Verfügbarkeit: Social research methods

Social research methods:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Bryman, Alan 1947-2017 (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2008
Ausgabe:	3. ed.
Schlagworte:	Forschungsmethode Empirische Sozialforschung Sozialwissenschaften Methode Lehrbuch
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XLII, 748 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780199202959

Internformat

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Brief Contents Detailed contents About the author Introducing the students Guide to the book Guided tour of textbook features Guided tour of the ORC: lecturer resources Guided tour of the ORC: student resources Abbreviations Part One 1 Social research strategies 2 Research designs 3 Planning a research project and formulating research questions 4 Getting started: reviewing the literature 5 Ethics and politics in social research Part Two 6 The nature of quantitative research 7 Sampling 8 Structured interviewing 9 Self-completion questionnaires 10 Asking questions 11 Structured observation 12 Content analysis 13 Secondary analysis and official statistics 14 Quantitative data analysis 15 Using SPSS for Windows Part Three 16 The nature of qualitative research 17 Ethnography and participant observation 18 Interviewing in qualitative research 19 Focus groups 20 Language in qualitative research ix xxiii xxiv xxviii xxxiv xxxvi xxxviii xli 3 29 65 80 112 139 164 191 215 230 253 273 294 313 339 365 400 435 472 492 VIU Brief Contents 21 Documents as sources of data 22 Qualitative data analysis 23 Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis: using NVivo Part Four 24 Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide 25 Mixed methods research: combining quantitative and qualitative research 26 Е -research: using the Internet as object and method of data collection 27 Writing up social research Glossary References Name index Index 514 537 564 587 602 627 660 691 701 727 733 Detailed contents About the author Introducing the students Guide to the book Guided tour of textbook features Guided tour of the ORC: lecturer resources Guided tour of the ORC: student resources Abbreviations Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Social research strategies Introduction Theory and research What type of theory? Deductive and inductive theory Epistemological considerations A natural science epistemology: positivism Interpretivism Ontological considerations Objectivism Constructionism Relationship to social research Research strategy: quantitative and qualitative research Influences on the conduct of social research Values Practical considerations Key points Questions for review Research designs Introduction Criteria in social research Reliability Replication Validity Relationship with research strategy XXIII xxiv xxviii xxxiv xxxvi xxxviii xli 3 4 6 6 9 13 14 15 18 18 19 21 21 24 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 32 32 33 Detailed contents Research designs 35 Experimental design 35 Cross-sectional design 44 Longitudinal design(s) 49 Case study design 52 Comparative design 58 Bringing research strategy and research design together 61 Key points 63 Questions for review 63 Chapter 3 Planning a research project and formulating research questions 65 Introduction 66 Getting to know what is expected of you by your institution 66 Thinking about your research area 67 Using your supervisor 67 Managing time and resources 68 Formulating suitable research questions 69 Writing your research proposal 75 Preparing for your research 76 Doing your research and analysing your results 76 Checklist 78 Key points 78 Questions for review 79 Chapter 4 Getting started: reviewing the literature 80 Reviewing the existing literature 81 Getti ng the most from you r read ing 82 Systematic review 85 Narrative review 92 Searching the existing literature 95 Electronic databases 95 Keywords and defining search parameters 100 Referencing your work 101 The role of the bibliography 106 Avoiding plagiarism 107 Checklist 110 Key points 110 Questions for review 111 Chapter 5 Ethics and politics in social research 112 Introduction 113 Ethical principles 118 Detailed contents XI Harm to participants Lack of informed consent Invasion of privacy Deception Ethics and the issue of quality The difficulties of ethical decision-making New media and difficult decisions Politics in social research Checklist Key points Questions for review 118 121 123 124 125 128 129 130 133 134 135 Part Two Chapter 6 The nature of quantitative research Introduction The main steps in quantitative research Concepts and their measurement What is a concept? Why measure? Indicators Using multiple-indicator measures Dimensions of concepts Reliability and validity Reliability Validity Reflections on reliability and validity The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers Measurement Causality Generalization Replication The critique of quantitative research Criticisms of quantitative research Is it always like this? Reverse operationism Reliability and validity testing Sampling Key points Questions for review 139 140 140 143 143 144 144 147 148 149 149 151 153 155 155 156 156 157 159 159 160 160 161 162 162 162 XII Detailed contents Chapter 7 Sampling Introduction to survey research Introduction to sampling Sampling error Types of probability sample Simple random sample Systematic sample Stratified random sampling Multi-stage cluster sampling The qualities of a probability sample Sample size Absolute and relative sample size Time and cost Non-response Heterogeneity of the population Kind of analysis Types of non-probability sample Convenience sampling Snowball sampling Quota sampling Limits to generalization Error in survey research Key points Questions for review Chapter 8 Structured interviewing Introduction The structured interview Reducing error due to interviewer variability Accuracy and ease of data processing Other types of interview Interview contexts More than one interviewee More than one interviewer In person or by telephone? Computer-assisted interviewing Conducting interviews Know the schedule Introducing the research Rapport Asking questions 164 165 167 170 171 171 172 173 175 177 179 179 180 180 182 182 183 183 184 185 187 188 189 189 191 192 193 194 195 195 197 197 197 197 199 200 200 200 201 202 Detailed contents X І І І Recording answers 202 Clear instructions 202 Question order 203 Probing 206 Prompting 207 Leaving the interview 209 Training and supervision 209 Problems with structured interviewing 210 Characteristics of interviewers 210 Response sets 210 The problem of meaning 211 The feminist critique 211 Key points 213 Questions for review 213 Chapter 9 Self-completion questionnaires 215 Introduction 216 Self-completion questionnaire or postal questionnaire? 216 Evaluating the self-completion questionnaire in relation to the structured interview 217 Advantages of the self-completion questionnaire over the structured interview 217 Disadvantages of the self-completion questionnaire in comparison with the structured interview 218 Steps to improve response rates to postal questionnaires 220 Designing the self-completion questionnaire 221 Do not cramp the presentation 221 Clear presentation 222 Vertical or horizontal closed answers? 222 Clear instructions about how to respond 224 Keep question and answers together 224 Diaries as a form of self-completion questionnaire 224 Advantages and disadvantages of the diary as a method of data collection 228 Key points 228 Questions for review 229 Chapter 10 Asking questions 230 Introduction 231 Open or closed questions? 231 Open questions 231 Closed questions 235 Detailed contents Types of questions 238 Rules for designing questions 239 General rules of thumb 239 Specific rules when designing questions 240 Vignette questions 245 Piloting and pre-testing questions 247 Using existing questions 248 Checklist 249 Key points 251 Questions for review 251 Chapter 11 Structured observation 253 Introduction 254 Problems with survey research on social behaviour 254 So why not observe behaviour? 256 The observation schedule 260 Strategies for observing behaviour 261 Sampling 262 Sampling people 262 Sampling in terms of time 263 Further sampling considerations 263 Issues of reliability and validity 264 Reliability 264 Validity 265 Field stimulations as a form of structured observation 266 Criticisms of structured observation 268 On the other hand ... 269 Checklist 270 Keypoints 270 Questions for review 271 Chapter 12 Content analysis 273 Introduction 274 What are the research questions? 276 Selecting a sample 278 Sampling media 278 Sampling dates 278 What is to be counted? 280 Significant actors 280 Words 280 Subjects and themes 282 Detailed contents Dispositions 282 Coding 283 Coding schedule 283 Coding manual 283 Potential pitfalls in devising coding schemes 288 Advantages of content analysis 288 Disadvantages of content analysis 291 Checklist 292 Key points 292 Questions for review 293 Chapter 13 Secondary analysis and official statistics 294 Introduction 295 Other researchers data 296 Advantages of secondary analysis 297 Limitations of secondary analysis 300 Accessing the Data Archive 300 Official statistics 304 Reliability and validity 306 Condemning and resurrecting official statistics 307 Official statistics as a form of unobtrusive method 309 Key points 311 Questions for review 312 Chapter 14 Quantitative data analysis 313 Introduction 314 A small research project 315 Missing data 318 Types of variable 321 Univariate analysis 322 Frequency tables 322 Diagrams 324 Measures of central tendency 325 Measures of dispersion 325 Bivariate analysis 325 Relationships not causality 326 Contingency tables 326 Pearson s r 327 Spearman s rho 329 Phi and Cramer s V 329 Comparing means and eta 330 Detailed contents Multivariate analysis 330 Could the relationship be spurious? 330 Could there be an intervening variable? 331 Could a third variable moderate the relationship? 331 Statistical significance 332 The chi-square test 334 Correlation and statistical significance 335 Comparing means and statistical significance 335 Checklist 336 Key points 336 Questions for review 337 Chapter 15 Using SPSS for Windows 339 Introduction 340 Getting started in SPSS 342 Beginning SPSS 342 Entering data in the Data Viewer 342 Defining variables: variable names, missing values, variable labels, and value labels 343 Recoding variables 345 Computing a new variable 347 Data analysis with SPSS 348 Generating a frequency table 348 Generating a bar chart 351 Generating a pie chart 351 Generating a histogram 352 Generating the arithmetic mean, median, standard deviation, and range 352 Generating a contingency table, chi-square, and Cramer s V 352 Generating Pearson s rand Spearman s rho 352 Generating scatter diagrams 353 Comparing means and eta 354 Generating a contingency table with three variables 358 Further operations in SPSS 361 Saving your data 361 Retrieving your data 361 Printing output 361 Key points 361 Questions for review 362 Detailed contents XVII Part Three Chapter 16 The nature of qualitative research 365 Introduction 366 The main steps in qualitative research 370 Theory and research 373 Concepts in qualitative research 373 Sampling in qualitative research 375 Reliability and validity in qualitative research 376 Adapting reliability and validity for qualitative research 376 Alternative criteria for evaluating qualitative research 377 Recent discussions about quality criteria for qualitative research 380 Between quantitative and qualitative research criteria 381 Overview of the Issue of criteria 383 The main preoccupations of qualitative researchers 384 Seeing through the eyes of the people being studied 385 Description and the emphasis on context 386 Emphasis on process 388 Flexibility and limited structure 389 Concepts and theory grounded in data 390 The critique of qualitative research 391 Qualitative research is too subjective 391 Difficult to replicate 391 Problems of generalization 391 Lack of transparency 392 Is it always like this? 392 Some contrasts between quantitative and qualitative research 393 Some similarities between quantitative and qualitative research 394 Feminism and qualitative research 396 Key points 398 Questions for review 398 Chapter 17 Ethnography and participant observation 400 Introduction 401 Access 403 Overt versus covert ethnography 403 Access to closed settings 405 Access to open/public settings 407 Ongoing access 408 Key Informants 409 Roles for ethnographers 410 XVIII Detailed Contents Active or passive? 413 Sampling 414 Purposive sampling 414 Not just people 416 Field notes 417 Types of field notes 420 The end 421 Can there be a feminist ethnography? 422 The rise of visual ethnography 424 Key points 433 Questions for review 433 Chapter 18 Interviewing in qualitative research 435 Introduction 436 Differences between the structured interview and the qualitative interview 437 Asking questions in the qualitative interview 438 Preparing an interview guide 442 Kinds of questions 445 Recording and transcription 451 Telephone interviewing 457 Sampling 458 Purposive sampling 458 Feminist research and interviewing in qualitative research 463 Qualitative interviewing versus participant observation 465 Advantages of participant observation in comparison to qualitative interviewing 465 Advantages of qualitative interviewing in comparison to participant observation 466 Overview 468 Checklist 469 Key points 470 Questions for review 470 Chapter 19 Focus groups 472 Introduction 473 Uses of focus groups 475 Conducting focus groups 476 Recording and transcription 476 How many groups? 477 Size of groups 479 Level of moderator involvement 480 Detailed contents Selecting participants 481 Asking questions 483 Beginning and finishing 485 Group interaction in focus group sessions 485 The focus group as a feminist method 487 Limitations of focus groups 488 Checklist 489 Key points 490 Questions for review 491 Chapter 20 Language in qualitative research 492 Introduction 493 Conversation analysis 493 Assumptions of conversation analysis 495 Transcription and attention to detail 496 Some basic tools of conversation analysis 496 Overview 498 Discourse analysis 499 Uncovering interpretative repertoires 502 Producing facts 503 Critical discourse analysis 508 Overview 510 Key points 512 Questions for review 512 Chapter 21 Documents as sources of data 514 Introduction 515 Personal documents 516 Diaries, letters, and autobiographies 516 Visual objects 518 Official documents deriving from the state 521 Official documents deriving from private sources 522 Mass-media outputs 523 Virtual documents 525 The world as text 526 Readers and audiences — active or passive? 526 The reality of documents 526 Interpreting documents 528 Qualitative content analysis 529 Semiotics 531 Hermeneutics 532 XX Detailed contents Checklist Key points 534 Questions for review 535 Chapter 22 Qualitative data analysis 537 Introduction 538 General strategies of qualitative data analysis 539 Analytic induction 539 Grounded theory 541 Basic operations in qualitative data analysis 550 Steps and considerations in coding 550 Turning data into fragments 552 Problems with coding 553 Thematic analysis 554 Narrative analysis 556 Secondary analysis of qualitative data 561 Key points 562 Questions for review 562 Chapter 23 Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis: using NVivo 564 Introduction 565 Is CAQDAS like quantitative data analysis software? 566 No industry leader 566 Lack of universal agreement about the utility of CAQDAS 566 Learning NVivo 568 Coding 569 Searching text 576 Memos 580 Saving an NVivo project 582 Opening an existing NVivo project 582 Final thoughts 582 Key points 584 Questions for review 584 Part Four Chapter 24 Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide 587 Introduction 588 The natural science model and qualitative research 589 Quantitative research and interpretivism 591 Quantitative research and constructionism 592 Detailed contents XXI Research methods and epistemological and ontological considerations 593 Problems with the quantitative/qualitative contrast 594 Behaviour versus meaning 594 Theory and concepts tested in research versus theory and concepts emergent from data 595 Numbers versus words 595 Artificial versus natural 596 The mutual analysis of quantitative and qualitative research 597 A qualitative research approach to quantitative research 597 A quantitative research approach to qualitative research 597 Quantification in qualitative research 598 Thematic analysis 598 Quasi-quantification in qualitative research 598 Combating anecdotalism through limited quantification 599 Key points 600 Questions for review 600 Chapter 25 Mixed methods research: combining quantitative and qualitative research 602 Introduction 603 The argument against mixed methods research 604 The embedded methods argument 604 The paradigm argument 604 Two versions of the debate about quantitative and qualitative research 606 Approaches to mixed methods research 606 A content analysis of articles based on mixed methods research 608 Approaches to combining quantitative and qualitative research in mixed methods research 610 Reflections on mixed methods research 624 Key points 625 Questions for review 626 Chapter 26 Е -research: using the Internet as object and method of data collection 627 Introduction 628 The Internet as object of analysis 629 Using the Internet to collect data from individuals 632 An ethnography of the Internet? 633 Qualitative research using online focus groups 637 Qualitative research using online personal interviews 642 XXII Detailed contents Online social surveys 644 Email surveys 644 Web surveys 645 Mixing modes of survey administration 646 Sampling issues 647 Overview 649 Ethical considerations in Internet research 654 Key points 658 Questions for review 658 Chapter 27 Writing up social research 660 Introduction 661 Writing up your research 662 Start early 662 Be persuasive 662 Get feedback 663 Avoid sexist, racist, and disablist writing 663 Structure your writing 663 Writing up quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research 668 Writing up quantitative research 669 Writing up qualitative research 672 Writing up mixed methods research 675 Postmodernism and its implications for writing 679 Writing ethnography 684 Experiential authority 685 Typical forms 685 The native s point of view 685 Interpretative omnipotence 686 Checklist 686 Key points 688 Questions for review 688 Glossary 691 References 701 Name index 727 Index 733
adam_txt	Brief Contents Detailed contents About the author Introducing the students Guide to the book Guided tour of textbook features Guided tour of the ORC: lecturer resources Guided tour of the ORC: student resources Abbreviations Part One 1 Social research strategies 2 Research designs 3 Planning a research project and formulating research questions 4 Getting started: reviewing the literature 5 Ethics and politics in social research Part Two 6 The nature of quantitative research 7 Sampling 8 Structured interviewing 9 Self-completion questionnaires 10 Asking questions 11 Structured observation 12 Content analysis 13 Secondary analysis and official statistics 14 Quantitative data analysis 15 Using SPSS for Windows Part Three 16 The nature of qualitative research 17 Ethnography and participant observation 18 Interviewing in qualitative research 19 Focus groups 20 Language in qualitative research ix xxiii xxiv xxviii xxxiv xxxvi xxxviii xli 3 29 65 80 112 139 164 191 215 230 253 273 294 313 339 365 400 435 472 492 VIU Brief Contents 21 Documents as sources of data 22 Qualitative data analysis 23 Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis: using NVivo Part Four 24 Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide 25 Mixed methods research: combining quantitative and qualitative research 26 Е -research: using the Internet as object and method of data collection 27 Writing up social research Glossary References Name index Index 514 537 564 587 602 627 660 691 701 727 733 Detailed contents About the author Introducing the students Guide to the book Guided tour of textbook features Guided tour of the ORC: lecturer resources Guided tour of the ORC: student resources Abbreviations Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Social research strategies Introduction Theory and research What type of theory? Deductive and inductive theory Epistemological considerations A natural science epistemology: positivism Interpretivism Ontological considerations Objectivism Constructionism Relationship to social research Research strategy: quantitative and qualitative research Influences on the conduct of social research Values Practical considerations Key points Questions for review Research designs Introduction Criteria in social research Reliability Replication Validity Relationship with research strategy XXIII xxiv xxviii xxxiv xxxvi xxxviii xli 3 4 6 6 9 13 14 15 18 18 19 21 21 24 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 32 32 33 Detailed contents Research designs 35 Experimental design 35 Cross-sectional design 44 Longitudinal design(s) 49 Case study design 52 Comparative design 58 Bringing research strategy and research design together 61 Key points 63 Questions for review 63 Chapter 3 Planning a research project and formulating research questions 65 Introduction 66 Getting to know what is expected of you by your institution 66 Thinking about your research area 67 Using your supervisor 67 Managing time and resources 68 Formulating suitable research questions 69 Writing your research proposal 75 Preparing for your research 76 Doing your research and analysing your results 76 Checklist 78 Key points 78 Questions for review 79 Chapter 4 Getting started: reviewing the literature 80 Reviewing the existing literature 81 Getti ng the most from you r read ing 82 Systematic review 85 Narrative review 92 Searching the existing literature 95 Electronic databases 95 Keywords and defining search parameters 100 Referencing your work 101 The role of the bibliography 106 Avoiding plagiarism 107 Checklist 110 Key points 110 Questions for review 111 Chapter 5 Ethics and politics in social research 112 Introduction 113 Ethical principles 118 Detailed contents XI Harm to participants Lack of informed consent Invasion of privacy Deception Ethics and the issue of quality The difficulties of ethical decision-making New media and difficult decisions Politics in social research Checklist Key points Questions for review 118 121 123 124 125 128 129 130 133 134 135 Part Two Chapter 6 The nature of quantitative research Introduction The main steps in quantitative research Concepts and their measurement What is a concept? Why measure? Indicators Using multiple-indicator measures Dimensions of concepts Reliability and validity Reliability Validity Reflections on reliability and validity The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers Measurement Causality Generalization Replication The critique of quantitative research Criticisms of quantitative research Is it always like this? Reverse operationism Reliability and validity testing Sampling Key points Questions for review 139 140 140 143 143 144 144 147 148 149 149 151 153 155 155 156 156 157 159 159 160 160 161 162 162 162 XII Detailed contents Chapter 7 Sampling Introduction to survey research Introduction to sampling Sampling error Types of probability sample Simple random sample Systematic sample Stratified random sampling Multi-stage cluster sampling The qualities of a probability sample Sample size Absolute and relative sample size Time and cost Non-response Heterogeneity of the population Kind of analysis Types of non-probability sample Convenience sampling Snowball sampling Quota sampling Limits to generalization Error in survey research Key points Questions for review Chapter 8 Structured interviewing Introduction The structured interview Reducing error due to interviewer variability Accuracy and ease of data processing Other types of interview Interview contexts More than one interviewee More than one interviewer In person or by telephone? Computer-assisted interviewing Conducting interviews Know the schedule Introducing the research Rapport Asking questions 164 165 167 170 171 171 172 173 175 177 179 179 180 180 182 182 183 183 184 185 187 188 189 189 191 192 193 194 195 195 197 197 197 197 199 200 200 200 201 202 Detailed contents X І І І Recording answers 202 Clear instructions 202 Question order 203 Probing 206 Prompting 207 Leaving the interview 209 Training and supervision 209 Problems with structured interviewing 210 Characteristics of interviewers 210 Response sets 210 The problem of meaning 211 The feminist critique 211 Key points 213 Questions for review 213 Chapter 9 Self-completion questionnaires 215 Introduction 216 Self-completion questionnaire or postal questionnaire? 216 Evaluating the self-completion questionnaire in relation to the structured interview 217 Advantages of the self-completion questionnaire over the structured interview 217 Disadvantages of the self-completion questionnaire in comparison with the structured interview 218 Steps to improve response rates to postal questionnaires 220 Designing the self-completion questionnaire 221 Do not cramp the presentation 221 Clear presentation 222 Vertical or horizontal closed answers? 222 Clear instructions about how to respond 224 Keep question and answers together 224 Diaries as a form of self-completion questionnaire 224 Advantages and disadvantages of the diary as a method of data collection 228 Key points 228 Questions for review 229 Chapter 10 Asking questions 230 Introduction 231 Open or closed questions? 231 Open questions 231 Closed questions 235 Detailed contents Types of questions 238 Rules for designing questions 239 General rules of thumb 239 Specific rules when designing questions 240 Vignette questions 245 Piloting and pre-testing questions 247 Using existing questions 248 Checklist 249 Key points 251 Questions for review 251 Chapter 11 Structured observation 253 Introduction 254 Problems with survey research on social behaviour 254 So why not observe behaviour? 256 The observation schedule 260 Strategies for observing behaviour 261 Sampling 262 Sampling people 262 Sampling in terms of time 263 Further sampling considerations 263 Issues of reliability and validity 264 Reliability 264 Validity 265 Field stimulations as a form of structured observation 266 Criticisms of structured observation 268 On the other hand . 269 Checklist 270 Keypoints 270 Questions for review 271 Chapter 12 Content analysis 273 Introduction 274 What are the research questions? 276 Selecting a sample 278 Sampling media 278 Sampling dates 278 What is to be counted? 280 Significant actors 280 Words 280 Subjects and themes 282 Detailed contents Dispositions 282 Coding 283 Coding schedule 283 Coding manual 283 Potential pitfalls in devising coding schemes 288 Advantages of content analysis 288 Disadvantages of content analysis 291 Checklist 292 Key points 292 Questions for review 293 Chapter 13 Secondary analysis and official statistics 294 Introduction 295 Other researchers' data 296 Advantages of secondary analysis 297 Limitations of secondary analysis 300 Accessing the Data Archive 300 Official statistics 304 Reliability and validity 306 Condemning and resurrecting official statistics 307 Official statistics as a form of unobtrusive method 309 Key points 311 Questions for review 312 Chapter 14 Quantitative data analysis 313 Introduction 314 A small research project 315 Missing data 318 Types of variable 321 Univariate analysis 322 Frequency tables 322 Diagrams 324 Measures of central tendency 325 Measures of dispersion 325 Bivariate analysis 325 Relationships not causality 326 Contingency tables 326 Pearson's r 327 Spearman's rho 329 Phi and Cramer's V 329 Comparing means and eta 330 Detailed contents Multivariate analysis 330 Could the relationship be spurious? 330 Could there be an intervening variable? 331 Could a third variable moderate the relationship? 331 Statistical significance 332 The chi-square test 334 Correlation and statistical significance 335 Comparing means and statistical significance 335 Checklist 336 Key points 336 Questions for review 337 Chapter 15 Using SPSS for Windows 339 Introduction 340 Getting started in SPSS 342 Beginning SPSS 342 Entering data in the Data Viewer 342 Defining variables: variable names, missing values, variable labels, and value labels 343 Recoding variables 345 Computing a new variable 347 Data analysis with SPSS 348 Generating a frequency table 348 Generating a bar chart 351 Generating a pie chart 351 Generating a histogram 352 Generating the arithmetic mean, median, standard deviation, and range 352 Generating a contingency table, chi-square, and Cramer's V 352 Generating Pearson's rand Spearman's rho 352 Generating scatter diagrams 353 Comparing means and eta 354 Generating a contingency table with three variables 358 Further operations in SPSS 361 Saving your data 361 Retrieving your data 361 Printing output 361 Key points 361 Questions for review 362 Detailed contents XVII Part Three Chapter 16 The nature of qualitative research 365 Introduction 366 The main steps in qualitative research 370 Theory and research 373 Concepts in qualitative research 373 Sampling in qualitative research 375 Reliability and validity in qualitative research 376 Adapting reliability and validity for qualitative research 376 Alternative criteria for evaluating qualitative research 377 Recent discussions about quality criteria for qualitative research 380 Between quantitative and qualitative research criteria 381 Overview of the Issue of criteria 383 The main preoccupations of qualitative researchers 384 Seeing through the eyes of the people being studied 385 Description and the emphasis on context 386 Emphasis on process 388 Flexibility and limited structure 389 Concepts and theory grounded in data 390 The critique of qualitative research 391 Qualitative research is too subjective 391 Difficult to replicate 391 Problems of generalization 391 Lack of transparency 392 Is it always like this? 392 Some contrasts between quantitative and qualitative research 393 Some similarities between quantitative and qualitative research 394 Feminism and qualitative research 396 Key points 398 Questions for review 398 Chapter 17 Ethnography and participant observation 400 Introduction 401 Access 403 Overt versus covert ethnography 403 Access to closed settings 405 Access to open/public settings 407 Ongoing access 408 Key Informants 409 Roles for ethnographers 410 XVIII Detailed Contents Active or passive? 413 Sampling 414 Purposive sampling 414 Not just people 416 Field notes 417 Types of field notes 420 The end 421 Can there be a feminist ethnography? 422 The rise of visual ethnography 424 Key points 433 Questions for review 433 Chapter 18 Interviewing in qualitative research 435 Introduction 436 Differences between the structured interview and the qualitative interview 437 Asking questions in the qualitative interview 438 Preparing an interview guide 442 Kinds of questions 445 Recording and transcription 451 Telephone interviewing 457 Sampling 458 Purposive sampling 458 Feminist research and interviewing in qualitative research 463 Qualitative interviewing versus participant observation 465 Advantages of participant observation in comparison to qualitative interviewing 465 Advantages of qualitative interviewing in comparison to participant observation 466 Overview 468 Checklist 469 Key points 470 Questions for review 470 Chapter 19 Focus groups 472 Introduction 473 Uses of focus groups 475 Conducting focus groups 476 Recording and transcription 476 How many groups? 477 Size of groups 479 Level of moderator involvement 480 Detailed contents Selecting participants 481 Asking questions 483 Beginning and finishing 485 Group interaction in focus group sessions 485 The focus group as a feminist method 487 Limitations of focus groups 488 Checklist 489 Key points 490 Questions for review 491 Chapter 20 Language in qualitative research 492 Introduction 493 Conversation analysis 493 Assumptions of conversation analysis 495 Transcription and attention to detail 496 Some basic tools of conversation analysis 496 Overview 498 Discourse analysis 499 Uncovering interpretative repertoires 502 Producing facts 503 Critical discourse analysis 508 Overview 510 Key points 512 Questions for review 512 Chapter 21 Documents as sources of data 514 Introduction 515 Personal documents 516 Diaries, letters, and autobiographies 516 Visual objects 518 Official documents deriving from the state 521 Official documents deriving from private sources 522 Mass-media outputs 523 Virtual documents 525 The world as text 526 Readers and audiences — active or passive? 526 The reality of documents 526 Interpreting documents 528 Qualitative content analysis 529 Semiotics 531 Hermeneutics 532 XX Detailed contents Checklist Key points 534 Questions for review 535 Chapter 22 Qualitative data analysis 537 Introduction 538 General strategies of qualitative data analysis 539 Analytic induction 539 Grounded theory 541 Basic operations in qualitative data analysis 550 Steps and considerations in coding 550 Turning data into fragments 552 Problems with coding 553 Thematic analysis 554 Narrative analysis 556 Secondary analysis of qualitative data 561 Key points 562 Questions for review 562 Chapter 23 Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis: using NVivo 564 Introduction 565 Is CAQDAS like quantitative data analysis software? 566 No industry leader 566 Lack of universal agreement about the utility of CAQDAS 566 Learning NVivo 568 Coding 569 Searching text 576 Memos 580 Saving an NVivo project 582 Opening an existing NVivo project 582 Final thoughts 582 Key points 584 Questions for review 584 Part Four Chapter 24 Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide 587 Introduction 588 The natural science model and qualitative research 589 Quantitative research and interpretivism 591 Quantitative research and constructionism 592 Detailed contents XXI Research methods and epistemological and ontological considerations 593 Problems with the quantitative/qualitative contrast 594 Behaviour versus meaning 594 Theory and concepts tested in research versus theory and concepts emergent from data 595 Numbers versus words 595 Artificial versus natural 596 The mutual analysis of quantitative and qualitative research 597 A qualitative research approach to quantitative research 597 A quantitative research approach to qualitative research 597 Quantification in qualitative research 598 Thematic analysis 598 Quasi-quantification in qualitative research 598 Combating anecdotalism through limited quantification 599 Key points 600 Questions for review 600 Chapter 25 Mixed methods research: combining quantitative and qualitative research 602 Introduction 603 The argument against mixed methods research 604 The embedded methods argument 604 The paradigm argument 604 Two versions of the debate about quantitative and qualitative research 606 Approaches to mixed methods research 606 A content analysis of articles based on mixed methods research 608 Approaches to combining quantitative and qualitative research in mixed methods research 610 Reflections on mixed methods research 624 Key points 625 Questions for review 626 Chapter 26 Е -research: using the Internet as object and method of data collection 627 Introduction 628 The Internet as object of analysis 629 Using the Internet to collect data from individuals 632 An ethnography of the Internet? 633 Qualitative research using online focus groups 637 Qualitative research using online personal interviews 642 XXII Detailed contents Online social surveys 644 Email surveys 644 Web surveys 645 Mixing modes of survey administration 646 Sampling issues 647 Overview 649 Ethical considerations in Internet research 654 Key points 658 Questions for review 658 Chapter 27 Writing up social research 660 Introduction 661 Writing up your research 662 Start early 662 Be persuasive 662 Get feedback 663 Avoid sexist, racist, and disablist writing 663 Structure your writing 663 Writing up quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research 668 Writing up quantitative research 669 Writing up qualitative research 672 Writing up mixed methods research 675 Postmodernism and its implications for writing 679 Writing ethnography 684 Experiential authority 685 Typical forms 685 The native's point of view 685 Interpretative omnipotence 686 Checklist 686 Key points 688 Questions for review 688 Glossary 691 References 701 Name index 727 Index 733
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id	DE-604.BV023289277
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indexdate	2024-07-09T21:15:03Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9780199202959
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016473928
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spelling	Bryman, Alan 1947-2017 Verfasser (DE-588)12935158X aut Social research methods Alan Bryman 3. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2008 XLII, 748 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd rswk-swf Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd rswk-swf Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 s Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s DE-604 Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 s Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s 1\p DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016473928&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Bryman, Alan 1947-2017 Social research methods Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4155046-8 (DE-588)4014606-6 (DE-588)4055916-6 (DE-588)4038971-6 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Social research methods
title_auth	Social research methods
title_exact_search	Social research methods
title_exact_search_txtP	Social research methods
title_full	Social research methods Alan Bryman
title_fullStr	Social research methods Alan Bryman
title_full_unstemmed	Social research methods Alan Bryman
title_short	Social research methods
title_sort	social research methods
topic	Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd
topic_facet	Forschungsmethode Empirische Sozialforschung Sozialwissenschaften Methode Lehrbuch
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016473928&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT brymanalan socialresearchmethods

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