Climate change: biological and human aspects
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ., repr. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 487 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780521696197 9780521873994 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Cowie, Jonathan |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Climate change |b biological and human aspects |c Jonathan Cowie |
| 250 | |a 1. publ., repr. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 487 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Ecologia humana |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Mudança climática (aspectos sociais) |2 larpcal | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137624019927040 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Introduction page
xi
Acknowledgements
xv
An introduction
to climate
change
1
1.1
Weather or climate
2
1.2
The greenhouse effect
3
1.3
The carbon cycle
10
1.4
Natural changes in the carbon cycle
20
1.5
Pacemaker of the glacial-interglacial cycles
22
1.6
Non-greenhouse influences on climate
28
1.7
The water cycle, climate change and biology
31
1.8
From theory to reality
33
1.9
References
35
Principal indicators of past climates
37
2.1
Terrestrial biotic climatic proxies
39
2.1.1
Tree-ring analysis (dendrochronology)
39
2.1.2
Isotopie
dendrochronology
43
2.1.3
Leaf shape (morphology)
45
2.1.4
Leaf physiology
46
2.1.5
Pollen and spore analysis
47
2.1.6
Species as climate proxies
50
2.2
Marine biotic climatic proxies
53
2.2.1
18O isotope analysis of forams and corals
53
2.2.2
Alkenone analysis
58
2.3
Non-biotic indicators
59
2.3.1
Isotopie
analysis of water
59
2.3.2
Boreholes
61
2.3.3
Carbon dioxide and methane records as
palaeoclima tic forcing agents
61
2.3.4
Dust as an indicator of dry-wet hemispheric climates
63
2.4
Other indicators
63
vi
Contents
2.5
Interpreting indicators
64
2.6
Conclusions
64
2.7
References
65
3
Past climate change
67
3.1
Early biology and climate of the Hadean and Archeaen
eons
(4.6-2.5
billion years ago, bya)
67
3.1.1
The pre-biotic Earth
(4.6-3.8
bya)
67
3.1.2
The early biotic Earth
(3.8-2.3
bya)
68
3.2
Major bio-climatic events of the Proterozoic eon
(2.5-0.542
bya)
71
3.2.1
Earth in the anaerobic-aerobic transition
(2.6-1.7
bya)
71
3.2.2
The aerobic Earth (from
1.7
bya)
74
3.3
Major bio-climatic events of the pre-Quaternary Phanerozoic
(540-2
mya)
77
3.3.1
Late-Ordovician extinction
(455^35
mya)
77
3.3.2
Late-Devonian extinction
(365-363.5
mya)
78
3.3.3
Vascular plants and the atmospheric depletion
of carbon dioxide
(350-275
mya)
79
3.3.4
Permo-Carboniferous
glaciation
(330-250
mya)
81
3.3.5
End-Permian extinction
(251
mya)
83
3.3.6
End-Triassic extinction
(205
mya)
85
3.3.7
Toarcian (early (late lower) Jurassic) extinction
(183
mya)
86
3.3.8
Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction
(65.5
mya)
87
3.3.9
Eocene climatic maximum
(55-54.8
mya)
90
3.3.10
Eocene-Oligocene
extinction (approximately
3 5
mya;
or
33.9
mya?)
101
3.3.11
Late Miocene expansion of C4 grasses
(14-9
mya)
103
3.4
Summary
108
3.5
References
109
4
The
Oligocene
to the Quaternary: climate and biology
ИЗ
4.1
The
Oligocene
(33.9-23.03
mya)
113
4.2
The end Miocene
(9-5.3
mya)
115
4.3
The Pliocene
(5.3-1.8
mya)
116
4.4
The current ice age
120
4.5
The last glacial
126
4.5.1
Overview of temperature, carbon dioxide and timing
126
4.5.2
Ice and sea level
129
4.5.3
Temperature changes within the glacial
130
Contents
vii
4.5.4
Biological and environmental impacts of the last glacial
141
4.6
Interglacials
and the present climate
148
4.6.1
Previous
interglacials
148
4.6.2
The Allerod, lulling and Younger Dryas
(14 600-11600
years ago)
152
4.6.3
The Holocene
(11 500
years ago
-
the Industrial
Revolution)
159
4.6.4
Biological response to the last glacial, LGM and
Holocene transition
168
4.7
Summary
178
4.8
References
179
Present climate and biological change
184
5.1
Recent climate change
184
5.1.1
The latter half of the Little Ice Age
184
5.1.2
Twentieth-century climate
188
5.1.3
Twenty-first-century climate
189
5.1.4
The Holocene interglacial beyond the twenty-first
century
189
5.1.5
Holocene summary
191
5.2
Human change arising from the Holocene climate
193
5.2.1
Climatic impacts on early human civilisations
193
5.2.2
The Little Ice Age s human impact
194
5.2.3
Increasing twentieth-century human climatic
insulation
200
5.3
Climate and business as usual in the twenty-first century
201
5.3.1
IPCC Business as Usual
201
5.3.2
Uncertainties and the IPCC s conclusions
213
5.4
Current human influences on the carbon cycle
222
5.4.1
Carbon dioxide
222
5.4.2
Methane
226
5.4.3
Halocarbons
227
5.4.4
Nitrous oxide
228
5.5
References
228
Current warming and likely future impacts
231
6.1
Current biological symptoms of warming
231
6.1.1
Current boreal dendrochronological response
231
6.1.2
Current tropical-rainforest response
233
6.1.3
Some biological dimensions of the climatic-change
fingerprint
235
6.1.4
Phenology
238
vüi
Contents
6.1.5
Biological communities and species shift
240
6.2
Case study: climate and natural systems in the USA
253
6.3
Case study: climate and natural systems in the UK
264
6.4
Biological response to greenhouse trends beyond the
twenty-first century
275
6.5
Possible surprise responses to greenhouse trends in the
twenty-first century and beyond
276
6.5.1
Extreme weather events
276
6.5.2
Greenhouse gases
279
6.5.3
Sea-level rise
280
6.5.4
Methane hydrates (methane clathrates)
289
6.5.5
Volcanoes
293
6.5.6
Oceanic and atmospheric circulation
296
6.5.7
Ocean acidity
301
6.5.8
The probability of surprises
304
6.6
References
305
7
The human ecology of climate change
310
7.1
Population (past, present and future) and its
environmental impact
310
7.1.1
Population and environmental impact
310
7.1.2
Past and present population
319
7.1.3
Future population
322
7.1.4
Food
325
7.1.5
Impact on other species
327
7.2
Energy supply
330
7.2.1
Energy supply
-
the historical context
331
7.2.2
Future energy supply
337
7.3
Human health and climate change
343
7.3.1
Health and weather extremes
345
7.3.2
Climate change and disease
353
7.3.3
Flooding and health
361
7.3.4
Droughts
368
7.4
Climate change and food security
368
7.4.1
Past and present food security
368
7.4.2
Future food security and climate change
371
7.5
The biology of reducing anthropogenic climate change
377
7.5.1
Terrestrial photosynthesis and soil carbon
378
7.5.2
Manipulating marine photosynthesis
383
7.5.3
Biofuels
384
7.6
Summary and conclusions
387
Contents ix
7.7
References
388
Sustainability
and policy
392
8.1
Key developments of sustainability policy
392
8.1.1
UN Conference on the Human Environment
( 1972) 392
8.1.2
The Club of Rome s Limits to Growth
(1972) 395
8.1.3
World Climate Conference
(1979) 396
8.1.4
The World Conservation Strategy
( 1980) 397
8.1.5
The Brandt Report
-
Common Crisis North-South
(1980) 398
8.1.6
The Brundtland, World Commission on Environment
and Development Report
(1987) 399
8.1.7
United Nations Conference on the Environment
and Development
- Rio de
Janeiro
(1992) 400
8.1.8
The Kyoto Protocol
(1997) 401
8.1.9
Johannesburg Summit
-
UNCED+
10 (2002) 403
8.1.10
Post
2002 405
8.2
Energy sustainability and carbon (global)
406
8.2.1
Prospects for savings from changes in land use
409
8.2.2
Prospects for savings from improvements in energy
efficiency
410
8.2.3
Prospects for fossil-carbon savings from renewable
energy
414
8.2.4
Prospects for carbon-capture technology
415
8.2.5
Prospects for nuclear options
419
8.2.6
Overall prospects for fossil-carbon savings to
2025 423
8.3
Energy policy and carbon
425
8.3.1
Case history: USA
426
8.3.2
Case history: UK
431
8.3.3
Case history: China and India
439
8.4
Possible future energy options
445
8.4.1
Managing fossil-carbon emissions
-
the scale
of the problem
445
8.4.2
Fossil futures
447
8.4.3
Nuclear futures
448
8.4.4
Renewable futures
449
8.4.5
Low-energy futures
450
8.4.6
Possible future energy options and greenhouse gases
451
8.5
Future human and biological change
453
8.5.1
The ease and difficulty of adapting to future impacts
457
8.5.2
Future climate change and human health
461
Contents
8.5.3
Future
climate
and human-ecology implications
for wildlife
462
8.5.4
Reducing future anthropogenic greenhouse-gas
emissions
464
8.5.5
A final conclusion
465
8.6
References
466
Appendix
1
Glossary and abbreviations
469
Glossary
469
Abbreviations
472
Appendix
2
Bio-geological chronology
475
Appendix
3
Calculations of energy demand/supply and orders
of magnitude
478
Calculations of energy demand/supply
478
Orders of magnitude
479
Sources
479
Appendix
4
The IPCC
2007
report
480
Index
482
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Introduction page
xi
Acknowledgements
xv
An introduction
to climate
change
1
1.1
Weather or climate
2
1.2
The greenhouse effect
3
1.3
The carbon cycle
10
1.4
Natural changes in the carbon cycle
20
1.5
Pacemaker of the glacial-interglacial cycles
22
1.6
Non-greenhouse influences on climate
28
1.7
The water cycle, climate change and biology
31
1.8
From theory to reality
33
1.9
References
35
Principal indicators of past climates
37
2.1
Terrestrial biotic climatic proxies
39
2.1.1
Tree-ring analysis (dendrochronology)
39
2.1.2
Isotopie
dendrochronology
43
2.1.3
Leaf shape (morphology)
45
2.1.4
Leaf physiology
46
2.1.5
Pollen and spore analysis
47
2.1.6
Species as climate proxies
50
2.2
Marine biotic climatic proxies
53
2.2.1
18O isotope analysis of forams and corals
53
2.2.2
Alkenone analysis
58
2.3
Non-biotic indicators
59
2.3.1
Isotopie
analysis of water
59
2.3.2
Boreholes
61
2.3.3
Carbon dioxide and methane records as
palaeoclima tic forcing agents
61
2.3.4
Dust as an indicator of dry-wet hemispheric climates
63
2.4
Other indicators
63
vi
Contents
2.5
Interpreting indicators
64
2.6
Conclusions
64
2.7
References
65
3
Past climate change
67
3.1
Early biology and climate of the Hadean and Archeaen
eons
(4.6-2.5
billion years ago, bya)
67
3.1.1
The pre-biotic Earth
(4.6-3.8
bya)
67
3.1.2
The early biotic Earth
(3.8-2.3
bya)
68
3.2
Major bio-climatic events of the Proterozoic eon
(2.5-0.542
bya)
71
3.2.1
Earth in the anaerobic-aerobic transition
(2.6-1.7
bya)
71
3.2.2
The aerobic Earth (from
1.7
bya)
74
3.3
Major bio-climatic events of the pre-Quaternary Phanerozoic
(540-2
mya)
77
3.3.1
Late-Ordovician extinction
(455^35
mya)
77
3.3.2
Late-Devonian extinction
(365-363.5
mya)
78
3.3.3
Vascular plants and the atmospheric depletion
of carbon dioxide
(350-275
mya)
79
3.3.4
Permo-Carboniferous
glaciation
(330-250
mya)
81
3.3.5
End-Permian extinction
(251
mya)
83
3.3.6
End-Triassic extinction
(205
mya)
85
3.3.7
Toarcian (early (late lower) Jurassic) extinction
(183
mya)
86
3.3.8
Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction
(65.5
mya)
87
3.3.9
Eocene climatic maximum
(55-54.8
mya)
90
3.3.10
Eocene-Oligocene
extinction (approximately
3 5
mya;
or
33.9
mya?)
101
3.3.11
Late Miocene expansion of C4 grasses
(14-9
mya)
103
3.4
Summary
108
3.5
References
109
4
The
Oligocene
to the Quaternary: climate and biology
ИЗ
4.1
The
Oligocene
(33.9-23.03
mya)
113
4.2
The end Miocene
(9-5.3
mya)
115
4.3
The Pliocene
(5.3-1.8
mya)
116
4.4
The current ice age
120
4.5
The last glacial
126
4.5.1
Overview of temperature, carbon dioxide and timing
126
4.5.2
Ice and sea level
129
4.5.3
Temperature changes within the glacial
130
Contents
vii
4.5.4
Biological and environmental impacts of the last glacial
141
4.6
Interglacials
and the present climate
148
4.6.1
Previous
interglacials
148
4.6.2
The Allerod, lulling and Younger Dryas
(14 600-11600
years ago)
152
4.6.3
The Holocene
(11 500
years ago
-
the Industrial
Revolution)
159
4.6.4
Biological response to the last glacial, LGM and
Holocene transition
168
4.7
Summary
178
4.8
References
179
Present climate and biological change
184
5.1
Recent climate change
184
5.1.1
The latter half of the Little Ice Age
184
5.1.2
Twentieth-century climate
188
5.1.3
Twenty-first-century climate
189
5.1.4
The Holocene interglacial beyond the twenty-first
century
189
5.1.5
Holocene summary
191
5.2
Human change arising from the Holocene climate
193
5.2.1
Climatic impacts on early human civilisations
193
5.2.2
The Little Ice Age's human impact
194
5.2.3
Increasing twentieth-century human climatic
insulation
200
5.3
Climate and business as usual in the twenty-first century
201
5.3.1
IPCC Business as Usual
201
5.3.2
Uncertainties and the IPCC's conclusions
213
5.4
Current human influences on the carbon cycle
222
5.4.1
Carbon dioxide
222
5.4.2
Methane
226
5.4.3
Halocarbons
227
5.4.4
Nitrous oxide
228
5.5
References
228
Current warming and likely future impacts
231
6.1
Current biological symptoms of warming
231
6.1.1
Current boreal dendrochronological response
231
6.1.2
Current tropical-rainforest response
233
6.1.3
Some biological dimensions of the climatic-change
fingerprint
235
6.1.4
Phenology
238
vüi
Contents
6.1.5
Biological communities and species shift
240
6.2
Case study: climate and natural systems in the USA
253
6.3
Case study: climate and natural systems in the UK
264
6.4
Biological response to greenhouse trends beyond the
twenty-first century
275
6.5
Possible surprise responses to greenhouse trends in the
twenty-first century and beyond
276
6.5.1
Extreme weather events
276
6.5.2
Greenhouse gases
279
6.5.3
Sea-level rise
280
6.5.4
Methane hydrates (methane clathrates)
289
6.5.5
Volcanoes
293
6.5.6
Oceanic and atmospheric circulation
296
6.5.7
Ocean acidity
301
6.5.8
The probability of surprises
304
6.6
References
305
7
The human ecology of climate change
310
7.1
Population (past, present and future) and its
environmental impact
310
7.1.1
Population and environmental impact
310
7.1.2
Past and present population
319
7.1.3
Future population
322
7.1.4
Food
325
7.1.5
Impact on other species
327
7.2
Energy supply
330
7.2.1
Energy supply
-
the historical context
331
7.2.2
Future energy supply
337
7.3
Human health and climate change
343
7.3.1
Health and weather extremes
345
7.3.2
Climate change and disease
353
7.3.3
Flooding and health
361
7.3.4
Droughts
368
7.4
Climate change and food security
368
7.4.1
Past and present food security
368
7.4.2
Future food security and climate change
371
7.5
The biology of reducing anthropogenic climate change
377
7.5.1
Terrestrial photosynthesis and soil carbon
378
7.5.2
Manipulating marine photosynthesis
383
7.5.3
Biofuels
384
7.6
Summary and conclusions
387
Contents ix
7.7
References
388
Sustainability
and policy
392
8.1
Key developments of sustainability policy
392
8.1.1
UN Conference on the Human Environment
( 1972) 392
8.1.2
The Club of Rome's Limits to Growth
(1972) 395
8.1.3
World Climate Conference
(1979) 396
8.1.4
The World Conservation Strategy
( 1980) 397
8.1.5
The Brandt Report
-
Common Crisis North-South
(1980) 398
8.1.6
The Brundtland, World Commission on Environment
and Development Report
(1987) 399
8.1.7
United Nations' Conference on the Environment
and Development
- Rio de
Janeiro
(1992) 400
8.1.8
The Kyoto Protocol
(1997) 401
8.1.9
Johannesburg Summit
-
UNCED+
10 (2002) 403
8.1.10
Post
2002 405
8.2
Energy sustainability and carbon (global)
406
8.2.1
Prospects for savings from changes in land use
409
8.2.2
Prospects for savings from improvements in energy
efficiency
410
8.2.3
Prospects for fossil-carbon savings from renewable
energy
414
8.2.4
Prospects for carbon-capture technology
415
8.2.5
Prospects for nuclear options
419
8.2.6
Overall prospects for fossil-carbon savings to
2025 423
8.3
Energy policy and carbon
425
8.3.1
Case history: USA
426
8.3.2
Case history: UK
431
8.3.3
Case history: China and India
439
8.4
Possible future energy options
445
8.4.1
Managing fossil-carbon emissions
-
the scale
of the problem
445
8.4.2
Fossil futures
447
8.4.3
Nuclear futures
448
8.4.4
Renewable futures
449
8.4.5
Low-energy futures
450
8.4.6
Possible future energy options and greenhouse gases
451
8.5
Future human and biological change
453
8.5.1
The ease and difficulty of adapting to future impacts
457
8.5.2
Future climate change and human health
461
Contents
8.5.3
Future
climate
and human-ecology implications
for wildlife
462
8.5.4
Reducing future anthropogenic greenhouse-gas
emissions
464
8.5.5
A final conclusion
465
8.6
References
466
Appendix
1
Glossary and abbreviations
469
Glossary
469
Abbreviations
472
Appendix
2
Bio-geological chronology
475
Appendix
3
Calculations of energy demand/supply and orders
of magnitude
478
Calculations of energy demand/supply
478
Orders of magnitude
479
Sources
479
Appendix
4
The IPCC
2007
report
480
Index
482 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| dewey-search | 363.73874 |
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| discipline | Allgemeines Soziologie Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Allgemeines Soziologie Geographie |
| edition | 1. publ., repr. |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:45:17Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:15:15Z |
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| spellingShingle | Cowie, Jonathan Climate change biological and human aspects Ecologia humana larpcal Mudança climática (aspectos sociais) larpcal Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Anthropogene Klimaänderung (DE-588)4290733-0 gnd Erwärmung Meteorologie (DE-588)4344515-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4164199-1 (DE-588)4290733-0 (DE-588)4344515-9 |
| title | Climate change biological and human aspects |
| title_auth | Climate change biological and human aspects |
| title_exact_search | Climate change biological and human aspects |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Climate change biological and human aspects |
| title_full | Climate change biological and human aspects Jonathan Cowie |
| title_fullStr | Climate change biological and human aspects Jonathan Cowie |
| title_full_unstemmed | Climate change biological and human aspects Jonathan Cowie |
| title_short | Climate change |
| title_sort | climate change biological and human aspects |
| title_sub | biological and human aspects |
| topic | Ecologia humana larpcal Mudança climática (aspectos sociais) larpcal Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Anthropogene Klimaänderung (DE-588)4290733-0 gnd Erwärmung Meteorologie (DE-588)4344515-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ecologia humana Mudança climática (aspectos sociais) Klimaänderung Anthropogene Klimaänderung Erwärmung Meteorologie |
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