Molecular biology in plant pathogenesis and disease management: 1 Microbial plant pathogens
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Dordrecht [u.a.]
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2008
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| Beschreibung: | XVII, 249 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781402082429 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Narayanasamy, P. |d 1937- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)120130599 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Molecular biology in plant pathogenesis and disease management |n 1 |p Microbial plant pathogens |c P. Narayanasamy |
| 264 | 1 | |a Dordrecht [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 249 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface............................................................ xv
Acknowledgement.................................................. xvii
1 Introduction................................................... I
1.1 Molecular Biology as a Research Tool......................... 1
1.2 Application of Molecular Techniques.......................... 3
References..................................................... 6
2 Molecular Techniques for Detection of Microbial Pathogens......... 7
2.1 Detection of Microbial Pathogens by Biochemical Techniques..... 9
2.1.1 Electrophoresis..................................... 9
2.2 Detection of Microbial Pathogens by Immunoassays............. 14
2.2.1 Viral Pathogens..................................... 15
2.2.2 Bacterial Pathogens................................. 25
2.2.3 Fungal Pathogens................................... 29
2.3 Detection of Microbial Plant Pathogens by Nucleic Acid-Based
Techniques............................................... 32
2.3.1 Detection of Viral Pathogens.......................... 34
2.3.2 Detection of Viroids................................. 57
2.3.3 Detection of Bacterial Pathogens...................... 60
2.3.4 Detection of Phytoplasmal Pathogens.................. 80
2.3.5 Detection of Fungal Pathogens........................ 85
Appendix 1: Electrophoretic Characterization of Strains of Bacterial
Pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv)
(Bouzar et al. 1994)....................................... 110
Appendix 2: Detection of Virus-Specific Protein in Infected Leaves by
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE) (Seifers et al. 1996,2005)....................... Ill
Appendix 3: Indirect ELISA for Assessing Titers of PABs and MABs
Specific to Callalily chlorotic spot virus (CCS V) and Watermelon
silver mottle virus (WSMoV) (Lin et al. 2005)................. 112
Contents
Appendix 4: Detection of Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) by Direct Tissue
Blot Immunoassay (DTBIA) (Martin et al. 2002)............... 113
Appendix 5: Detection of Potato virus Y (PVY) and Cucumber mosaic
virus (CMV) in Tobacco by Immunostaining Technique
(Ryang et al. 2004)........................................ 113
Appendix 6: Detection of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) by In Situ
Immunoassay (ISIA) (Lin et al. 2000)........................ 114
Appendix 7: Detection of Potyvirus by Western Blot Analysis
(Larsen et al. 2003)........................................ 115
Appendix 8: Detection of Bacterial Pathogens by Enzyme-Linked
Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in Seeds (Lamka et al. 1991;
Pataky et al. 2004)......................................... 115
Appendix 9: Detection of Ultilago nuda Barley Seeds by DAS-ELISA
(Eibel et al. 2005)......................................... 116
Appendix 10: Detection of Plant Viruses by Reverse-Transcription-
Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Assay (Huang et al. 2004;
Spiegel et al. 2004)........................................ 118
Appendix 11: Detection of Virus (Potato virus Y) by Reverse
Transcription - DIAPOPS System (Nicolaisen et al. 2001)....... 119
Appendix 12: Detection of Grape fan leaf virus (GFLV) in Nematode
Vector Xiphinema index by RT-PCR (Finetti-Sialer and Ciancio
2005) ................................................... 121
Appendix 13: Detection of Potato virus Y by Reverse Transcription
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification DNA (Nie 2005)....... 122
Appendix 14: Detection of Fruit Tree Viroids by a Rapid RT-PCR Test
(Hassen et al. 2006) ....................................... 123
Appendix 15: Membrane BIO-PCR Technique for Detection of
Bacterial Pathogen (Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola)
(Schaada al. 2007)....................................... 125
Appendix 16: Detection of Bacterial Pathogens by DNA Array
Technology (Fessehaie et al. 2003; Scholberg et al. 2005)........ 126
Appendix 17: Extraction of Genomic DNA from Fungal Pathogens
(Phytophthora spp.) (Lamour and Finley 2006) ................ 128
Appendix 18: Detection of Mycosphaerella graminicola in Wheat
Using Reverse Transcription (RT)-PCR (Guo et al. 2005)........ 129
References.....................................................130
Molecular Variability of Microbial Plant Pathogens................159
3.1 Molecular Basis of Variability of Fungal Pathogens..............160
. 1 Isozyme Variation...................................161
.2 Immunological Assay ...............................162
.3 Dot-Blot Hybridization Assay.........................163
.4 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.............163
.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction...........................168
.6 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique........175
Contents ix
3.1.7 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Technique___179
3.1.8 DNA Fingerprinting.................................183
3.1.9 Microsatellite Amplification..........................183
3.1.10 Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis.....184
3.2 Molecular Basis of Variability of Bacterial Pathogens............185
3.2.1 Immunoassays......................................185
3.2.2 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.............186
3.2.3 Polymerase Chain Reaction...........................187
3.2.4 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA.................191
3.2.5 DNA-DNA Hybridization............................193
3.2.6 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Technique .... 195
3.2.7 PCR-Based Suppression Subtractive Hybridization.......195
3.3 Molecular Basis of Variability of Viral Pathogens...............196
3.3.1 Immunological Techniques...........................196
3.3.2 Nucleic Acid-Based Techniques.......................200
3.4 Molecular Basis of Variability of Viroid Pathogens..............208
Appendix 1: Microsatellite-Primed (MP) Polymerase Chain Reaction
for DNA Fingerprinting (Ma and Michailides 2005) ............ 209
Appendix 2: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
Analysis of Pythium spp. (Garzon et al. 2005) ................. 210
References.....................................................211
Glossary ..........................................................227
Index.............................................................245
Table of Contents for Volumes 2 and 3
Volume 2
Preface............................................................ xv
Acknowledgement..................................................xvii
1 Introduction.................................................... 1
1.1 Disease Development in Individual Plants...................... 1
1.2 Disease Development in Populations of Plants................... 3
References...................................................... 4
2 Molecular Biology of Plant Disease Development................... 7
2.1 Fungal Pathogens...... ?.................................... 9
2.1.1 Attachment of Fungal Pathogens to Plant Surfaces....... 9
2.1.2 Germination of Spores and Penetration of Host
Plant Surfaces..................................... 10
2.1.3 Colonization of Host Tissues.......................... 32
2.1.4 Symptom Expression................................ 57
2.2 Bacterial Pathogens......................................... 62
2.2.1 Initiation of Infection................................ 62
2.2.2 Colonization of Host Tissues.......................... 68
2.2.3 Symptom Expression................................116
2.3 Phytoplasmal Pathogens.....................................120
2.4 Viral Pathogens............................................123
2.4.1 Movement of Plant Viruses...........................123
2.4.2 Symptom Expression................................139
2.5 Viroids ...................................................145
Appendix 1: Detection of Components of the Extracellular Matrix
of Germinating Spores of Stagonospora nodorum
(Zelinger et al. 2004).......................................148
Appendix 2: Separation of the Fungal Chromosomal DNA Containing
Toxin Gene(s) of Alternaria altemata by Pulsed Field Gel
Electrophoresis (Masunaka et al. 2005)........................149
References......................................................151
xii Table of Contents for Volumes 2 and 3
3 Molecular Ecology and Epidemiology.............................197
3.1 Viral Pathogens ............................................200
3.1.1 Molecular Biology of Virus Infection ..................200
3.1.2 Molecular Determinants of Virus Transmission..........204
3.2 Fungal Pathogens...........................................208
3.3 Bacterial Pathogens.........................................212
3.4 Genomics and Disease Resistance.............................215
References......................................................216
Glossary ..........................................................223
Index.............................................................239
Volume 3
Preface............................................................ xv
Acknowledgement.................................................. xvii
1 Introduction.................................................... 1
1.1 Strategies Not Depending on Genome Modification.............. 1
1.2 Strategies Depending on Genome Modification.................. 2
1.3 Strategies Depending on Induction of Natural Defense Mechanisms 4
1.4 Strategies Based on Direct Effects of Chemicals on Pathogens..... 4
References...................................................... 5
2 Exclusion and Elimination of Microbial Plant Pathogens............ 7
2.1 Exclusion of Microbial Plant Pathogens........................ 8
2.1.1 Seeds and Propagative Plant Materials.................. 8
2.1.2 Whole Plants....................................... 12
2.2 Use of Disease-Free Planting Materials ........................ 15
Appendix: Improved Direct Tissue Blot Inununoassay (DTBIA) for
Rapid Detection of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) (Lin et al. 2006) ... 19
References...................................................... 19
3 Genetic Resistance of Crops to Diseases............................ 23
3.1 Fungal Diseases............................................ 25
3.1.1 Genetic Basis of Resistance........................... 25
3.1.2 Molecular Basis of Resistance to Fungal Diseases........ 50
3.2 Bacterial Diseases.......................................... 91
Table of Contents for Volumes 2 and 3 xiii
3.2.1 Genetic Basis of Resistance........................... 91
3.2.2 Molecular Basis of Resistance to Bacterial Diseases...... 94
3.3 Viral Diseases..............................................109
3.3.1 Genetic Basis of Resistance...........................109
3.3.2 Molecular Basis of Resistance to Viral Diseases..........119
Appendix: Development of Sequence-Tagged Site (STS) Marker Linked
to Bacterial Wilt Resistance Gene (Onozaki et al. 2004)..........132
References......................................................133
4 Transgenic Resistance to Crop Diseases............................171
4.1 Resistance to Virus Diseases .................................172
4.1.1 Pathogen-Derived Resistance.........................172
4.2 Resistance to Fungal Diseases................................188
4.2.1 Targeting Structural Components of Fungal Pathogens___188
4.2.2 Use of Genes for Antifungal Proteins
with Different Functions............................. 192
4.3 Resistance to Bacterial Diseases..............................200
4.3.1 Alien Genes of Plants................................200
4.3.2 Ectopic Expression of Bacterial Elicitor................201
4.3.3 Genes Interfering with Virulence Mechanisms
of Bacterial Pathogens ..............................202
4.3.4 Antibacterial Proteins of Diverse Origin................203
Appendix: Detection of Oxalate Oxidase Activity in Transgenic Peanut
Plants (Livingstone et al. 2005)...............................207
References......................................................207
5 Induction of Resistance to Crop Diseases...........................219
5.1 Induction of Resistance to Fungal Diseases.....................224
5.1.1 Biotic Inducers.....................................224
5.1.2 Abiotic Inducers....................................232
5.2 Induction of Resistance to Bacterial Diseases ...................240
5.2.1 Biotic Inducers.....................................242
5.2.2 Abiotic Inducers....................................243
5.3 Induction of Resistance to Viral Diseases.......................244
5.3.1 Abiotic Inducers....................................245
5.3.2 Biotic Inducers.....................................246
References......................................................246
6 Molecular Biology of Biocontrol Activity Against Crop Diseases......257
6.1 Identification and Differentiation of Biocontrol Agents ...........257
6.1.1 Fungi as Biocontrol Agents...........................258
6.1.2 Bacteria as Biocontrol Agents.........................261
6.2 Molecular Basis of Biocontrol Potential........................263
6.2.1 Fungal Biocontrol Agents............................263
6.2.2 Bacterial Biocontrol Agents..........................265
xiv Table of Contents for Volumes 2 and 3
6.3 Improvement of Biocontrol Potential ..........................269
6.3.1 Fungal Biocontrol Agents............................269
6.3.2 Bacterial Biocontrol Agents ..........................270
6.4 Biocontrol Agent-Plant-Pathogen Interaction....................271
6.4.1 Plant-Biocontrol Agent Interaction.....................271
6.4.2 Biocontrol Agent-Pathogen-Plant Interaction............272
References......................................................273
7 Molecular Biology of Pathogen Resistance to Chemicals.............279
7.1 Resistance in Fungal Pathogens to Chemicals...................280
7.1.1 Identification of Fungicide Resistant Strains.............280
7.2 Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens to Chemicals .................290
7.3 Fungicide Resistance Monitoring .............................292
References......................................................293
Glossary ..........................................................297
Index.............................................................313
Index
Abiotic inducers of disease resistance, 5
Absorbance values, 27
Actingene, 172
AFLP fingerprinting technique, 88,180
AFLP genetic groups, 183
AFLP genotyping, 181
AFLP markers, 93
AFLP profiles, 180, 183
Agar-absorption PCR, 71
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 2
Allozyme genotypes, 161
Allozyme patterns, 10
Amplicons, 72, 86, 91
Amplified fragment length polymorphism
(AFLP). 87, 160, 177, 195
Anastomosis group, 89, 169
Annealing, 54
Antigen-coated plate (ACP)-ELISA, 21
Antigenic determinant, 25
Antigen units, 32
Apical meristems, 15
Applications of molecular techniques, 3
Arabidopsis lhaliana. 2
Arbitrarily primed (AP)-PCR, 172
Assimilation tests, 8
Asymptomatic leaves, 22.65
Avirulence genes, 2
Avirulent strains, 2
B
Bacterially-expressed coat
protein, 14,18
Biochemical properties of bacteria, 8
Biochemical techniques, 9
Biocontrol agents, 5
Biocontrol potential, 5
Biological indexing, 15
BIO-PCR, 71
Biotechnology, 1
Biotic inducers of disease resistance, 5
Biotin label, 33
Biotinylated antibodies, 31
Biotypes of virus, 205
Biovars. 26
Botrytis invertase (BIT). 31
Capture probes, 57
Cellulose acetate electrophoresis (CAE).
10. 161
Certification programs, 12, 15,38,45
Chemical residues, 5
Chemotypes, 96, 170
Clades, 169, 172, 181
Cleavase fragment length polymorphism
(CFLP), 205
Cluster analysis, 182, 183
Coat protein, 13
Codominant markers, 160
Colony hybridization test, 61
Compatible host, 1
Compatible interaction, 159
Competitive PCR, 70
Complementary DNA, 54
Conventional methods of detection. 1
Copper gene cluster, 188
Copper resistance gene, 187-188
Copper-resistant strains, 188
Cross-reaction, 26
Cultural methods of detection. 1
Degenerate primers, 45,51
Dendrogram. 187
Detection limit. 26-31. 101-105
Detection of immobilized amplified product
in one-phase system (D1APOPS), 44
245
246
Index
Detection of microbial pathogens
biochemical methods, 9
immunoassays, 14
nucleic acid-based techniques, 32
Detection threshold. 26
Diagnostic AFLP fingerprints, 180
Diagnostic procedures, 8
Differential plant species. 29
Differential varieties, 159
Differentiation of virus strains, 196
Digoxigenin label, 33
Direct binding RT-PCR, 41
Disease complex, 169
Disease diagnosis, 8
Disease management strategies, 3,4
long-term strategies, 4
short-term strategies, 4
Disease risk assessment, 95
DNA array technology. 56, 78, 109
DNA-DNA homology, 193
DNA-DNA hybridization, 193
DNA-DNA relatedness assay, 194
DNA fingerprinting, 183
DNA polymorphism analysis,
160,165
DNA profiles, 95, 192
Dominant markers, 160
Dot-blot hybridization, 34,58. 81,
86, 163
Dot-blot tests, 34, 86
Dot immunobinding assay. 21,32
Double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA, 17
Duplex PCR method, 96
Duplex real-time PCR assay, 107
Electrophoresis, 9, 12
Electrophoretic patterns, 10
Electrophoretic types (ETs). 10,161
Elicitation of host defense
responses. 2
Elicitin, 164
Embryo test, 31
Endoglucanase gene, 194
Enrichment-involved BIO-PCR, 71
Enrichment step, 26
Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus
(ERIC) sequence. 188
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELJSA), 14,15,185
formats of ELISA, 14,26
Epitopes. 25.28
Exoantigens, 163
Fatty acid analysis, 28
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
(FRET), 55
Fluorescence RT-PCR. 59
Fumonisins, 96
Gel diffusion test, 197
Gene cluster, 187
Gene flow, 183
Gene-for-gene interaction, 2, 159
Genetic distances, 167, 179
Genetic divergence, 165
Genetic diversity, 3, 164, 170, 171, 172, 176
Genetic engineering, 4
Genetic markers, 4
Genetic relatedness, 192
Genomic fingerprints, 188
Genotypes, 4
Gold labeling techniques, 24
H
Hammer blotting, 19
Haplotypes, 87, 173,204
Heritability of genes, 160
Heteroduplex mobility analysis (HMA), 56
Host resistance factor, 159
Host-specific toxins, 3
Hip gene cluster, 65
Hrp genes. 194
Hybridization techniques, 34,58,61
Hypersensitive response (HR), 2,65
I
IC-RT-loop-mediated isothermal amplification
(IC-RT-LAMP) test, 54
Identification of microbial pathogens, 3, 8
Immunoassays, 14,162,185, 196
Immunoblotting assays, 18,22,199
Immunocapture (IC)-RT-PCR, 50, 73
Immunodecoration, 25
Immunofluorescence (IF), 28, 185
lmmunogold labeling. 23,28
Immuno-magnetic separation (IMS), 67,73
Immuno-magnetic separation (IMS)-PCR, 72
Immunosorbent electron microscopy, 24
Incompatible interaction, 1
Indexing, 15
Indicator hosts, 15
Inducers of resistance
abiotic inducers, 5
biotic inducers. 5
Informative markers, 160
Index
247
In situ immunoassay, 18
Intensity of infection, 159
Intergenic region (IR), 207
Intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS), 66. 166
Isozyme electrophoresis, 10
Isozyme pattems, 161
Isozyme polymorphisms, 10
Isozyme Variation, 161
ITSregions, 173. 174
Kinetic-PCR (kPCR), 107
Labeled antibodies, 14
Latent infection, 7, 26
Long-term strategies, 1
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
(LAMP) technique, 78
M
Macroarrays, 56
Microbial pathogens, 1
Microchips, 57
Microplate, 21,34
Microsatellite amplification, 183
Microsatellite-primed (MP)-PCR assay, 172
Microsatellites. 183
Microscopic methods of detection, 1
Microtiter plate (MTP)-based PCR-ELISA,
103
Microtiter plates, 30
Missense point mutations, 193
Molecular bases of protection, 5
Molecular beacons, 54, 106
Molecular biology, 1
applications, 3
Molecular differentiation, 172
Molecular diversity, 70
Molecular markers, 88, 160,170, 171, 183
Molecular techniques, 2
Molecular variability, 159,170,202
Monoclonal antibodies, 25, 196
Monoclonal antibody technology, 29
Monoclonal antisera, 4
Monophyletic, 169,171
Morphological characteristics, 3
Morphotypes, 172
Multilocus sequence type (MLST) System, 80
Multiplex one-step RT-PCR, 44
Multiplex PCR. 70.88,100,207
Multiplex RT-PCR, 44
Mycotoxigenic fungi, 96
Mycotoxins, 96, 162
N
Natural disease resistance (NDR) mechanisms,
5
Nested-PCR, 77, 97, 99
Nested-RT-PCR,41,74
Non-radioactive labeis, 33
Northern hybridization, 35
N-protein sequence divergence. 197
Nucleic acid-based techniques, 32, 200
Nucleic acid probes, 33
Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
assay (NASBA), 79
Nucleocapsid protein. 13
Nucleotide polymorphism, 201
Nucleotide sequence identity, 206, 208
O
One-step fluorescent RT-PCR. 201
One-step IC-RT-PCR. 50
One-step RT-PCR, 45
Padlock probes (PLPs)-multiple detection
System, 108
Pathogen adhesion, 4
Pathogen derived resistance (PDR), 4
Pathogen DNA, 4
Pathogenesis, 3
Pathogenicity, 2
Pathogenicity genes, 159
Pathogenicity island (PAI), 195
Pathosystem, 3
Pathotypes, 40,159, 165. 172, 174
Pathovars, 25, 69
PCR amplicons, 83
PCR-ELISA, 48, 84
PCR inhibitors, 53,72
PCR-microplate hybridization, 48
PCR-RFLP analysis, 62.189
Phage display antibodies, 31
Phases of pathogenesis, 4
Phylogenetic relationships, 169, 170,172
Phylotypes, 194
Phytosanitary seed health testing, 27
Plant-pathogen interacüons. 1
Plant recognition, 3
Plasmid DNA, 66
Plate-trapped antibody (PTA)-EUSA. 21,30
Polyclonal antibodies, 14,25
Polygalacturonase (PG) genes, 170
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 36,58, 62,
81.90,168,187
Polymorphic loci, 172
Polyphyletic, 169
248
Index
Polyprobes, 165
Fost-entry quarantines, 20
Precipitin lines, 14
Primers. 4
Print/spot-capture (PC)-PCR. 48
Probes. 56
Protein banding patterns, 11
Protein profiles, 9
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), 11
Qualitative duplex PCR assay, 96
Quantification of fungi in plant tissues, 31
Quantification of pathogens, 4
Quantitative PCR, 76
Quantitative real-time (QRT)-PCR, 53. 74, 106
Quarantines, 29
domestic. 29
international. 29
Quiescent infection, 8,25
Radioactive raarkers, 33
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD),
88. 160. 173, 191
RAPD banding patterns, 175,178
RAPD fingerprinting, 176
RAPD markers, 191. 192
RAPD-PCR technique, 191,192
RAPD pronies, 192
Reaction patterns of antigens, 198
Reactivity of monoclonal antibodies, 196
Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, 92,
96,160
Real-time PCR, 74,84,85,101,105
Real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR), 104,107
Real-time RT-PCR. 42,52
Reciprocal hybridization lest, 200
Recombinant antibodies, 29
Recombinant antigens. 22
Recombinant virus isolate, 17
Repetitive (Rep)-PCR, 68. 188
Repetitive extragenic palindrome (REP)
sequences, 188
Repetitive genomic elements. 188
Resistance genes, 4
Restriction enzyme analysis, 203
Restriction enzymes, 33
Restriction fragraent length polymorphism
(RFLP), 48, 62, 81, 83, 86. 160,
163,187
Restriction patterns, 167
Restriction profile. 69
Restriction sites, 33
Reverse dot-blot hybridization, 78
Reverse transcription, 36
Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal
amplification (RT-LAMP) technique,
54
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR), 39,97
RFLP banding patterns, 168
RFLP patterns, 186
RFLP typing, 194
Riboprobes, 35, 201
RT-PCR-ELISA, 40
RT-PCR/RFLP, 40
Sanitary Status of plants, 15
Seed health lest, 27
Seed immunoblot assay, 32
Semi-selective medium, 26
Sequence analysis of gene, 191
Sequence characterized amplified region
(SCAR) primers, 89,93,101
Sequence variability, 209
Sequence variants, 209
Serotypes, 29,199
Serovars, 185
Short-term disease management strategies, 4
Signal probe, 33
Simple direct tube method, 41
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), 160, 183
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 75,
101,109
Single-Strand conformation polymorphism
(SSCP) analysis. 184,204,208
Single-tube RT-PCR, 40,209
Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), 11, 13,
30
Southern hybridization, 163
Specific resistance, 159
Spot PCR, 43
Strain-spccific antibodies, 17
Söain-specific endonucieases, 202
Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH),
73, 195
Symptom expression, 4
Symptomless carriers, 8,27
Synthetic single-stranded oligomers, 57
TaqMan chemistry, 102, 107
TaqMan PCR. 105
Targeting induced local lesions in genomes
(TILLING), 92
Index
249
Template DNA, 33
Tissue-blot immunoassay, 74
Tissue colonization, 4
Tissue print hybridization, 36
Tissue prints. 17
Toxin production profile, 182
Transformation of plant cells, 2
Triple antibody Sandwich (TAS)-ELISA, 21
Tube capture RT-PCR, 41
ß-tubulin gene, 107.166, 169, 169
Type III secretion System (TTSS), 65
U
Universal primers, 167, 188
Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)
markers, 193
VariantsofPCR, 68
Vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), 182
Viral genome sequencing, 200
Viroid pathogens, 12
Virulence factors, 159
Virus biotypes, 205
Virus-specific antibodies, 16
Virus strain differentiation, 199
W
Western blot analysis, 22, 32
Whole cell protein analysis. 111
Zipcode, 109
Zipcode (cZipcode) microarray. 108
Zymogram groups, 89
Zymogram patterns, 89
Zymotypes, 11
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface. xv
Acknowledgement. xvii
1 Introduction. I
1.1 Molecular Biology as a Research Tool. 1
1.2 Application of Molecular Techniques. 3
References. 6
2 Molecular Techniques for Detection of Microbial Pathogens. 7
2.1 Detection of Microbial Pathogens by Biochemical Techniques. 9
2.1.1 Electrophoresis. 9
2.2 Detection of Microbial Pathogens by Immunoassays. 14
2.2.1 Viral Pathogens. 15
2.2.2 Bacterial Pathogens. 25
2.2.3 Fungal Pathogens. 29
2.3 Detection of Microbial Plant Pathogens by Nucleic Acid-Based
Techniques. 32
2.3.1 Detection of Viral Pathogens. 34
2.3.2 Detection of Viroids. 57
2.3.3 Detection of Bacterial Pathogens. 60
2.3.4 Detection of Phytoplasmal Pathogens. 80
2.3.5 Detection of Fungal Pathogens. 85
Appendix 1: Electrophoretic Characterization of Strains of Bacterial
Pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv)
(Bouzar et al. 1994). 110
Appendix 2: Detection of Virus-Specific Protein in Infected Leaves by
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE) (Seifers et al. 1996,2005). Ill
Appendix 3: Indirect ELISA for Assessing Titers of PABs and MABs
Specific to Callalily chlorotic spot virus (CCS V) and Watermelon
silver mottle virus (WSMoV) (Lin et al. 2005). 112
Contents
Appendix 4: Detection of Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) by Direct Tissue
Blot Immunoassay (DTBIA) (Martin et al. 2002). 113
Appendix 5: Detection of Potato virus Y (PVY) and Cucumber mosaic
virus (CMV) in Tobacco by Immunostaining Technique
(Ryang et al. 2004). 113
Appendix 6: Detection of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) by In Situ
Immunoassay (ISIA) (Lin et al. 2000). 114
Appendix 7: Detection of Potyvirus by Western Blot Analysis
(Larsen et al. 2003). 115
Appendix 8: Detection of Bacterial Pathogens by Enzyme-Linked
Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in Seeds (Lamka et al. 1991;
Pataky et al. 2004). 115
Appendix 9: Detection of Ultilago nuda Barley Seeds by DAS-ELISA
(Eibel et al. 2005). 116
Appendix 10: Detection of Plant Viruses by Reverse-Transcription-
Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Assay (Huang et al. 2004;
Spiegel et al. 2004). 118
Appendix 11: Detection of Virus (Potato virus Y) by Reverse
Transcription - DIAPOPS System (Nicolaisen et al. 2001). 119
Appendix 12: Detection of Grape fan leaf virus (GFLV) in Nematode
Vector Xiphinema index by RT-PCR (Finetti-Sialer and Ciancio
2005) . 121
Appendix 13: Detection of Potato virus Y by Reverse Transcription
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification DNA (Nie 2005). 122
Appendix 14: Detection of Fruit Tree Viroids by a Rapid RT-PCR Test
(Hassen et al. 2006) . 123
Appendix 15: Membrane BIO-PCR Technique for Detection of
Bacterial Pathogen (Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola)
(Schaada al. 2007). 125
Appendix 16: Detection of Bacterial Pathogens by DNA Array
Technology (Fessehaie et al. 2003; Scholberg et al. 2005). 126
Appendix 17: Extraction of Genomic DNA from Fungal Pathogens
(Phytophthora spp.) (Lamour and Finley 2006) . 128
Appendix 18: Detection of Mycosphaerella graminicola in Wheat
Using Reverse Transcription (RT)-PCR (Guo et al. 2005). 129
References.130
Molecular Variability of Microbial Plant Pathogens.159
3.1 Molecular Basis of Variability of Fungal Pathogens.160
. 1 Isozyme Variation.161
.2 Immunological Assay .162
.3 Dot-Blot Hybridization Assay.163
.4 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.163
.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction.168
.6 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique.175
Contents ix
3.1.7 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Technique_179
3.1.8 DNA Fingerprinting.183
3.1.9 Microsatellite Amplification.183
3.1.10 Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis.184
3.2 Molecular Basis of Variability of Bacterial Pathogens.185
3.2.1 Immunoassays.185
3.2.2 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.186
3.2.3 Polymerase Chain Reaction.187
3.2.4 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA.191
3.2.5 DNA-DNA Hybridization.193
3.2.6 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Technique . 195
3.2.7 PCR-Based Suppression Subtractive Hybridization.195
3.3 Molecular Basis of Variability of Viral Pathogens.196
3.3.1 Immunological Techniques.196
3.3.2 Nucleic Acid-Based Techniques.200
3.4 Molecular Basis of Variability of Viroid Pathogens.208
Appendix 1: Microsatellite-Primed (MP) Polymerase Chain Reaction
for DNA Fingerprinting (Ma and Michailides 2005) . 209
Appendix 2: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
Analysis of Pythium spp. (Garzon et al. 2005) . 210
References.211
Glossary .227
Index.245
Table of Contents for Volumes 2 and 3
Volume 2
Preface. xv
Acknowledgement.xvii
1 Introduction. 1
1.1 Disease Development in Individual Plants. 1
1.2 Disease Development in Populations of Plants. 3
References. 4
2 Molecular Biology of Plant Disease Development. 7
2.1 Fungal Pathogens."?. 9
2.1.1 Attachment of Fungal Pathogens to Plant Surfaces. 9
2.1.2 Germination of Spores and Penetration of Host
Plant Surfaces. 10
2.1.3 Colonization of Host Tissues. 32
2.1.4 Symptom Expression. 57
2.2 Bacterial Pathogens. 62
2.2.1 Initiation of Infection. 62
2.2.2 Colonization of Host Tissues. 68
2.2.3 Symptom Expression.116
2.3 Phytoplasmal Pathogens.120
2.4 Viral Pathogens.123
2.4.1 Movement of Plant Viruses.123
2.4.2 Symptom Expression.139
2.5 Viroids .145
Appendix 1: Detection of Components of the Extracellular Matrix
of Germinating Spores of Stagonospora nodorum
(Zelinger et al. 2004).148
Appendix 2: Separation of the Fungal Chromosomal DNA Containing
Toxin Gene(s) of Alternaria altemata by Pulsed Field Gel
Electrophoresis (Masunaka et al. 2005).149
References.151
xii Table of Contents for Volumes 2 and 3
3 Molecular Ecology and Epidemiology.197
3.1 Viral Pathogens .200
3.1.1 Molecular Biology of Virus Infection .200
3.1.2 Molecular Determinants of Virus Transmission.204
3.2 Fungal Pathogens.208
3.3 Bacterial Pathogens.212
3.4 Genomics and Disease Resistance.215
References.216
Glossary .223
Index.239
Volume 3
Preface. xv
Acknowledgement. xvii
1 Introduction. 1
1.1 Strategies Not Depending on Genome Modification. 1
1.2 Strategies Depending on Genome Modification. 2
1.3 Strategies Depending on Induction of Natural Defense Mechanisms 4
1.4 Strategies Based on Direct Effects of Chemicals on Pathogens. 4
References. 5
2 Exclusion and Elimination of Microbial Plant Pathogens. 7
2.1 Exclusion of Microbial Plant Pathogens. 8
2.1.1 Seeds and Propagative Plant Materials. 8
2.1.2 Whole Plants. 12
2.2 Use of Disease-Free Planting Materials . 15
Appendix: Improved Direct Tissue Blot Inununoassay (DTBIA) for
Rapid Detection of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) (Lin et al. 2006) . 19
References. 19
3 Genetic Resistance of Crops to Diseases. 23
3.1 Fungal Diseases. 25
3.1.1 Genetic Basis of Resistance. 25
3.1.2 Molecular Basis of Resistance to Fungal Diseases. 50
3.2 Bacterial Diseases. 91
Table of Contents for Volumes 2 and 3 xiii
3.2.1 Genetic Basis of Resistance. 91
3.2.2 Molecular Basis of Resistance to Bacterial Diseases. 94
3.3 Viral Diseases.109
3.3.1 Genetic Basis of Resistance.109
3.3.2 Molecular Basis of Resistance to Viral Diseases.119
Appendix: Development of Sequence-Tagged Site (STS) Marker Linked
to Bacterial Wilt Resistance Gene (Onozaki et al. 2004).132
References.133
4 Transgenic Resistance to Crop Diseases.171
4.1 Resistance to Virus Diseases .172
4.1.1 Pathogen-Derived Resistance.172
4.2 Resistance to Fungal Diseases.188
4.2.1 Targeting Structural Components of Fungal Pathogens_188
4.2.2 Use of Genes for Antifungal Proteins
with Different Functions. 192
4.3 Resistance to Bacterial Diseases.200
4.3.1 Alien Genes of Plants.200
4.3.2 Ectopic Expression of Bacterial Elicitor.201
4.3.3 Genes Interfering with Virulence Mechanisms
of Bacterial Pathogens .202
4.3.4 Antibacterial Proteins of Diverse Origin.203
Appendix: Detection of Oxalate Oxidase Activity in Transgenic Peanut
Plants (Livingstone et al. 2005).207
References.207
5 Induction of Resistance to Crop Diseases.219
5.1 Induction of Resistance to Fungal Diseases.224
5.1.1 Biotic Inducers.224
5.1.2 Abiotic Inducers.232
5.2 Induction of Resistance to Bacterial Diseases .240
5.2.1 Biotic Inducers.242
5.2.2 Abiotic Inducers.243
5.3 Induction of Resistance to Viral Diseases.244
5.3.1 Abiotic Inducers.245
5.3.2 Biotic Inducers.246
References.246
6 Molecular Biology of Biocontrol Activity Against Crop Diseases.257
6.1 Identification and Differentiation of Biocontrol Agents .257
6.1.1 Fungi as Biocontrol Agents.258
6.1.2 Bacteria as Biocontrol Agents.261
6.2 Molecular Basis of Biocontrol Potential.263
6.2.1 Fungal Biocontrol Agents.263
6.2.2 Bacterial Biocontrol Agents.265
xiv Table of Contents for Volumes 2 and 3
6.3 Improvement of Biocontrol Potential .269
6.3.1 Fungal Biocontrol Agents.269
6.3.2 Bacterial Biocontrol Agents .270
6.4 Biocontrol Agent-Plant-Pathogen Interaction.271
6.4.1 Plant-Biocontrol Agent Interaction.271
6.4.2 Biocontrol Agent-Pathogen-Plant Interaction.272
References.273
7 Molecular Biology of Pathogen Resistance to Chemicals.279
7.1 Resistance in Fungal Pathogens to Chemicals.280
7.1.1 Identification of Fungicide Resistant Strains.280
7.2 Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens to Chemicals .290
7.3 Fungicide Resistance Monitoring .292
References.293
Glossary .297
Index.313
Index
Abiotic inducers of disease resistance, 5
Absorbance values, 27
Actingene, 172
AFLP fingerprinting technique, 88,180
AFLP genetic groups, 183
AFLP genotyping, 181
AFLP markers, 93
AFLP profiles, 180, 183
Agar-absorption PCR, 71
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 2
Allozyme genotypes, 161
Allozyme patterns, 10
Amplicons, 72, 86, 91
Amplified fragment length polymorphism
(AFLP). 87, 160, 177, 195
Anastomosis group, 89, 169
Annealing, 54
Antigen-coated plate (ACP)-ELISA, 21
Antigenic determinant, 25
Antigen units, 32
Apical meristems, 15
Applications of molecular techniques, 3
Arabidopsis lhaliana. 2
Arbitrarily primed (AP)-PCR, 172
Assimilation tests, 8
Asymptomatic leaves, 22.65
Avirulence genes, 2
Avirulent strains, 2
B
Bacterially-expressed coat
protein, 14,18
Biochemical properties of bacteria, 8
Biochemical techniques, 9
Biocontrol agents, 5
Biocontrol potential, 5
Biological indexing, 15
BIO-PCR, 71
Biotechnology, 1
Biotic inducers of disease resistance, 5
Biotin label, 33
Biotinylated antibodies, 31
Biotypes of virus, 205
Biovars. 26
Botrytis invertase (BIT). 31
Capture probes, 57
Cellulose acetate electrophoresis (CAE).
10. 161
Certification programs, 12, 15,38,45
Chemical residues, 5
Chemotypes, 96, 170
Clades, 169, 172, 181
Cleavase fragment length polymorphism
(CFLP), 205
Cluster analysis, 182, 183
Coat protein, 13
Codominant markers, 160
Colony hybridization test, 61
Compatible host, 1
Compatible interaction, 159
Competitive PCR, 70
Complementary DNA, 54
Conventional methods of detection. 1
Copper gene cluster, 188
Copper resistance gene, 187-188
Copper-resistant strains, 188
Cross-reaction, 26
Cultural methods of detection. 1
Degenerate primers, 45,51
Dendrogram. 187
Detection limit. 26-31. 101-105
Detection of immobilized amplified product
in one-phase system (D1APOPS), 44
245
246
Index
Detection of microbial pathogens
biochemical methods, 9
immunoassays, 14
nucleic acid-based techniques, 32
Detection threshold. 26
Diagnostic AFLP fingerprints, 180
Diagnostic procedures, 8
Differential plant species. 29
Differential varieties, 159
Differentiation of virus strains, 196
Digoxigenin label, 33
Direct binding RT-PCR, 41
Disease complex, 169
Disease diagnosis, 8
Disease management strategies, 3,4
long-term strategies, 4
short-term strategies, 4
Disease risk assessment, 95
DNA array technology. 56, 78, 109
DNA-DNA homology, 193
DNA-DNA hybridization, 193
DNA-DNA relatedness assay, 194
DNA fingerprinting, 183
DNA polymorphism analysis,
160,165
DNA profiles, 95, 192
Dominant markers, 160
Dot-blot hybridization, 34,58. 81,
86, 163
Dot-blot tests, 34, 86
Dot immunobinding assay. 21,32
Double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA, 17
Duplex PCR method, 96
Duplex real-time PCR assay, 107
Electrophoresis, 9, 12
Electrophoretic patterns, 10
Electrophoretic types (ETs). 10,161
Elicitation of host defense
responses. 2
Elicitin, 164
Embryo test, 31
Endoglucanase gene, 194
Enrichment-involved BIO-PCR, 71
Enrichment step, 26
Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus
(ERIC) sequence. 188
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELJSA), 14,15,185
formats of ELISA, 14,26
Epitopes. 25.28
Exoantigens, 163
Fatty acid analysis, 28
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
(FRET), 55
Fluorescence RT-PCR. 59
Fumonisins, 96
Gel diffusion test, 197
Gene cluster, 187
Gene flow, 183
Gene-for-gene interaction, 2, 159
Genetic distances, 167, 179
Genetic divergence, 165
Genetic diversity, 3, 164, 170, 171, 172, 176
Genetic engineering, 4
Genetic markers, 4
Genetic relatedness, 192
Genomic fingerprints, 188
Genotypes, 4
Gold labeling techniques, 24
H
Hammer blotting, 19
Haplotypes, 87, 173,204
Heritability of genes, 160
Heteroduplex mobility analysis (HMA), 56
Host resistance factor, 159
Host-specific toxins, 3
Hip gene cluster, 65
Hrp genes. 194
Hybridization techniques, 34,58,61
Hypersensitive response (HR), 2,65
I
IC-RT-loop-mediated isothermal amplification
(IC-RT-LAMP) test, 54
Identification of microbial pathogens, 3, 8
Immunoassays, 14,162,185, 196
Immunoblotting assays, 18,22,199
Immunocapture (IC)-RT-PCR, 50, 73
Immunodecoration, 25
Immunofluorescence (IF), 28, 185
lmmunogold labeling. 23,28
Immuno-magnetic separation (IMS), 67,73
Immuno-magnetic separation (IMS)-PCR, 72
Immunosorbent electron microscopy, 24
Incompatible interaction, 1
Indexing, 15
Indicator hosts, 15
Inducers of resistance
abiotic inducers, 5
biotic inducers. 5
Informative markers, 160
Index
247
In situ immunoassay, 18
Intensity of infection, 159
Intergenic region (IR), 207
Intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS), 66. 166
Isozyme electrophoresis, 10
Isozyme pattems, 161
Isozyme polymorphisms, 10
Isozyme Variation, 161
ITSregions, 173. 174
Kinetic-PCR (kPCR), 107
Labeled antibodies, 14
Latent infection, 7, 26
Long-term strategies, 1
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
(LAMP) technique, 78
M
Macroarrays, 56
Microbial pathogens, 1
Microchips, 57
Microplate, 21,34
Microsatellite amplification, 183
Microsatellite-primed (MP)-PCR assay, 172
Microsatellites. 183
Microscopic methods of detection, 1
Microtiter plate (MTP)-based PCR-ELISA,
103
Microtiter plates, 30
Missense point mutations, 193
Molecular bases of protection, 5
Molecular beacons, 54, 106
Molecular biology, 1
applications, 3
Molecular differentiation, 172
Molecular diversity, 70
Molecular markers, 88, 160,170, 171, 183
Molecular techniques, 2
Molecular variability, 159,170,202
Monoclonal antibodies, 25, 196
Monoclonal antibody technology, 29
Monoclonal antisera, 4
Monophyletic, 169,171
Morphological characteristics, 3
Morphotypes, 172
Multilocus sequence type (MLST) System, 80
Multiplex one-step RT-PCR, 44
Multiplex PCR. 70.88,100,207
Multiplex RT-PCR, 44
Mycotoxigenic fungi, 96
Mycotoxins, 96, 162
N
Natural disease resistance (NDR) mechanisms,
5
Nested-PCR, 77, 97, 99
Nested-RT-PCR,41,74
Non-radioactive labeis, 33
Northern hybridization, 35
N-protein sequence divergence. 197
Nucleic acid-based techniques, 32, 200
Nucleic acid probes, 33
Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
assay (NASBA), 79
Nucleocapsid protein. 13
Nucleotide polymorphism, 201
Nucleotide sequence identity, 206, 208
O
One-step fluorescent RT-PCR. 201
One-step IC-RT-PCR. 50
One-step RT-PCR, 45
Padlock probes (PLPs)-multiple detection
System, 108
Pathogen adhesion, 4
Pathogen derived resistance (PDR), 4
Pathogen DNA, 4
Pathogenesis, 3
Pathogenicity, 2
Pathogenicity genes, 159
Pathogenicity island (PAI), 195
Pathosystem, 3
Pathotypes, 40,159, 165. 172, 174
Pathovars, 25, 69
PCR amplicons, 83
PCR-ELISA, 48, 84
PCR inhibitors, 53,72
PCR-microplate hybridization, 48
PCR-RFLP analysis, 62.189
Phage display antibodies, 31
Phases of pathogenesis, 4
Phylogenetic relationships, 169, 170,172
Phylotypes, 194
Phytosanitary seed health testing, 27
Plant-pathogen interacüons. 1
Plant recognition, 3
Plasmid DNA, 66
Plate-trapped antibody (PTA)-EUSA. 21,30
Polyclonal antibodies, 14,25
Polygalacturonase (PG) genes, 170
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 36,58, 62,
81.90,168,187
Polymorphic loci, 172
Polyphyletic, 169
248
Index
Polyprobes, 165
Fost-entry quarantines, 20
Precipitin lines, 14
Primers. 4
Print/spot-capture (PC)-PCR. 48
Probes. 56
Protein banding patterns, 11
Protein profiles, 9
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), 11
Qualitative duplex PCR assay, 96
Quantification of fungi in plant tissues, 31
Quantification of pathogens, 4
Quantitative PCR, 76
Quantitative real-time (QRT)-PCR, 53. 74, 106
Quarantines, 29
domestic. 29
international. 29
Quiescent infection, 8,25
Radioactive raarkers, 33
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD),
88. 160. 173, 191
RAPD banding patterns, 175,178
RAPD fingerprinting, 176
RAPD markers, 191. 192
RAPD-PCR technique, 191,192
RAPD pronies, 192
Reaction patterns of antigens, 198
Reactivity of monoclonal antibodies, 196
Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, 92,
96,160
Real-time PCR, 74,84,85,101,105
Real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR), 104,107
Real-time RT-PCR. 42,52
Reciprocal hybridization lest, 200
Recombinant antibodies, 29
Recombinant antigens. 22
Recombinant virus isolate, 17
Repetitive (Rep)-PCR, 68. 188
Repetitive extragenic palindrome (REP)
sequences, 188
Repetitive genomic elements. 188
Resistance genes, 4
Restriction enzyme analysis, 203
Restriction enzymes, 33
Restriction fragraent length polymorphism
(RFLP), 48, 62, 81, 83, 86. 160,
163,187
Restriction patterns, 167
Restriction profile. 69
Restriction sites, 33
Reverse dot-blot hybridization, 78
Reverse transcription, 36
Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal
amplification (RT-LAMP) technique,
54
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR), 39,97
RFLP banding patterns, 168
RFLP patterns, 186
RFLP typing, 194
Riboprobes, 35, 201
RT-PCR-ELISA, 40
RT-PCR/RFLP, 40
Sanitary Status of plants, 15
Seed health lest, 27
Seed immunoblot assay, 32
Semi-selective medium, 26
Sequence analysis of gene, 191
Sequence characterized amplified region
(SCAR) primers, 89,93,101
Sequence variability, 209
Sequence variants, 209
Serotypes, 29,199
Serovars, 185
Short-term disease management strategies, 4
Signal probe, 33
Simple direct tube method, 41
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), 160, 183
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 75,
101,109
Single-Strand conformation polymorphism
(SSCP) analysis. 184,204,208
Single-tube RT-PCR, 40,209
Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), 11, 13,
30
Southern hybridization, 163
Specific resistance, 159
Spot PCR, 43
Strain-spccific antibodies, 17
Söain-specific endonucieases, 202
Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH),
73, 195
Symptom expression, 4
Symptomless carriers, 8,27
Synthetic single-stranded oligomers, 57
TaqMan chemistry, 102, 107
TaqMan PCR. 105
Targeting induced local lesions in genomes
(TILLING), 92
Index
249
Template DNA, 33
Tissue-blot immunoassay, 74
Tissue colonization, 4
Tissue print hybridization, 36
Tissue prints. 17
Toxin production profile, 182
Transformation of plant cells, 2
Triple antibody Sandwich (TAS)-ELISA, 21
Tube capture RT-PCR, 41
ß-tubulin gene, 107.166, 169, 169
Type III secretion System (TTSS), 65
U
Universal primers, 167, 188
Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)
markers, 193
VariantsofPCR, 68
Vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), 182
Viral genome sequencing, 200
Viroid pathogens, 12
Virulence factors, 159
Virus biotypes, 205
Virus-specific antibodies, 16
Virus strain differentiation, 199
W
Western blot analysis, 22, 32
Whole cell protein analysis. 111
Zipcode, 109
Zipcode (cZipcode) microarray. 108
Zymogram groups, 89
Zymogram patterns, 89
Zymotypes, 11 |
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| spelling | Narayanasamy, P. 1937- Verfasser (DE-588)120130599 aut Molecular biology in plant pathogenesis and disease management 1 Microbial plant pathogens P. Narayanasamy Dordrecht [u.a.] Springer 2008 XVII, 249 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV023298333 1 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016482835&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Narayanasamy, P. 1937- Molecular biology in plant pathogenesis and disease management |
| title | Molecular biology in plant pathogenesis and disease management |
| title_auth | Molecular biology in plant pathogenesis and disease management |
| title_exact_search | Molecular biology in plant pathogenesis and disease management |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Molecular biology in plant pathogenesis and disease management |
| title_full | Molecular biology in plant pathogenesis and disease management 1 Microbial plant pathogens P. Narayanasamy |
| title_fullStr | Molecular biology in plant pathogenesis and disease management 1 Microbial plant pathogens P. Narayanasamy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular biology in plant pathogenesis and disease management 1 Microbial plant pathogens P. Narayanasamy |
| title_short | Molecular biology in plant pathogenesis and disease management |
| title_sort | molecular biology in plant pathogenesis and disease management microbial plant pathogens |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016482835&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023298333 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT narayanasamyp molecularbiologyinplantpathogenesisanddiseasemanagement1 |