Handbook of power quality:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Chichester
Wiley
2008
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| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 618 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0470065613 9780470065617 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of power quality |c ed. by Angelo Baggini |
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| 650 | 0 | |a Electric power transmission / Reliability | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Distributed resources (Electric utilities) / Reliability | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Distributed resources (Electric utilities) |x Reliability | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Electric power transmission |x Reliability | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137659081162752 |
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| adam_text | HANDBOOK OF POWER QUALITY EDITED BY ANGELO BAGGINI UNIVERSITY OF
BERGAMO, ITALY JOHN WILEY &. SONS, LTD CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XIX
PREFACE XXIII 1 FREQUENCY VARIATIONS 1 HERMINA ALBERT, NICOLAE
GOLOVANOV, ALEKSANDER KOT AND JANUSZ BRO ZEK 1.1 FREQUENCY QUALITY
INDICES 3 1.2 FREQUENCY MEASURING 4 1.3 LOAD-FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS 6
1.3.1 INFLUENCE OF THE FREQUENCY VARIATION ON THE ACTUATION MOTORS 6
1.3.2 CAPACITOR BANK AND HARMONIE FILTERS 7 1.3.3 TRANSFORMERS AND COILS
IN THE POWER NETWORK 7 1.4 INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY ON USERS EQUIPMENT 8
1.4.1 INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY VARIATIONS ON ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 8 1.4.2
INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY VARIATIONS ON PARALLEL-CONNECTED CONDENSERS AND
COILS 11 1.4.3 INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY VARIATIONS ON SERIES-CONNECTED
CONDENSERS AND COILS 12 1.5 GOVERNING OF TURBINE SPEED 12 1.6 FREQUENCY
CONTROL IN POWER SYSTEMS 16 1.6.1 COMPOSITE LOAD 17 1.6.2 THE GENERATION
CHARACTERISTIC 19 1.6.3 THE SYSTEM PROPERTIES AND CONTROL BASICS 20
1.6.4 FREQUENCY CONTROL IN AN ISLANDING SYSTEM AND IN INTERCONNECTED
SYSTEMS 22 1.6.5 FREQUENCY CONTROL: PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY 23
1.6.6 TECHNICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF LOAD-FREQUENCY CONTROL 28
BIBLIOGRAPHY 29 CONTENTS CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY 31 KRISH GOMATOM AND TOM
SHORT 2.1 DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY 31 2.1.1 CUSTOMER-BASED INDICES 32
2.1.2 LOAD-BASED INDICES 34 2.1.3 VARIATION IN THE UTILITY INDICES 35
2.2 QUALITY OF SUPPLY 36 2.2.1 CUSTOMER SERVICE 36 2.2.2 CONTINUITY OF
SUPPLY 37 2.2.3 VOLTAGE QUALITY 37 2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING RELIABILITY
PERFORMANCE 40 2.3.1 RELIABILITY INDICES REPORTING 41 2.3.2 DIFFERENCES
BASED ON TYPE OF SUPPLY 42 2.4 IMPROVING RELIABILITY 44 2.4.1
UTILITY-SIDE IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS 44 2.4.2 CUSTOM POWER DEVICES 46 2.5
COSTS, MARKETS AND VALUE FOR RELIABILITY 49 2.5.1 SIZE OF THE END-USER
LOAD AND DURATION AFFECT COST 49 2.5.2 MARKET FOR RELIABILITY 50 2.5.3
VALUE OF RELIABILITY: A MACRO VIEW 51 2.5.4 IMPACT OF RELIABILITY EVENTS
ON END-USER PRODUCTIVITY 53 2.5.5 MAPPING RELIABILITY TO END-USER
FACILITY OPERATING HOURS 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY 57 VOLTAGE CONTROL IN
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 59 ANDRZEJ KANICKI 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE
PHENOMENA 60 3.2 DISTURBANCE SOURCES 61 3.3 DISTURBANCE EFFECTS 62 3.3.1
LOAD MODELS 62 3.3.2 VOLTAGE DROP 63 3.3.3 VOLTAGE STABILITY 64 3.4
METHODS OF EFFECT ELIMINATION 68 3.4.1 GENERATOR EXCITATION CONTROL 68
3.4.2 TRANSFORMER RATIO CONTROL 70 3.4.3 VOLTAGE CONTROL BY MEANS OF
REACTIVE POWER FLOW CHANGE 72 3.4.4 VOLTAGE CONTROL BY MEANS OF NETWORK
IMPEDANCE CHANGE 74 3.4.5 NODE VOLTAGE OPTIMIZATION 76 3.5 STANDARDS 76
3.5.1 VOLTAGE STANDARDS IN GRID NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS 76 3.5.2
VOLTAGE STANDARDS IN GRID DISTURBED OPERATING CONDITIONS 76 CONTENTS
3.5.3 VOLTAGE STANDARDS IN MIDDLE- AND LOW-VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
77 BIBLIOGRAPHY 77 4 VOLTAGE DIPS AND SHORT SUPPLY INTERRUPTIONS 79
ZBIGNIEW HANZELKA 4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENA 79 4.2 PARAMETERS 82
4.2.1 VOLTAGE DIP DURATION 82 4.2.2 MAGNITUDE OF A VOLTAGE DIP 83 4.3
SOURCES 87 4.3.1 SOURCES OF VOLTAGE DIPS 87 4.3.2 SOURCES OF SHORT
SUPPLY INTERRUPTIONS 89 4.4 EFFECTS 89 4.4.1 IT EQUIPMENT AND CONTROL
SYSTEMS 90 4.4.2 CONTACTORS AND RELAYS 92 4.4.3 INDUCTION MOTORS 92
4.4.4 SYNCFHRONOUS MOTORS 93 4.4.5 VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES 93 4.4.6
HIGH-PRESSURE DISCHARGE LAMPS 94 4.5 MITIGATION 94 4.5.1 REDUCTION OF
THE NUMBER OF FAULTS 95 4.5.2 REDUCTION OF THE FAULT CLEARANCE TIME 95
4.5.3 MODIFICATION OF THE SUPPLY SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 96 4.5.4 VOLTAGE
STABILIZERS 97 4.5.5 IMPROVEMENT IN EQUIPMENT IMMUNITY 98 4.6
MEASUREMENT 100 4.6.1 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT 100 4.6.2 STATISTICAL
METHODS OF ANALYSIS 112 4.6.3 AREA OF VULNERABILITY 114 4.7 CONTRACT 114
4.7.1 DURATION OF MEASUREMENTS 116 4.7.2 REFERENCE VOLTAGE VALUE 116
4.7.3 LOCATION AND METHOD OF CONNECTION OF MEASURING INSTRUMENT 117
4.7.4 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEASURING INSTRUMENTATION 118 4.7.5
THRESHOLD VALUES FOR DISTURBANCE DETECTION 118 4.7.6 TECHNIQUES OF
REPORTING THE MEASUREMENT RESULTS 119 4.7.7 METHODS FOR AGGREGATION OF
MEASUREMENT RESULTS 119 4.8 STANDARDS 124 4.9 ALTERNATIVE VOLTAGE DIP
INDICES 126 4.9.1 INDICES BASED ON THE VOLTAGE CHANGE 126 4.9.2
ENERGY-RELATED INDICES 127 4.9.3 OTHERS 129 CONTE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 131
BIBLIOGRAPHY 131 VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS AND FLICKER 135 ARACELI HERNAENDEZ
BAYO 5.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENON 135 5.1.1 VOLTAGE CHANGES,
VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS AND FLICKER 135 5.1.2 PHYSIOLOGY OF FLICKER
PERCEPTION 137 5.2 PARAMETERS 138 5.3 MEASUREMENT 139 5.3.1 THE IEC
FLICKERMETER 139 5.3.2 USE OF THE FLICKERMETER 146 5.3.3 SIMPLIFIED
METHODS FOR P ST ASSESSMENT 148 5.4 SOURCES 151 5.4.1 INDUSTRIAL LOADS
152 5.4.2 ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES SUPPLIED FROM LV NETWORKS 155 5.4.3 WIND
TURBINE GENERATION SYSTEMS 155 5.5 EFFECTS 156 5.6 MITIGATION STRATEGIES
156 5.6.1 DEVICES BASED ON DECREASING REACTIVE POWER VARIATIONS 157
5.6.2 METHODS ORIENTED TO INCREASE THE SHORT-CIRCUIT POWER 160 5.6.3
OTHER SOLUTIONS FOR FLICKER MITIGATION 161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 161 VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT UNBALANCE 163 IRENA WASIAK / 6.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENA
163 6.2 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF CURRENTS AND VOLTAGES 165 6.3
PARAMETERS 170 6.4 MEASUREMENTS 171 6.5 SOURCES 173 6.6 EFFECTS 174
6.6.1 ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 174 6.6.2 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS 174 6.6.3
CONVERTERS 175 6.6.4 OTHER LOADS 175 6.7 MITIGATION 175 6.7.1 PRINCIPLE
OF BALANCING 176 6.7.2 STATIC COMPENSATORS 178 6.8 STANDARDS 181 6.8.1
LIMITS 181 6.8.2 PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT 183 BIBLIOGRAPHY 184 CONTENTS
7 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HARMONICS 187 ANGELO BAGGINI AND ZBIGNIEW HANZELKA
7.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENA 187 188 189 190 190 192 194 195 200 200
202 202 204 204 208 209 213 214 217 218 221 223 226 227 228 229 230 232
234 236 236 236 237 LOAD AND HARMONIE SOURCE 252 7.7.4 REDUCTION OF LOAD
SENSITIVITY TO DISTURBANCES 252 7.8 STANDARDS 257 BIBLIOGRAPHY 259 7.2
7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5 COMPOSITION OF
DISTORTED WAVEFORM DECOMPOSITION OF DISTORTED WAVEFORM HARMONICS AND
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS CLASSIFICATION OF DISTORTION COMPONENTS
QUANTITIES DESCRIBING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DISTORTION PARAMETERS
MEASUREMENTS SOURCES OF CURRENT HARMONICS 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5
7.4.6 TRANSFORMERS MOTORS AND GENERATORS ARE FURNACES FLUORESCENT
LIGHTING ELECTRONIC AND POWER ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT HARMONIE CURRENT
VALUES/MAGNITUDES FOR SELECTED LOADS VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HARMONICS
EFFECTS 7.6.1 7.6.2 7.6.3 7.6.4 7.6.5 7.6.6 7.6.7 7.6.8 7.6.9 7.6.10
7.6.11 7.6.12 7.6.13 MITIGAT 7.7.1 7.7.2 7.7.3 POWER FACTOR OVERHEATINGI
OF PHASE AND NEUTRAL CONDUCTORS SKIN EFFECT MOTORS AND GENERATORS
TRANSFORMERS CAPACITORS LIGHT SOURCES NUISANCE TRIPPING OF
CIRCUIT-BREAKERS EARTH-FAULT CURRENTS CONVERTERS AND ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS RELAY AND CONTACTOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS
TELECOMMUNICATIONS INTERFERENCE ION METHODS OF VOLTAGE DISTORTION
REDUCTION REDUCTION OF HARMONIE EMISSION REDUCTION OF THE COUPLING
BETWEEN SENSITIV CONTENTS OVERVOLTAGES 263 FRANCO BUA, FRANCESCO BURATTI
AND ALAN ASCOLARI 8.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENA 264 8.1.1 CONTINUOUS
(POWER FREQUENCY) VOLTAGE 264 8.1.2 TEMPORARY OVERVOLTAGE 264 8.1.3
TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE 265 8.1.4 COMBINED OVERVOLTAGE 265 8.1.5
OVERVOLTAGE PROPAGATION 267 8.2 PARAMETERS 268 8.2.1 LIGHTNING IMPULSE
PROTECTIVE LEVEL OF A SURGE ARRESTER 269 8.2.2 SWITCHING IMPULSE
PROTECTIVE LEVEL OF A SURGE ARRESTER 270 8.3 SOURCES 270 8.3.1 INTERNAL
OVERVOLTAGES 270 8.3.2 EXTERNAL OVERVOLTAGES 283 8.4 EFFECTS 285 8.4.1
BREAKDOWN CONSEQUENCES 285 8.4.2 REDUCTION OF OVERVOLTAGE RISK AND LEVEL
286 8.5 MITIGATION 287 8.5.1 PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION 287 8.5.2
INSULATION COORDINATION 287 8.5.3 OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES 291 8.6
STANDARDS V 296 8.6.1 INSULATION COORDINATION 296 BIBLIOGRAPHY 298
ANALYSIS OF WAVEFORMS IN MODERN POWER SYSTEMS 299 JOHAN RENS AND PIET
SWART 9.1 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF NON-SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS: PRACTICAL
CONSIDERATIONS 300 9.2 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 300 9.2.1
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 300 9.2.2 SPECTRAL LEAKAGE AND ALIASING 301 9.2.3
SPECTRAL LEAKAGE AND WINDOWING 301 9.2.4 METROLOGICAL FEATURES OF
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM 302 9.2.5 HARMONIE POWER MEASUREMENT IN
NON-SIMULTANEOUS SAMPLING 302 9.3 SEQUENCE COMPONENT ANALYSIS 307 9.3.1
FORTESQUE TRANSFORM REDEFINED FOR NON-SINUSOIDAL CIRCUITS 307 9.3.2
THREE-WIRE POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 309 9.3.3 FOUR-WIRE POWER SYSTEM
ANALYSIS 316 9.4 EEEE 1459: POWER DEFMITIONS FOR MODERN POWER SYSTEMS
321 9.4.1 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT QUANTITIES UNDER NON-SINUSOIDAL UNBALANCED
CONDITIONS 321 9.4.2 APPARENT POWER DEFMITIONS 324 CONTENTS 9.4.3
ARITHMETIC APPARENT POWER 324 9.4.4 THE VECTOR APPARENT POWER 324 9.4.5
THE EFFECTIVE APPARENT POWER 325 9.4.6 HARMONIE POLLUTION AND UNBALANCE
326 9.4.7 FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER 327 9.4.8
POWER FACTOR DEFINITIONS 327 9.5 LOCALIZATION OF SOURCES OF WAVEFORM
DISTORTION IN A MODERN POWER SYSTEM 328 BIBLIOGRAPHY 329 10 EARTHING 331
FRANCO BUA, FRANCESCO BURATTI AND ANTONI KLAJN 10.1 TYPICAL EARTHING
SYSTEM 331 10.2 ELECTRIC RESISTIVITY OF SOIL 332 10.3 ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES OF THE EARTH ELECTRODES 335 10.3.1 RESISTANCE AND IMPEDANCE
TO EARTH 335 10.3.2 VOLTAGE-TO-EARTH AND SURFACE POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION
339 10.3.3 PROPERTIES OF EARTH ELECTRODES AT LIGHTNING CURRENTS 340 10.4
TYPICAL EARTH-ELECTRODE CONSTRUCTIONS 342 10.4.1 SIMPLE HORIZONTAL EARTH
ELECTRODES 343 10.4.2 SIMPLE ROD, VERTICAL EARTH ELECTRODES 346 10.4.3
SIMPLE, COMBINED EARTH ELECTRODES 349 10.4.4 MESHED EARTH ELECTRODES 350
10.4.5 FOUNDATION EARTH ELECTRODES 352 10.4.6 CABLE WITH EARTHING EFFECT
354 10.5 EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS IN PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRIC SHOCK 355
10.5.1 EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS AS PROTECTION ELEMENTS IN LV NETWORKS 357
10.5.2 EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS AS PROTECTION ELEMENTS IN HV NETWORKS 358
10.6 ROLE OF EARTHING IN ELECTRONIC AND TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 361
10.6.1 PROTECTIVE AND FUNCTIONAL EARTHING 362 10.6.2 COMBINED EARTHING
SYSTEM 362 10.6.3 SAFETY ASPECTS 363 10.6.4 FUNCTIONALITY ASPECTS 366
10.6.5 DISTURBANCES AND COUPLING MECHANISMS 367 10.6.6 LOW-NOISE
EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING 369 10.7 LIFETIME ASPECTS OF THE EARTHING
ARRANGEMENTS 370 10.7.1 CHEMICAL CORROSION 370 10.7.2 CORROSION CAUSED
BY STRAY (DIRECT) CURRENTS 372 10.7.3 GALVANIC (ELECTROCHEMICAL)
CORROSION 373 10.8 MEASUREMENTS OF EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS 375 10.8.1
MEASUREMENT OF SOIL RESISTIVITY 376 10.8.2 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO
EARTH OF AN EARTH ELECTRODE 377 BIBLIOGRAPHY 380 11 RELIABILITY OF
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY: STRUCTURE ANGELO BAGGINI, DAVID CHAPMAN AND
FRANCESCO BURATTI 383 11.1 BASIC SCHEMES OF ELECTRICAL GRIDS 384 11.1.1
SIMPLE RADIAL SYSTEM 384 11.1.2 RINGSCHEME 385 11.1.3 DOUBLE RADIAL
SCHEME 387 11.1.4 MESHED SCHEME 388 11.1.5 COMPOUND SCHEME 388 11.2
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR THE STUDY AND CHOICE OF THE SCHEMES 389 11.2.1
PARAMETERS AND BASIC CONDITIONS 389 11.2.2 SCHEME OF THE GRID AS A LINK
BETWEEN SUPPLIES AND LOADS 389 11.2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
INSTALLATION 390 11.2.4 THE SYSTEM SUPPLY SECTION AND END SECTION 400
11.2.5 THE STANDARD AND PREFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 400 BIBLIOGRAPHY 401 12
RELIABILITY OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLY: APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT 403 ROBERTO
VILLAFAEFILA-ROBLES AND JOAN BERGAS-JANE 404 405 406 407 410 411 413 414
415 416 417 420 421 425 425 425 426 427 429 429 429 432 433 12.1 12.2
12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 POWER QUALITY, RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY GENERAL
ASPECTS OF RELIABILITY APPLIANCES POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION ALTERNATIVES
12.3.1 POWER CONDITIONERS EMERGENCY AND STANDBY POWER SYSTEMS 12.4.1
12.4.2 12.4.3 12.4.4 12.4.5 12.4.6 12.4.7 12.4.8 ENGINE-DRIVEN
GENERATORS MICROTURBINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SYSTEMS
DYNAMIC UPS STATIC UPS HYBRID STATIC/DYNAMIC UPS D.C. POWER SUPPLY
SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGICAL COMPARISON DYNAMIC UPS SYSTEMS 12.5.1 12.5.2
12.5.3 12.5.4 12.5.5 MODERN FLYWHEELS COMPONENTS CLASSIFICATION
APPLICATION FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS STATIC UPS SYSTEM
12.6.1 12.6.2 12.6.3 COMPONENTS CLASSIFICATION UPS TECHNOLOGY CONTENTS
12.6.4 APPLICATION 438 12.6.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 440
12.7 GOOD ENGINEERING PRACTICE 442 BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 13 MONITORING POWER
QUALITY 445 ANDREAS SUMPER AND SAMUEL GALCERAN-ARELLANO 13.1 MONITORING
OBJECTIVES 445 13.1.1 BENEFITS OF POWER QUALITY MONITORING 446 13.2
MEASUREMENT ISSUES 447 13.2.1 MEASUREMENT CHAIN 447 13.2.2 R.M.S.
MEASUREMENT 448 13.2.3 TRANSIENTS MEASUREMENT 448 13.2.4 SAMPLING RATE
449 13.2.5 BANDWIDTH AMPLITUDE/FREQUENCY 449 13.2.6 ACCURACY 449 13.2.7
PRECISION 449 13.2.8 RESOLUTION 450 13.2.9 MEASUREMENT AGGREGATION
ALGORITHM 450 13.3 SELECTION OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS 451 13.3.1
GENERAL FEATURES OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS 452 13.3.2 SIGNAL
INPUT/OUTPUT 453 13.3.3 FUNCTIONS 454 13.4 SUCCESSFUL POWER QUALITY
MONITORING 454 13.4.1 POWER QUALITY PROGRAM 454 13.4.2 MANAGING
MONITORING PROJECTS 456 13.4.3 IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM 458 13.5
POSTPROCESSING MONITORING RESULTS 460 13.5.1 INTERPRETING MONITORING
RESULTS 460 13.5.2 DATA COLLECTION AND MONITORING SYSTEMS 460 13.5.3
SOFTWARE AND DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS 460 13.5.4 POWER QUALITY DATA
INTERCHANGE FORMAT (PQDIF) 461 BIBLIOGRAPHY 461 14 STATIC CONVERTERS AND
POWER QUALITY 463 MIRCEA CHINDRIS AND ANTONI SUDRIAE-ANDREU 14.1 IMPACT
OF STATIC CONVERTERS ON THE SUPPLY NETWORK 464 14.1.1 INDUSTRIAL
EQUIPMENT 464 14.1.2 CONTROL AND INFORMATICS EQUIPMENT 469 14.1.3
SOLUTIONS 470 14.1.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY ISSUES 477 14.1.5
IMPACT ON LOADS SUPPLIED BY POWER CONVERTERS 481 14.2 IMPACT OF SUPPLY
NETWORK DISTURBANCES ON STATIC CONVERTERS 487 14.2.1 IMPACT OF VOLTAGE
DISTURBANCES ON STATIC CONVERTERS 487 14.2.2 VOLTAGE SAG SUSCEPTIBILITY
490 14.2.3 IMMUNIZATION TECHNIQUES 490 BIBLIOGRAPHY 494 15 COMPENSATION
OF REACTIVE POWER 499 STEFAN FASSBINDER AND ALAN ASCOLARI 15.1 BASICS
500 15.1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCTANCES AND CAPACITANCES 500 15.1.2
REACTIVE POWER 502 15.1.3 WATTLESS CURRENT 503 15.1.4 REACTIVE POWER
COMPENSATOR 505 15.2 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION 506 15.2.1 CONTROL AND
REGULATION OF REACTIVE POWER 506 15.2.2 CENTRALLY AND DISPERSED
COMPENSATION 508 15.2.3 DETUNING 510 15.3 PASSIVE FILTERS 513 15.3.1
DEDICATED FILTENNG CIRCUITS FOR INDIVIDUAL FREQUENCIES 514 15.3.2
CENTRAL AND DISPERSED SOLUTION 515 15.3.3 L/C RATIO 516 15.3.4 SOUND
FREQUENCY SIGNALS 518 BIBLIOGRAPHY 519 16 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND
POWER QUALITY 521 VU VAN THONG AND JOHAN DRIESEN 16.1 DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK MODELING 522 16.1.1 STEADY-STATE MODELING 522 16.1.2 DYNAMIC
MODELING 523 16.2 POWER QUALITY AND DG 524 16.2.1 VOLTAGE RISE 524
16.2.2 VOLTAGE DIPS 524 16.2.3 VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS AND FLICKER 524
16.2.4 HARMONICS 525 16.2.5 UNBALANCE 526 16.2.6 DIRECT CURRENT 526
BIBLIOGRAPHY 526 17 ELECTRICITY MARKET 529 PIETER VERMEYEN AND JOHAN
DRIESEN 17.1 MARKET PLAYERS 529 17.1.1 ELECTRICITY PRODUCERS 530 17.1.2
GRID OPERATORS 530 CONTENTS 17.1.3 ELECTRICITY RETAILERS 531 17.1.4
REGULATORS 531 17.2 CONTRACT TYPES 531 17.2.1 RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS 532
17.2.2 SMALL BUSINESSES 532 17.2.3 SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED COMPANIES 533
17.2.4 LARGE COMPANIES 533 17.3 LOAD MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRICITY
MARKET 534 17.3.1 REASON FOR LOAD MANAGEMENT 534 17.3.2 MULTIPLE
ELECTRICITY TARIFF 535 17.3.3 REAL-TIME PRICING 535 17.3.4 CONTRACTS FOR
REDUCING CONSUMPTION 536 17.3.5 INTELLIGENT ENERGY METER 536 17.3.6
OTHER TECHNIQUES 537 17.4 POWER QUALITY IN THE ELECTRICITY MARKET 537
17.4.1 POWER QUALITY CONTRACTS 538 17.4.2 POWER QUALITY MARKET 542
BIBLIOGRAPHY 543 18 COST OF POOR POWER QUALITY 545 ROMAN TARGOSZ AND
JONATHAN MANSON 18.1 EXPLORING PQ COST 547 18.1.1 STAFFCOST 547 18.1.2
WORK IN PROGRESS 547 18.1.3 EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONING 548 18.1.4
EQUIPMENT DAMAGE 548 18.1.5 OTHER COSTS 548 18.1.6 SPECIFIC COSTS 548
18.1.7 SAVINGS 549 18.2 STUDIES ON COST OF POOR PQ 549 18.3 LONG
INTERRUPTIONS 552 18.4 SHORT INTERRUPTIONS 556 18.5 VOLTAGE DIPS 556
18.6 HARMONICS 558 18.7 OTHER DISTURBANCES 559 18.8 PROFILES BY SECTOR
561 18.9 COST PER EVENT OF PQ DISTURBANCES 570 18.10 PQ SOLUTIONS 574
18.11 NVESTMENT ANALYSIS TO MITIGATE COSTS OF PQ 582 8.11.1 INVESTMENT
ANALYSIS 582 8.11.2 CAPITAL BUDGETING 583 8.11.3 PROJECT CLASSIFICATIONS
583 8.11.4 COST OF CAPITAL 584 8.11.5 THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY 584 8.11.6
FUTURE VALUE OF A SINGLE CASH FLOW 585 18.11.7 PRESENT VALUE OF A SINGLE
CASH FLOW AND OF A CASH FLOW STREAM 586 18.11.8 DETERMINISTIC APPROACH
TO PQ INVESTMENT ANALYSIS 586 18.11.9 DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW METHODS 587
18.11.10 NON DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW METHODS 590 18.11.11 BREAK-EVEN
ANALYSIS 591 BIBLIOGRAPHY 592 19 POWER QUALITY AND RATIONAL USE OF
ENERGY 593 PIETER VERMEYEN AND JOHAN DRIESEN 19.1 REASONS FOR RATIONAL
USE OF ENERGY 594 19.1.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 594 19.1.2 ECONOMIC
CONSIDERATIONS 594 19.1.3 ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY 595 19.2 TECHNIQUES FOR
RATIONAL USE OF ENERGY 595 19.2.1 ADAPTED USE OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 595
19.2.2 EFFICIENT LOADS 596 19.2.3 VARIABLE TARIFFS 598 19.3 IMPACT ON
POWER QUALITY 598 19.3.1 EMISSION OF HARMONIE DISTORTION BY FLUORESCENT
LAMPS 598 19.3.2 EMISSION OF HARMONIE DISTORTION BY VSDS 601 19.3.3
IMMUNITY OF FLUORESCENT LAMPS 603 19.3.4 IMMUNITY OF VSDS 603
BIBLIOGRAPHY 605 20 PERCEIVED POWER QUALITY 607 MAURIZIO CACIOTTA 20.1
CUSTOMER DEFINITION 607 20.2 CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS 608 20.3 ANALYSIS
PROCESS OF THE CUSTOMER WITH RESPECT TO THE REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING THE
PRODUCT 608 20.4 MULTIPLICITY OF GOODS: ACTIVE CATEGORIES IN THE
TERRITORY OF ROME 609 BIBLIOGRAPHY 611 INDEX 613 CASE STUDIES AND
ANNEXES ACCESSIBLE ON THE COMPANION WEBSITE ANNEX 1 ANGELO BAGGINI AND
ALAN ASCOLARI CONTENTS ANNEX 2 ANGELO BAGGINI AND ZBIGNIEW HANZELKA
ANNEX 3 POWER THEORY WITH NON-SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS ANDRZEJ FIRLIT ANNEX
4 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE ZBIGNIEW HANZELKA
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HANDBOOK OF POWER QUALITY EDITED BY ANGELO BAGGINI UNIVERSITY OF
BERGAMO, ITALY JOHN WILEY &. SONS, LTD CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XIX
PREFACE XXIII 1 FREQUENCY VARIATIONS 1 HERMINA ALBERT, NICOLAE
GOLOVANOV, ALEKSANDER KOT AND JANUSZ BRO'ZEK 1.1 FREQUENCY QUALITY
INDICES 3 1.2 FREQUENCY MEASURING 4 1.3 LOAD-FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS 6
1.3.1 INFLUENCE OF THE FREQUENCY VARIATION ON THE ACTUATION MOTORS 6
1.3.2 CAPACITOR BANK AND HARMONIE FILTERS 7 1.3.3 TRANSFORMERS AND COILS
IN THE POWER NETWORK 7 1.4 INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY ON USERS' EQUIPMENT 8
1.4.1 INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY VARIATIONS ON ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 8 1.4.2
INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY VARIATIONS ON PARALLEL-CONNECTED CONDENSERS AND
COILS 11 1.4.3 INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY VARIATIONS ON SERIES-CONNECTED
CONDENSERS AND COILS 12 1.5 GOVERNING OF TURBINE SPEED 12 1.6 FREQUENCY
CONTROL IN POWER SYSTEMS 16 1.6.1 COMPOSITE LOAD 17 1.6.2 THE GENERATION
CHARACTERISTIC 19 1.6.3 THE SYSTEM PROPERTIES AND CONTROL BASICS 20
1.6.4 FREQUENCY CONTROL IN AN ISLANDING SYSTEM AND IN INTERCONNECTED
SYSTEMS 22 1.6.5 FREQUENCY CONTROL: PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY 23
1.6.6 TECHNICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF LOAD-FREQUENCY CONTROL 28
BIBLIOGRAPHY 29 CONTENTS CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY 31 KRISH GOMATOM AND TOM
SHORT 2.1 DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY 31 2.1.1 CUSTOMER-BASED INDICES 32
2.1.2 LOAD-BASED INDICES 34 2.1.3 VARIATION IN THE UTILITY INDICES 35
2.2 QUALITY OF SUPPLY 36 2.2.1 CUSTOMER SERVICE 36 2.2.2 CONTINUITY OF
SUPPLY 37 2.2.3 VOLTAGE QUALITY 37 2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING RELIABILITY
PERFORMANCE 40 2.3.1 RELIABILITY INDICES REPORTING 41 2.3.2 DIFFERENCES
BASED ON TYPE OF SUPPLY 42 2.4 IMPROVING RELIABILITY 44 2.4.1
UTILITY-SIDE IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS 44 2.4.2 CUSTOM POWER DEVICES 46 2.5
COSTS, MARKETS AND VALUE FOR RELIABILITY 49 2.5.1 SIZE OF THE END-USER
LOAD AND DURATION AFFECT COST 49 2.5.2 MARKET FOR RELIABILITY 50 2.5.3
VALUE OF RELIABILITY: A MACRO VIEW 51 2.5.4 IMPACT OF RELIABILITY EVENTS
ON END-USER PRODUCTIVITY 53 2.5.5 MAPPING RELIABILITY TO END-USER
FACILITY OPERATING HOURS 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY 57 VOLTAGE CONTROL IN
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 59 ANDRZEJ KANICKI \ 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE
PHENOMENA 60 3.2 DISTURBANCE SOURCES 61 3.3 DISTURBANCE EFFECTS 62 3.3.1
LOAD MODELS 62 3.3.2 VOLTAGE DROP 63 3.3.3 VOLTAGE STABILITY 64 3.4
METHODS OF EFFECT ELIMINATION 68 3.4.1 GENERATOR EXCITATION CONTROL 68
3.4.2 TRANSFORMER RATIO CONTROL 70 3.4.3 VOLTAGE CONTROL BY MEANS OF
REACTIVE POWER FLOW CHANGE 72 3.4.4 VOLTAGE CONTROL BY MEANS OF NETWORK
IMPEDANCE CHANGE 74 3.4.5 NODE VOLTAGE OPTIMIZATION 76 3.5 STANDARDS 76
3.5.1 VOLTAGE STANDARDS IN GRID NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS 76 3.5.2
VOLTAGE STANDARDS IN GRID DISTURBED OPERATING CONDITIONS 76 CONTENTS
3.5.3 VOLTAGE STANDARDS IN MIDDLE- AND LOW-VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
77 BIBLIOGRAPHY 77 4 VOLTAGE DIPS AND SHORT SUPPLY INTERRUPTIONS 79
ZBIGNIEW HANZELKA 4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENA 79 4.2 PARAMETERS 82
4.2.1 VOLTAGE DIP DURATION 82 4.2.2 MAGNITUDE OF A VOLTAGE DIP 83 4.3
SOURCES 87 4.3.1 SOURCES OF VOLTAGE DIPS 87 4.3.2 SOURCES OF SHORT
SUPPLY INTERRUPTIONS 89 4.4 EFFECTS 89 4.4.1 IT EQUIPMENT AND CONTROL
SYSTEMS 90 4.4.2 CONTACTORS AND RELAYS 92 4.4.3 INDUCTION MOTORS 92
4.4.4 SYNCFHRONOUS MOTORS 93 4.4.5 VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES 93 4.4.6
HIGH-PRESSURE DISCHARGE LAMPS 94 4.5 MITIGATION 94 4.5.1 REDUCTION OF
THE NUMBER OF FAULTS 95 4.5.2 REDUCTION OF THE FAULT CLEARANCE TIME 95
4.5.3 MODIFICATION OF THE SUPPLY SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 96 4.5.4 VOLTAGE
STABILIZERS 97 4.5.5 IMPROVEMENT IN EQUIPMENT IMMUNITY 98 4.6
MEASUREMENT 100 4.6.1 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT 100 4.6.2 STATISTICAL
METHODS OF ANALYSIS 112 4.6.3 AREA OF VULNERABILITY 114 4.7 CONTRACT 114
4.7.1 DURATION OF MEASUREMENTS 116 4.7.2 REFERENCE VOLTAGE VALUE 116
4.7.3 LOCATION AND METHOD OF CONNECTION OF MEASURING INSTRUMENT 117
4.7.4 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEASURING INSTRUMENTATION 118 4.7.5
THRESHOLD VALUES FOR DISTURBANCE DETECTION 118 4.7.6 TECHNIQUES OF
REPORTING THE MEASUREMENT RESULTS 119 4.7.7 METHODS FOR AGGREGATION OF
MEASUREMENT RESULTS 119 4.8 STANDARDS 124 4.9 ALTERNATIVE VOLTAGE DIP
INDICES 126 4.9.1 INDICES BASED ON THE VOLTAGE CHANGE 126 4.9.2
ENERGY-RELATED INDICES 127 4.9.3 OTHERS 129 CONTE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 131
BIBLIOGRAPHY 131 VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS AND FLICKER 135 ARACELI HERNAENDEZ
BAYO 5.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENON 135 5.1.1 VOLTAGE CHANGES,
VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS AND FLICKER 135 5.1.2 PHYSIOLOGY OF FLICKER
PERCEPTION 137 5.2 PARAMETERS 138 5.3 MEASUREMENT 139 5.3.1 THE IEC
FLICKERMETER 139 5.3.2 USE OF THE FLICKERMETER 146 5.3.3 SIMPLIFIED
METHODS FOR P ST ASSESSMENT 148 5.4 SOURCES 151 5.4.1 INDUSTRIAL LOADS
152 5.4.2 ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES SUPPLIED FROM LV NETWORKS 155 5.4.3 WIND
TURBINE GENERATION SYSTEMS 155 5.5 EFFECTS 156 5.6 MITIGATION STRATEGIES
156 5.6.1 DEVICES BASED ON DECREASING REACTIVE POWER VARIATIONS 157
5.6.2 METHODS ORIENTED TO INCREASE THE SHORT-CIRCUIT POWER 160 5.6.3
OTHER SOLUTIONS FOR FLICKER MITIGATION 161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 161 VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT UNBALANCE 163 IRENA WASIAK / 6.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENA
163 6.2 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF CURRENTS AND VOLTAGES 165 6.3
PARAMETERS 170 6.4 MEASUREMENTS 171 6.5 SOURCES 173 6.6 EFFECTS 174
6.6.1 ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 174 6.6.2 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS 174 6.6.3
CONVERTERS 175 6.6.4 OTHER LOADS 175 6.7 MITIGATION 175 6.7.1 PRINCIPLE
OF BALANCING 176 6.7.2 STATIC COMPENSATORS 178 6.8 STANDARDS 181 6.8.1
LIMITS 181 6.8.2 PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT 183 BIBLIOGRAPHY 184 CONTENTS
7 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HARMONICS 187 ANGELO BAGGINI AND ZBIGNIEW HANZELKA
7.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENA 187 188 189 190 190 192 194 195 200 200
202 202 204 204 208 209 213 214 217 218 221 223 226 227 228 229 230 232
234 236 236 236 237 LOAD AND HARMONIE SOURCE 252 7.7.4 REDUCTION OF LOAD
SENSITIVITY TO DISTURBANCES 252 7.8 STANDARDS 257 BIBLIOGRAPHY 259 7.2
7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5 COMPOSITION OF
DISTORTED WAVEFORM DECOMPOSITION OF DISTORTED WAVEFORM HARMONICS AND
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS CLASSIFICATION OF DISTORTION COMPONENTS
QUANTITIES DESCRIBING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DISTORTION PARAMETERS
MEASUREMENTS SOURCES OF CURRENT HARMONICS 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5
7.4.6 TRANSFORMERS MOTORS AND GENERATORS ARE FURNACES FLUORESCENT
LIGHTING ELECTRONIC AND POWER ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT HARMONIE CURRENT
VALUES/MAGNITUDES FOR SELECTED LOADS VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HARMONICS
EFFECTS 7.6.1 7.6.2 7.6.3 7.6.4 7.6.5 7.6.6 7.6.7 7.6.8 7.6.9 7.6.10
7.6.11 7.6.12 7.6.13 MITIGAT 7.7.1 7.7.2 7.7.3 POWER FACTOR OVERHEATINGI
OF PHASE AND NEUTRAL CONDUCTORS SKIN EFFECT MOTORS AND GENERATORS
TRANSFORMERS CAPACITORS LIGHT SOURCES NUISANCE TRIPPING OF
CIRCUIT-BREAKERS EARTH-FAULT CURRENTS CONVERTERS AND ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS RELAY AND CONTACTOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS
TELECOMMUNICATIONS INTERFERENCE ION METHODS OF VOLTAGE DISTORTION
REDUCTION REDUCTION OF HARMONIE EMISSION REDUCTION OF THE COUPLING
BETWEEN SENSITIV CONTENTS OVERVOLTAGES 263 FRANCO BUA, FRANCESCO BURATTI
AND ALAN ASCOLARI 8.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENA 264 8.1.1 CONTINUOUS
(POWER FREQUENCY) VOLTAGE 264 8.1.2 TEMPORARY OVERVOLTAGE 264 8.1.3
TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE 265 8.1.4 COMBINED OVERVOLTAGE 265 8.1.5
OVERVOLTAGE PROPAGATION 267 8.2 PARAMETERS 268 8.2.1 LIGHTNING IMPULSE
PROTECTIVE LEVEL OF A SURGE ARRESTER 269 8.2.2 SWITCHING IMPULSE
PROTECTIVE LEVEL OF A SURGE ARRESTER 270 8.3 SOURCES 270 8.3.1 INTERNAL
OVERVOLTAGES 270 8.3.2 EXTERNAL OVERVOLTAGES 283 8.4 EFFECTS 285 8.4.1
BREAKDOWN CONSEQUENCES 285 8.4.2 REDUCTION OF OVERVOLTAGE RISK AND LEVEL
286 8.5 MITIGATION 287 8.5.1 PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION 287 8.5.2
INSULATION COORDINATION 287 8.5.3 OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES 291 8.6
STANDARDS V 296 8.6.1 INSULATION COORDINATION 296 BIBLIOGRAPHY 298
ANALYSIS OF WAVEFORMS IN MODERN POWER SYSTEMS 299 JOHAN RENS AND PIET
SWART 9.1 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF NON-SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS: PRACTICAL
CONSIDERATIONS 300 9.2 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 300 9.2.1
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 300 9.2.2 SPECTRAL LEAKAGE AND ALIASING 301 9.2.3
SPECTRAL LEAKAGE AND WINDOWING 301 9.2.4 METROLOGICAL FEATURES OF
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM 302 9.2.5 HARMONIE POWER MEASUREMENT IN
NON-SIMULTANEOUS SAMPLING 302 9.3 SEQUENCE COMPONENT ANALYSIS 307 9.3.1
FORTESQUE TRANSFORM REDEFINED FOR NON-SINUSOIDAL CIRCUITS 307 9.3.2
THREE-WIRE POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 309 9.3.3 FOUR-WIRE POWER SYSTEM
ANALYSIS 316 9.4 EEEE 1459: POWER DEFMITIONS FOR MODERN POWER SYSTEMS
321 9.4.1 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT QUANTITIES UNDER NON-SINUSOIDAL UNBALANCED
CONDITIONS 321 9.4.2 APPARENT POWER DEFMITIONS 324 CONTENTS 9.4.3
ARITHMETIC APPARENT POWER 324 9.4.4 THE VECTOR APPARENT POWER 324 9.4.5
THE EFFECTIVE APPARENT POWER 325 9.4.6 HARMONIE POLLUTION AND UNBALANCE
326 9.4.7 FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER 327 9.4.8
POWER FACTOR DEFINITIONS 327 9.5 LOCALIZATION OF SOURCES OF WAVEFORM
DISTORTION IN A MODERN POWER SYSTEM 328 BIBLIOGRAPHY 329 10 EARTHING 331
FRANCO BUA, FRANCESCO BURATTI AND ANTONI KLAJN 10.1 TYPICAL EARTHING
SYSTEM 331 10.2 ELECTRIC RESISTIVITY OF SOIL 332 10.3 ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES OF THE EARTH ELECTRODES 335 10.3.1 RESISTANCE AND IMPEDANCE
TO EARTH 335 10.3.2 VOLTAGE-TO-EARTH AND SURFACE POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION
339 10.3.3 PROPERTIES OF EARTH ELECTRODES AT LIGHTNING CURRENTS 340 10.4
TYPICAL EARTH-ELECTRODE CONSTRUCTIONS 342 10.4.1 SIMPLE HORIZONTAL EARTH
ELECTRODES 343 10.4.2 SIMPLE ROD, VERTICAL EARTH ELECTRODES 346 10.4.3
SIMPLE, COMBINED EARTH ELECTRODES 349 10.4.4 MESHED EARTH ELECTRODES 350
10.4.5 FOUNDATION EARTH ELECTRODES 352 10.4.6 CABLE WITH EARTHING EFFECT
354 10.5 EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS IN PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRIC SHOCK 355
10.5.1 EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS AS PROTECTION ELEMENTS IN LV NETWORKS 357
10.5.2 EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS AS PROTECTION ELEMENTS IN HV NETWORKS 358
10.6 ROLE OF EARTHING IN ELECTRONIC AND TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 361
10.6.1 PROTECTIVE AND FUNCTIONAL EARTHING 362 10.6.2 COMBINED EARTHING
SYSTEM 362 10.6.3 SAFETY ASPECTS 363 10.6.4 FUNCTIONALITY ASPECTS 366
10.6.5 DISTURBANCES AND COUPLING MECHANISMS 367 10.6.6 LOW-NOISE
EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING 369 10.7 LIFETIME ASPECTS OF THE EARTHING
ARRANGEMENTS 370 10.7.1 CHEMICAL CORROSION 370 10.7.2 CORROSION CAUSED
BY STRAY (DIRECT) CURRENTS 372 10.7.3 GALVANIC (ELECTROCHEMICAL)
CORROSION 373 10.8 MEASUREMENTS OF EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS 375 10.8.1
MEASUREMENT OF SOIL RESISTIVITY 376 10.8.2 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO
EARTH OF AN EARTH ELECTRODE 377 BIBLIOGRAPHY 380 11 RELIABILITY OF
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY: STRUCTURE ANGELO BAGGINI, DAVID CHAPMAN AND
FRANCESCO BURATTI 383 11.1 BASIC SCHEMES OF ELECTRICAL GRIDS 384 11.1.1
SIMPLE RADIAL SYSTEM 384 11.1.2 RINGSCHEME 385 11.1.3 DOUBLE RADIAL
SCHEME 387 11.1.4 MESHED SCHEME 388 11.1.5 COMPOUND SCHEME 388 11.2
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR THE STUDY AND CHOICE OF THE SCHEMES 389 11.2.1
PARAMETERS AND BASIC CONDITIONS 389 11.2.2 SCHEME OF THE GRID AS A LINK
BETWEEN SUPPLIES AND LOADS 389 11.2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
INSTALLATION 390 11.2.4 THE SYSTEM SUPPLY SECTION AND END SECTION 400
11.2.5 THE STANDARD AND PREFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 400 BIBLIOGRAPHY 401 12
RELIABILITY OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLY: APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT 403 ROBERTO
VILLAFAEFILA-ROBLES AND JOAN BERGAS-JANE 404 405 406 407 410 411 413 414
415 416 417 420 421 425 425 425 426 427 429 429 429 432 433 12.1 12.2
12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 POWER QUALITY, RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY GENERAL
ASPECTS OF RELIABILITY APPLIANCES POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION ALTERNATIVES
12.3.1 POWER CONDITIONERS EMERGENCY AND STANDBY POWER SYSTEMS 12.4.1
12.4.2 12.4.3 12.4.4 12.4.5 12.4.6 12.4.7 12.4.8 ENGINE-DRIVEN
GENERATORS MICROTURBINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SYSTEMS
DYNAMIC UPS STATIC UPS HYBRID STATIC/DYNAMIC UPS D.C. POWER SUPPLY
SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGICAL COMPARISON DYNAMIC UPS SYSTEMS 12.5.1 12.5.2
12.5.3 12.5.4 12.5.5 MODERN FLYWHEELS COMPONENTS CLASSIFICATION
APPLICATION FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS STATIC UPS SYSTEM
12.6.1 12.6.2 12.6.3 COMPONENTS CLASSIFICATION UPS TECHNOLOGY CONTENTS
12.6.4 APPLICATION 438 12.6.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 440
12.7 GOOD ENGINEERING PRACTICE 442 BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 13 MONITORING POWER
QUALITY 445 ANDREAS SUMPER AND SAMUEL GALCERAN-ARELLANO 13.1 MONITORING
OBJECTIVES 445 13.1.1 BENEFITS OF POWER QUALITY MONITORING 446 13.2
MEASUREMENT ISSUES 447 13.2.1 MEASUREMENT CHAIN 447 13.2.2 R.M.S.
MEASUREMENT 448 13.2.3 TRANSIENTS MEASUREMENT 448 13.2.4 SAMPLING RATE
449 13.2.5 BANDWIDTH AMPLITUDE/FREQUENCY 449 13.2.6 ACCURACY 449 13.2.7
PRECISION 449 13.2.8 RESOLUTION 450 13.2.9 MEASUREMENT AGGREGATION
ALGORITHM 450 13.3 SELECTION OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS 451 13.3.1
GENERAL FEATURES OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS 452 13.3.2 SIGNAL
INPUT/OUTPUT 453 13.3.3 FUNCTIONS 454 13.4 SUCCESSFUL POWER QUALITY
MONITORING 454 13.4.1 POWER QUALITY PROGRAM 454 13.4.2 MANAGING
MONITORING PROJECTS 456 13.4.3 IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM 458 13.5
POSTPROCESSING MONITORING RESULTS 460 13.5.1 INTERPRETING MONITORING
RESULTS 460 13.5.2 DATA COLLECTION AND MONITORING SYSTEMS 460 13.5.3
SOFTWARE AND DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS 460 13.5.4 POWER QUALITY DATA
INTERCHANGE FORMAT (PQDIF) 461 BIBLIOGRAPHY 461 14 STATIC CONVERTERS AND
POWER QUALITY 463 MIRCEA CHINDRIS AND ANTONI SUDRIAE-ANDREU 14.1 IMPACT
OF STATIC CONVERTERS ON THE SUPPLY NETWORK 464 14.1.1 INDUSTRIAL
EQUIPMENT 464 14.1.2 CONTROL AND INFORMATICS EQUIPMENT 469 14.1.3
SOLUTIONS 470 14.1.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY ISSUES 477 14.1.5
IMPACT ON LOADS SUPPLIED BY POWER CONVERTERS 481 14.2 IMPACT OF SUPPLY
NETWORK DISTURBANCES ON STATIC CONVERTERS 487 14.2.1 IMPACT OF VOLTAGE
DISTURBANCES ON STATIC CONVERTERS 487 14.2.2 VOLTAGE SAG SUSCEPTIBILITY
490 14.2.3 IMMUNIZATION TECHNIQUES 490 BIBLIOGRAPHY 494 15 COMPENSATION
OF REACTIVE POWER 499 STEFAN FASSBINDER AND ALAN ASCOLARI 15.1 BASICS
500 15.1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCTANCES AND CAPACITANCES 500 15.1.2
REACTIVE POWER 502 15.1.3 WATTLESS CURRENT 503 15.1.4 REACTIVE POWER
COMPENSATOR 505 15.2 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION 506 15.2.1 CONTROL AND
REGULATION OF REACTIVE POWER 506 15.2.2 CENTRALLY AND DISPERSED
COMPENSATION 508 15.2.3 DETUNING 510 15.3 PASSIVE FILTERS 513 15.3.1
DEDICATED FILTENNG CIRCUITS FOR INDIVIDUAL FREQUENCIES 514 15.3.2
CENTRAL AND DISPERSED SOLUTION 515 15.3.3 L/C RATIO 516 15.3.4 SOUND
FREQUENCY SIGNALS 518 BIBLIOGRAPHY 519 16 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND
POWER QUALITY 521 VU VAN THONG AND JOHAN DRIESEN 16.1 DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK MODELING 522 16.1.1 STEADY-STATE MODELING 522 16.1.2 DYNAMIC
MODELING 523 16.2 POWER QUALITY AND DG 524 16.2.1 VOLTAGE RISE 524
16.2.2 VOLTAGE DIPS 524 16.2.3 VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS AND FLICKER 524
16.2.4 HARMONICS 525 16.2.5 UNBALANCE 526 16.2.6 DIRECT CURRENT 526
BIBLIOGRAPHY 526 17 ELECTRICITY MARKET 529 PIETER VERMEYEN AND JOHAN
DRIESEN 17.1 MARKET PLAYERS 529 17.1.1 ELECTRICITY PRODUCERS 530 17.1.2
GRID OPERATORS 530 CONTENTS 17.1.3 ELECTRICITY RETAILERS 531 17.1.4
REGULATORS 531 17.2 CONTRACT TYPES 531 17.2.1 RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS 532
17.2.2 SMALL BUSINESSES 532 17.2.3 SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED COMPANIES 533
17.2.4 LARGE COMPANIES 533 17.3 LOAD MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRICITY
MARKET 534 17.3.1 REASON FOR LOAD MANAGEMENT 534 17.3.2 MULTIPLE
ELECTRICITY TARIFF 535 17.3.3 REAL-TIME PRICING 535 17.3.4 CONTRACTS FOR
REDUCING CONSUMPTION 536 17.3.5 INTELLIGENT ENERGY METER 536 17.3.6
OTHER TECHNIQUES 537 17.4 POWER QUALITY IN THE ELECTRICITY MARKET 537
17.4.1 POWER QUALITY CONTRACTS 538 17.4.2 POWER QUALITY MARKET 542
BIBLIOGRAPHY 543 18 COST OF POOR POWER QUALITY 545 ROMAN TARGOSZ AND
JONATHAN MANSON 18.1 EXPLORING PQ COST 547 18.1.1 STAFFCOST 547 18.1.2
WORK IN PROGRESS 547 18.1.3 EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONING 548 18.1.4
EQUIPMENT DAMAGE 548 18.1.5 OTHER COSTS 548 18.1.6 SPECIFIC COSTS 548
18.1.7 SAVINGS 549 18.2 STUDIES ON COST OF POOR PQ 549 18.3 LONG
INTERRUPTIONS 552 18.4 SHORT INTERRUPTIONS 556 18.5 VOLTAGE DIPS 556
18.6 HARMONICS 558 18.7 OTHER DISTURBANCES 559 18.8 PROFILES BY SECTOR
561 18.9 COST PER EVENT OF PQ DISTURBANCES 570 18.10 PQ SOLUTIONS 574
18.11 NVESTMENT ANALYSIS TO MITIGATE COSTS OF PQ 582 8.11.1 INVESTMENT
ANALYSIS 582 8.11.2 CAPITAL BUDGETING 583 8.11.3 PROJECT CLASSIFICATIONS
583 8.11.4 COST OF CAPITAL 584 8.11.5 THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY 584 8.11.6
FUTURE VALUE OF A SINGLE CASH FLOW 585 18.11.7 PRESENT VALUE OF A SINGLE
CASH FLOW AND OF A CASH FLOW STREAM 586 18.11.8 DETERMINISTIC APPROACH
TO PQ INVESTMENT ANALYSIS 586 18.11.9 DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW METHODS 587
18.11.10 NON DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW METHODS 590 18.11.11 BREAK-EVEN
ANALYSIS 591 BIBLIOGRAPHY 592 19 POWER QUALITY AND RATIONAL USE OF
ENERGY 593 PIETER VERMEYEN AND JOHAN DRIESEN 19.1 REASONS FOR RATIONAL
USE OF ENERGY 594 19.1.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 594 19.1.2 ECONOMIC
CONSIDERATIONS 594 19.1.3 ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY 595 19.2 TECHNIQUES FOR
RATIONAL USE OF ENERGY 595 19.2.1 ADAPTED USE OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 595
19.2.2 EFFICIENT LOADS 596 19.2.3 VARIABLE TARIFFS 598 19.3 IMPACT ON
POWER QUALITY 598 19.3.1 EMISSION OF HARMONIE DISTORTION BY FLUORESCENT
LAMPS 598 19.3.2 EMISSION OF HARMONIE DISTORTION BY VSDS 601 19.3.3
IMMUNITY OF FLUORESCENT LAMPS 603 19.3.4 IMMUNITY OF VSDS 603
BIBLIOGRAPHY 605 20 PERCEIVED POWER QUALITY 607 MAURIZIO CACIOTTA 20.1
CUSTOMER DEFINITION 607 20.2 CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS 608 20.3 ANALYSIS
PROCESS OF THE CUSTOMER WITH RESPECT TO THE REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING THE
PRODUCT 608 20.4 MULTIPLICITY OF GOODS: ACTIVE CATEGORIES IN THE
TERRITORY OF ROME 609 BIBLIOGRAPHY 611 INDEX 613 CASE STUDIES AND
ANNEXES ACCESSIBLE ON THE COMPANION WEBSITE ANNEX 1 ANGELO BAGGINI AND
ALAN ASCOLARI CONTENTS ANNEX 2 ANGELO BAGGINI AND ZBIGNIEW HANZELKA
ANNEX 3 POWER THEORY WITH NON-SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS ANDRZEJ FIRLIT ANNEX
4 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE ZBIGNIEW HANZELKA |
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| author2 | Baggini, Angelo |
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| author_facet | Baggini, Angelo |
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| dewey-full | 621.31 |
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| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4173536-5 Patentschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Patentschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV023320584 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:53:39Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:15:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0470065613 9780470065617 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016504685 |
| oclc_num | 183392703 |
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| owner | DE-92 DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-92 DE-634 |
| physical | XXIV, 618 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| spelling | Handbook of power quality ed. by Angelo Baggini Chichester Wiley 2008 XXIV, 618 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Electric power transmission / Reliability Distributed resources (Electric utilities) / Reliability Energia elétrica larpcal Distributed resources (Electric utilities) Reliability Electric power transmission Reliability Elektrisches Energiesystem (DE-588)4134933-7 gnd rswk-swf Elektrizitätsversorgung (DE-588)4014224-3 gnd rswk-swf Zuverlässigkeit (DE-588)4059245-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4173536-5 Patentschrift gnd-content Elektrisches Energiesystem (DE-588)4134933-7 s Elektrizitätsversorgung (DE-588)4014224-3 s Zuverlässigkeit (DE-588)4059245-5 s DE-604 Baggini, Angelo edt GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016504685&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Handbook of power quality Electric power transmission / Reliability Distributed resources (Electric utilities) / Reliability Energia elétrica larpcal Distributed resources (Electric utilities) Reliability Electric power transmission Reliability Elektrisches Energiesystem (DE-588)4134933-7 gnd Elektrizitätsversorgung (DE-588)4014224-3 gnd Zuverlässigkeit (DE-588)4059245-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4134933-7 (DE-588)4014224-3 (DE-588)4059245-5 (DE-588)4173536-5 |
| title | Handbook of power quality |
| title_auth | Handbook of power quality |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of power quality |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Handbook of power quality |
| title_full | Handbook of power quality ed. by Angelo Baggini |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of power quality ed. by Angelo Baggini |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of power quality ed. by Angelo Baggini |
| title_short | Handbook of power quality |
| title_sort | handbook of power quality |
| topic | Electric power transmission / Reliability Distributed resources (Electric utilities) / Reliability Energia elétrica larpcal Distributed resources (Electric utilities) Reliability Electric power transmission Reliability Elektrisches Energiesystem (DE-588)4134933-7 gnd Elektrizitätsversorgung (DE-588)4014224-3 gnd Zuverlässigkeit (DE-588)4059245-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Electric power transmission / Reliability Distributed resources (Electric utilities) / Reliability Energia elétrica Distributed resources (Electric utilities) Reliability Electric power transmission Reliability Elektrisches Energiesystem Elektrizitätsversorgung Zuverlässigkeit Patentschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016504685&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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