoning revisited 574 Reasoning in evolutionary terms 575 Evolution and the dual systems 575 Evolution and reasoning the fast and frugal way 576 Human reasoning as a process of satisficing 576 Research focus 15.2: When enough is enough: satisficing, maximising and the way you feel 577 Evolution and the modularity of mind 579 Deductive and inductive inference 580 Deductive inference 580 Inductive inference 580 The Wason selection task 581 Social contract theory 583 Feeling obliged? Deontic and indicative conditionals 585 The selection task and attempts to eliminate system 2 585 Appraising the information gain account 587 Deductive reasoning and syllogisms 589 Some definitions and useful terminology 589 Psychological aspects of syllogistic reasoning 591 The figurai effect and mental models 592 Research focus 15.3: Looking at the evidence: eye movements and syllogistic reasoning 595 Mental models and mental imagery 596 Concluding comments 597 Chapter summary 598 Answers to pinpoint questions 599 Х;:№!$#Щ ■Contents Chapter 16 Cognition and emotion Learning objectives Chapter contents Master of your mood? Reflective questions Introduction and preliminary considerations Towards a cognitive theory of emotions The five basic emotions Emotional vs. non-emotional modes of the cognitive system Research focus 16.1: If you re happy and you know it, press a key: cultural differences in recognising basic emotions Conscious versus unconscious processing Automatic vs. controlled processes Searching for emotionally charged stimuli The face-in-the-crowd effect Further work on the face-in-the-crowd effect Appraisal of the work on facial expression detection Other attentional tasks and facial expression processing Research focus 16.2: Going for gold? What your face looks like when you come second The flanker task and emotional faces Eye gaze, facial expression and the direction of attention The basic spatial cueing task Explaining spatial cueing Covert vs. overt shifts of attention Experimental work on following eye gaze Further experiments on the potency of eye gaze Detecting threatening objects Further evidence for the animal advantage Research focus 16.3: Freeze! Coming face to face with threat Other indications of the influence of emotion on cognition Mood induction in normal, healthy adults Mood induction and ethical considerations Mood induction and mood Mood and judgement Depressive realism Further work on depressive realism Concluding comments Chapter summary Answers to pinpoint questions Bibliography Glossary Name index Subject index Publishers acknowledgements 600 600 601 601 601 603 604 604 605 607 608 609 609 613 617 617 618 619 621 621 624 624 625 626 629 630 631 632 632 633 633 635 635 636 637 638 640 641 665 681 688 699
adam_txt	Contents List of figures and tables Guided tour Preface Acknowledgements About the authors xxiv xxx xxxv xxxvii xxxviii Chapter 1 Foundations Learning objectives 1 Chapter contents 1 'If you don't believe, she won't come': Playground hypothesising about the tooth fairy 2 Reflective questions 3 Part 1: An historical perspective and why there is more to cognitive psychology than meets the eye 3 Introduction and preliminary considerations 3 The abstract nature of cognitive psychology 4 Dualism and one of the many mind/body problems 5 Behaviourism 6 The laws of behaviour б The principles of associationism 7 Associative processes and learning about causation 8 Some general points about behaviourism 8 Research focus 1.1: Are you looking at me? The role of race when fear stares you in the face 9 Methodological behaviourism 10 Behaviourism and free will 10 Behaviourism and the science of psychology 11 Logical behaviourism 11 Criticisms of logical behaviourism 12 'Testability is falsifiability': cognitive psychology and theory testing 13 Occam's Razor: the beauty of simplicity 14 Simplicity and the thermostat 14 Simplicity and cognitive theory 15 Research focus 1.2: Reefer madness: behavioural solutions to marijuana problems 17 Contents Part 2: An introduction to the nature of explanation in cognitive psychology How the mind and the brain are related Central state identity theory Type identity theory The different brains problem Token identity theory Function and functional role Functionalism Flow-charts of the mind: distinctions between mind, brain, software and hardware Functional description and a return to the thermostat Functionalism and information processing systems Marr's levels of explanation and cognitive psychology The level of the computational theory The level of the representation and the algorithm The level of the hardware Levels of explanation and information processing systems Research focus 1.3: What's a computer? Half a century playing the imitation game Levels of explanation and reductionism Concluding comments Chapter summary Answers to pinpoint questions 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 24 24 24 25 26 26 27 28 30 Chapter 2 Information processing and nature of the mind Learning objectives Chapter contents Hold the bells! The unfortunate case of the modular fruit machine Reflective questions Part 1: An introduction to computation and cognitive psychology Introduction and preliminary considerations Different methodological approaches to the study of the mind The cognitive approach The artificial intelligence approach The neuroscience approach Information theory and information processing A brief introduction to information theory Information and the notion of redundancy Information theory and human information processing The computational metaphor of mind and human cognition The naked desktop: the internal workings of a digital computer laid bare Physical symbol systems Symbolic representation Symbolic representation and memory Information processing and the internal set of operations Control 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 38 40 40 41 41 42 43 43 Contents The Special nature of minds and computers 44 Rule-following vs. rule-governed systems 44 Mental computation 46 The formality condition 46 The formality condition and strong Al 47 Part 2: So what is the mind really like? 49 Marr's principle of modular design 49 Research focus 2.1 : We are not amusia-ed: is music modularised? 50 Other conceptions of modularity 51 The nature of horizontal faculties 51 The nature of vertical faculties: a different kind of pot head 52 Fodor's modules 53 How is it best to characterise modules? 54 Modularity and cognitive neuropsychology 55 Cognitive neuropsychology 55 Research focus 2.2: Life after trauma: the astonishing case of Phineas Gage and the iron rod 56 The logic of the cognitive neuropsychological approach 57 Association deficits 57 Dissociation deficits 58 Cognitive deficits and cognitive resources 58 Double dissociations 58 Research focus 2.3: It's rude to point: double dissociations and manual behaviour 59 Concluding comments Chapter summary Answers to pinpoint questions 61 62 63 Chapter 3 Visual processes and visual sensory memory Learning objectives Chapter contents Catching the last bus home? Reflective questions Introduction and preliminary considerations An introduction to sensory memory Visual sensory memory: iconic memory Early experimental investigations of iconic memory Research focus 3.1: Blinking heck! What happens to iconic memory when you blink? Iconic memory and visual masking Iconic memory and visible persistence Visible vs. informational persistence Puzzling findings and the traditional ¡con The 'eye-as-a-camera' view of visual perception The discrete moment and the travelling moment hypotheses Icons as retinal snapshots 64 64 65 65 65 66 67 68 72 73 76 77 80 83 84 86 Coding in the visual system 87 Visual frames of reference 88 Research focus 3.2: Honk if you can hear me: listening to trains inside cars 91 Turvey's (1973) experiments on masking 92 Visual masking and the organisation of the visual system 92 Further evidence on where the icon is 96 Research focus 3.3: Going, going, gone: iconic memory in dementia patients 97 Iconic memory and the more durable store 98 Aperture viewing 98 Concluding comments 101 Chapter summary 102 Answers to pinpoint questions 104 Chapter 4 Masking, thresholds and consciousness Learning objectives Chapter contents While you were sleeping: The continuing joys of communal living Reflective questions Introduction and preliminary considerations The sequential account of processing and Turvey's work on visual masking The concurrent and contingent model of masking Masking by object substitution Feedforward and feedback processes Feedback as re-entrant visual processes Masking and consciousness Semantic activation without conscious identification? Allport (1977) Problems for Allport (1977) and a re-interpretation of his data Drawing the line between conscious and non-conscious processing Perceptual thresholds Thresholds and conscious perception Research focus 4.1 : Did you say something ? Subliminal priming in audition The traditional view of an absolute threshold Variable thresholds and subjective factors Thresholds and perceptual defence Research focus 4.2: Slap or tickle: do we have a preference for the detection of negative or positive words? Perceptual defence: a perceptual effect? Thresholds and signal detection theory The traditional interpretation of SDT in information processing terms Perceptual defence a perceptual effect? Broadbent and Gregory (1967a) revisited More recent accounts of semantic activation without conscious identification Marcel's work on semantic activation without conscious identification Perception without awareness? A re-appraisal of Marcel's findings Cheesman and Merikle (1984) 705 705 706 706 107 108 108 110 111 111 113 113 114 115 115 116 118 119 120 120 122 123 124 125 128 129 131 131 132 132 Research focus 4.3: Paying your way into consciousness: can post-decision wagers measure awareness? 135 Perception without awareness? More provocative evidence 136 Just how effective is visual masking in halting stimulus processing? 138 Concluding comments 140 Chapter summary 140 Answers to pinpoint questions 142 Chapter 5 An introduction to perception Learning objectives 143 Chapter contents 143 'It only attacks when the moon is aglow': The Beast of Burnley 144 Reflective questions 144 Introduction and preliminary considerations 144 Distinguishing perception from cognition 145 Drawing a distinction between the perceptual system and the cognitive system 147 Familiarity and perception 148 Familiarity and word recognition 149 Sensory/perceptual accounts of the effects of familiarity 150 Decisional/post-perceptual accounts of familiarity 151 Explaining the word frequency effect 152 Active vs. passive theories of perception 152 Familiarity effects reflect late processes 152 Familiarity effects reflect early processes 153 Recency and expectancy 157 The perception of ambiguous figures 157 Research focus 5.1: Flip-flopping: children's responses to ambiguous figures 158 Attempting to disentangle effects of recency from those of expectancy 159 Recency and repetition priming 160 Expectancy and set 162 Instructional set 163 Mentalset 163 More general conclusions 165 The Old Look/New Look schools in perception 166 The Old Look: Gestalt theory 166 The Gestalt laws of perceptual organisation 167 The Principle of Prägnanz 168 Gestalt theory and the brain 168 Mental copies and perceptual organisation 170 Research focus 5.2: The gestation of Gestalt: how infants learn to group perceptually 170 The New Look 172 Bruner's perceptual readiness theory 172 Perception as a process of unconscious inference 173 The likelihood principle 173 The poverty of the stimulus argument 174 Perceptual inference-making 174 Research focus 5.3: You saw the whole of the cube: spatial neglect and Necker dra wings 175 Lessons from perceptual illusions 176 Modularity revisited 179 Bottom-up vs. top-down modes of processing 180 Concluding comments 181 Chapter summary 182 Answers to pinpoint questions 183 Chapter б Theories of perception Learning objectives 185 Chapter contents 185 But is it art? Aesthetic observations and twiglets 186 Reflective questions 186 Introduction and preliminary considerations 186 Simplicity and likelihood 187 The minimum principle 187 Critical appraisal of SIT 190 The likelihood principle 191 Simplicity and likelihood reconsidered 193 Simplicity, likelihood and the nature of perception 193 Are short codes all they are cracked up to be? 193 The advantages of the likelihood principle 194 Global-to-local processing 196 Experiments with compound letters 197 Accounting for global-to-local processing 198 Navon's (2003) account of global-to-local processing 200 Change blindness 202 Research focus 6.1: Touchy touchy: the inability to detect changes in the tactile modality 204 Context effects in perception 206 Context in the perception of speech 207 Analysis by synthesis and speech perception 208 Initial appraisal of analysis by synthesis 209 Research focus 6.2: Hear my lips: visual and auditory dominance in the McGurk effect 212 Perception as a process of embellishment 213 Minsky's (1975) frame theory 213 Problems for knowledge-driven accounts of perception 214 Phonemic restoration as an act of perceptual embellishment 216 Detailed theoretical accounts of performance 217 Research focus 6.3: Sorry, I'll read that again: phonemic restoration with the initial phoneme 218 Top-down processing and interactive activation models 218 Interaction activation and phonemic restoration 220 Samuel's findings 220 Perception as constrained hallucination? 221 Pulling it all together Embellishment in perception revisited Top-down influences in perception revisited Concluding comments Chapter summary Answers to pinpoint questions 223 223 224 225 225 227 Chapter 7 Mental representation Learning objectives 228 Chapter contents 228 You are nothing! 229 Reflective questions 229 Introduction and preliminary considerations 230 How rats running mazes led to some insights about mental representation 230 Maps and cognitive maps 231 Analogical representation 232 Research focus 7.1: Is 8 to 9 further than W to 9? Representing the mental number line 236 Tolman's alternative theoretical perspective to behaviourism 237 Some examples of Tolman's experiments on cognitive maps 238 Mental operations carried out on mental maps 240 Research focus 7.2: You can't get there from here: the cognitive map of a brain-damaged London taxi driver 242 Maps and pictures-in-the-head 242 Mental pictures 242 Kosslyn's view of mental pictures 244 Mental images and the mental cathode-ray screen 244 Dual-format systems 245 Mental scanning 246 Further provocative data 248 Real space in the head: what is mental space really like? 249 Further evidence for analogical representation 249 The dissenting view: descriptive, not depictive representations 250 Depictive representations and a pause for thought 251 The ambiguity of mental images 252 Mental rotation 255 Research focus 7.3: Monkey see, monkey do, monkey rotate? The mental life of a macaque 257 Descriptive representations 258 Mentalese - the language of thought 258 Structural descriptions of shapes 259 Shape discriminations and template matching 262 The lingua mentis and propositional representation 263 Concluding comments 267 Chapter summary 268 Answers to pinpoint questions 270 ■lililí: Chapter 8 Attention: general introduction, basic models and data Learning objectives 271 Chapter contents 271 A cognitive psychologist in the DJ booth 272 Reflective questions 273 Introduction and preliminary considerations 273 Out with the new and in with the old 273 Early filtering accounts of selection 274 Selection by filtering 275 Information processing constraints in the model 277 Split-span experiments 278 Shadowing experiments 280 Provocative data - challenges to the early filter account 280 Research focus 8.1 : / think my ears are burning: why do I hear my name across a crowded room? 281 The attenuated filter model of attention 282 Further revisions to the original filter theory 283 The differences between stimulus set and response set 284 Late filtering accounts of selection 285 Evidence in support of late selection 286 No 'structural bottleneck' accounts of attention 288 The notion of attentional resources 290 A single pool of resources? 290 Single resource accounts and the dual-task decrement 291 Research focus 8.2: Patting my head and rubbing my belly: can I really do two things at once? 292 Appraisal of single resource theories 293 Resources and resource allocation in more detail 295 Attentional resources or something else? 296 Multiple resources? 299 Research focus 8.3: 'Sorry, I can't speak now, I'm in the hospital': mobile phone use and driving as dual task 300 When doing two things at once is as easy as doing either alone 300 Pulling it all together 302 Controlled parallel processing 304 Perceptual load theory 305 Load theory and effects of varying perceptual load 306 Load theory and effects of varying memory load 307 Concluding comments 309 Chapter summary 309 Answers to pinpoint questions 310 Chapter 9 Attentional constraints and performance limitations Learning objectives Chapter contents Back in the booth Reflective questions 312 312 313 313 Introduction and preliminary considerations 313 Stages of information processing 314 Further analyses of dual-task performance 316 Research focus 9.1: Counting the cost: Alzheimer's disease and dual-task performance 317 Studies of the psychological refractory period 317 Understanding the PRP 319 Pashler's (1994) four principles of the central bottleneck theory 320 Testing the principles of the central bottleneck account 322 Additivity and under-additivity on RT2 323 Standing back from the central bottlenecks 328 Capacity sharing? 328 PRP and driving 329 Research focus 9.2: Because practice makes . : PRP, practice and the elderly 330 Task switching 331 Basic concepts and findings from the task-switching literature 331 Task set reconfiguration 333 Some additional theoretical ideas 336 The task carryover account 336 Switching costs and proactive interference 337 Research focus 9.3: Totally wired? The effect of caffeine on task switching 338 Concluding comments 339 Chapter summary 339 Answers to pinpoint questions 340 Chapter 10 Human memory: an introduction Learning objectives Chapter contents You must remember this? A levels of processing approach to exam cramming Reflective questions Introduction and preliminary considerations Libraries/warehouses/computers The modularity of mind revisited Memory as a horizontal faculty Organisation and memory Organisation vs. associations? The levels of processing approach Problems with levels and alternative accounts Compartmentalisation of memory Episodic vs. semantic memory Further evidence for the episodic/semantic distinction Further divisions between memory systems Short-term and long-term memory Forgetting and short-term memory Research focus 10.1: Playing tag on . . . which street? Childhood memories for street names 342 342 343 343 343 345 346 346 349 351 351 352 354 354 355 356 356 358 359 Further evidence for trace decay 360 Further evidence that bears on the short-term/long-term memory distinction 364 The modal model and its detractors 367 Arguments about recency effects 368 Research focus 10.2: Faithful all ye come: serial position effects in hymns 370 Alternative accounts of the recency effects 370 Memory as a vertical faculty 374 The working memory model 374 Visuo-spatial, short-term memory 378 The central executive 379 Research focus 10.3: Standing in the way of control: restarting the central executive after brain injury 380 The episodic buffer 382 Concluding comments 383 Chapter summary 384 Answers to pinpoint questions 385 Chapter 11 Human memory: fallibilities and failures Learning objectives 387 Chapter contents 387 Night 388 Reflective questions 388 Introduction and preliminary considerations 388 Headed records 389 Headed records and various memory phenomena 390 Eyewitness memory 391 Reconstructive and destructive processes: the misleading information effect 392 Research focus 11.1: But I heard them with my own ears! An exploration in earwitness testimony 393 Headed records and the misleading information effect 393 Alternative accounts of the misleading information effect 395 Further evidence that bears on destructive processes 396 The misleading information effect and encoding specificity 397 Going beyond encoding specificity 398 Research focus 11.2: Do you remember the first time? Remembering misleading information about upcoming novel events 399 Even more accounts of the misleading information effect 400 Signal detection theory, recognition memory and explaining false memories 400 False memories and response bias 403 False memories in the real world 405 Research focus 11.3: Remembering the mothership: false memories and alien abductees 407 False memories and aging 408 False autobiographical memories 411 Memory and the remember/know distinction 412 Concluding comments Chapter summary Answers to pinpoint questions 413 414 415 Chapter 12 Semantic memory and concepts Learning objectives 416 Chapter contents 416 Wardrobe refreshing and memories of the Pyramid stage 417 Reflective questions 417 Introduction and preliminary considerations 418 Key terms and key concepts 418 Extensions and intensions 419 Propositions and propositional networks 421 Semantic network representations of human memory 422 Semantic networks 423 A psychologically plausible semantic network? 426 Data that challenge the Collins and Quillian account 428 Feature models 430 Psychological space and multi-dimensional scaling 430 Research focus 12.1: 'I think I'm gonna barf: the different dimensions of disgust 432 The Smith et al. (1974) featural model 432 Difficult findings for the featural account 434 Research focus 12.2: Do geese or squirrels lay eggs? Semantic memory in a schizophrenic 435 Semantic features, semantic primitives and cogits 436 Semantic features as defined on semantic dimensions 436 Semantic primitives as the atoms of meaning 436 Semantic features and semantic feature norms 437 Semantic features and semantic relatedness 437 Localist vs. distributed models 441 Distributed representation and mental chemistry 442 The Rumelhart and Todd (1993) model of semantic memory 444 Connectionist models and the simulation of knowledge acquisition 445 Training connectionist networks 446 Hidden unit representations 449 Research focus 12.3: What should I call you? Networks, nominal competition and naming 452 Prototypes 453 Early experimental work on prototypes 454 Conceptual categories and family resemblance 455 Prototype formation 456 The internal structure of mental taxonomies 457 The basic level and the structure of mental categories 457 Prototype models vs. exemplar-based models 459 Concluding comments 460 Chapter summary 461 Answers to pinpoint questions 462 Chapter 13 Object recognition Learning objectives 464 Chapter contents 464 But mine was small, grey and shiny as well: Disputes at baggage carousel number 6 465 Reflective questions 465 Introduction and preliminary considerations 466 A general framework for thinking about object recognition 467 Sorting out 'recognition', 'identification' and 'classification' 467 The basic level advantage 468 The crude-to-fine framework reappears 469 Further claims about the basic level advantage and perceptual processing 470 The basic level advantage and expertise 471 Experts and 'experts' 472 Research focus 13.1: Knowing your plonk from your plink: what makes a wine expert? 474 Further issues and controversies in visual object recognition 475 Additional useful terminology: introduction to Marr's theory 477 2D representations 477 2-jD representations 477 Marr's levels of representation in vision 478 The catalogue of 3D models 479 Object recognition and the process of matching 481 Object recognition and axis-based descriptions 481 Connections with the previous material 483 The basic first hypothesis revisited 483 Object recognition via the recognition of part of an object 483 Empirical evidence that bears on Marr's theory 483 Can we imagine how objects look from other viewpoints? 484 Research focus 13.2: 'Narrowing towards the back': foreshortening without sight 489 Restricted viewpoint-invariant theories 490 Biederman's recognition by components account 491 Appraisal of RBC 494 Viewpoint-dependent theories 496 Privileged view or privileged views? 498 The chorus of prototypes 499 Research focus 13.3: Meet the Greebles: the effects of training on an individual with visual agnosia 502 Evidence regarding context and object recognition 503 Concluding comments 506 Chapter summary 507 Answers to pinpoint questions 508 Chapter 14 The nature of language and ¡ts relation to the other mental faculties 509 Learning objectives Chapter contents 509 509 Off the starting blocks: Language on a lazy Sunday afternoon 510 Reflective questions 510 Introduction and preliminary considerations 511 Some basic characteristics of natural language 511 Performance vs. competence 511 The difference between the surface forms of language and the deeper forms 513 Linguistics vs. psycholinguistics 514 The componential nature of language 515 The phonological structure 515 The syntactic structure 515 The semantic structure 517 Research focus 14.1 : / know it, I know it, it's on the tip of my fingers: failure of sign retrieval in the deaf 519 Other basic characteristics of natural language 519 Productivity 520 Systematicity 520 Compositionality 521 Recursion 521 Syntactic parsing on-line 524 Syntax and the garden path 524 Research focus 14.2: While Anna dressed the baby spit up on the bed: what we believe happened as we walk down the garden path 526 Parsing according to minimal attachment 527 Parsing according to late closure 529 Multiple-constraint satisfaction accounts of parsing: semantically driven parsing 530 Mental rules 532 Rule-following vs. rule-governed devices reconsidered 533 The past-tense debate 533 The establishment account of past-tense learning 534 Connectionist accounts of past-tense learning 535 Past-tense learning according to Rumelhart and McClelland (1986) 535 Research focus 14.3: Holded the front page! Sex differences in past-tense overgeneralisations 539 Appraising the Rumelhart and McClelland past-tense model 540 Language, knowledge and perception 542 A final general framework for thinking about the relations between language and the other related faculties 542 Language, mental categories and perception 544 Influences of categorisation on perceptual discrimination - Goldstone (1994) 544 Categorical perception and verbal labelling 547 Categorical perception, colour perception and colour naming 549 The Whorf hypothesis vs. the Roschian hypothesis 549 The early work of Heider/Rosch 550 More recent work by Roberson and colleagues 551 Concluding comments 553 Chapter summary 554 Answers to pinpoint questions 556 Chapter 15 Reasoning Learning objectives 557 Chapter contents 557 A day at the races 558 Reflective questions 558 Introduction and preliminary considerations 559 The dual system account of reasoning 559 The associative system 559 The rule-based system 559 Distinguishing between the two systems 560 Linda-the-bank-teller problem 560 The conjunction fallacy and representativeness 561 Reasoning by heuristics and biases 562 The representative heuristic 563 The availability heuristic 563 Base rate neglect 564 Research focus 15.1 : You are either with us or against us: the heuristics of terror 566 The medical diagnosis problem 567 Heuristics and biases and the competence/performance distinction 570 The standard picture 570 Why people are not Bayesian reasoners 571 Natural frequencies vs. conditional probabilities 572 The two systems of reasoning revisited 574 Reasoning in evolutionary terms 575 Evolution and the dual systems 575 Evolution and reasoning the fast and frugal way 576 Human reasoning as a process of satisficing 576 Research focus 15.2: When enough is enough: satisficing, maximising and the way you feel 577 Evolution and the modularity of mind 579 Deductive and inductive inference 580 Deductive inference 580 Inductive inference 580 The Wason selection task 581 Social contract theory 583 Feeling obliged? Deontic and indicative conditionals 585 The selection task and attempts to eliminate system 2 585 Appraising the information gain account " 587 Deductive reasoning and syllogisms 589 Some definitions and useful terminology 589 Psychological aspects of syllogistic reasoning 591 The figurai effect and mental models 592 Research focus 15.3: Looking at the evidence: eye movements and syllogistic reasoning 595 Mental models and mental imagery 596 Concluding comments 597 Chapter summary 598 Answers to pinpoint questions 599 Х;:№!$#Щ ■Contents Chapter 16 Cognition and emotion Learning objectives Chapter contents Master of your mood? Reflective questions Introduction and preliminary considerations Towards a cognitive theory of emotions The 'five' basic emotions Emotional vs. non-emotional modes of the cognitive system Research focus 16.1: If you're happy and you know it, press a key: cultural differences in recognising basic emotions Conscious versus unconscious processing Automatic vs. controlled processes Searching for emotionally charged stimuli The face-in-the-crowd effect Further work on the face-in-the-crowd effect Appraisal of the work on facial expression detection Other attentional tasks and facial expression processing Research focus 16.2: Going for gold? What your face looks like when you come second The flanker task and emotional faces Eye gaze, facial expression and the direction of attention The basic spatial cueing task Explaining spatial cueing Covert vs. overt shifts of attention Experimental work on following eye gaze Further experiments on the potency of eye gaze Detecting threatening objects Further evidence for the animal advantage Research focus 16.3: Freeze! Coming face to face with threat Other indications of the influence of emotion on cognition Mood induction in 'normal, healthy adults' Mood induction and ethical considerations 'Mood' induction and 'mood' Mood and judgement Depressive realism Further work on depressive realism Concluding comments Chapter summary Answers to pinpoint questions Bibliography Glossary Name index Subject index Publishers acknowledgements 600 600 601 601 601 603 604 604 605 607 608 609 609 613 617 617 618 619 621 621 624 624 625 626 629 630 631 632 632 633 633 635 635 636 637 638 640 641 665 681 688 699
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spelling	Quinlan, Philip T. Verfasser aut Cognitive psychology Philip Quinlan & Ben Dyson 1. publ. Harlow ; Munich [u.a.] Pearson Prentice Hall 2008 XXXVI, 706 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pearson education Psychologie cognitive - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur ram Cognitive psychology Kognitive Psychologie (DE-588)4073586-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Kognitive Psychologie (DE-588)4073586-2 s DE-604 Dyson, Ben Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016517449&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Quinlan, Philip T. Dyson, Ben Cognitive psychology Psychologie cognitive - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur ram Cognitive psychology Kognitive Psychologie (DE-588)4073586-2 gnd
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title	Cognitive psychology
title_auth	Cognitive psychology
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title_full	Cognitive psychology Philip Quinlan & Ben Dyson
title_fullStr	Cognitive psychology Philip Quinlan & Ben Dyson
title_full_unstemmed	Cognitive psychology Philip Quinlan & Ben Dyson
title_short	Cognitive psychology
title_sort	cognitive psychology
topic	Psychologie cognitive - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur ram Cognitive psychology Kognitive Psychologie (DE-588)4073586-2 gnd
topic_facet	Psychologie cognitive - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur Cognitive psychology Kognitive Psychologie Lehrbuch
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