Economic development:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Harlow ; Munich [u.a.]
Pearson Addison Wesley
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 10. ed., 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVII, 861 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781405874243 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137663929778176 |
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| adam_text | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TENTH EDITION MICHAEL P. TODARO NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
AND THE POPULATION COUNCIL { STEPHEN C. SMITH THE GEORGE WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY ADDISON-WESLEY XN IMPRINT OF PEARSON EDUCATION HARLOW,
ENGLAND * LONDON * NEW YORK * BOSTON * SAN FRANCISCO * TORONTO SYDNEY *
TOKYO * SINGAPORE * HONG KONG * SEOUL * TAIPEI * NEW DELHI CAPE TOWN *
MADRID * MEXICO CITY * AMSTERDAM * MUNICH * PARIS * MILAN CONTENTS
PREFACE CASE STUDIES VLL XXVII PART ONE PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS 1: 1
ECONOMICS, INSTITUTIONS, AND DEVELOPMENT: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 2 HOW THE
OTHER HALF LIVE ^ 2 ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 6 THE NATURE OF
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS 7 WHY STUDY DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS? SOME CRITICAL
QUESTIONS 9 THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF VALUES IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS 12
ECONOMIES AS SOCIAL SYSTEMS: THE NEED TO GO BEYOND SIMPLE ECONOMICS 13
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY DEVELOPMENT? 14 TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC MEASURES 14 THE
NEW ECONOMIC VIEW OF DEVELOPMENT 15 SEN S CAPABILITIES APPROACH 16
THREE CORE VALUES OF DEVELOPMENT 20 THE CENTRAL ROLE OF WOMEN 22 THE
THREE OBJECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT 22 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 22
CONCLUSIONS 25 E J CASE STUDY: PROGRESS IN THE STRUGGLE FOR MORE
MEANINGFUL DEVELOPMENT: BRAZIL 28 2 COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 39
DEFINING THE DEVELOPING WORLD 41 MEASURING DEVELOPMENT FOR QUANTITATIVE
COMPARISON ACROSS COUNTRIES 43 SOME BASIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 48 A
HOLISTIC MEASURE OF LIVING LEVELS: THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX 49
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD: DIVERSITY WITHIN COMMONALITY 56
LOWER LEVELS OF LIVING AND PRODUCTIVITY 56 XV XVI CONTENTS LOWER LEVELS
OF HUMAN CAPITAL 58 HIGHER LEVELS OF INEQUALITY AND ABSOLUTE POVERTY 59
HIGHER POPULATION GROWTH RATES 62 GREATER SOCIAL FRACTIONALIZATION 63
LARGER RURAL POPULATIONS BUT RAPID RURAL-TO-URBAN MIGRATION 64 LOWER
LEVELS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MANUFACTURED EXPORTS 65 ADVERSE
GEOGRAPHY 66 UNDERDEVELOPED FINANCIAL AND OTHER MARKETS 67 LINGERING
COLONIAL IMPACTS 68 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
SECTORS AND CIVIL SOCIETY 70 HOW LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES TODAY DIFFER FROM
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN THEIR EARLIER STAGES 71 PHYSICAL AND HUMAN
RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS 72 RELATIVE LEVELS OF PER CAPITA INCOME AND GDP 72
CLIMATIC DIFFERENCES 73 POPULATION SIZE, DISTRIBUTION, AND GROWTH 73 THE
HISTORICAL ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 74 THE GROWTH STIMULUS OF
INTERNATIONAL TRADE 76 BASIC SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT CAPABILITIES 77 EFFICACY OF DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS -77 ARE
LIVING STANDARDS OF DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED NATIONS CONVERGING? 78
LONG-RUN CAUSES OF COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT 82 CONCLUSION 88 CASE STUDY:
DIVERGENT DEVELOPMENT: PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH 91 CLASSIC THEORIES OF
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 109 CLASSIC THEORIES OF ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT: FOUR APPROACHES 109 DEVELOPMENT AS GROWTH AND THE LINEAR-
STAGES THEORIES 110 ROSTOW S STAGES OF GROWTH 111 THE HARROD-DOMAR
GROWTH MODEL 112 OBSTACLES AND CONSTRAINTS 114 NECESSARY VERSUS
SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS: SOME CRITICISMS OF THE STAGES MODEL 114
STRUCTURAL-CHANGE MODELS 115 THE LEWIS THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT 115
STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT 120 CONCLUSIONS AND
IMPLICATIONS 121 THE INTERNATIONAL-DEPENDENCE REVOLUTION 122 THE
NEOCOLONIAL DEPENDENCE MODEL 122 THE FALSE-PARADIGM MODEL 124 THE
DUALISTIC-DEVELOPMENT THESIS 124 N CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 125 THE
NEOCLASSICAL COUNTERREVOLUTION: MARKET FUNDAMENTALISM 126 CHALLENGING
THE STATIST MODEL: FREE MARKETS, PUBLIC CHOICE, AND MARKET-FRIENDLY
APPROACHES 126 CONTENTS XVII TRADITIONAL NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH THEORY 128
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 129 CLASSIC THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT:
RECONCILING THE DIFFERENCES 131 E 3 CASE STUDY: SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN
CONTEXT: SOUTH KOREA AND ARGENTINA 133 APPENDIX 3.1 COMPONENTS OF
ECONOMIC GROWTH 142 APPENDIX 3.2 THE SOLOW NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH MODEL 147
APPENDIX 3.3 ENDOGENOUS GROWTH THEORY 151 1 CONTEMPORARY MODELS OF
DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT 158 UNDERDEVELOPMENT AS A COORDINATION
FAILURE 159 MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA: A DIAGRAMMATIC APPROACH -Y~ 162
STARTING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE BIG PUSH 167 THE BIG PUSH: A
GRAPHICAL MODEL 168 OTHER CASES IN WHICH A BIG PUSH MAY BE NECESSARY 173
WHY THE PROBLEM CANNOT BE SOLVED BY A SUPER-ENTREPRENEUR 174 FURTHER
PROBLEMS OF MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA 176 KRAMER S O-RING THEORY OF ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT 179 THE O-RING MODEL 179 IMPLICATIONS OF THE O-RING THEORY
182 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AS SELF-DISCOVERY 184 E TH E
HAUSMANN-RODRIK-VELASCO GROWTH DIAGNOSTICS FRAMEWORK 185 CONCLUSIONS 188
EL CASE STUDY: UNDERSTANDING A DEVELOPMENT MIRACLE: CHINA 193 PART TWO
PROBLEMS AND POLICIES: DOMESTIC ] 207| 5 POVERTY, INEQUALITY, AND
DEVELOPMENT 208 MEASURING INEQUALITY AND POVERTY 210 MEASURING
INEQUALITY 210 MEASURING ABSOLUTE POVERTY 217 POVERTY, INEQUALITY, AND
SOCIAL WELFARE 222 WHAT S SO BAD ABOUT HIGH INEQUALITY? 222 DUALISTIC
DEVELOPMENT AND SHIFTING LORENZ CURVES: SOME STYLIZED TYPOLOGIES 224
KUZNET S INVERTED-U HYPOTHESIS 227 GROWTH AND INEQUALITY 232 ABSOLUTE
POVERTY: EXTENT AND MAGNITUDE 233 GROWTH AND POVERTY 236 ECONOMIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF POVERTY GROUPS 238 RURAL POVERTY 238 XVIII CONTENTS
WOMEN AND POVERTY 239 ETHNIC MINORITIES, INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS, AND
POVERTY 243 POLICY OPTIONS: SOME BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 244 AREAS OF
INTERVENTION 244 POLICY OPTIONS 245 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: THE NEED
FOR A PACKAGE OF POLICIES 250 * CASE STUDY: MAKING MICROFINANCE WORK FOR
THE POOR: THE GRAMEEN BANK OF BANGLADESH 252 APPENDIX 5.1 APPROPRIATE
TECHNOLOGY AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION: THE PRICE INCENTIVE MODEL 266
APPENDIX 5.2 THE AHLUWALIA-CHENERY WELFARE INDEX 269 6 POPULATION GROWTH
AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND CONTROVERSIES 273
THE BASIC ISSUE: POPULATION GROWTH AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE 274
POPULATION GROWTH: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE 275 WORLD POPULATION GROWTH
THROUGHOUT HISTORY 275 STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD S POPULATION 277 THE
HIDDEN MOMENTUM OF POPULATION GROWTH 281 THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION 283
THE CAUSES OF HIGH FERTILITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: S THE MALTHUSIAN
AND HOUSEHOLD MODELS 286 1J THE MALTHUSIAN POPULATION TRAP 286
CRITICISMS OF THE MALTHUSIAN MODEL 289 THE MICROECONOMIC HOUSEHOLD
THEORY OF FERTILITY 291 THE DEMAND FOR CHILDREN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
293 SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 294 IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT AND
FERTILITY 295 THE CONSEQUENCES OF HIGH FERTILITY: SOME CONFLICTING
OPINIONS 295 IT S NOT A REAL PROBLEM 296 IT S A DELIBERATELY CONTRIVED
FALSE ISSUE 29 7 IT S A DESIRABLE PHENOMENON 298 IT IS A REAL PROBLEM
299 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: TOWARD A CONSENSUS 1 302 SOME POLICY
APPROACHES 303 WHAT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CAN DO 304 WHAT THE DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES CAN DO 307 HOW DEVELOPED COUNTRIES CAN HELP DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES WITH THEIR POPULATION PROGRAMS 308 CONCLUSION 309 * CASE
STUDY: POPULATION, POVERTY, AND DEVELOPMENT: CHINA AND INDIA 310
CONTENTS XIX 7 URBANIZATION AND RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION: THEORY AND POLICY
320 THE MIGRATION AND URBANIZATION DILEMMA 320 URBANIZATION TRENDS AND
PROJECTIONS 32 1 THE ROLE OF CITIES 327 INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS 327
EFFICIENT URBAN SCALE 329 THE URBAN GIANTISM PROBLEM 331 FIRST-CITY BIAS
332 CAUSES OF URBAN GIANTISM 333 THE URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR 335 POLICIES
FOR THE URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR 337 WOMEN IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR 340
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT 342 TOWARD AN ECONOMIC THEORY OF RURAL-URBAN
MIGRATION 344 A VERBAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TODARO MODEL 345 X A
DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION 347 FIVE POLICY IMPLICATIONS 350 SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSIONS: A COMPREHENSIVE MIGRATION AND EMPLOYMENT STRATEGY 352 H
CASE STUDY: RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION AND URBANIZATION IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES: INDIA AND BOTSWANA 355 APPENDIX 7.1: A MATHEMATICAL
FORMULATION OF THE TODARO MIGRATION MODEL 366 8 HUMAN CAPITAL: EDUCATION
AND HEALTH IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 369 THE CENTRAL ROLES OF EDUCATION
AND HEALTH 369 EDUCATION AND HEALTH AS JOINT INVESTMENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT
372 IMPROVING HEALTH AND EDUCATION: WHY INCREASING INCOME IS NOT
SUFFICIENT 373 INVESTING IN EDUCATION AND HEALTH: THE HUMAN CAPITAL
APPROACH 375 CHILD LABOR 378 THE GENDER GAP: WOMEN AND EDUCATION 382
CONSEQUENCES OF GENDER BIAS IN HEALTH AND EDUCATION 384 EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEMS AND DEVELOPMENT 387 THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL SUPPLY
AND DEMAND: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND
EDUCATIONAL DEMANDS 387 SOCIAL VERSUS PRIVATE BENEFITS AND COSTS 389 *,
DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATION 392 EDUCATION, INEQUALITY, AND POVERTY 394
EDUCATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, AND THE BRAIN DRAIN 396 HEALTH SYSTEMS
AND DEVELOPMENT 397 MEASUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION 397 XX CONTENTS C
DISEASE BURDEN 400 HIV/AIDS 402 MALARIA 407 PARASITIC WORMS AND OTHER
NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES 408 HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY 409 HEALTH
SYSTEMS POLICY 413 B CASE STUDY: PATHWAYS OUT OF POVERTY:
PROGRESA/OPORTUNIDADES 416 9 AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT 431 THE IMPERATIVE OF AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT 431 AGRICULTURAL GROWTH: PAST PROGRESS AND CURRENT
CHALLENGES 433 THE STRUCTURE OF AGRARIAN SYSTEMS IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
438 PEASANT AGRICULTURE IN LATIN AMERICA, ASIA, AND AFRICA 439 AGRARIAN
PATTERNS IN LATIN AMERICA: PROGRESS AND REMAINING POVERTY CHALLENGES 441
TRANSFORMING ECONOMIES: PROBLEMS OF FRAGMENTATION AND SUBDIVISION OF
PEASANT LAND IN ASIA 444 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE AND EXTENSIVE
CULTIVATION IN AFRICA 447 THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF WOMEN 450 THE ECONOMICS
OF AGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENT: TRANSITION FROM PEASANT SUBSISTENCE TO
SPECIALIZED COMMERCIAL FARMING 453 SUBSISTENCE FARMING: RISK AVERSION,
UNCERTAINTY, AND SURVIVAL 454 THE TRANSITION TO MIXED AND DIVERSIFIED
FARMING 460 FROM DIVERGENCE TO SPECIALIZATION: MODERN COMMERCIAL FARMING
461 N TOWARD A STRATEGY OF AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT: SOME MAIN
REQUIREMENTS 462 IMPROVING SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE 462 CONDITIONS FOR
RURAL DEVELOPMENT 465 B CASE STUDY: TH E NEED TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION FOR WOMEN FARMERS: KENYA 468 10 THE ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT 483 ECONOMICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 483 ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT: THE BASIC ISSUES 485 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING 485 POPULATION, RESOURCES, AND THE ENVIRONMENT
486 POVERTY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 486 GROWTH VERSUS THE ENVIRONMENT 487
RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT 487 URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE
ENVIRONMENT 488 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMY 488 THE NATURE AND
PACE OF GREENHOUSE GAS-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE 489 NATURAL RESOURCE-BASED
LIVELIHOODS AS A PATHWAY OUT OF POVERTY: PROMISE AND LIMITATIONS 489
CONTENTS XXI THE SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION: AN OVERVIEW 490
RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A TALE OF TWO VILLAGES 491 GLOBAL
WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE 494 TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC MODELS OF THE
ENVIRONMENT 497 PRIVATELY OWNED RESOURCES 497 COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES
499 PUBLIC GOODS AND BADS: REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND THE
FREE-RIDER PROBLEM 501 C LIMITATIONS OF THE PUBLIC-GOOD FRAMEWORK 503
URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT 503 THE ECOLOGY OF URBAN SLUMS 503
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN AIR POLLUTION 505 PROBLEMS OF CONGESTION,
CLEAN WATER, AND SANITATION 508 :~ THE NEED FOR POLICY REFORM 509 THE
LOCAL AND GLOBAL COSTS OF RAIN FOREST DESTRUCTION 510 POLICY OPTIONS IN
DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 512 S WHAT LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
CAN DO 512 HOW DEVELOPED COUNTRIES CAN HELP LDCS 514 WHAT DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES CAN DT FOR THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT 515 O CASE STUDY: ECONOMIC
GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY: THE PHILIPPINES 517 11
DEVELOPMENT POLICYMAKING AND THE ROLES OF MARKET, STATE, AND CIVIL
SOCIETY 530 THE PLANNING MYSTIQUE 531 THE NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
532 BASIC CONCEPTS 532 PLANNING IN MIXED DEVELOPING ECONOMIES 532 THE
RATIONALE FOR DEVELOPMENT PLANNING 533 THE PLANNING PROCESS: SOME BASIC
MODELS 535 AGGREGATE GROWTH MODELS: PROJECTING MACRO VARIABLES * 535
MULTISECTOR MODELS AND SECTORAL PROJECTIONS 538 PROJECT APPRAISAL AND
SOCIAL COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 539 CONCLUSIONS: PLANNING MODELS AND PLAN
CONSISTENCY 542 PROBLEMS OF PLAN IMPLEMENTATION AND PLAN FAILURE 543
THEORY VERSUS PRACTICE 543 REASONS FOR PLAN FAILURE 544 GOVERNMENT
FAILURE AND THE RESURGENT PREFERENCE FOR MARKETS OVER PLANNING 545 THE
MARKET ECONOMY 546 SOCIOCULTURAL PRECONDITIONS AND ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS
546 ROLE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE MARKET IN LDCS 549 XXII CONTENTS THE
WASHINGTON CONSENSUS ON THE STATE ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT AND ITS
LIMITATIONS 551 TOWARD A NEW CONSENSUS 552 DEVELOPMENT POLITICAL
ECONOMY: THEORIES OF POLICY FORMULATION AND REFORM 554 UNDERSTANDING
VOTING PATTERNS ON POLICY REFORM 556 INSTITUTIONS AND PATH DEPENDENCY
557 DEMOCRACY VERSUS AUTOCRACY: WHICH FACILITATES FASTER GROWTH? 558
DEVELOPMENT ROLES OF NGOS AND THE BROADER CITIZEN SECTOR 560 TRENDS IN
GOVERNANCE AND REFORM 566 TACKLING THE PROBLEM OF CORRUPTION 566
DECENTRALIZATION 568 DEVELOPMENT PARTICIPATION 570 ;I DEVELOPMENT
POLICY AND THE STATE: CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS 572 CASE STUDY: THE ROLE
OF DEVELOPMENT NGOS: THE BRAC MODEL 574 PART THREE PROBLEMS AND
POLICIES: INTERNATIONAL AND MACRO 587 12 INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY AND
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 588 GLOBALIZATION: AN INTRODUCTION 588
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND FINANCE: SOME KEY ISSUES 591 FIVE BASIC
QUESTIONS ABOUT TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT 594 IMPORTANCE OF EXPORTS TO
DIFFERENT DEVELOPING NATIONS 595 DEMAND ELASTICITIES AND EXPORT EARNINGS
INSTABILITY 597 THE TERMS OF TRADE AND THE PREBISCH- SINGER THESIS 598
THE TRADITIONAL THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 599 COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
599 RELATIVE FACTOR ENDOWMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL SPECIALIZATION: THE
NEOCLASSICAL MODEL 600 TRADE THEORY AND DEVELOPMENT: THE TRADITIONAL
ARGUMENTS 605 THE CRITIQUE OF TRADITIONAL FREE-TRADE THEORY IN THE
CONTEXT OF DEVELOPING-COUNTRY EXPERIENCE 606 FIXED RESOURCES, FULL
EMPLOYMENT, AND THE INTERNATIONAL IMMOBILITY OF CAPITAL AND SKILLED
LABOR 607 FIXED, FREELY AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY AND CONSUMER SOVEREIGNTY
610 INTERNAL FACTOR MOBILITY, PERFECT COMPETITION, AND UNCERTAINTY:
INCREASING RETURNS, IMPERFECT COMPETITION, AND ISSUES IN SPECIALIZATION
611 THE ABSENCE OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS IN TRADING RELATIONS 613
BALANCED TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL PRICE ADJUSTMENTS 614 TRADE GAINS
ACCRUING TO NATIONALS 614 SOME CONCLUSIONS ON TRADE THEORY AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 615 CONTENTS XXIII TRADITIONAL TRADE STRATEGIES FOR
DEVELOPMENT: EXPORT PROMOTION VERSUS IMPORT SUBSTITUTION 618 EXPORT
PROMOTION: LOOKING OUTWARD AND SEEING TRADE BARRIERS 620 IMPORT
SUBSTITUTION: LOOKING INWARD BUT STILL PAYING OUTWARD 623 THE IS
INDUSTRIALIZATION STRATEGY AND RESULTS 626 FOREIGN-EXCHANGE RATES,
EXCHANGE CONTROLS, AND THE DEVALUATION DECISION 631 TRADE OPTIMISTS AND
TRADE PESSIMISTS: SUMMARIZING THE TRADITIONAL DEBATE 635 TRADE PESSIMIST
ARGUMENTS 635 O TRADE OPTIMIST ARGUMENTS 636 THE INDUSTRIALIZATION
STRATEGY APPROACH TO EXPORT POLICY 637 RECONCILING THE ARGUMENTS: THE
DATA AND THE CONSENSUS 640 SOUTH-SOUTH TRADE AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION:
LOOKING OUTWARD AND INWARD ~ 641 ECONOMIC.INTEGRATION: THEORY AND
PRACTICE 641 REGIONAL TRADING BLOCS AND THE GLOBALIZATION OF TRADE 643
TRADE POLICIES OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: THE NEED FOR REFORM 645 * XASE
STUDY: A DEVELOPMENT SUCCESS STORY: TAIWAN 649 13 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS,
DEVELOPING-COUNTRY DEBT, AND THE MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION CONTROVERSY
667 THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ACCOUNT 668 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 668 A
HYPOTHETICAL ILLUSTRATION: DEFICITS AND DEBTS 670 FINANCING AND REDUCING
PAYMENTS DEFICITS 671 SOME INITIAL POLICY ISSUES 671 TRENDS IN LDC
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 673 THE DEBT CRISIS OF THE 1980S 674 BACKGROUND AND
ANALYSIS 674 ORIGINS OF THE DEBT CRISIS 676 ATTEMPTS AT ALLEVIATION:
MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY, IMF STABILIZATION * POLICIES, AND THEIR
CRITICS 679 THE IMF STABILIZATION PROGRAM 679 TACTICS FOR DEBT RELIEF 68
1 ODIOUS DEBT AND ITS PREVENTION 688 RESOLUTION AND CONTINUED
VULNERABILITIES 689 * CASE STUDY: TRADE, CAPITAL FLOWS, AND DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGY: SOUTH KOREA 693 APPENDIX 13.1: A BRIEF HISTORY AND ANALYSIS OF
THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND AND THE WORLD BANK 704 14 FOREIGN
FINANCE, INVESTMENT, AND AID: CONTROVERSIES AND OPPORTUNITIES 714 THE
INTERNATIONAL FLOW OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES 714 XXIV CONTENTS PRIVATE
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND THE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION 715
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS: SIZE, PATTERNS, AND TRENDS 716 PRIVATE
FOREIGN INVESTMENT: SOME PROS AND CONS FOR DEVELOPMENT 719 PRIVATE
PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT: BOON OR BANE FOR LDCS? 725 THE ROLE AND GROWTH OF
REMITTANCES 726 FOREIGN AID: THE DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEBATE 728
CONCEPTUAL AND MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS 728 AMOUNTS AND ALLOCATIONS: PUBLIC
AID 730 WHY DONORS GIVE AID 731 WHY LDC RECIPIENTS ACCEPT AID 735 THE
ROLE OF NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN AID AND EVALUATION 736 THE
EFFECTS OF AID 737 EL CASE STUDY: AFRICAN SUCCESS STORY AT RISK:
BOTSWANA - ^ 739 15 FINANCE AND FISCAL POLICY FOR DEVELOPMENT 750 THE
ROLE OF THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM 751 THE BUMPY ROAD TO MACROECONOMIC
STABILITY 752 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MDC AND LDC FINANCIAL SYSTEMS 753 THE
ROLE OF CENTRAL BANKS 756 THE ROLE OF DEVELOPMENT BANKING 758 INFORMAL
FINANCE 760 MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS 761 I REFORMING FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
764 FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION, REAL INTEREST RATES, SAVINGS, AND
INVESTMENT 764 FINANCIAL POLICY AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE 765 DEBATE ON
THE ROLE OF STOCK MARKETS 767 FISCAL POLICY FOR DEVELOPMENT 769
MACROSTABILITY AND RESOURCE MOBILIZATION 769 TAXATION: DIRECT AND
INDIRECT 769 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: THE SCARCEST RESOURCE 774
STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES 776 IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF SOES 777
PRIVATIZATION: THEORY AND EXPERIENCE 778 MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 780 0 CASE STUDY: PRIVATIZATION*WHAT, WHEN, AND TO
WHOM? CHILE AND POLAND 784 16 SOME CRITICAL ISSUES FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST
CENTURY 798 GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE AND THE GROWTH OF DEVELOPING-WORLD
MARKETS 798 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEVELOPING WORLD 799 RAIN
FOREST PRESERVATION AS A PUBLIC GOOD: WHO SHOULD PAY? 801 SEARCHING FOR
GLOBAL SOLUTIONS: THE 1992,1997, AND 2002 SUMMITS AND FOLLOW-UPS 803
CONTENTS XXV THE CRISIS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 805 GLOBALIZATION AND
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REFORM 807 CONCLUDING REMARKS 810 GLOSSARY 815
NAME INDEX 845 SUBJECT INDEX 857
|
| adam_txt |
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TENTH EDITION MICHAEL P. TODARO NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
AND THE POPULATION COUNCIL { STEPHEN C. SMITH THE GEORGE WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY ADDISON-WESLEY XN IMPRINT OF PEARSON EDUCATION HARLOW,
ENGLAND * LONDON * NEW YORK * BOSTON * SAN FRANCISCO * TORONTO SYDNEY *
TOKYO * SINGAPORE * HONG KONG * SEOUL * TAIPEI * NEW DELHI CAPE TOWN *
MADRID * MEXICO CITY * AMSTERDAM * MUNICH * PARIS * MILAN CONTENTS
PREFACE CASE STUDIES VLL XXVII PART ONE PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS 1: 1
ECONOMICS, INSTITUTIONS, AND DEVELOPMENT: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 2 HOW THE
OTHER HALF LIVE ^ 2 ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 6 THE NATURE OF
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS 7 WHY STUDY DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS? SOME CRITICAL
QUESTIONS 9 THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF VALUES IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS 12
ECONOMIES AS SOCIAL SYSTEMS: THE NEED TO GO BEYOND SIMPLE ECONOMICS 13
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY DEVELOPMENT? 14 TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC MEASURES 14 THE
NEW ECONOMIC VIEW OF DEVELOPMENT 15 SEN'S "CAPABILITIES" APPROACH 16
THREE CORE VALUES OF DEVELOPMENT 20 THE CENTRAL ROLE OF WOMEN 22 THE
THREE OBJECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT 22 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 22
CONCLUSIONS 25 E J CASE STUDY: PROGRESS IN THE STRUGGLE FOR MORE
MEANINGFUL DEVELOPMENT: BRAZIL 28 2 COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 39
DEFINING THE DEVELOPING WORLD 41 MEASURING DEVELOPMENT FOR QUANTITATIVE
COMPARISON ACROSS COUNTRIES 43 SOME BASIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 48 A
HOLISTIC MEASURE OF LIVING LEVELS: THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX 49
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD: DIVERSITY WITHIN COMMONALITY 56
LOWER LEVELS OF LIVING AND PRODUCTIVITY 56 XV XVI CONTENTS LOWER LEVELS
OF HUMAN CAPITAL 58 HIGHER LEVELS OF INEQUALITY AND ABSOLUTE POVERTY 59
HIGHER POPULATION GROWTH RATES 62 GREATER SOCIAL FRACTIONALIZATION 63
LARGER RURAL POPULATIONS BUT RAPID RURAL-TO-URBAN MIGRATION 64 LOWER
LEVELS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MANUFACTURED EXPORTS 65 ADVERSE
GEOGRAPHY 66 UNDERDEVELOPED FINANCIAL AND OTHER MARKETS 67 LINGERING
COLONIAL IMPACTS 68 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
SECTORS AND CIVIL SOCIETY 70 HOW LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES TODAY DIFFER FROM
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN THEIR EARLIER STAGES 71 PHYSICAL AND HUMAN
RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS 72 RELATIVE LEVELS OF PER CAPITA INCOME AND GDP 72
CLIMATIC DIFFERENCES 73 POPULATION SIZE, DISTRIBUTION, AND GROWTH 73 THE
HISTORICAL ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 74 THE GROWTH STIMULUS OF
INTERNATIONAL TRADE 76 BASIC SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT CAPABILITIES 77 EFFICACY OF DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS -77 ARE
LIVING STANDARDS OF DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED NATIONS CONVERGING? 78
LONG-RUN CAUSES OF COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT 82 CONCLUSION 88 CASE STUDY:
DIVERGENT DEVELOPMENT: PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH 91 CLASSIC THEORIES OF
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 109 CLASSIC THEORIES OF ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT: FOUR APPROACHES 109 DEVELOPMENT AS GROWTH AND THE LINEAR-
STAGES THEORIES 110 ROSTOW'S STAGES OF GROWTH 111 THE HARROD-DOMAR
GROWTH MODEL 112 OBSTACLES AND CONSTRAINTS 114 NECESSARY VERSUS
SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS: SOME CRITICISMS OF THE STAGES MODEL 114
STRUCTURAL-CHANGE MODELS 115 THE LEWIS THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT 115
STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT 120 CONCLUSIONS AND
IMPLICATIONS 121 THE INTERNATIONAL-DEPENDENCE REVOLUTION 122 THE
NEOCOLONIAL DEPENDENCE MODEL 122 THE FALSE-PARADIGM MODEL 124 THE
DUALISTIC-DEVELOPMENT THESIS 124 N CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 125 THE
NEOCLASSICAL COUNTERREVOLUTION: MARKET FUNDAMENTALISM 126 CHALLENGING
THE STATIST MODEL: FREE MARKETS, PUBLIC CHOICE, AND MARKET-FRIENDLY
APPROACHES 126 CONTENTS XVII TRADITIONAL NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH THEORY 128
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 129 CLASSIC THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT:
RECONCILING THE DIFFERENCES 131 E 3 CASE STUDY: SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN
CONTEXT: SOUTH KOREA AND ARGENTINA 133 APPENDIX 3.1 COMPONENTS OF
ECONOMIC GROWTH 142 APPENDIX 3.2 THE SOLOW NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH MODEL 147
APPENDIX 3.3 ENDOGENOUS GROWTH THEORY 151 1 CONTEMPORARY MODELS OF
DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT 158 UNDERDEVELOPMENT AS A COORDINATION
FAILURE 159 MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA: A DIAGRAMMATIC APPROACH "-Y~ 162
STARTING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE BIG PUSH 167 THE BIG PUSH: A
GRAPHICAL MODEL 168 OTHER CASES IN WHICH A BIG PUSH MAY BE NECESSARY 173
WHY THE PROBLEM CANNOT BE SOLVED BY A SUPER-ENTREPRENEUR 174 FURTHER
PROBLEMS OF MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA 176 KRAMER'S O-RING THEORY OF ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT 179 THE O-RING MODEL 179 IMPLICATIONS OF THE O-RING THEORY
182 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AS SELF-DISCOVERY 184 E TH E
HAUSMANN-RODRIK-VELASCO GROWTH DIAGNOSTICS FRAMEWORK 185 CONCLUSIONS 188
EL CASE STUDY: UNDERSTANDING A DEVELOPMENT MIRACLE: CHINA 193 PART TWO
PROBLEMS AND POLICIES: DOMESTIC ] 207| 5 POVERTY, INEQUALITY, AND
DEVELOPMENT 208 MEASURING INEQUALITY AND POVERTY 210 MEASURING
INEQUALITY 210 MEASURING ABSOLUTE POVERTY 217 POVERTY, INEQUALITY, AND
SOCIAL WELFARE 222 WHAT'S SO BAD ABOUT HIGH INEQUALITY? 222 DUALISTIC
DEVELOPMENT AND SHIFTING LORENZ CURVES: SOME STYLIZED TYPOLOGIES 224
KUZNET'S INVERTED-U HYPOTHESIS 227 GROWTH AND INEQUALITY 232 ABSOLUTE
POVERTY: EXTENT AND MAGNITUDE 233 GROWTH AND POVERTY 236 ECONOMIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF POVERTY GROUPS 238 RURAL POVERTY 238 XVIII CONTENTS
WOMEN AND POVERTY 239 ETHNIC MINORITIES, INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS, AND
POVERTY 243 POLICY OPTIONS: SOME BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 244 AREAS OF
INTERVENTION 244 POLICY OPTIONS 245 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: THE NEED
FOR A PACKAGE OF POLICIES 250 * CASE STUDY: MAKING MICROFINANCE WORK FOR
THE POOR: THE GRAMEEN BANK OF BANGLADESH 252 APPENDIX 5.1 APPROPRIATE
TECHNOLOGY AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION: THE PRICE INCENTIVE MODEL 266
APPENDIX 5.2 THE AHLUWALIA-CHENERY WELFARE INDEX 269 6 POPULATION GROWTH
AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND CONTROVERSIES 273
THE BASIC ISSUE: POPULATION GROWTH AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE 274
POPULATION GROWTH: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE 275 WORLD POPULATION GROWTH
THROUGHOUT HISTORY 275 STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD'S POPULATION 277 THE
HIDDEN MOMENTUM OF POPULATION GROWTH 281 THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION 283
THE CAUSES OF HIGH FERTILITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: S THE MALTHUSIAN
AND HOUSEHOLD MODELS 286 1J THE MALTHUSIAN POPULATION TRAP 286
CRITICISMS OF THE MALTHUSIAN MODEL 289 THE MICROECONOMIC HOUSEHOLD
THEORY OF FERTILITY 291 THE DEMAND FOR CHILDREN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
293 SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 294 IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT AND
FERTILITY 295 THE CONSEQUENCES OF HIGH FERTILITY: SOME CONFLICTING
OPINIONS 295 IT'S NOT A REAL PROBLEM 296 IT'S A DELIBERATELY CONTRIVED
FALSE ISSUE 29 7 IT'S A DESIRABLE PHENOMENON 298 IT IS A REAL PROBLEM
299 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: TOWARD A CONSENSUS 1 302 SOME POLICY
APPROACHES 303 WHAT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CAN DO 304 WHAT THE DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES CAN DO 307 HOW DEVELOPED COUNTRIES CAN HELP DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES WITH THEIR POPULATION PROGRAMS 308 CONCLUSION 309 * CASE
STUDY: POPULATION, POVERTY, AND DEVELOPMENT: CHINA AND INDIA 310
CONTENTS XIX 7 URBANIZATION AND RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION: THEORY AND POLICY
320 THE MIGRATION AND URBANIZATION DILEMMA 320 URBANIZATION TRENDS AND
PROJECTIONS 32 1 THE ROLE OF CITIES 327 INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS 327
EFFICIENT URBAN SCALE 329 THE URBAN GIANTISM PROBLEM 331 FIRST-CITY BIAS
332 CAUSES OF URBAN GIANTISM 333 THE URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR 335 POLICIES
FOR THE URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR 337 WOMEN IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR 340
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT 342 TOWARD AN ECONOMIC THEORY OF RURAL-URBAN
MIGRATION 344 A VERBAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TODARO MODEL 345 X A
DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION 347 FIVE POLICY IMPLICATIONS 350 SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSIONS: A COMPREHENSIVE MIGRATION AND EMPLOYMENT STRATEGY 352 H
CASE STUDY: RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION AND URBANIZATION IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES: INDIA AND BOTSWANA 355 APPENDIX 7.1: A MATHEMATICAL
FORMULATION OF THE TODARO MIGRATION MODEL 366 8 HUMAN CAPITAL: EDUCATION
AND HEALTH IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 369 THE CENTRAL ROLES OF EDUCATION
AND HEALTH 369 EDUCATION AND HEALTH AS JOINT INVESTMENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT
372 IMPROVING HEALTH AND EDUCATION: WHY INCREASING INCOME IS NOT
SUFFICIENT 373 INVESTING IN EDUCATION AND HEALTH: THE HUMAN CAPITAL
APPROACH 375 CHILD LABOR 378 THE GENDER GAP: WOMEN AND EDUCATION 382
CONSEQUENCES OF GENDER BIAS IN HEALTH AND EDUCATION 384 EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEMS AND DEVELOPMENT 387 THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL SUPPLY
AND DEMAND: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND
EDUCATIONAL DEMANDS 387 SOCIAL VERSUS PRIVATE BENEFITS AND COSTS 389 *,
DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATION 392 EDUCATION, INEQUALITY, AND POVERTY 394
EDUCATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, AND THE BRAIN DRAIN 396 HEALTH SYSTEMS
AND DEVELOPMENT 397 MEASUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION 397 XX CONTENTS C
DISEASE BURDEN 400 HIV/AIDS 402 MALARIA 407 PARASITIC WORMS AND OTHER
"NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES" 408 HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY 409 HEALTH
SYSTEMS POLICY 413 B CASE STUDY: PATHWAYS OUT OF POVERTY:
PROGRESA/OPORTUNIDADES 416 9 AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT 431 THE IMPERATIVE OF AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT 431 AGRICULTURAL GROWTH: PAST PROGRESS AND CURRENT
CHALLENGES 433 THE STRUCTURE OF AGRARIAN SYSTEMS IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
438 PEASANT AGRICULTURE IN LATIN AMERICA, ASIA, AND AFRICA 439 AGRARIAN
PATTERNS IN LATIN AMERICA: PROGRESS AND REMAINING POVERTY CHALLENGES 441
TRANSFORMING ECONOMIES: PROBLEMS OF FRAGMENTATION AND SUBDIVISION OF
PEASANT LAND IN ASIA 444 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE AND EXTENSIVE
CULTIVATION IN AFRICA 447 THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF WOMEN 450 THE ECONOMICS
OF AGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENT: TRANSITION FROM PEASANT SUBSISTENCE TO
SPECIALIZED COMMERCIAL FARMING 453 SUBSISTENCE FARMING: RISK AVERSION,
UNCERTAINTY, AND SURVIVAL 454 THE TRANSITION TO MIXED AND DIVERSIFIED
FARMING 460 FROM DIVERGENCE TO SPECIALIZATION: MODERN COMMERCIAL FARMING
461 N TOWARD A STRATEGY OF AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT: SOME MAIN
REQUIREMENTS 462 IMPROVING SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE 462 CONDITIONS FOR
RURAL DEVELOPMENT 465 B CASE STUDY: TH E NEED TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION FOR WOMEN FARMERS: KENYA 468 10 THE ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT 483 ECONOMICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 483 ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT: THE BASIC ISSUES ' 485 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING 485 POPULATION, RESOURCES, AND THE ENVIRONMENT
486 POVERTY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 486 GROWTH VERSUS THE ENVIRONMENT 487
RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT 487 URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE
ENVIRONMENT 488 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMY 488 THE NATURE AND
PACE OF GREENHOUSE GAS-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE 489 NATURAL RESOURCE-BASED
LIVELIHOODS AS A PATHWAY OUT OF POVERTY: PROMISE AND LIMITATIONS 489
CONTENTS XXI THE SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION: AN OVERVIEW 490
RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A TALE OF TWO VILLAGES 491 GLOBAL
WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE 494 TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC MODELS OF THE
ENVIRONMENT 497 PRIVATELY OWNED RESOURCES 497 COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES
499 PUBLIC GOODS AND BADS: REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND THE
FREE-RIDER PROBLEM 501 C LIMITATIONS OF THE PUBLIC-GOOD FRAMEWORK 503
URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT 503 THE ECOLOGY OF URBAN SLUMS 503
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN AIR POLLUTION 505 PROBLEMS OF CONGESTION,
CLEAN WATER, AND SANITATION 508 :~ THE NEED FOR POLICY REFORM 509 THE
LOCAL AND GLOBAL COSTS OF RAIN FOREST DESTRUCTION 510 POLICY OPTIONS IN
DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 512 S WHAT LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
CAN DO 512 HOW DEVELOPED COUNTRIES CAN HELP LDCS 514 WHAT DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES CAN DT FOR THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT 515 O CASE STUDY: ECONOMIC
GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY: THE PHILIPPINES 517 11
DEVELOPMENT POLICYMAKING AND THE ROLES OF MARKET, STATE, AND CIVIL
SOCIETY 530 THE PLANNING MYSTIQUE 531 THE NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
532 BASIC CONCEPTS 532 PLANNING IN MIXED DEVELOPING ECONOMIES '" 532 THE
RATIONALE FOR DEVELOPMENT PLANNING 533 THE PLANNING PROCESS: SOME BASIC
MODELS 535 AGGREGATE GROWTH MODELS: PROJECTING MACRO VARIABLES * 535
MULTISECTOR MODELS AND SECTORAL PROJECTIONS 538 PROJECT APPRAISAL AND
SOCIAL COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 539 CONCLUSIONS: PLANNING MODELS AND PLAN
CONSISTENCY 542 PROBLEMS OF PLAN IMPLEMENTATION AND PLAN FAILURE 543
THEORY VERSUS PRACTICE 543 REASONS FOR PLAN FAILURE 544 GOVERNMENT
FAILURE AND THE RESURGENT PREFERENCE FOR MARKETS OVER PLANNING 545 THE
MARKET ECONOMY 546 SOCIOCULTURAL PRECONDITIONS AND ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS
546 ROLE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE MARKET IN LDCS 549 XXII CONTENTS THE
WASHINGTON CONSENSUS ON THE STATE ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT AND ITS
LIMITATIONS 551 TOWARD A NEW CONSENSUS 552 DEVELOPMENT POLITICAL
ECONOMY: THEORIES OF POLICY FORMULATION AND REFORM 554 UNDERSTANDING
VOTING PATTERNS ON POLICY REFORM 556 INSTITUTIONS AND PATH DEPENDENCY
557 DEMOCRACY VERSUS AUTOCRACY: WHICH FACILITATES FASTER GROWTH? 558
DEVELOPMENT ROLES OF NGOS AND THE BROADER CITIZEN SECTOR 560 TRENDS IN
GOVERNANCE AND REFORM 566 TACKLING THE PROBLEM OF CORRUPTION 566
DECENTRALIZATION 568 DEVELOPMENT PARTICIPATION 570 ' ;I DEVELOPMENT
POLICY AND THE STATE: CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS 572 CASE STUDY: THE ROLE
OF DEVELOPMENT NGOS: THE BRAC MODEL 574 PART THREE PROBLEMS AND
POLICIES: INTERNATIONAL AND MACRO 587 12 INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY AND
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 588 GLOBALIZATION: AN INTRODUCTION 588
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND FINANCE: SOME KEY ISSUES 591 FIVE BASIC
QUESTIONS ABOUT TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT 594 IMPORTANCE OF EXPORTS TO
DIFFERENT DEVELOPING NATIONS 595 DEMAND ELASTICITIES AND EXPORT EARNINGS
INSTABILITY 597 THE TERMS OF TRADE AND THE PREBISCH- SINGER THESIS 598
THE TRADITIONAL THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 599 COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
599 RELATIVE FACTOR ENDOWMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL SPECIALIZATION: THE
NEOCLASSICAL MODEL 600 TRADE THEORY AND DEVELOPMENT: THE TRADITIONAL
ARGUMENTS 605 THE CRITIQUE OF TRADITIONAL FREE-TRADE THEORY IN THE
CONTEXT OF DEVELOPING-COUNTRY EXPERIENCE 606 FIXED RESOURCES, FULL
EMPLOYMENT, AND THE INTERNATIONAL IMMOBILITY OF CAPITAL AND SKILLED
LABOR 607 FIXED, FREELY AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY AND CONSUMER SOVEREIGNTY
610 INTERNAL FACTOR MOBILITY, PERFECT COMPETITION, AND UNCERTAINTY:
INCREASING RETURNS, IMPERFECT COMPETITION, AND ISSUES IN SPECIALIZATION
611 THE ABSENCE OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS IN TRADING RELATIONS 613
BALANCED TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL PRICE ADJUSTMENTS 614 TRADE GAINS
ACCRUING TO NATIONALS 614 SOME CONCLUSIONS ON TRADE THEORY AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 615 CONTENTS XXIII TRADITIONAL TRADE STRATEGIES FOR
DEVELOPMENT: EXPORT PROMOTION VERSUS IMPORT SUBSTITUTION 618 EXPORT
PROMOTION: LOOKING OUTWARD AND SEEING TRADE BARRIERS 620 IMPORT
SUBSTITUTION: LOOKING INWARD BUT STILL PAYING OUTWARD 623 THE IS
INDUSTRIALIZATION STRATEGY AND RESULTS 626 FOREIGN-EXCHANGE RATES,
EXCHANGE CONTROLS, AND THE DEVALUATION DECISION 631 TRADE OPTIMISTS AND
TRADE PESSIMISTS: SUMMARIZING THE TRADITIONAL DEBATE 635 TRADE PESSIMIST
ARGUMENTS 635 O TRADE OPTIMIST ARGUMENTS 636 THE INDUSTRIALIZATION
STRATEGY APPROACH TO EXPORT POLICY 637 RECONCILING THE ARGUMENTS: THE
DATA AND THE CONSENSUS 640 SOUTH-SOUTH TRADE AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION:
LOOKING OUTWARD AND INWARD ~ 641 ECONOMIC.INTEGRATION: THEORY AND
PRACTICE 641 REGIONAL TRADING BLOCS AND THE GLOBALIZATION OF TRADE 643
TRADE POLICIES OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: THE NEED FOR REFORM 645 * XASE
STUDY: A DEVELOPMENT SUCCESS STORY: TAIWAN 649 13 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS,
DEVELOPING-COUNTRY DEBT, AND THE MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION CONTROVERSY
667 THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ACCOUNT 668 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 668 A
HYPOTHETICAL ILLUSTRATION: DEFICITS AND DEBTS 670 FINANCING AND REDUCING
PAYMENTS DEFICITS 671 SOME INITIAL POLICY ISSUES 671 TRENDS IN LDC
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 673 THE DEBT CRISIS OF THE 1980S 674 BACKGROUND AND
ANALYSIS 674 ORIGINS OF THE DEBT CRISIS 676 ATTEMPTS AT ALLEVIATION:
MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY, IMF STABILIZATION * POLICIES, AND THEIR
CRITICS 679 THE IMF STABILIZATION PROGRAM 679 TACTICS FOR DEBT RELIEF 68
1 "ODIOUS DEBT" AND ITS PREVENTION 688 RESOLUTION AND CONTINUED
VULNERABILITIES 689 * CASE STUDY: TRADE, CAPITAL FLOWS, AND DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGY: SOUTH KOREA 693 APPENDIX 13.1: A BRIEF HISTORY AND ANALYSIS OF
THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND AND THE WORLD BANK 704 14 FOREIGN
FINANCE, INVESTMENT, AND AID: CONTROVERSIES AND OPPORTUNITIES 714 THE
INTERNATIONAL FLOW OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES 714 XXIV CONTENTS PRIVATE
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND THE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION 715
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS: SIZE, PATTERNS, AND TRENDS 716 PRIVATE
FOREIGN INVESTMENT: SOME PROS AND CONS FOR DEVELOPMENT 719 PRIVATE
PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT: BOON OR BANE FOR LDCS? 725 THE ROLE AND GROWTH OF
REMITTANCES 726 FOREIGN AID: THE DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEBATE 728
CONCEPTUAL AND MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS 728 AMOUNTS AND ALLOCATIONS: PUBLIC
AID 730 WHY DONORS GIVE AID 731 WHY LDC RECIPIENTS ACCEPT AID 735 THE
ROLE OF NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN AID AND EVALUATION 736 THE
EFFECTS OF AID 737 EL CASE STUDY: AFRICAN SUCCESS STORY AT RISK:
BOTSWANA - ^ 739 15 FINANCE AND FISCAL POLICY FOR DEVELOPMENT 750 THE
ROLE OF THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM 751 THE BUMPY ROAD TO MACROECONOMIC
STABILITY 752 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MDC AND LDC FINANCIAL SYSTEMS 753 THE
ROLE OF CENTRAL BANKS 756"" THE ROLE OF DEVELOPMENT BANKING 758 INFORMAL
FINANCE 760 MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS 761 I REFORMING FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
764 FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION, REAL INTEREST RATES, SAVINGS, AND
INVESTMENT 764 FINANCIAL POLICY AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE 765 DEBATE ON
THE ROLE OF STOCK MARKETS 767 FISCAL POLICY FOR DEVELOPMENT 769
MACROSTABILITY AND RESOURCE MOBILIZATION 769 TAXATION: DIRECT AND
INDIRECT 769 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: THE SCARCEST RESOURCE 774
STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES 776 IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF SOES 777
PRIVATIZATION: THEORY AND EXPERIENCE 778 MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 780 0 CASE STUDY: PRIVATIZATION*WHAT, WHEN, AND TO
WHOM? CHILE AND POLAND 784 16 SOME CRITICAL ISSUES FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST
CENTURY 798 GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE AND THE GROWTH OF DEVELOPING-WORLD
MARKETS 798 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEVELOPING WORLD 799 RAIN
FOREST PRESERVATION AS A PUBLIC GOOD: WHO SHOULD PAY? 801 SEARCHING FOR
GLOBAL SOLUTIONS: THE 1992,1997, AND 2002 SUMMITS AND FOLLOW-UPS 803
CONTENTS XXV THE CRISIS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 805 GLOBALIZATION AND
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REFORM 807 CONCLUDING REMARKS 810 GLOSSARY 815
NAME INDEX 845 SUBJECT INDEX 857 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Todaro, Michael P. 1942- Smith, Stephen C. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)120058022 |
| author_facet | Todaro, Michael P. 1942- Smith, Stephen C. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Todaro, Michael P. 1942- |
| author_variant | m p t mp mpt s c s sc scs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023323862 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HD82 |
| callnumber-raw | HD82 |
| callnumber-search | HD82 |
| callnumber-sort | HD 282 |
| callnumber-subject | HD - Industries, Land Use, Labor |
| classification_rvk | QC 340 QG 020 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)226361504 (DE-599)BVBBV023323862 |
| dewey-full | 338.90091724 338.9/009172/4 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 338 - Production |
| dewey-raw | 338.90091724 338.9/009172/4 |
| dewey-search | 338.90091724 338.9/009172/4 |
| dewey-sort | 3338.90091724 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 10. ed., 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| geographic | Devel oping countries Economic policy Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Devel oping countries Economic policy Entwicklungsländer |
| id | DE-604.BV023323862 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:54:45Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:15:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781405874243 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016507910 |
| oclc_num | 226361504 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-703 DE-N2 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-945 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-2070s |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-703 DE-N2 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-945 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-2070s |
| physical | XXVII, 861 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Pearson Addison Wesley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Todaro, Michael P. 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)120058022 aut Economic development Michael P. Todaro ; Stephen C. Smith 10. ed., 1. publ. Harlow ; Munich [u.a.] Pearson Addison Wesley 2009 XXVII, 861 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wirtschaftsentwicklung Wirtschaftspolitik Economic development Entwicklungstheorie (DE-588)4121207-1 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd rswk-swf Entwicklungspolitik (DE-588)4014957-2 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd rswk-swf Entwicklungsökonomie (DE-588)4213090-6 gnd rswk-swf Devel oping countries Economic policy Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 g Entwicklungspolitik (DE-588)4014957-2 s DE-188 Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 s Entwicklungstheorie (DE-588)4121207-1 s Entwicklungsökonomie (DE-588)4213090-6 s 2\p DE-604 Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 s 3\p DE-604 Smith, Stephen C. Verfasser aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016507910&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Todaro, Michael P. 1942- Smith, Stephen C. Economic development Wirtschaftsentwicklung Wirtschaftspolitik Economic development Entwicklungstheorie (DE-588)4121207-1 gnd Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Entwicklungspolitik (DE-588)4014957-2 gnd Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd Entwicklungsökonomie (DE-588)4213090-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121207-1 (DE-588)4066438-7 (DE-588)4014957-2 (DE-588)4066493-4 (DE-588)4213090-6 (DE-588)4014954-7 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Economic development |
| title_auth | Economic development |
| title_exact_search | Economic development |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Economic development |
| title_full | Economic development Michael P. Todaro ; Stephen C. Smith |
| title_fullStr | Economic development Michael P. Todaro ; Stephen C. Smith |
| title_full_unstemmed | Economic development Michael P. Todaro ; Stephen C. Smith |
| title_short | Economic development |
| title_sort | economic development |
| topic | Wirtschaftsentwicklung Wirtschaftspolitik Economic development Entwicklungstheorie (DE-588)4121207-1 gnd Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Entwicklungspolitik (DE-588)4014957-2 gnd Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd Entwicklungsökonomie (DE-588)4213090-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsentwicklung Wirtschaftspolitik Economic development Entwicklungstheorie Entwicklungspolitik Entwicklungsökonomie Devel oping countries Economic policy Entwicklungsländer Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016507910&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT todaromichaelp economicdevelopment AT smithstephenc economicdevelopment |