Tadeusz Czacki: 1765 - 1813 ; na pograniczu epok i ziem
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Polska Akademia Umiejętności
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego
106 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 379 S., [12] Bl. Ill., Kt. 25 cm |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Tadeusz Czacki |b 1765 - 1813 ; na pograniczu epok i ziem |c Ewa Danowska |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kraków |b Polska Akademia Umiejętności |c 2006 | |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego |v 106 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 600 | 1 | 7 | |a Czacki, Tadeusz / (1765-1813) / biografia |2 jhpk |
| 600 | 1 | 7 | |a Czacki, Tadeusz <1765-1813> - biografia |2 jhpk |
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| 651 | 7 | |a Polska - 1764-1795 (Stanisław August Poniatowski) |2 jhpk | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016470600&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137606783434752 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
........................................ 7
Rozdział I: „Nazwiska swego nie splamili żadną brudną sprawą
.......... 13
1.
Antenaci
................................ 13
2.
Sławny ojciec
.............................. 18
Rozdział
II:
Wiek chłopięcy
-
coraz bliżej króla i rządu
............... 37
1.
Półsieroca dola
............................. 37
2.
Początki służby publicznej
....................... 41
3.
Komisja Kruszcowa
.......................... 47
4.
Tadeusza Czackiego działalność gospodarcza
............. 52
Rozdział III: W Komisji Skarbu Koronnego
..................... 57
1.
Początki na komisarskim urzędzie
................... 57
2.
Wizytacja komór celnych
........................ 62
3.
Handlowa misja w Mołdawii
...................... 70
4.
O domach kwarantanny
......................... 74
5.
Wnioski z podróży i ekonomiczne koncepcje
............. 76
6.
„Rewizja fabryk solnych
........................ 83
7. „.
..hydrograficzną Polski i Litwy kazałem odrysować kartą
..... 88
Rozdział
IV:
Czasy Sejmu Czteroletniego
...................... 99
1.
Komisja Skarbu Koronnego i komisarz Czacki w sejmowej Izbie
. . 99
2.
Czacki służy radą, doświadczeniem i inicjatywą
............ 114
3.
Konstytucja
3
maja, sejmiki i konfederacja targowicka
........ 129
Rozdział
V:
„Odtąd żył więcej w zaciszu domowem
................ 143
1.
Nieco dalej od wielkiej polityki
.................... 143
2.
„Nowożytny Attyla
.......................... 150
3.
„JW. Graf Czacki dziś
3
monarchom wojną wypowiedział
...... 161
4.
Tymczasem na ziemi przodków
.................... 165
6
Spis treści
5.
Pod
panowaniem nowego
cara
..................... 176
6.
O wzbogaceniu poryckich zbiorów
..................
J
84
7.
Gościem i mieszkańcem poryckiego domostwa
............ 190
Rozdział
VI:
Naukowe i inne zatrudnienia
...................... 197
1.
Warszawskie czasy
........................... 197
2.
Pod egidą Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk
............... 201
3.
Pomnikowe dzieło
-
O litewskich i polskich prawach
........ 211
4.
Towarzystwo Żeglugi
......................... 220
Rozdział
VII:
Powrót na Wołyń
........................... 229
1.
Czacki jako wizytator
......................... 229
2.
„Wielki jałmużnik
........................... 252
3.
Ambitne plany
............................. 262
4.
Ostatnie gimnazjalne przygotowania i inne prace
........... 270
Rozdział
VIII:
Gimnazjum Wołyńskie
........................ 279
1.
Otwarcie nowej szkoły
......................... 279
2.
Szkolna codzienność
.......................... 284
3.
Spory z rektorem Śniadeckim
..................... 290
4.
Powrót do naukowych zamierzeń
................... 297
5.
Sukcesy, problemy i kłopoty
...................... 304
Zakończenie: Śmierć i pamięć
............................ 327
Bibliografia
...................................... 335
Summary
....................................... 353
Indeks osób
...................................... 359
Wykaz ilustracji
................................... 377
Summary
The monograph entitled
Tadeusz
Czacki
(1765-1813).
On the Verge of Epochs
and Lands is devoted to a prominent and interesting person in our history, a man
less known than he deserves to be. His organisational talent, energy and diligence
seen in many fields of his activity were outstanding in his environment. He
thought and acted in the realms of the state, and since the Republic of Poland did
not exist, in the categories of society.
Tadeusz
Czacki s biography aims to show the fortunes of an individual as
well as of a nation against the background of their interrelations and conditions
within a period decisive for them. The book consists of nine chapters, bibliogra¬
phy, illustrations and an index of names.
The family home of the Czackis bearing the
Świnka
[Little (Wild) Pig] coat
of arms was situated in
Wielkopolska
[Great Poland], and the name originated
from the name of a village of Czacz in the
Powiat
(administration unit) of
Kościan.
In the
17
century the Czackis started moving to Volhynia, amassing their family
fortune and establishing relations with aristocratic families that were living there.
Also
Wojciech Stanisław
Czacki, Tadeusz s great grandfather settled there. How¬
ever, it was Tadeusz s father,
Szczęsny Czacki,
Cup-bearer of the Crown, who was
the most famous member of the family, since he was very active in political life.
He was frequently a member of the Seym (Polish Parliament) and a committed
supporter of special privileges for the Polish nobility (the so-called golden
freedom of the Polish nobility ), and an opponent of the rights of dissidents. For
his uncompromising principles and unhidden hostility towards Russia he was
interned in his estates for a period of
78
months.
Tadeusz
Czacki was born on
28
August
1765
in Poryck, within the
Powiat
of
Krzemieniec,
as the fourth and the youngest child of
Szczęsny
and
Katarzyna
née
Małachowska,
a daughter of the Great Chancellor of the Crown Jan Malachowski.
The second chapter of the present monograph describes the earliest part of
Tadeusz
Czacki s life.
Tadeusz
spent his childhood together with his brother
Michał
in
Gdańsk,
being in the care of his uncle
Franciszek
Czacki, Great Guardian of the
Crown, and his wife Kunegunda
née
Sanguszko. His mother had died, his father
was interned, and the family estate of Poryck was confiscated and plundered by
354
the Russian army. The Czacki brothers came back to Poryck after their father had
been freed in
1773.
Tadeusz
continued his education at home, showing special
interest in Latin and law. At the age of
16
he left for Warsaw. He was a trainee in
the courts of justice; his duty was to organise the registers of the Crown and a part
of the private royal archives. He broadened his knowledge using the book collect¬
ions of the royal library and of the
Załuskis
Library. He intended to make his
career in the judiciary, which is proved by his correspondence with King Stanislaus
Augustus and by his first published scientific dissertation. In
1783
he was granted
a commission for the national cavalry company, and in
1785
upon the king s
consent, after the resignation of his brother
Michal,
he was given the office of the
startost
in
Nowogród
in the Voivodeship (Province) of
Czernihów.
On
30
April
1784,
upon the king s recommendation, he was appointed
a member of the Commission of Ores. Czacki was the youngest among
12
com¬
missioners and one of the most dutiful. He was responsible for the analysis of the
reports on the copper mine in
Miedziana Góra,
the salt mine in
Krzesławice,
and
others. Beginning in
1785
he was engaged in the establishment of a joint-stock
company called
Kompania z Osób Krajowych
[Company of Native Persons],
aiming to explore and exploit salt in the
Powiat
of
Chęciny.
Together with
Feliks
Łubieński
he was entitled to represent this company, signing contracts and manag¬
ing financial matters.
Undoubtedly, Czacki s work in the Commission of Ores was noticed. He
appeared in an open forum at the Seym session held on
10
October
1786,
because
he had been elected to the Crown Treasure Commission. In November
1786
Czacki was sent to the conference with the Mint Commission, and on
%
April
1787
the Crown Treasure Commission designated him to carry out an inspection
of customs in the Province of
Ruthenia,
and later also in the Province of Ukraine.
He prepared an extensive report on this inspection. Czacki was also involved in
the control of the efficiency of the snuff administration and the collection of the
Jewish headage tax as well as of the condition of quarantine houses along the
eastern border of the Republic of Poland. Following the instructions of the Crown
Treasure Commission he went to Jassy, the capital of Moldavia, which was still
under the rule of Turkey, as a person entitled to conduct talks on trade relations
with
hospodar
Alexander Ipsilanti. The reports submitted on his return show
Czacki not only as a man of broad horizons, an expert on economic matters and
international commercial relations, but also a gifted writer. It is no surprise, then,
that the Crown Treasure Commission designated him to perform other tasks, such
as the inspection of the so-called salt-spots in the Voivodeship of
Sandomierz
or
the degree of salt exploitation and the possibilities of the improvement of the
methods of salt acquisition. Czacki s services for the Crown Treasure Commiss¬
ion became even more meritorious when he gave this institution a copy of
a hydrographie
map of Poland executed at his expense as well as several other
Summary
________________________________________________________ 355
maps. It should be added that he was engaged in the project of the administration
of snuff. He was also one of the supervisors of the state lottery and the author of
several projects related to trade exchange and judicial competence of the Crown
Treasure Commission.
During the Four Years Seym, Czacki, acting on behalf of the Commission
and was present at the sessions. Due to a multitude of issues, the approval of the
activities of the Crown Treasure Commission was not put to a vote, so Czacki
continued his duties as a commissioner. When the Seym discussed the case of the
purchase of
Bruni
Palace for the Russian Embassy by the Treasury in
1787,
his
votum
separatum was noted and widely commented on. During this Seym session
his project on the sale of the offices of starosts was read. He was also interested
in the works of the deputation for the improvement of the conditions of Jews and
conceived his own project. He was engaged in work on the leather tax and
slaughter tax as well as in getting a loan from Dutch banks. He also worked out
moratorium concerning foreign trade and took part in the preparation of the draft
of a trade exchange treaty between Poland and Prussia. On his own initiative he
took measures to make a map of the Republic of Poland basing on the
triangulat¬
ion
method, in collaboration with
Jan Śniadecki.
In
1791
he was delegated by the
Crown Treasure Commission to inspect the Bishopric of Krakow, to be handed
over by the state treasury, and to examine and assess the condition of the
Wawel
Royal Castle, which needed an extensive renovation. The church officials granted
him permission to open some of the royal tombs in the cathedral.
He was not a supporter of the 3rd May Constitution and was appalled by the
manner it was accepted. Then he published his dissertation On the
Зы
May
Constitution to the Most Honourable Zalewski of
Troia
and Matuszewic of
Brześć
in Lithuania, the members of the Seym, where he presented his views. During
regional councils in February
1792,
he and his brother
Michał
eagerly propagated
among the gentry the idea of the rejection of the 3rd May Constitution. During the
Four Years Seym he and
Jan Nepomucen Horain
inspected and listed the collect¬
ions of the
Wawel
treasury, and it was his last task performed on the directive of
the Treasure Commission (of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth).
He did not support the Confederacy of
Targowica.
He refused to take an oath
of allegiance, and moreover, on
18
July
1792
in protest against lawlessness and
fiscal demands, he resigned from his post of tax commissioner and withdrew from
public service.
The next chapter shows
Tadeusz
Czacki as a private person . On
24
May
1792
in Szczekociny he married Barbara
Dembińska,
a daughter of the
Starost
of
Wolbrom Franciszek Dembiński
and
Urszula
née Morsztyn.
He devoted his time
mainly to enlarging his collection of books and travelling in search of valuable
books and manuscripts.
There is evidence that he was keenly interested in the events of the
Kościuszko
356
Summary
Uprising in
1794
and donated money for the cause. He did not participate directly
in the uprising, although Russian authorities accused him of doing this, and even
temporarily confiscated his estates in Volhynia till he was cleared of the accusa¬
tion. Czacki made efforts to regain his estates, in which he succeeded after Tsar
Paul I rose to power in
1797.
Deprived of the right to stay in his family home in
Poryck, he often came to
Kraków
and travelled a lot, for instance, to
Pomerania,
gathering books and other mementoes of the past. As one of the representatives of
the Volhynian gentry he was present at the coronation ceremony of Paul
1
in
Moscow, submitting several requests to the tsar. Czacki s situation changed so
much that Paul I promoted him to the rank of privy counsellor. He succeeded in
getting the Naruszewicz Files from King Stanislaus Augustus, since he planned to
continue his History of the Polish Nation. He was given also the so-called
Łoyko
Collection. At that time he was engaged in organising aid for Poles sent to Siberia,
and his help for general
Józef Kopeć
returning from exile was especially valuable.
In
1800
he left Volhynia and settled in Warsaw, where he was appointed
plenipotentiary and representative of the creditors of Prot
Potocki
s bank to the
Commission. In Warsaw he was active in scientific and social life. He was one of
the founders and first members of the Society of the Friends of Sciences, partici¬
pating in its work and meetings. Under the aegis of the Society he published his
next historical dissertations. Living in Warsaw he continued his journeys to
Pomerania
and to Prussia. He copied extracts from documents and made notes in
the archives, for instance in
Królewiec,
a town of Teutonic Knights, and in
Oliwa.
During the years
1800-1801
he published his monumental work On Lithua¬
nian and Polish Laws, where he included Lithuanian Statutes together with his
extensive commentaries and explanatory notes. This work, in spite of some weak
points found later by historians of law, was of pioneering character and proved his
extraordinary erudition and thoroughness.
One should also mention the Sailing Society, which he founded in
1802
together with
Stanisław Sołtyk, Józef Drzewiecki and Michał Walicki.
It was
a trade company dealing with floating of grain to Western Europe towns through
the port in Odessa; yet it quickly went out of business due to the financial failure.
In the summer of
1803
Tadeusz
Czacki finally left Warsaw and returned to
Volhynia. The fortunes of his life from
1803
are described in the final chapters of
this monograph, i.e. in chapters
VII,
VIII
and The
Epilog.
On the strength of the
act issued by Alexander I concerning education, five educational districts were
established in Russia. Prince Adam
Jerzy
Czartoryski, appointed chief education
officer, supervised the District of Vilnius. On
10
March
1803,
on Prince
Czartoryski s recommendation, Czacki took up the post of inspector of the Prov¬
inces of Volhynia, Podolia and Kiev. What was known and what Czacki admitted
frankly was the fact that he had never dealt with educational matters before. He
received the post of inspector because of his high social rank in the western
Summary
357
provinces of Russia, his experience in public service, his energy and diligence. He
started his activities with a memorial A report on the general state of enlighten¬
ment in (he Province of Volhynia and on the means
ίο
organise and popularise
sciences. He also started inspecting community schools and parish schools in the
three provinces he was responsible for. He worked on the improvement of the
condition of education and on the foundation of a gymnasium (junior secondary
school) in the Province of Volhynia supported by Hugo
Kołłątaj,
who upon
leaving an Austrian prison settled in Volhynia.
Czacki distinguished himself as a diligent inspector but also revealed his gifts
as an organiser and social activist. On the authorities consent he raised money to
establish and equip schools and the Volhynian Gymnasium. Additionally, all the
time he worked together with
Kołłątaj
on the organisation of the Volhynian
Gymnasium in
Krzemieniec
as well as on the preparation of the system of educat¬
ion and syllabuses, employing the best teachers and ensuring financial means. In
1803
Czacki bought the book collection of King Stanislaus Augustus from his
nephew Prince
Józef
Poniatowski. The collection numbered
15,000
volumes, but
there was also a numismatic collection as well as instruments and devices used in
teaching sciences attached to it. In spite of many official duties he did not neglect
his own scientific work and published historical dissertations. On
1
October
1805
he ceremonially opened the Volhynian Gymnasium. The syllabus was ambitious
and special emphasis was put on civic education and teaching five foreign lan¬
guages, to which Czacki s superiors often objected. With the establishment of
the Gymnasium Czacki paid most of his attention to this school, becoming its
protector, not only because of his post as inspector. He was also the one to make
decisions, thinking rightly that it was his work.
After the foundation of the Gymnasium in
Krzemieniec Tadeusz
Czacki lived
an eventful life deprived neither of successes nor of failures. In January
1807
he
went to Kiev to negotiate contracts and was interned by Military General-Gover¬
nor Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov (it was the time of Napoleon wars) and forced
to stay in Kharkov on a charge of his alleged scheming against the Russian
government. He was exonerated of the charges by a commission in Petersburg.
Starting from March
1807
he worked as a deputy chief educational officer on
behalf of Prince Czartoryski. During his stay in Petersburg he managed to obtain
the tsar s permission to establish a school for mechanics and for land surveyors
attached to the Volhynian Gymnasium in
Krzemieniec.
He was also nominated
president of the Commission for the Judiciary and Education for the Provinces of
Volhynia, Podolia and Kiev. The main task of this commission was to organise
financial matters related to the educational system by requisitioning former Jesu¬
its estates for this cause. He returned from Petersburg to Volhynia in December
1807
and soon was confronted with problems with the Russian authorities, and
had to defend students of the Gymnasium in
Krzemieniec
who had escaped from
358___________________________________________
Summary
the school to join the Polish troops in
Galicia.
In
1808
he managed to open
boarding houses for students in
Krzemieniec
and a year later he had to face
people s unkindness and accusations that the Gymnasium did not meet the ex¬
pectations of the citizens who paid for it and, moreover, that the funds were
misappropriated. Tsar Alexander I set up an investigating commission, which
exonerated Czacki. The next one was a university commission, which appeared in
the Volhynian Gymansium in July
1811
and issued a positive opinion on the
classroom atmosphere and the level of teaching, yet it refused to apply this system
to other schools. On
30
January
1812
Czacki opened another gymnasium, this
time in Kiev. It turned out that it was his last task performed as an inspector.
It should be noticed that in spite of his official duties Czacki did not resign
from his plan to continue History of the Polish Nation by Adam Naruszewicz, i.e.
to write History of the
Jagellons.
In his contacts with the Society of the Friends
of Sciences in Warsaw he insisted on his project and he did not want anybody to
replace him. Although he wrote the Introduction , he never completed the task.
He did not stop his scientific work and published extensive dissertations. He kept
collecting books so his library in Poryck became well known.
After the outbreak of the war between Napoleon and Russia, the school year
1811-1812
in the Volhynian Gymnasium was shortened and Czacki sent the
students to their homes in order to avoid the conscription of the older ones to the
Russian army. He himself, anxious about the circumstances, travelled outside
Volhynia staying in houses of his friends and hiding from the military authorities
of the province.
Taduesz Czacki died of typhus in Dubno on
8
February 1
813
at the age of
48.
His unexpected death was met with grief from his students and teachers of the
Gymnasium. Dying he left his estates in a disastrous condition, which was caused
by his unquestionable generosity and expenditure on education as well as years of
neglect of his own business, and his family had to cope with difficulties for
several years. His collection kept in Poryck was purchased by Prince Adam
Jerzy
Czartoryski. In
1819
the Volhynian Gymnasium, the most important achievement
of his life, was granted the status and name of
Liceum
(senior secondary school)
and survived till
1833.
The school collections were then moved to Kiev.
Tadeusz
Czackì s
marriage with Barbara
née
Dembińska
produced three
children: the oldest son
Józef,
18
years old when his father died, a very gifted
student of the Volhynian Gimnasium, died in
1814,
Wiktor Grzegorz
(married
later to
Pelagia
née
Sapieha)
and a daughter Maria, later
Eugeniusz
Lubomirski s
wife.
|
| adam_txt |
Spis
tresei
Wstęp
. 7
Rozdział I: „Nazwiska swego nie splamili żadną brudną sprawą"
. 13
1.
Antenaci
. 13
2.
Sławny ojciec
. 18
Rozdział
II:
Wiek chłopięcy
-
coraz bliżej króla i rządu
. 37
1.
Półsieroca dola
. 37
2.
Początki służby publicznej
. 41
3.
Komisja Kruszcowa
. 47
4.
Tadeusza Czackiego działalność gospodarcza
. 52
Rozdział III: W Komisji Skarbu Koronnego
. 57
1.
Początki na komisarskim urzędzie
. 57
2.
Wizytacja komór celnych
. 62
3.
Handlowa misja w Mołdawii
. 70
4.
O domach kwarantanny
. 74
5.
Wnioski z podróży i ekonomiczne koncepcje
. 76
6.
„Rewizja fabryk solnych"
. 83
7. „.
.hydrograficzną Polski i Litwy kazałem odrysować kartą"
. 88
Rozdział
IV:
Czasy Sejmu Czteroletniego
. 99
1.
Komisja Skarbu Koronnego i komisarz Czacki w sejmowej Izbie
. . 99
2.
Czacki służy radą, doświadczeniem i inicjatywą
. 114
3.
Konstytucja
3
maja, sejmiki i konfederacja targowicka
. 129
Rozdział
V:
„Odtąd żył więcej w zaciszu domowem"
. 143
1.
Nieco dalej od wielkiej polityki
. 143
2.
„Nowożytny Attyla"
. 150
3.
„JW. Graf Czacki dziś
3
monarchom wojną wypowiedział"
. 161
4.
Tymczasem na ziemi przodków
. 165
6
Spis treści
5.
Pod
panowaniem nowego
cara
. 176
6.
O wzbogaceniu poryckich zbiorów
.
J
84
7.
Gościem i mieszkańcem poryckiego domostwa
. 190
Rozdział
VI:
Naukowe i inne zatrudnienia
. 197
1.
Warszawskie czasy
. 197
2.
Pod egidą Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk
. 201
3.
Pomnikowe dzieło
-
O litewskich i polskich prawach
. 211
4.
Towarzystwo Żeglugi
. 220
Rozdział
VII:
Powrót na Wołyń
. 229
1.
Czacki jako wizytator
. 229
2.
„Wielki jałmużnik"
. 252
3.
Ambitne plany
. 262
4.
Ostatnie gimnazjalne przygotowania i inne prace
. 270
Rozdział
VIII:
Gimnazjum Wołyńskie
. 279
1.
Otwarcie nowej szkoły
. 279
2.
Szkolna codzienność
. 284
3.
Spory z rektorem Śniadeckim
. 290
4.
Powrót do naukowych zamierzeń
. 297
5.
Sukcesy, problemy i kłopoty
. 304
Zakończenie: Śmierć i pamięć
. 327
Bibliografia
. 335
Summary
. 353
Indeks osób
. 359
Wykaz ilustracji
. 377
Summary
The monograph entitled
Tadeusz
Czacki
(1765-1813).
On the Verge of Epochs
and Lands is devoted to a prominent and interesting person in our history, a man
less known than he deserves to be. His organisational talent, energy and diligence
seen in many fields of his activity were outstanding in his environment. He
thought and acted in the realms of the state, and since the Republic of Poland did
not exist, in the categories of society.
Tadeusz
Czacki's biography aims to show the fortunes of an individual as
well as of a nation against the background of their interrelations and conditions
within a period decisive for them. The book consists of nine chapters, bibliogra¬
phy, illustrations and an index of names.
The family home of the Czackis bearing the
Świnka
[Little (Wild) Pig] coat
of arms was situated in
Wielkopolska
[Great Poland], and the name originated
from the name of a village of Czacz in the
Powiat
(administration unit) of
Kościan.
In the
17"'
century the Czackis started moving to Volhynia, amassing their family
fortune and establishing relations with aristocratic families that were living there.
Also
Wojciech Stanisław
Czacki, Tadeusz's great grandfather settled there. How¬
ever, it was Tadeusz's father,
Szczęsny Czacki,
Cup-bearer of the Crown, who was
the most famous member of the family, since he was very active in political life.
He was frequently a member of the Seym (Polish Parliament) and a committed
supporter of special privileges for the Polish nobility (the so-called "golden
freedom of the Polish nobility"), and an opponent of the rights of dissidents. For
his uncompromising principles and unhidden hostility towards Russia he was
interned in his estates for a period of
78
months.
Tadeusz
Czacki was born on
28
August
1765
in Poryck, within the
Powiat
of
Krzemieniec,
as the fourth and the youngest child of
Szczęsny
and
Katarzyna
née
Małachowska,
a daughter of the Great Chancellor of the Crown Jan Malachowski.
The second chapter of the present monograph describes the earliest part of
Tadeusz
Czacki's life.
Tadeusz
spent his childhood together with his brother
Michał
in
Gdańsk,
being in the care of his uncle
Franciszek
Czacki, Great Guardian of the
Crown, and his wife Kunegunda
née
Sanguszko. His mother had died, his father
was interned, and the family estate of Poryck was confiscated and plundered by
354
the Russian army. The Czacki brothers came back to Poryck after their father had
been freed in
1773.
Tadeusz
continued his education at home, showing special
interest in Latin and law. At the age of
16
he left for Warsaw. He was a trainee in
the courts of justice; his duty was to organise the registers of the Crown and a part
of the private royal archives. He broadened his knowledge using the book collect¬
ions of the royal library and of the
Załuskis
Library. He intended to make his
career in the judiciary, which is proved by his correspondence with King Stanislaus
Augustus and by his first published scientific dissertation. In
1783
he was granted
a commission for the national cavalry company, and in
1785
upon the king's
consent, after the resignation of his brother
Michal,
he was given the office of the
startost
in
Nowogród
in the Voivodeship (Province) of
Czernihów.
On
30
April
1784,
upon the king's recommendation, he was appointed
a member of the Commission of Ores. Czacki was the youngest among
12
com¬
missioners and one of the most dutiful. He was responsible for the analysis of the
reports on the copper mine in
Miedziana Góra,
the salt mine in
Krzesławice,
and
others. Beginning in
1785
he was engaged in the establishment of a joint-stock
company called
"Kompania z Osób Krajowych"
[Company of Native Persons],
aiming to explore and exploit salt in the
Powiat
of
Chęciny.
Together with
Feliks
Łubieński
he was entitled to represent this company, signing contracts and manag¬
ing financial matters.
Undoubtedly, Czacki's work in the Commission of Ores was noticed. He
appeared in an open forum at the Seym session held on
10
October
1786,
because
he had been elected to the Crown Treasure Commission. In November
1786
Czacki was sent to the conference with the Mint Commission, and on
%
April
1787
the Crown Treasure Commission designated him to carry out an inspection
of customs in the Province of
Ruthenia,
and later also in the Province of Ukraine.
He prepared an extensive report on this inspection. Czacki was also involved in
the control of the efficiency of the snuff administration and the collection of the
Jewish headage tax as well as of the condition of quarantine houses along the
eastern border of the Republic of Poland. Following the instructions of the Crown
Treasure Commission he went to Jassy, the capital of Moldavia, which was still
under the rule of Turkey, as a person entitled to conduct talks on trade relations
with
hospodar
Alexander Ipsilanti. The reports submitted on his return show
Czacki not only as a man of broad horizons, an expert on economic matters and
international commercial relations, but also a gifted writer. It is no surprise, then,
that the Crown Treasure Commission designated him to perform other tasks, such
as the inspection of the so-called "salt-spots" in the Voivodeship of
Sandomierz
or
the degree of salt exploitation and the possibilities of the improvement of the
methods of salt acquisition. Czacki's services for the Crown Treasure Commiss¬
ion became even more meritorious when he gave this institution a copy of
a hydrographie
map of Poland executed at his expense as well as several other
Summary
_ 355
maps. It should be added that he was engaged in the project of the administration
of snuff. He was also one of the supervisors of the state lottery and the author of
several projects related to trade exchange and judicial competence of the Crown
Treasure Commission.
During the Four Years' Seym, Czacki, acting on behalf of the Commission
and was present at the sessions. Due to a multitude of issues, the approval of the
activities of the Crown Treasure Commission was not put to a vote, so Czacki
continued his duties as a commissioner. When the Seym discussed the case of the
purchase of
Bruni
Palace for the Russian Embassy by the Treasury in
1787,
his
votum
separatum was noted and widely commented on. During this Seym session
his project on the sale of the offices of starosts was read. He was also interested
in the works of the deputation for the improvement of the conditions of Jews and
conceived his own project. He was engaged in work on the leather tax and
slaughter tax as well as in getting a loan from Dutch banks. He also worked out
moratorium concerning foreign trade and took part in the preparation of the draft
of a trade exchange treaty between Poland and Prussia. On his own initiative he
took measures to make a map of the Republic of Poland basing on the
triangulat¬
ion
method, in collaboration with
Jan Śniadecki.
In
1791
he was delegated by the
Crown Treasure Commission to inspect the Bishopric of Krakow, to be handed
over by the state treasury, and to examine and assess the condition of the
Wawel
Royal Castle, which needed an extensive renovation. The church officials granted
him permission to open some of the royal tombs in the cathedral.
He was not a supporter of the 3rd May Constitution and was appalled by the
manner it was accepted. Then he published his dissertation On the
Зы
May
Constitution to the Most Honourable Zalewski of
Troia
and Matuszewic of
Brześć
in Lithuania, the members of the Seym, where he presented his views. During
regional councils in February
1792,
he and his brother
Michał
eagerly propagated
among the gentry the idea of the rejection of the 3rd May Constitution. During the
Four Years' Seym he and
Jan Nepomucen Horain
inspected and listed the collect¬
ions of the
Wawel
treasury, and it was his last task performed on the directive of
the Treasure Commission (of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth).
He did not support the Confederacy of
Targowica.
He refused to take an oath
of allegiance, and moreover, on
18
July
1792
in protest against lawlessness and
fiscal demands, he resigned from his post of tax commissioner and withdrew from
public service.
The next chapter shows
Tadeusz
Czacki as a "private person". On
24
May
1792
in Szczekociny he married Barbara
Dembińska,
a daughter of the
Starost
of
Wolbrom Franciszek Dembiński
and
Urszula
née Morsztyn.
He devoted his time
mainly to enlarging his collection of books and travelling in search of valuable
books and manuscripts.
There is evidence that he was keenly interested in the events of the
Kościuszko
356
Summary
Uprising in
1794
and donated money for the cause. He did not participate directly
in the uprising, although Russian authorities accused him of doing this, and even
temporarily confiscated his estates in Volhynia till he was cleared of the accusa¬
tion. Czacki made efforts to regain his estates, in which he succeeded after Tsar
Paul I rose to power in
1797.
Deprived of the right to stay in his family home in
Poryck, he often came to
Kraków
and travelled a lot, for instance, to
Pomerania,
gathering books and other mementoes of the past. As one of the representatives of
the Volhynian gentry he was present at the coronation ceremony of Paul
1
in
Moscow, submitting several requests to the tsar. Czacki's situation changed so
much that Paul I promoted him to the rank of privy counsellor. He succeeded in
getting the Naruszewicz Files from King Stanislaus Augustus, since he planned to
continue his History of the Polish Nation. He was given also the so-called
Łoyko
Collection. At that time he was engaged in organising aid for Poles sent to Siberia,
and his help for general
Józef Kopeć
returning from exile was especially valuable.
In
1800
he left Volhynia and settled in Warsaw, where he was appointed
plenipotentiary and representative of the creditors of Prot
Potocki
's bank to the
Commission. In Warsaw he was active in scientific and social life. He was one of
the founders and first members of the Society of the Friends of Sciences, partici¬
pating in its work and meetings. Under the aegis of the Society he published his
next historical dissertations. Living in Warsaw he continued his journeys to
Pomerania
and to Prussia. He copied extracts from documents and made notes in
the archives, for instance in
Królewiec,
a town of Teutonic Knights, and in
Oliwa.
During the years
1800-1801
he published his monumental work On Lithua¬
nian and Polish Laws, where he included Lithuanian Statutes together with his
extensive commentaries and explanatory notes. This work, in spite of some weak
points found later by historians of law, was of pioneering character and proved his
extraordinary erudition and thoroughness.
One should also mention the Sailing Society, which he founded in
1802
together with
Stanisław Sołtyk, Józef Drzewiecki and Michał Walicki.
It was
a trade company dealing with floating of grain to Western Europe towns through
the port in Odessa; yet it quickly went out of business due to the financial failure.
In the summer of
1803
Tadeusz
Czacki finally left Warsaw and returned to
Volhynia. The fortunes of his life from
1803
are described in the final chapters of
this monograph, i.e. in chapters
VII,
VIII
and The
Epilog.
On the strength of the
act issued by Alexander I concerning education, five educational districts were
established in Russia. Prince Adam
Jerzy
Czartoryski, appointed chief education
officer, supervised the District of Vilnius. On
10
March
1803,
on Prince
Czartoryski's recommendation, Czacki took up the post of inspector of the Prov¬
inces of Volhynia, Podolia and Kiev. What was known and what Czacki admitted
frankly was the fact that he had never dealt with educational matters before. He
received the post of inspector because of his high social rank in the western
Summary
357
provinces of Russia, his experience in public service, his energy and diligence. He
started his activities with a memorial A report on the general state of enlighten¬
ment in (he Province of Volhynia and on the means
ίο
organise and popularise
sciences. He also started inspecting community schools and parish schools in the
three provinces he was responsible for. He worked on the improvement of the
condition of education and on the foundation of a gymnasium (junior secondary
school) in the Province of Volhynia supported by Hugo
Kołłątaj,
who upon
leaving an Austrian prison settled in Volhynia.
Czacki distinguished himself as a diligent inspector but also revealed his gifts
as an organiser and social activist. On the authorities' consent he raised money to
establish and equip schools and the Volhynian Gymnasium. Additionally, all the
time he worked together with
Kołłątaj
on the organisation of the Volhynian
Gymnasium in
Krzemieniec
as well as on the preparation of the system of educat¬
ion and syllabuses, employing the best teachers and ensuring financial means. In
1803
Czacki bought the book collection of King Stanislaus Augustus from his
nephew Prince
Józef
Poniatowski. The collection numbered
15,000
volumes, but
there was also a numismatic collection as well as instruments and devices used in
teaching sciences attached to it. In spite of many official duties he did not neglect
his own scientific work and published historical dissertations. On
1
October
1805
he ceremonially opened the Volhynian Gymnasium. The syllabus was ambitious
and special emphasis was put on civic education and teaching five foreign lan¬
guages, to which Czacki's superiors often objected. With the establishment of
the Gymnasium Czacki paid most of his attention to this school, becoming its
protector, not only because of his post as inspector. He was also the one to make
decisions, thinking rightly that it was his work.
After the foundation of the Gymnasium in
Krzemieniec Tadeusz
Czacki lived
an eventful life deprived neither of successes nor of failures. In January
1807
he
went to Kiev to negotiate contracts and was interned by Military General-Gover¬
nor Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov (it was the time of Napoleon wars) and forced
to stay in Kharkov on a charge of his alleged scheming against the Russian
government. He was exonerated of the charges by a commission in Petersburg.
Starting from March
1807
he worked as a deputy chief educational officer on
behalf of Prince Czartoryski. During his stay in Petersburg he managed to obtain
the tsar's permission to establish a school for mechanics and for land surveyors
attached to the Volhynian Gymnasium in
Krzemieniec.
He was also nominated
president of the Commission for the Judiciary and Education for the Provinces of
Volhynia, Podolia and Kiev. The main task of this commission was to organise
financial matters related to the educational system by requisitioning former Jesu¬
its' estates for this cause. He returned from Petersburg to Volhynia in December
1807
and soon was confronted with problems with the Russian authorities, and
had to defend students of the Gymnasium in
Krzemieniec
who had escaped from
358_
Summary
the school to join the Polish troops in
Galicia.
In
1808
he managed to open
boarding houses for students in
Krzemieniec
and a year later he had to face
people's unkindness and accusations that the Gymnasium did not meet the ex¬
pectations of the citizens who paid for it and, moreover, that the funds were
misappropriated. Tsar Alexander I set up an investigating commission, which
exonerated Czacki. The next one was a university commission, which appeared in
the Volhynian Gymansium in July
1811
and issued a positive opinion on the
classroom atmosphere and the level of teaching, yet it refused to apply this system
to other schools. On
30
January
1812
Czacki opened another gymnasium, this
time in Kiev. It turned out that it was his last task performed as an inspector.
It should be noticed that in spite of his official duties Czacki did not resign
from his plan to continue History of the Polish Nation by Adam Naruszewicz, i.e.
to write History of the
Jagellons.
In his contacts with the Society of the Friends
of Sciences in Warsaw he insisted on his project and he did not want anybody to
replace him. Although he wrote the "Introduction", he never completed the task.
He did not stop his scientific work and published extensive dissertations. He kept
collecting books so his library in Poryck became well known.
After the outbreak of the war between Napoleon and Russia, the school year
1811-1812
in the Volhynian Gymnasium was shortened and Czacki sent the
students to their homes in order to avoid the conscription of the older ones to the
Russian army. He himself, anxious about the circumstances, travelled outside
Volhynia staying in houses of his friends and hiding from the military authorities
of the province.
Taduesz Czacki died of typhus in Dubno on
8
February 1
813
at the age of
48.
His unexpected death was met with grief from his students and teachers of the
Gymnasium. Dying he left his estates in a disastrous condition, which was caused
by his unquestionable generosity and expenditure on education as well as years of
neglect of his own business, and his family had to cope with difficulties for
several years. His collection kept in Poryck was purchased by Prince Adam
Jerzy
Czartoryski. In
1819
the Volhynian Gymnasium, the most important achievement
of his life, was granted the status and name of
Liceum
(senior secondary school)
and survived till
1833.
The school collections were then moved to Kiev.
Tadeusz
Czackì's
marriage with Barbara
née
Dembińska
produced three
children: the oldest son
Józef,
18
years old when his father died, a very gifted
student of the Volhynian Gimnasium, died in
1814,
Wiktor Grzegorz
(married
later to
Pelagia
née
Sapieha)
and a daughter Maria, later
Eugeniusz
Lubomirski's
wife. |
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| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie |
| geographic | Polska / 1795-1815 (Od III rozbioru do Kongresu Wiedeńskiego) jhpk Polska / 1764-1795 (Stanisław August Poniatowski) jhpk Polska - 1764-1795 (Stanisław August Poniatowski) jhpk Polska - 1795-1815 (Od III rozbioru do Kongresu Wiedeńskiego) jhpk |
| geographic_facet | Polska / 1795-1815 (Od III rozbioru do Kongresu Wiedeńskiego) Polska / 1764-1795 (Stanisław August Poniatowski) Polska - 1764-1795 (Stanisław August Poniatowski) Polska - 1795-1815 (Od III rozbioru do Kongresu Wiedeńskiego) |
| id | DE-604.BV023285899 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:41:33Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:14:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016470600 |
| oclc_num | 170012038 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 379 S., [12] Bl. Ill., Kt. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Polska Akademia Umiejętności |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego |
| series2 | Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego |
| spelling | Danowska, Ewa 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)1170260241 aut Tadeusz Czacki 1765 - 1813 ; na pograniczu epok i ziem Ewa Danowska Kraków Polska Akademia Umiejętności 2006 379 S., [12] Bl. Ill., Kt. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego 106 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Czacki, Tadeusz / (1765-1813) / biografia jhpk Czacki, Tadeusz <1765-1813> - biografia jhpk Czacki, Tadeusz 1765-1813 (DE-588)103517502 gnd rswk-swf Polska / 1795-1815 (Od III rozbioru do Kongresu Wiedeńskiego) jhpk Polska / 1764-1795 (Stanisław August Poniatowski) jhpk Polska - 1764-1795 (Stanisław August Poniatowski) jhpk Polska - 1795-1815 (Od III rozbioru do Kongresu Wiedeńskiego) jhpk (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Czacki, Tadeusz 1765-1813 (DE-588)103517502 p DE-604 Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego 106 (DE-604)BV008199286 106 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016470600&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016470600&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Danowska, Ewa 1962- Tadeusz Czacki 1765 - 1813 ; na pograniczu epok i ziem Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego Czacki, Tadeusz / (1765-1813) / biografia jhpk Czacki, Tadeusz <1765-1813> - biografia jhpk Czacki, Tadeusz 1765-1813 (DE-588)103517502 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)103517502 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Tadeusz Czacki 1765 - 1813 ; na pograniczu epok i ziem |
| title_auth | Tadeusz Czacki 1765 - 1813 ; na pograniczu epok i ziem |
| title_exact_search | Tadeusz Czacki 1765 - 1813 ; na pograniczu epok i ziem |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Tadeusz Czacki 1765 - 1813 ; na pograniczu epok i ziem |
| title_full | Tadeusz Czacki 1765 - 1813 ; na pograniczu epok i ziem Ewa Danowska |
| title_fullStr | Tadeusz Czacki 1765 - 1813 ; na pograniczu epok i ziem Ewa Danowska |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tadeusz Czacki 1765 - 1813 ; na pograniczu epok i ziem Ewa Danowska |
| title_short | Tadeusz Czacki |
| title_sort | tadeusz czacki 1765 1813 na pograniczu epok i ziem |
| title_sub | 1765 - 1813 ; na pograniczu epok i ziem |
| topic | Czacki, Tadeusz / (1765-1813) / biografia jhpk Czacki, Tadeusz <1765-1813> - biografia jhpk Czacki, Tadeusz 1765-1813 (DE-588)103517502 gnd |
| topic_facet | Czacki, Tadeusz / (1765-1813) / biografia Czacki, Tadeusz <1765-1813> - biografia Czacki, Tadeusz 1765-1813 Polska / 1795-1815 (Od III rozbioru do Kongresu Wiedeńskiego) Polska / 1764-1795 (Stanisław August Poniatowski) Polska - 1764-1795 (Stanisław August Poniatowski) Polska - 1795-1815 (Od III rozbioru do Kongresu Wiedeńskiego) Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016470600&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016470600&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV008199286 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT danowskaewa tadeuszczacki17651813napograniczuepokiziem |