Emigracja polska wobec problemów przebudowy i sowietyzacji kraju po drugiej wojnie światowej: studia
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toruń
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | NT: Emigracja polska wobec sowietyzacji kraju. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 492 s. 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788374416160 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137642174971904 |
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| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wprowadzenie
.............................................................................................. 9
Część pierwsza.
Podstawy sowietyzacji Polski
Tadeusz Wolsza
Sowietyzacja Polski i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w ujęciu
polskich kręgów emigracyjnych na Wyspach Brytyjskich
(1944—1950).
Zagadnienia teoretyczne, zakres, skala zjawiska
oraz chronologia wydarzeń
..................................................................... 17
Mirosław Golon
Fundamenty sowietyzacji
-
polityka ZSRR wobec Polski
w latach
1947-1948.
Wybrane zagadnienia
............................................ 33
Część druga.
Koncepcje środowisk emigracyjnych i polonijnych
wobec powojennego rozwoju Polski na tle
Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
Ryszard Sudziński
Przebudowa gospodarki polskiej w koncepcjach władz RP
na Obczyźnie i w kontekście jej sowietyzacji w latach
1944-1947 ....... 71
Krzysztof Langowski
Sprawa niepodległości Polski w koncepcjach politycznych
komitetu Narodowego Amerykanów Polskiego Pochodzenia
w latach
1944-1956 ................................................................................ 87
Sławomir Łukasiewicz
Jan Wszelaki o gospodarczych aspektach federacji
środkowoeuropejskiej
........................................................................... 105
Adam Sudoł
Problemy dalszego rozwoju Polski po
II
wojnie światowej
w koncepcjach politycznych Edwarda Azczepanika
............................ 119
Przemysław Wójtowicz
„Polski Londyn wobec
XX
Zjazdu KPZR
.......................................... 135
Spis treści
Część trzecia.
Środowiska emigracyjne i polonijne wobec sowietyzacji Kraju
i przemian zachodzących w Polsce
Józef Smoleński
Władze RP na uchodźstwie a problem stosunków aliantów
zachodnich z Polską w latach
1945-1948 ............................................ 143
Roman Dzwonkowsm SA
С
........................................................................ 155
Polska Misja Katolicka w Paryżu i Ambasada „Warszawska
1945-1947.
Konflikt ideologiczny i polityczny
.................................... 151
Zbigniew Gikzyński
Inne spojrzenie na Kraj. Tygodnik „Sztandar Polski jako próba
alternatywnego prezentowania spraw polskich na emigracji we
Francji w latach
1945-1946 .................................................................. 173
Zygmunt Wożniczka
Emigracja wobec podziemia w kraju po
1945
roku
.............................. 187
Anna Siwik
Przemiany spoieczno-polityczne w PRL w ocenie „Zjednoczenia
..... 211
Arkadiusz Adamczyk
Obraz kultury, nauki i szkolnictwa w sowietyzowanej Polsce
w publicystyce i myśli politycznej londyńskiej Ligi Niepodległości
Polski w okresie utrwalania władzy ludowej
(X
1944 -
1
1947) .......... 227
Dariusz Fabisz
Generał Lucjan Żeligowski wobec rzeczywistości politycznej
w Kraju w latach
1943-1947 ................................................................ 243
Ireneusz Wojewódzki
Powojenna rzeczywistość w oczach
generala
Kazimierza Sosnkowskiego
.................................................................. 255
Grzegorz Szturo
Kraj i emigracja w publicystyce Adama Pragiera. Lata
1945-1956 ..... 275
Beata Szubtarska
Tadeusz
Romer
o sytuacji w Polsce po
II
wojnie światowej
................ 287
Tadeusz Radzik
Liga Niepodległości Polski wobec wydarzeń politycznych
i przemian ustrojowych w Polsce do
1956
roku
................................... 295
Zdzisław Kościański
Powojenna żołnierska emigracja wobec problemów
odbudowy i przemian zachodzących w Polsce.
Na przykładzie Koła Krechowiaków w Londynie
................................ 313
Spis treści
Adam Romejko
Duszpasterstwo polonijne w Wielkiej Brytanii w kontekście
sytuacji politycznej w kraju i na emigracji
........................................... 333
Jarosław Kłaczków
Zrzeszenie Ewangelików Polaków oraz Polski Kościół
Ewangelicko-Augsburski na Obczyźnie wobec sytuacji
w Polsce w latach
1945-1956 ............................................................... 347
Paweł Ziętara
Problemy odbudowy i sowietyzacji kraju na lamach
„OriaBiałego w latach
1945-1956 ...................................................... 365
Andrzej Zaćmiński
Wydarzenia
1952
roku w Polsce w ocenie polskiego
uchodźstwa politycznego w Wielkiej Brytanii
..................................... 391
Piotr Kardela
Obraz sytuacji w powojennej Polsce w ocenie liderów
przedwojennego Centralnego Związku Młodej Wsi
............................. 405
Romuald Turkowski
Polskie środowiska ludowe na emigracji wobec kolektywizacji
wsi w kraju
(1948-1989) ...................................................................... 417
Adam F. Baran
Polityka władz naczelnych ZHP poza granicami Kraju
wobec harcerstwa w Polsce w latach
(1980-1990) .............................. 453
Część czwarta.
Varia
Ryszard Ciskowski, Wojciech A. Wierzewski
Misja Kongresu Polonii Amerykańskiej w drugiej połowie
XX
stulecia
............................................................................................ 465
Walter Wiesław Gołębiewski
Polonia amerykańska wobec problemów odbudowy
i sowietyzacji kraju po zakończeniu
II
wojny światowej
na przykładzie działalności Kongresu Polonii
Amerykańskiej (KPA)
........................................................................... 473
Informacja o autorach
............................................................................. 485
Summary
................................................................................................... 487
Research
on heritage of polish emigration and
Polonia ,
especially the one
which settled outside post Second World War borders, has become possible, on
grater scale, in last several years. The meaning, and the need of doing such rese¬
arch, favorable to preserving national identity of Poles living on foreign land shall
not be questioned, especially in the moment while the oldest generation of emi¬
grants fades away into the shadow. It is enough to mention those who passed away
lately:
Jerzy Giedroyć, Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Tymon Terlecki, and Edward
Szczepaniak.
The struggle, present around the world, to save the elements of the
world heritage, requires coordination of actions of various research centers, and
also pointing directions towards this specific goal.
The organizer of an international scientific conference titled: Polish Emigra¬
tion Toward Problems of Rebuilding and Sovietisation of the Country After the
End of World War Two , which took place between
24
and
26
of November
2005
in the Conference Center
Amazonka
in
Ciechocinek,
reached out these postulates.
The initiator of the conference and its scientific manager was professor
Ryszard
Sudziński,
the manager of the Institute of History of World and Poland After
1945,
part of the Institute of History and Archival Science, University of
Nicolaus
Co¬
pernicus, and the Department of Research of History of
Polonia
and Emigration
in
Wyższa Szkoła
Humnaistyczno-Ekonomiczna in
Włocławek.
This volume is a result of the mentioned conference. Whole material has been
divided into two sections plus the introduction and the ending part. Borders be¬
tween them aren t to sharp, they rather create some order.
Articles in Part One introduce the reader the explanatory basis on which the
idea of sovietisation (stalinization) of Poland, on the background of Central Euro¬
pe, has been built. The articles show scale of the phenomenon and the chronology
of events. After the war, in the society of Polish London , there has been a belief
that the process of sovietisation and communisation of this part of the continent
will be long and realized by Moscow in stages. The first phase was marked by: the
moment when the Red Army entered into Poland and into Baltic countries, paci¬
fication of the pro independence underground, and the intransigent fight with the
Church and religion
(1944-1945).
Second phase of sovietisation, in the emigration
experts opinion was closed by the Czechoslovakian events in
1948,
which for
many politicians and publicists were the key time in the process of sovietisation
of Central Europe. Further periods were marked by: outbreak of the Korean War
(1950),
the death of Joseph Stalin
(1953)
and the 20th convention of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union
(1956).
Among these time periods the basic foundations
488
Summary
had been undoubtedly built from
1944
till
1945.
In a quickest and the fullest way
the process took place in Poland. In this time, controlled by the
Kreml
political, ad¬
ministration, military and whole oppression mechanism structures as well, as force
protection of its position in Poland, had been formed, completion of which was
creating North Group of Red Army Forces. Activities connected with sovietisation
were continued in further years, deepening dependence in economic aspect, liqui¬
dating remains of legal and illegal opposition, and last but not least by realization,
from
1948,
on every levels of life of the country
-
politics, economics, culture and
others, a broad spectrum of changes which were suppose to make Polish and other
state systems similar to the soviet model. This process had been slowed down in
the middle of the fifties, but its essential features and dependences remained until
the Autumn of the Nations in
1989
(see article Wolsza
&
Golon).
These problems from the very beginning have lively interested Government
of the Polish Republic in Exile and also political and emigrant societies, especially
in Polish London . Their concepts toward postwar development of Poland in the
background of Central Europe are shown in the second part of the book. In plans
of the Polish Republic authorities in London, a lot of attention had been dedicated
to the attitude toward changes which were taking place in the country in the socio-
-economic sphere. These problems had become a subject of many debates inside
political parties and also a subject of very deep analysis made by emigrant clerks.
In result of that, many comments, surveys, opinions, valuations, and prognosis
especially concerning strategy and tactics of the communists, system changes in
every aspect of life, relationships between authority and the society, conditions of
life of the citizens and the directions of sovietisation and exploitation of Poland by
the Soviet Union. These were complemented by official memorandums of the Go¬
vernment of Polish Republic and also very broad and particular studies of certain
matters, mostly for inner use, were made. In the emigration evaluations it was pre¬
dicted that sooner or later Poland will set itself free from soviet and communistic
reigns. A strong, economically self-sufficient, country shall be created (see article
R.
Sudziński).
However, on the other side of the Atlantic, in the USA, from
1942
the National Committee of Americans with Polish Origin had functioned, which
while observing situation in the country, had many times spoken in the matter of
independence of Poland and, when there was such possibility, had warned Ameri¬
can authorities to issues of the country and, subordinated to Stalin, Central Europe
(see article of K. Langowski).
Also polish emigrant diplomats in Washington and in London have spoken
about various aspects of international and polish situation. They knew very well
these relationships and they had good contacts with their administration. One of
them was
Jan Wszelaki,
who was also, in
1945,
a counselor in the Polish Republic
embassy in Washington with a title of a plenipotentiary minister. Later he became a
valuable expert of politics and economics in Central Europe. Analyzing economic
situation in communistic Poland, as one of a few, tried to present it in a context
Summary
489
of Central Europe and in optics of possible Central Europe Federation (see article
S.
Łukasiewicz).
Polish political thought had shaped among communities of intellectuals gath¬
ered round the Polish Government in Exile in London in relation to communist
regime. Its representative was also future prime minister of Polish Government in
Exile
-
Edward Szczepanik. He actively took part in the process of shaping both:
mission and strategy of authorities of Polish Republic in Exile, and in creating and
implementing political concepts of the London s government . In his assumptions
you could find continuations of basic values of polish political thought, bora in the
invasive times, for which the basic aim was the struggle to restore independence
of Poland. He postulated basing polish foreign policy on an alliance with western
Europe democracies and the United States of America (see article
A. Sudoł).
Hopes of polish emigration in London were directed toward destalinization
began on the 20th convention of the Communists Party of the Soviet Union in
1956,
presuming that it will remarkably influence the sociopolitical situation in countries
of Central Europe. Matters connected with changes in the Soviet Union were al¬
ways closely followed by political elites. They were responsible for the change of
the future and coming back to freedom of Poland (see atricle P.
Wójtowicz).
The most comprehensively represented in this publication is the third part.
You can find here texts presenting standpoints of various communities and repre¬
sentatives of emigrant and political elites toward sovietisaotion of the country,
especially of those in Great Britain, France and United States.
The controversies casued by the attitude of western Allies toward Poland at
end of the war and in the face of its sovietisation in first years of peace
(1945—
1948)
became the starting point. Independence aspirations of Poles on emigration
didn t meet with enough interest and goodwill of potential and former allies. An
important place in this relations had:
Polskie
Sily
Zbrojne na Zachodzie
(Polish
Army Forces on the West), the matter of western polish border, aid for the country
and of course consolidation of influences in Poland of the Soviet Union and politi¬
cal groups supported by
Kreml
(see article J.
Smoliński).
With the issue of attitude of the Allies to the polish matter concepts of emi¬
grant politicians toward political underground in the country were connected. As¬
suming that the deliverance will come as a result of a won confrontation of West
and the Soviet Union, and the crucial role will have the emigration, they opted
for liquidation strong, military underground organizations acting in the country.
It was planned to confine to keep in Poland only a small intelligence network.
They feared that the communists may provoke there a military uprising (see article
Z. Woźniczka).
Other problem was conflicts that occurred in the new, postwar reality between
political structures on emigration and the representation of the Warsaw authorities.
It especially concerned France, where more than half of a million of polish emi¬
grants, were under control of left-wing organizations, gathered in the National
490
Summary
Board of Poles . There was a great conflict, on a ideological and political ground,
between Polish Catholic Mission and representing government in Warsaw
-
Po¬
lish Republic Embassy. It was prevented not before
1948
when French authorities
made illegal Polish Workers Party squads and ordered liquidation of polish pro-
communist organizations (see article R. Dzwonkowski
&
Z. Girzyński).
Control over every aspect of life, terror and cruel crusade against political
opponents were brining fear and were paralyzing every action of independent tho¬
ught in the country. In these conditions polish emigration had become the only
representative of the nation that could speak in its name in the democratic world.
Regardless of divisions the political connection gathering together was antago¬
nism toward communistic authorities in Poland, subordinated to Moskov and na¬
tional interests. It was this same when, in Polish London , a division into The
Castle Group with president August Zaleski and The Uniting Group became
established, which
-
generally speaking
-
reflected political mosaic of the Second
Republic. Despite the fact that it gathered groups mostly oriented critically toward
prewar governments of the sanation, similar as the The Castle Group , unambi¬
guously negatively judged attempts of sovietisation of Poland, and captivity and
the seizing of the nation. They had similar attitude was toward new eastern border,
which was taken as an outrage. The demand of getting back
Wilno
and
Lwów
was
made one of the aims of the emigrations activity (see article A. Siwik).
Another studies show attitudes and opinions of prominent emigrant figures
-their attitudes and opinions about postwar reality. These include: General
Lucjan
Żeligowski
(see
artice
D.
Fabisz) and General Kazimierz Sosnkowski
(see article
I. Wojewódzki),
politician and publicist Adam Pragier (see article G. Szturo) and
diplomat
Tadeusz
Romer
(see article B. Szubtarska). They all had great authority,
their opinions were influencing many emigrant groups, completing the picture of
attitude of the emigration toward process of sovietisation and reconstruction of
Poland.
An uncompromising position while defending the independence of Poland
was presented by representatives of various political factions. This idea was the
guiding motive of the League of Poland s Independence
(Liga Niepodległości
Polski),
established in autumn in
1944
on initiative of acting in London the
pił-
sudczykowie group . Their main task was to fight for Free, Whole and Indepen¬
dent Poland. In articles and in political thought of the independence camp much
space was dedicated to defense of culture values. Membership to western world
heritage and opposition towards imposed cultural and scientific revolution , the
piłsudczykowie
group had seen as the greatest chance to preserve those natio¬
nal aspects, which in the future were suppose to let Poles setting themselves free
from Soviet domination (see article A. Adamczyk). However, in the mid fifties, the
opinion of the League of Poland s Independence was more skeptical, speaking
about changes, as for instance socialists or agrarians one. The collapse from inside
and setting this way free oppressed nations was considered as less possible. They
Summary
491
weren t seen in the party, in which
-
as the Legonists used to say
-
only the most
discredited with Stalinism were removed. Poland didn t get back its independence
nor the lost eastern lands, soviet army was still garrisoning in the country, and there
wasn t any serious change in the situation of the society (see article T. Radzik).
Among groups on emigration an important place had postwar army emigration.
In great part this people got familiar with the soviet system through the perspective
of prisons and gulags. Their relation to the changes that had been taking place in
Poland was presented in this publication on example of the
Krechowiaków Ring
(Koło Krechowiaków)
in London. The aim of the emigration that had war roots
was strengthening ties of former soldiers, who after the war served the country in
a civil way. While being spread around the world they were fully aware of their
relation to Poland, and their opinions had been formed in various periodicals, bul¬
letins and regiment rings, including Krechowiak.
Biuletyn Informacyjnego Koła
Krechowiaków w Londynie
(see article
Z. Kościański).
Specific role, among polish emigrating society used to traditional family
forms of religiousness taken from home land, had polish priests. The aim of the
polonia
priests, presented in this work on example of Great Britain, was to keep
polish national identity and cultural heritage of home land. Priests with polish
roots felt responsibility for religious life of their compatriots. They were creating
a substitute of polish life carrying about preserving of polish tradition and roots
(see article A. Romejko).
There were not to many
protestants
among emigrants, who appeared in an-
glosacson world, including
5000
Lutherans and
500
Calviniste.
Until mid fifties
in spheres of
protestant
emigration, similar to the general emigration, a view that
residency on the West is rather temporary. Polish Protestants had also lived in
an illusion that the system of communism will collapse quickly. After
1956
they
reconciled to the fact of its long-lasting and they concentrated their effort on survi¬
ving and not losing polish-evangelical tradition (see article J.
Kłaczków).
Problems of rebuilding and sovietisation of the country had also had its reflec¬
tion in emigrant press and periodicals. One of the most important journals publis¬
hed by polish emigration after Second World War was weekly magazine
Orzeł
Biały ,
which was reaching wider groups than Parisian
Kultura
or
Wiadomo¬
ści
and was much thicker than popular
Dziennik Polski i Dziennik Żołnierza
(see article
T.
Ziętara). In Orzeł Biały
various important country life subjects
were taken up. These regarded transformations in the sphere of politics, economics
and culture, which were a subject of detailed analyses. These analyses for example
concerned preparing and enacting the Constitution of People s Republic of Poland
and parliamentary elections in
1952.
As in other cases, also this prognosis of emi¬
grant politicians turned out to be incredibly precise, predicting, connected with
this, threats and consequences for polish society (see article
A. Zaćmiński).
A significant place among polish emigrant groups had the agrarian movement.
Special role among pro independence socio-political organizations played acti-
492
Summary
vists pre-war organization
-
leader, a long-term president,
Stanisław Gierat.
They
had actively engaged in life of polish emigration, leaving ideas of coming back to
an enslaved by communists country. In their reflections they had been skeptical
to the perspective of the agrarian movement in Poland, following the process of
its annihilation and incaptation of fanners (see article P. Kardela). Polish agrarian
groups on emigration at first demanded liberalization, and later as the time passed,
liquidation of the communistic system. They were constantly defending farmers
land, endangered by collectivization, and they were protecting those values which
polish nation was specially used to, meaning Christian culture and catholic faith
(see article R. Turkowski).
Also scouts were active on emigration. Established in
1946
the Polish Scou¬
ting and Guiding Association [outside the borders]
(Polski Związek Harcerstwa)
became very interesting for the management of the emigration. It turned out, that
on one hand it is the most attractive form of connecting with polish roots, and on
the other a great source of political personnel. From scouts we have presidents:
Kazimierz
Sabbat and
Ryszard Kaczorowski.
For many years the Association had
taken up struggles for coming back of polish scouting into international scouting
structures.
The volume is closed by the
Varia
section where you can find two speeches
of
polonia
activists from United States
-
Ryszard Cisowski,
who together with
Wojciech
A. Wierzewski presented mission of the Polish American Congress
(Kongres Polonii Amerykańskiej)
in the second half of the 20th century and Walter
Wiesław Gołębiewski,
who taking as an example activity of this institution presen¬
ted stance of American
polonia
towards problems of rebuilding and sovietisation
of Poland after Second World War.
The editor and the authors of this publication hope that this study will enrich
knowledge about this difficult and still poorly known fragment of history of the
country and polish emigrant groups.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
| adam_txt |
SPIS TREŚCI
Wprowadzenie
. 9
Część pierwsza.
Podstawy sowietyzacji Polski
Tadeusz Wolsza
Sowietyzacja Polski i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w ujęciu
polskich kręgów emigracyjnych na Wyspach Brytyjskich
(1944—1950).
Zagadnienia teoretyczne, zakres, skala zjawiska
oraz chronologia wydarzeń
. 17
Mirosław Golon
Fundamenty sowietyzacji
-
polityka ZSRR wobec Polski
w latach
1947-1948.
Wybrane zagadnienia
. 33
Część druga.
Koncepcje środowisk emigracyjnych i polonijnych
wobec powojennego rozwoju Polski na tle
Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
Ryszard Sudziński
Przebudowa gospodarki polskiej w koncepcjach władz RP
na Obczyźnie i w kontekście jej sowietyzacji w latach
1944-1947 . 71
Krzysztof Langowski
Sprawa niepodległości Polski w koncepcjach politycznych
komitetu Narodowego Amerykanów Polskiego Pochodzenia
w latach
1944-1956 . 87
Sławomir Łukasiewicz
Jan Wszelaki o gospodarczych aspektach federacji
środkowoeuropejskiej
. 105
Adam Sudoł
Problemy dalszego rozwoju Polski po
II
wojnie światowej
w koncepcjach politycznych Edwarda Azczepanika
. 119
Przemysław Wójtowicz
„Polski Londyn" wobec
XX
Zjazdu KPZR
. 135
Spis treści
Część trzecia.
Środowiska emigracyjne i polonijne wobec sowietyzacji Kraju
i przemian zachodzących w Polsce
Józef Smoleński
Władze RP na uchodźstwie a problem stosunków aliantów
zachodnich z Polską w latach
1945-1948 . 143
Roman Dzwonkowsm SA
С
. 155
Polska Misja Katolicka w Paryżu i Ambasada „Warszawska"
1945-1947.
Konflikt ideologiczny i polityczny
. 151
Zbigniew Gikzyński
Inne spojrzenie na Kraj. Tygodnik „Sztandar Polski" jako próba
alternatywnego prezentowania spraw polskich na emigracji we
Francji w latach
1945-1946 . 173
Zygmunt Wożniczka
Emigracja wobec podziemia w kraju po
1945
roku
. 187
Anna Siwik
Przemiany spoieczno-polityczne w PRL w ocenie „Zjednoczenia"
. 211
Arkadiusz Adamczyk
Obraz kultury, nauki i szkolnictwa w sowietyzowanej Polsce
w publicystyce i myśli politycznej londyńskiej Ligi Niepodległości
Polski w okresie utrwalania władzy ludowej
(X
1944 -
1
1947) . 227
Dariusz Fabisz
Generał Lucjan Żeligowski wobec rzeczywistości politycznej
w Kraju w latach
1943-1947 . 243
Ireneusz Wojewódzki
Powojenna rzeczywistość w oczach
generala
Kazimierza Sosnkowskiego
. 255
Grzegorz Szturo
Kraj i emigracja w publicystyce Adama Pragiera. Lata
1945-1956 . 275
Beata Szubtarska
Tadeusz
Romer
o sytuacji w Polsce po
II
wojnie światowej
. 287
Tadeusz Radzik
Liga Niepodległości Polski wobec wydarzeń politycznych
i przemian ustrojowych w Polsce do
1956
roku
. 295
Zdzisław Kościański
Powojenna żołnierska emigracja wobec problemów
odbudowy i przemian zachodzących w Polsce.
Na przykładzie Koła Krechowiaków w Londynie
. 313
Spis treści
Adam Romejko
Duszpasterstwo polonijne w Wielkiej Brytanii w kontekście
sytuacji politycznej w kraju i na emigracji
. 333
Jarosław Kłaczków
Zrzeszenie Ewangelików Polaków oraz Polski Kościół
Ewangelicko-Augsburski na Obczyźnie wobec sytuacji
w Polsce w latach
1945-1956 . 347
Paweł Ziętara
Problemy odbudowy i sowietyzacji kraju na lamach
„OriaBiałego"w latach
1945-1956 . 365
Andrzej Zaćmiński
Wydarzenia
1952
roku w Polsce w ocenie polskiego
uchodźstwa politycznego w Wielkiej Brytanii
. 391
Piotr Kardela
Obraz sytuacji w powojennej Polsce w ocenie liderów
przedwojennego Centralnego Związku Młodej Wsi
. 405
Romuald Turkowski
Polskie środowiska ludowe na emigracji wobec kolektywizacji
wsi w kraju
(1948-1989) . 417
Adam F. Baran
Polityka władz naczelnych ZHP poza granicami Kraju
wobec harcerstwa w Polsce w latach
(1980-1990) . 453
Część czwarta.
Varia
Ryszard Ciskowski, Wojciech A. Wierzewski
Misja Kongresu Polonii Amerykańskiej w drugiej połowie
XX
stulecia
. 465
Walter Wiesław Gołębiewski
Polonia amerykańska wobec problemów odbudowy
i sowietyzacji kraju po zakończeniu
II
wojny światowej
na przykładzie działalności Kongresu Polonii
Amerykańskiej (KPA)
. 473
Informacja o autorach
. 485
Summary
. 487
Research
on heritage of polish emigration and
'Polonia',
especially the one
which settled outside post Second World War borders, has become possible, on
grater scale, in last several years. The meaning, and the need of doing such rese¬
arch, favorable to preserving national identity of Poles living on foreign land shall
not be questioned, especially in the moment while the oldest generation of emi¬
grants fades away into the shadow. It is enough to mention those who passed away
lately:
Jerzy Giedroyć, Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Tymon Terlecki, and Edward
Szczepaniak.
The struggle, present around the world, to save the elements of the
world heritage, requires coordination of actions of various research centers, and
also pointing directions towards this specific goal.
The organizer of an international scientific conference titled: 'Polish Emigra¬
tion Toward Problems of Rebuilding and Sovietisation of the Country After the
End of World War Two', which took place between
24
and
26
of November
2005
in the Conference Center
Amazonka
in
Ciechocinek,
reached out these postulates.
The initiator of the conference and its scientific manager was professor
Ryszard
Sudziński,
the manager of the Institute of History of World and Poland After
1945,
part of the Institute of History and Archival Science, University of
Nicolaus
Co¬
pernicus, and the Department of Research of History of
'Polonia'
and Emigration
in
Wyższa Szkoła
Humnaistyczno-Ekonomiczna in
Włocławek.
This volume is a result of the mentioned conference. Whole material has been
divided into two sections plus the introduction and the ending part. Borders be¬
tween them aren't to sharp, they rather create some order.
Articles in Part One introduce the reader the explanatory basis on which the
idea of sovietisation (stalinization) of Poland, on the background of Central Euro¬
pe, has been built. The articles show scale of the phenomenon and the chronology
of events. After the war, in the society of'Polish London', there has been a belief
that the process of sovietisation and communisation of this part of the continent
will be long and realized by Moscow in stages. The first phase was marked by: the
moment when the Red Army entered into Poland and into Baltic countries, paci¬
fication of the pro independence underground, and the intransigent fight with the
Church and religion
(1944-1945).
Second phase of sovietisation, in the emigration
experts' opinion was closed by the Czechoslovakian events in
1948,
which for
many politicians and publicists were the key time in the process of sovietisation
of Central Europe. Further periods were marked by: outbreak of the Korean War
(1950),
the death of Joseph Stalin
(1953)
and the 20th convention of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union
(1956).
Among these time periods the basic foundations
488
Summary
had been undoubtedly built from
1944
till
1945.
In a quickest and the fullest way
the process took place in Poland. In this time, controlled by the
Kreml
political, ad¬
ministration, military and whole oppression mechanism structures as well, as force
protection of its position in Poland, had been formed, completion of which was
creating North Group of Red Army Forces. Activities connected with sovietisation
were continued in further years, deepening dependence in economic aspect, liqui¬
dating remains of legal and illegal opposition, and last but not least by realization,
from
1948,
on every levels of life of the country
-
politics, economics, culture and
others, a broad spectrum of changes which were suppose to make Polish and other
state systems similar to the soviet model. This process had been slowed down in
the middle of the fifties, but its essential features and dependences remained until
the Autumn of the Nations in
1989
(see article Wolsza
&
Golon).
These problems from the very beginning have lively interested Government
of the Polish Republic in Exile and also political and emigrant societies, especially
in 'Polish London'. Their concepts toward postwar development of Poland in the
background of Central Europe are shown in the second part of the book. In plans
of the Polish Republic authorities in London, a lot of attention had been dedicated
to the attitude toward changes which were taking place in the country in the socio-
-economic sphere. These problems had become a subject of many debates inside
political parties and also a subject of very deep analysis made by emigrant clerks.
In result of that, many comments, surveys, opinions, valuations, and prognosis
especially concerning strategy and tactics of the communists, system changes in
every aspect of life, relationships between authority and the society, conditions of
life of the citizens and the directions of sovietisation and exploitation of Poland by
the Soviet Union. These were complemented by official memorandums of the Go¬
vernment of Polish Republic and also very broad and particular studies of certain
matters, mostly for inner use, were made. In the emigration evaluations it was pre¬
dicted that sooner or later Poland will set itself free from soviet and communistic
reigns. A strong, economically self-sufficient, country shall be created (see article
R.
Sudziński).
However, on the other side of the Atlantic, in the USA, from
1942
the 'National Committee of Americans with Polish Origin' had functioned, which
while observing situation in the country, had many times spoken in the matter of
independence of Poland and, when there was such possibility, had warned Ameri¬
can authorities to issues of the country and, subordinated to Stalin, Central Europe
(see article of K. Langowski).
Also polish emigrant diplomats in Washington and in London have spoken
about various aspects of international and polish situation. They knew very well
these relationships and they had good contacts with their administration. One of
them was
Jan Wszelaki,
who was also, in
1945,
a counselor in the Polish Republic
embassy in Washington with a title of a plenipotentiary minister. Later he became a
valuable expert of politics and economics in Central Europe. Analyzing economic
situation in communistic Poland, as one of a few, tried to present it in a context
Summary
489
of Central Europe and in optics of possible Central Europe Federation (see article
S.
Łukasiewicz).
Polish political thought had shaped among communities of intellectuals gath¬
ered round the Polish Government in Exile in London in relation to communist
regime. Its representative was also future prime minister of Polish Government in
Exile
-
Edward Szczepanik. He actively took part in the process of shaping both:
mission and strategy of authorities of Polish Republic in Exile, and in creating and
implementing political concepts of the 'London's government'. In his assumptions
you could find continuations of basic values of polish political thought, bora in the
invasive times, for which the basic aim was the struggle to restore independence
of Poland. He postulated basing polish foreign policy on an alliance with western
Europe democracies and the United States of America (see article
A. Sudoł).
Hopes of polish emigration in London were directed toward destalinization
began on the 20th convention of the Communists Party of the Soviet Union in
1956,
presuming that it will remarkably influence the sociopolitical situation in countries
of Central Europe. Matters connected with changes in the Soviet Union were al¬
ways closely followed by political elites. They were responsible for the change of
the future and coming back to freedom of Poland (see atricle P.
Wójtowicz).
The most comprehensively represented in this publication is the third part.
You can find here texts presenting standpoints of various communities and repre¬
sentatives of emigrant and political elites toward sovietisaotion of the country,
especially of those in Great Britain, France and United States.
The controversies casued by the attitude of western Allies toward Poland at
end of the war and in the face of its sovietisation in first years of peace
(1945—
1948)
became the starting point. Independence aspirations of Poles on emigration
didn't meet with enough interest and goodwill of potential and former allies. An
important place in this relations had:
'Polskie
Sily
Zbrojne na Zachodzie'
(Polish
Army Forces on the West), the matter of western polish border, aid for the country
and of course consolidation of influences in Poland of the Soviet Union and politi¬
cal groups supported by
Kreml
(see article J.
Smoliński).
With the issue of attitude of the Allies to the polish matter concepts of emi¬
grant politicians toward political underground in the country were connected. As¬
suming that the deliverance will come as a result of a won confrontation of West
and the Soviet Union, and the crucial role will have the emigration, they opted
for liquidation strong, military underground organizations acting in the country.
It was planned to confine to keep in Poland only a small intelligence network.
They feared that the communists may provoke there a military uprising (see article
Z. Woźniczka).
Other problem was conflicts that occurred in the new, postwar reality between
political structures on emigration and the representation of the Warsaw authorities.
It especially concerned France, where more than half of a million of polish emi¬
grants, were under control of left-wing organizations, gathered in the 'National
490
Summary
Board of Poles'. There was a great conflict, on a ideological and political ground,
between Polish Catholic Mission and representing government in Warsaw
-
Po¬
lish Republic Embassy. It was prevented not before
1948
when French authorities
made illegal 'Polish Workers' Party' squads and ordered liquidation of polish pro-
communist organizations (see article R. Dzwonkowski
&
Z. Girzyński).
Control over every aspect of life, terror and cruel crusade against political
opponents were brining fear and were paralyzing every action of independent tho¬
ught in the country. In these conditions polish emigration had become the only
representative of the nation that could speak in its name in the democratic world.
Regardless of divisions the political connection gathering together was antago¬
nism toward communistic authorities in Poland, subordinated to Moskov and na¬
tional interests. It was this same when, in 'Polish London', a division into 'The
Castle Group' with president August Zaleski and 'The Uniting Group' became
established, which
-
generally speaking
-
reflected political mosaic of the Second
Republic. Despite the fact that it gathered groups mostly oriented critically toward
prewar governments of the sanation, similar as the 'The Castle Group', unambi¬
guously negatively judged attempts of sovietisation of Poland, and captivity and
the seizing of the nation. They had similar attitude was toward new eastern border,
which was taken as an outrage. The demand of getting back
Wilno
and
Lwów
was
made one of the aims of the emigrations activity (see article A. Siwik).
Another studies show attitudes and opinions of prominent emigrant figures
-their attitudes and opinions about postwar reality. These include: General
Lucjan
Żeligowski
(see
artice
D.
Fabisz) and General Kazimierz Sosnkowski
(see article
I. Wojewódzki),
politician and publicist Adam Pragier (see article G. Szturo) and
diplomat
Tadeusz
Romer
(see article B. Szubtarska). They all had great authority,
their opinions were influencing many emigrant groups, completing the picture of
attitude of the emigration toward process of sovietisation and reconstruction of
Poland.
An uncompromising position while defending the independence of Poland
was presented by representatives of various political factions. This idea was the
guiding motive of the 'League of Poland's Independence'
(Liga Niepodległości
Polski),
established in autumn in
1944
on initiative of acting in London 'the
pił-
sudczykowie group'. Their main task was to fight for "Free, Whole and Indepen¬
dent" Poland. In articles and in political thought of the independence camp much
space was dedicated to defense of culture values. Membership to western world
heritage and opposition towards imposed "cultural and scientific revolution", 'the
piłsudczykowie
group' had seen as the greatest chance to preserve those natio¬
nal aspects, which in the future were suppose to let Poles setting themselves free
from Soviet domination (see article A. Adamczyk). However, in the mid fifties, the
opinion of the 'League of Poland's Independence' was more skeptical, speaking
about changes, as for instance socialists or agrarians one. The collapse from inside
and setting this way free oppressed nations was considered as less possible. They
Summary
491
weren't seen in the party, in which
-
as 'the Legonists' used to say
-
only the most
discredited with Stalinism were removed. Poland didn't get back its independence
nor the lost eastern lands, soviet army was still garrisoning in the country, and there
wasn't any serious change in the situation of the society (see article T. Radzik).
Among groups on emigration an important place had postwar army emigration.
In great part this people got familiar with the soviet system through the perspective
of prisons and gulags. Their relation to the changes that had been taking place in
Poland was presented in this publication on example of the
'Krechowiaków Ring'
(Koło Krechowiaków)
in London. The aim of the emigration that had war roots
was strengthening ties of former soldiers, who after the war served the country in
a civil way. While being spread around the world they were fully aware of their
relation to Poland, and their opinions had been formed in various periodicals, bul¬
letins and regiment rings, including 'Krechowiak.
Biuletyn Informacyjnego Koła
Krechowiaków w Londynie'
(see article
Z. Kościański).
Specific role, among polish emigrating society used to traditional family
forms of religiousness taken from home land, had polish priests. The aim of the
'polonia'
priests, presented in this work on example of Great Britain, was to keep
polish national identity and cultural heritage of home land. Priests with polish
roots felt responsibility for religious life of their compatriots. They were creating
a substitute of polish life carrying about preserving of polish tradition and roots
(see article A. Romejko).
There were not to many
protestants
among emigrants, who appeared in an-
glosacson world, including
5000
Lutherans and
500
Calviniste.
Until mid fifties
in spheres of
protestant
emigration, similar to the general emigration, a view that
residency on the West is rather temporary. Polish Protestants had also lived in
an illusion that the system of communism will collapse quickly. After
1956
they
reconciled to the fact of its long-lasting and they concentrated their effort on survi¬
ving and not losing polish-evangelical tradition (see article J.
Kłaczków).
Problems of rebuilding and sovietisation of the country had also had its reflec¬
tion in emigrant press and periodicals. One of the most important journals publis¬
hed by polish emigration after Second World War was weekly magazine
"Orzeł
Biały",
which was reaching wider groups than Parisian
"Kultura"
or
"Wiadomo¬
ści"
and was much thicker than popular
"Dziennik Polski i Dziennik Żołnierza"
(see article
T.
Ziętara). In "Orzeł Biały"
various important country life subjects
were taken up. These regarded transformations in the sphere of politics, economics
and culture, which were a subject of detailed analyses. These analyses for example
concerned preparing and enacting the Constitution of People's Republic of Poland
and parliamentary elections in
1952.
As in other cases, also this prognosis of emi¬
grant politicians turned out to be incredibly precise, predicting, connected with
this, threats and consequences for polish society (see article
A. Zaćmiński).
A significant place among polish emigrant groups had the agrarian movement.
Special role among pro independence socio-political organizations played acti-
492
Summary
vists' pre-war organization
-
leader, a long-term president,
Stanisław Gierat.
They
had actively engaged in life of polish emigration, leaving ideas of coming back to
an enslaved by communists country. In their reflections they had been skeptical
to the perspective of the agrarian movement in Poland, following the process of
its annihilation and incaptation of fanners (see article P. Kardela). Polish agrarian
groups on emigration at first demanded liberalization, and later as the time passed,
liquidation of the communistic system. They were constantly defending farmers
land, endangered by collectivization, and they were protecting those values which
polish nation was specially used to, meaning Christian culture and catholic faith
(see article R. Turkowski).
Also scouts were active on emigration. Established in
1946
the 'Polish Scou¬
ting and Guiding Association' [outside the borders]
(Polski Związek Harcerstwa)
became very interesting for the management of the emigration. It turned out, that
on one hand it is the most attractive form of connecting with polish roots, and on
the other a great source of political personnel. From scouts we have presidents:
Kazimierz
Sabbat and
Ryszard Kaczorowski.
For many years the Association had
taken up struggles for coming back of polish scouting into international scouting
structures.
The volume is closed by the
"Varia"
section where you can find two speeches
of
'polonia'
activists from United States
-
Ryszard Cisowski,
who together with
Wojciech
A. Wierzewski presented mission of the 'Polish American Congress'
(Kongres Polonii Amerykańskiej)
in the second half of the 20th century and Walter
Wiesław Gołębiewski,
who taking as an example activity of this institution presen¬
ted stance of American
"polonia"
towards problems of rebuilding and sovietisation
of Poland after Second World War.
The editor and the authors of this publication hope that this study will enrich
knowledge about this difficult and still poorly known fragment of history of the
country and polish emigrant groups.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author_GND | (DE-588)1125734515 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023309247 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)177038657 (DE-599)BVBBV023309247 |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Polska / 1944-1956 (Okres stalinizmu) jhpk Polska - 1944-1956 (Okres stalinizmu) jhpk Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polska / 1944-1956 (Okres stalinizmu) Polska - 1944-1956 (Okres stalinizmu) Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV023309247 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:49:38Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:15:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788374416160 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016493549 |
| oclc_num | 177038657 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 492 s. 23 cm |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Emigracja polska wobec problemów przebudowy i sowietyzacji kraju po drugiej wojnie światowej studia pod red. Ryszarda Sudzińskiego Emigracja polska wobec sowietyzacji kraju Toruń Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek 2007 492 s. 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier NT: Emigracja polska wobec sowietyzacji kraju. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1945-1989 gnd rswk-swf Polacy / za granicą / działalność polityczna / 1945-1990 jhpk Polacy / za granicą / polityka i rządy / 1945-1990 jhpk Polacy / za granicą / postawy / 1945- jhpk Polacy - za granicą - działalność polityczna - 1945-1990 jhpk Polacy - za granicą - polityka i rządy - 1945-1990 jhpk Polacy - za granicą - postawy - 1945- jhpk Exil (DE-588)4015959-0 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 gnd rswk-swf Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Polska / 1944-1956 (Okres stalinizmu) jhpk Polska - 1944-1956 (Okres stalinizmu) jhpk Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s Exil (DE-588)4015959-0 s Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 s Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Geschichte 1945-1989 z DE-604 Sudziński, Ryszard 1945- Sonstige (DE-588)1125734515 oth Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016493549&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016493549&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Emigracja polska wobec problemów przebudowy i sowietyzacji kraju po drugiej wojnie światowej studia Polacy / za granicą / działalność polityczna / 1945-1990 jhpk Polacy / za granicą / polityka i rządy / 1945-1990 jhpk Polacy / za granicą / postawy / 1945- jhpk Polacy - za granicą - działalność polityczna - 1945-1990 jhpk Polacy - za granicą - polityka i rządy - 1945-1990 jhpk Polacy - za granicą - postawy - 1945- jhpk Exil (DE-588)4015959-0 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4015959-0 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4043152-6 (DE-588)4046497-0 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Emigracja polska wobec problemów przebudowy i sowietyzacji kraju po drugiej wojnie światowej studia |
| title_alt | Emigracja polska wobec sowietyzacji kraju |
| title_auth | Emigracja polska wobec problemów przebudowy i sowietyzacji kraju po drugiej wojnie światowej studia |
| title_exact_search | Emigracja polska wobec problemów przebudowy i sowietyzacji kraju po drugiej wojnie światowej studia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Emigracja polska wobec problemów przebudowy i sowietyzacji kraju po drugiej wojnie światowej studia |
| title_full | Emigracja polska wobec problemów przebudowy i sowietyzacji kraju po drugiej wojnie światowej studia pod red. Ryszarda Sudzińskiego |
| title_fullStr | Emigracja polska wobec problemów przebudowy i sowietyzacji kraju po drugiej wojnie światowej studia pod red. Ryszarda Sudzińskiego |
| title_full_unstemmed | Emigracja polska wobec problemów przebudowy i sowietyzacji kraju po drugiej wojnie światowej studia pod red. Ryszarda Sudzińskiego |
| title_short | Emigracja polska wobec problemów przebudowy i sowietyzacji kraju po drugiej wojnie światowej |
| title_sort | emigracja polska wobec problemow przebudowy i sowietyzacji kraju po drugiej wojnie swiatowej studia |
| title_sub | studia |
| topic | Polacy / za granicą / działalność polityczna / 1945-1990 jhpk Polacy / za granicą / polityka i rządy / 1945-1990 jhpk Polacy / za granicą / postawy / 1945- jhpk Polacy - za granicą - działalność polityczna - 1945-1990 jhpk Polacy - za granicą - polityka i rządy - 1945-1990 jhpk Polacy - za granicą - postawy - 1945- jhpk Exil (DE-588)4015959-0 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polacy / za granicą / działalność polityczna / 1945-1990 Polacy / za granicą / polityka i rządy / 1945-1990 Polacy / za granicą / postawy / 1945- Polacy - za granicą - działalność polityczna - 1945-1990 Polacy - za granicą - polityka i rządy - 1945-1990 Polacy - za granicą - postawy - 1945- Exil Politik Öffentliche Meinung Polen Volk Polska / 1944-1956 (Okres stalinizmu) Polska - 1944-1956 (Okres stalinizmu) Polen Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016493549&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016493549&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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