Japanese postpositions: theory and practice
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English Japanese |
| Veröffentlicht: |
München
Lincom Europa
2008
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics
52 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-274) and indexes |
| Beschreibung: | xxiv, 285 S. graph. Darst. 210 mm x 148 mm |
| ISBN: | 9783895861116 3895861111 |
Internformat
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| 016 | 7 | |a 98769314X |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 9783895861116 |c Pb. : EUR 82.20 (freier Pr.), EUR 91.20 (AT) (freier Pr.), sfr 131.50 (freier Pr.) |9 978-3-89586-111-6 | ||
| 020 | |a 3895861111 |c Pb. : EUR 82.20 (freier Pr.), EUR 91.20 (AT) (freier Pr.), sfr 131.50 (freier Pr.) |9 3-89586-111-1 | ||
| 024 | 3 | |a 9783895861116 | |
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| 084 | |a EI 4660 |0 (DE-625)23951: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a 490 |2 sdnb | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Katsuki-Pestemer, Noriko |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)115305769 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Japanese postpositions |b theory and practice |c Noriko Katsuki-Pestemer |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a München |b Lincom Europa |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a xxiv, 285 S. |b graph. Darst. |c 210 mm x 148 mm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics |v 52 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-274) and indexes | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Japanisch |0 (DE-588)4114069-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Postposition |0 (DE-588)4251716-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Japanisch |0 (DE-588)4114069-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Postposition |0 (DE-588)4251716-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 830 | 0 | |a LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics |v 52 |w (DE-604)BV011470576 |9 52 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016466470&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016466470 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137600711131136 |
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| adam_text | Tables and Diagrams
Tables
Introduction
1 Transcription of long vowels [o:] and [u:] 2
2 Examples of hyphenation 3
3 Inflectional or non-inflectional adjectives 3
4 Morphological appearance when used as attributes: free or bound morph 4
5-1 Inflection type V1 to V6 in the case of vocalic verbs 6
5-2 Consonantal inflection type V1 to V6 in the case of s-ending 6
5-3 Consonantal inflection type V1 to V6 in the case of ts-ending 7
5-4 Consonantal inflection type V1 to V6 in the case of a vowel-ending 7
5-5 Consonantal inflection type V1 to V6 in the case of other consonants 7
5-6 Inflection type V1 to V6 in the case of suru-verbs 7
5-7 Inflection type V1 to V6 in the case of kuru-verbs 8
6 The TE-type verbal inflection type (consonantal verbs) 9
7 Factors for deciding the choice of predicate styles: the da-dearu-style or the 9
desu-masu-style
8-1 Inflectional forms of the da-dearu-style and the desu-masu-style in the 10
case of nominal and na-adjectival predicates
8-2 Inflectional forms of the da-dearu-style and the desu-masu-style in the 10
case of i-adjectival predicates
8-3 Inflectional forms of the da-dearu-style and the desu-masu-style in the 10
case of verbal predicates
8-4 Inflectional forms of the da-dearu-style and the desu-masu-style in the 11
case of negated form of the verb aru
Chapter 1
9 Listof JapanesePPs 14
10 Phonotactics of Japanese PPs 15
11 Different morphological interpretations of Japanese PPs 16
Chapter 2
12 The five categories of Japanese PPs based on syntax and semantics 25
Chapter 3
13 Type A case marking PPs 29
14 An inventory of local cases in Japanese 31
15 An inventory of the functions of the Type A case marking PPs (syntactic- 33
semantic case markers)
16 Type B case marking PPs (syntactic-semantic and modalrty marker) 82
Chapter 4
17-1 The number of each copulative PP 91
17-2 An inventory of the copulative PPs 91
18 Modality components of copulative PPs 93
iv Tables and Diagrams
Chapter 5
19 A list of adverbia I PPs 102
20 Semantic functions of adverbial PPs 104
Chapter 6
21 A list of conjunctional PPs 149
22 The number of PPs classified into each syntactic function 150
23 The semantic functions of conjunctional PPs 151
24 An overviewofthe semantic functions of each conjunctional PP 154
25 Adverbial phrases using the PP te/de ( T / T ) 187
26 Aspectual verb compound TE+V3 188
27 Beneficiary verb compounds TE+V3 189
28 Modality expressions using the PP te/de ( T / ~C) 190
Chapter 7
29 The number of functions for each modality expressing PP 204
30 An overview of the functions of modality expressing PPs 206
31 The semantic distinctive features of imperative PPs 210
32 Modality expressing PPs and their functions 211
Diagrams
Chapter 2
1 The PP wa (tä) 24
2 ThePPttara(-?fcb) 24
Chapter 5:
3 Syncretism of PPs (Case marking + Modality) 102
4 Syncretism of PPs (Case marking + Modality + Adverbial) 102
Chapter 6
5 Immediate actions 201
Chapter 7
6 The PP yo ( J;) 247
7 ThePPne(^a) 247
Contents
Abbreviations ii
Tables and Diagrams iii
Preface v
0 Introduction 1
0.1 Transcription 1
0.1.1 Long vowels [o:] and [u:] 1
0.1.2 Hyphenation 1
0.2 Orthography 2
0.3 Technical terms 2
0.4 Word classes 2
0.5 Japanese predicates 4
0.6 Types of Japanese verbs 5
0.6.1 Verbal inflections 5
0.6.1.1 The inflection type V1 to V6 6
0.6.1.2 The TE-type inflection 8
0.7 Predicate styles: the da-dearu-style and the desu-masu-style 8
0.7.1 Predicate styles of four distinct predicate types 10
0.8 Other remarks 11
ChapteH Japanese PPs: An overview 13
1.1 An overview 13
1.2 Phonology 15
1.3 Morphology 15
1.4 Syntax 16
1.4.1 Word order 16
1.4.2 Multiple use of PPs 18
1.4.3 Hierarchy of PPs in the multiple use 18
1.4.4 Dualcases 18
1.4.4.1 PP kara (A £ ) in the function of perlative + ablative 18
1.4.4.2 PP o ( £¦) in the function of perlative + locative 19
1.4.5 Marking of syntactic relations 19
1.4.6 Case alterations 19
1.4.6.1 Potential expressions 19
1.4.6.2 Passive expressions 20
1.4.6.3 Desiderative expressions 21
1.5 Semantics 21
Chapter2 Categories of PPs 23
2.1 Case marking PPs 23
2.2 Copulative PPs 24
vjjj Japanese Postpositions: Contents
2.3 Adverbial PPs 26
2.4 Conjunctional PPs 26
2.5 Modality expressing PPs 26
Chapter 3 Case marking PPs: functions and usage 29
3.1 The Type A case marking PPs (syntactic-semantic type) 29
3.1.1 Functions of the Type A case marking PPs 29
3.1.1.1 PPs with the same or very similar functions 29
3.1.1.1.1 e (^) and ni ( Z) as direction markers 30
3.1.1.1.2 kara (# o ) and yori ( £ Ü ) as temporal ablative (starting points) 30
3.1.1.1.3 ni ( Z), kara (^ 6 ) and de ( C) as agent markers 3°
3.1.2 Locatives: local cases 31
3.1.2.1 Locatives: the place of existence 31
3.1.2.2 Locatives: the place of an action or an occurrence marked with 32
the PP de (T?)
3.1.2.3 Locatives: the place of an action or an occurrence marked with 32
the PP ni ( z)
3.1.2.4 Locatives: the place of a motion 32
3.1.2.5 Locatives: the place of departure 34
3.1.2.6 Local restrictives: a restriction on a place of action 34
3.1.2.7 Local attributives: a specification of the location of a noun 34
3.1.2.8 Local ablatives: a starting point 34
3.1.2.9 Allatives: a destination; a goal; a place someone reaches 35
3.1.2.10 Allatives: a place of contact 35
3.1.2.11 Illatives: a place or thing someone enters or gets into 3jj
3.1.2.12 Perlatives (a place through which someone passes) + Ablatives 36
(a starting point)
3.1.2.13 Perlatives (a place through which someone passes) + Locatives 36
(a place of motion)
3.2 Usage of case marking PPs: syntactic-semantic type (Type A) 37
3.2.1 decn 37
3.2.1.1 Locatives: the place of an act or event ??
3.2.1.2 Agents: the person who carries out an act zL
3.2.1.3 Instrumentals: means; instruments; devices 3
3.2.1.4 Causals: causes/reasons
3.2.1.5 Manner 38
3.2.1.6 Temporatives:atime(especiallyaff/7eageof...) ??
3.2.1.7 Quantitatives: a Standard; a limrt of duration; a limit; a unit ^
3.2.1.8 Restrictives: restrictions 3°
3.2.1.8.1 Temporal restrictions ,o
3.2.1.8.2 Local restrictions 3
3.2.2 e(-M *
3.2.2.1 Directionals: directions
Japanese Postpositions: Contents ix
3.2.2.2 Allatives: a destination 39
3.2.2.3 Illatives: getting into a place 40
3.2.2.4 Directionals (directions) + Locatives (a place of existence) 40
3.2.2.5 Addressees 40
3.2.2.6 Manner: ... tokoro e 41
3.2.3 ga(Ä*) 41
3.2.3.1 Syntactic subjects 41
3.2.3.1.1 Normalusage 41
3.2.3.1.2 Subjects in the wa-ga-sentence structure: ... wa ... ga predicate 42
3.2.3.1.3 Emphasis: N ga N ; N ga N + da/dearu + kara/shi 42
3.2.3.2 Modality: profanity; insults 43
3.2.3.3 Expressions from Classical Japanese 43
3.2.3.3.1 Possessives: the owner; the group to which someone belongs 43
3.2.3.3.2 Appearance: V3 ga gotoku 43
3.2.3.3.3 Attributives: expressing a purpose: V1+n ga tarne ni 44
3.2.3.3.4 Attributives: expressing causes or reasons: sore ga tarne ni 44
3.2.4 kara (Ä = ) 45
3.2.4.1 Ablatives: a starting point 45
3.2.4.1.1 A temporal starting point 45
3.2.4.1.2 A local starting point 45
3.2.4.1.3 A personal starting point 45
3.2.4.2 Ablatives: a place of departure or detachment 46
3.2.4.3 Sources 46
3.2.4.4 Possessives: the owner 46
3.2.4.5 Agents 47
3.2.4.6 Causals: causes/reasons 47
3.2.4.7 Perlatives (a point of passing through) + Ablatives (a starting point) 48
3.2.4.8 Modality: emphasis; surprise; unexpectedness 48
3.2.4.8.1 ... kara no ... 48
3.2.4.8.2 .. kara shite 48
3.2.5 made^T) 49
3.2.5.1 Local restrictives: an upper local limit 49
3.2.5.2 Temporal restrictives: an upper temporal limit 49
3.2.5.3 Allatives (a destination) + Restrictives (a limit) 49
3.2.6 ni ( Z) 50
3.2.6.1 Locatives: a place of existence 50
3.2.6.2 Locatives: a place of an action or a happening in the case of 50
statte verbs
3.2.6.3 Temporatives: a time 51
3.2.6.4 Possessives: the owner: ... ni (wa)... ga aru/iru 51
3.2.6.5 Allatives 52
3.2.6.5.1 Allatives: a destination; an achievement 52
3.2.6.5.2 Allatives: a touching point 52
3.2.6.6 Illatives: getting into a place 53
x Japanese Postpositions: Contents
3.2.6.7 Directionals: a direction ^
3.2.6.8 Addressees r;
3.2.6.9 Resultatives: the result of an action or a happening 54
3.2.6.10 Purposives: a purpose jj
3.2.6.11 Agents r?
3.2.6.11.1 The agent in passive sentences rr
3.2.6.11.2 The agent in causative sentences *°
3.2.6.11.3 The agent in the case of benefactive verbs: the benefactor; the giver 5/
3.2.6.11.4 The agent in the case of potential verbs ™
3.2.6.12 Benefactives with verbs of giving: the receiver/the benefactee 57
3.2.6.13 Causals: causes/reasons
3.2.6.14 Contents J£
3.2.6.15 Manner *Z
3.2.6.16 Criteria £
3.2.6.16.1 Quantitative criteria Q
3.2.6.16.2 Comparative criteria ,
3.2.6.16.3 A basis of judgement „.
3.2.6.17 Adessives: the object of Opposition
3.2.6.18 The object ofapproval ordisapproval
3.2.6.19 The object of verbs of success orfailure
3.2.7 no(ffl) f
3.2.7.1 Attributives: specifications of a noun „„
3.2.7.1.1 Possessives: the owner 2
3.2.7.1.2 Locatives: aplaceofexistence ,
3.2.7.1.3 Locatives: a place of an action or a happening ,
3.2.7.1.4 Material ^
3.2.7.1.5 Temporatives: a time „,
3.2.7.1.6 Appositions ^
3.2.7.1.7 Characteristics: shape; colour; form, etc. _.
3.2.7.1.8 Manner V.
3.2.7.1.9 Agents ^
3.2.7.1.10 Places someone belongs to -.
3.2.7.1.11 Criteria V.
3.2.7.1.12 Restrictives: a restriction ?T
3.2.7.1.13 Partial or holistic frameworks T5
3.2.7.1.14 Purposives: a purpose L
3.2.7.1.15 Syntactic objects rr
3.2.7.1.16 Contents ^
3.2.7.1.16.1 N1 no N2 !:
3.2.7.1.16.2 N no Pseudo-Noun or Pseudo-Noun no N jS
3.2.7.2 Agents in attributive sentences £7
3.2.7.3 Noun-replacements 1
3.2.7A Possessives: ... no !!g
3.2.7.5 Nominalizations: sentence + no -H
3.2.7.6 Modality ™
3.2.7.6.1 ... no da/dearu/desu or ... n da/dearu/desu
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xi
3.2.7.6.2 Doubt or assumption with a firm ground: ... no ka 69
3.2.7.7 Syntactic subjects: ... no no ... koto 69
3.2.7.8 Double/multiple case marking using the PP no (CD ) 69
3.2.8 o (£) 70
3.2.8.1 Syntactic objects 70
3.2.8.2 Locatives: a leaving point 71
3.2.8.3 Locatives: a place of an action or a happening in the case of 71
verbs of motion
3.2.8.4 Perlatives (a place of passing through) + Locatives (a place where 72
something happens or takes place)
3.2.8.5 Temporatives: duration 73
3.2.8.6 Directionals: a direction 73
3.2.9 to (£) 74
3.2.9.1 Comitatives (a partner): with somebody 74
3.2.9.2 Comparatives: the object or person in a comparison 74
3.2.9.3 Resultatives: the result of an action or a happening 75
3.2.9.4 Content marking 75
3.2.9.5 Manner 76
3.2.9.6 Quantitatives: a frequency/duration/amount + to 76
3.2.9.7 Idiomatic expressions 77
3.2.9.7.1 Roles: ... to shite in the senseof as... 77
3.2.9.7.2 The judge of a judgement: ... to shite wa : asfor, for...; in 77
someone s view
3.2.9.7.3 Emphatic negation: 1 + counter unit + to shite : not a Single ... 77
3.2.9.7.4 Concessives: ... to shite mo in the sense of even if... 78
3.2.9.7.5 Expressions of an opinion 78
3.2.9.7.6 Conditionals: a condition 78
3.2.9.7.7 Appearance 78
3.2.9.7.8 Holistic properties: ari to arayuru in the sense of all or every 79
3.2.10 yori (£9) 79
3.2.10.1 Comparatives: the object or person of comparison 79
3.2.10.1.1 Comparatives (a comparison): AwaByori ... 79
3.2.10.1.2 Comparatives (a comparison): A yori B (no hou) ga ... 79
3.2.10.1.3 Comparatives (a comparison): A yori... 80
3.2.10.1.4 Inclination: A to iu yori (wa) B in the sense of it is not A rather B 80
3.2.10.2 Exclusiveness: ... yori shikata ga nai in the sense of there is no 81
wayotherthan...
3.2.10.3 Ablatives: a temporal or local starting point 81
3.3 The Type B case marking PPs (syntactic-semantic and modality type) 82
3.3.1 Functions 82
3.4 Usage of case marking PPs: syntactic-semantic and modality 82
expressing type (Type B)
x Japanese Postpositions: Contents
3.4.1 mo(fc) 83
1AaI « nado/nanzo/nazo/nanka (öi*/ U/v?l fc-f/fc h ) 83
3.4.2.1 Takmg something as an example 83
3.4.2.2 Contempt/scorn/underestimation 03
3.4.2.3 Topic raising + Humbleness «•,
3.4.2.4 Emphasis i
3.4.2.5 Euphemism „.
3.4.2.6 Ambiguous citations 85
3.4.3 nanka (fs.h fr : see § 3.4.2) 85
3.4.4 „ante( A,T) 85
m0oPrLraMn9/?kin9 somethin9 ™^ example + Modality (scorn/ 85
mockery/disdain/derision)
3.4.4.2 Teasing somebody Hc
3.4.4.3 Surprise fK
ob
3.4.5 nanzo/nazo ( fc*,*/ fc-p: see § 3.4.2) 86
IU1 ? /ltari(^S^Ä:6) 86
sie 2 Topic Ssino I HEI? *? eXPreSSi°n °f a^/disgust/cnticism 86
•* loP|Craisln9 + Modal.ty:theexpressionofsurprise/astonishment 86
34.7 tte(-3T) _
3.4.7.1 Topic-raising 87
34 7 3 rSrwinrAnanSWertOthe( ues«°n 87
J.^./.a Contents/citations 87
34.8 tote(tT) 88
34-9 wa(ö)
34.9.1 Topic raising g
3i !:2 R:3JdSa?Slocalortemporalentriesastopics S
3 4.9.2 3 S2ri3lenteaS*
3.4.9.3 Emphasis ®
Chapter4 CopulaSve PPs 91
4 1 Functions g1
41.1 Semanfics of copulative PPs wtth modality funcöons 91
42 Usageof copulative PPs g2
42.1 dano(^©) g2
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xiii
4.2.1.1 Incomplete listings 92
4.2.2 ka (fr) 92
4.2.2.1 Disjunctive listings 92
4.2.3 mo ( fc) 94
4.2.3.1 Incomplete listings 94
4.2.4 nari ( Ü ) 94
4.2.4.1 Incomplete listings: citing examples 95
4.2.5 ni(IC) 95
4.2.5.1 Complete listings: additions 95
4.2.5.2 Complete listings (an increase) + Modality 96
4.2.6 no (©) 96
4.2.6.1 Incomplete listings (citing examples) + Modality 96
4.2.7 shi ( L) 97
4.2.7.1 Incomplete listings: additions 97
4.2.8 tari/dari (fzÜIfzü) 97
4.2.8.1 Incomplete listings of actions 97
4.2.9 to(t) 98
4.2.9.1 Complete listings 98
4.2.10 toka(tfr) 98
4.2.10.1 Incomplete listings: citing examples 98
4.2.10.2 Uncertainty 99
4.2.11 ya(-£ ) 99
4.2.11.1 Incomplete listings: citing examples 99
4.2.12 yara(-^6) 99
4.2.12.1 Incomplete listings (citing examples) + Modality 99
Chapterö Adverbial PPs 101
5.1 Common functions 101
5.1.1 Exclusiveness 101
5.1.2 Approximations 103
5.1.3 Extremes 103
5.1.4 Others 106
5.2 Usage of adverbial PPs 107
xiv
Japanese Postpositions: Contents
5.2.1 bakari(tf^O)
5.2.1.1 Exclusiveness 107
5.2.1.2 Idiomatic expressions usingexclusion ]JJ
5.2.1.3 Approximations „
5.2.1.4 Emphasis JJ
5.2.1.5 Idiomatic expressions: V1 + „ + bakari + no/ni 09
5.2.1.6 Aspectives: the immediate past JJ
5.2.2 dake(/tlt)
5-2.2.1 Betont«...«... °
5.2.2.2 Exclusiveness ]]:
5.2.2.3 Idiomatic expressions ]]]
llfll ^rop^i0nalchan9es: V4baV3dake
iflH ^errts/rewards: -dakearu 2
5.2.2.3.3 Causals:causes/reasons: ...dakem 112
5-2.3 dattef f*- t
5.2.3.1 ExSmi T) 1«
«:S SSSwhenexpressin9totalitv ;«
52.3.4 Total negation ]]J
5-2.4 demo(Tfc) ...
52.4.1 Extremes 1]5
5.2.4.2 Concessives 1
5.2.4.3 Indicationsofchoice 5
5-2.4.4 Total affirmation 6
52.4.5 Minimums 1]J
52A6 S^%eXPreSSi0nS:resi^«on: ---*moa™ma/ ^ 117
5.2.5 hodo(ßf,
52.5.1 Approximations I
5-2.5.2 Extent 118
525.3 Superlatives .1J!
5-2.5.4 Proportional changes ]]J
5-2.6 faij^j
5.2.6.1 Uncertain Statements S
sie6 rrions £
IfJ* dic aöc expressions J«
5-2.7 kiri ( ^ 0 )
52.7.1 Exclusiveness Jg
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xv
5.2.7.2 Aspectives: an unchanged State 124
5.2.8 koso(r^) 124
5.2.8.1 Emphasis of nouns 124
5.2.8.2 Emphasis through contrast—1 125
5.2.8.3 Emphasis through contrast—2 126
5.2.8.4 Idiomatic expressions: an emphasis 126
5.2.9 kurai/gurai( £t,W *f t,i) 127
5.2.9.1 Approximations 127
5.2.9.2 Comparatives 127
5.2.9.3 Minimums 127
5.2.9.4 Extremes 128
5.2.9.5 Superlatives 128
5.2.9.6 Modality: taking something for granted 129
5.2.10 made(£T) 129
5.2.10.1 Extent 1: ... made 129
5.2.10.2 Extent 2: ... made mo nai / ... made no kotomo nai 130
5.2.10.3 Extent 3: ... made da / ... made nokoto da 130
5.2.10.4 Extent 4: V1 + nai + made mo ... 130
5.2.10.5 Additions 131
5.2.10.6 Extremes 131
5.2.10.7 Idiomatic expressions 132
5.2.11 mo(fc) 132
5.2.11.1 Additions:... too 132
5.2.11.2 Correlative coordination: both ... 133
5.2.11.3 Total affirmation 133
5.2.11.4 Total negation 133
5.2.11.5 Extremes 1: even... — 1 + counter unit + mo + predicate in the 134
negation
5.2.11.6 Extremes 2: even... — ... mo + predicate in the affirmative 134
5.2.11.7 Estimations; assumptions 135
5.2.11.8 Restrictives: maximal limits 135
5.2.11.9 Modality 136
5.2.11.10 Emphasis 137
5.2.11.11 Indications of variety 138
5.2.12 nari(ÖO) 139
5.2.12.1 Indications of choice 139
5.2.12.2 Minimums 139
5.2.12.3 Total affirmation 139
5.2.12.4 Idiosyncrasy 140
5.2.13 nomi(©*-) 1*°
5.2.13.1 Exclusiveness 140
XVI Japanese Postpositions: Contents
5.2.14 sae(£x.) 141
5.2.14.1 Extremes 141
5.2.14.2 Additions ^
5.2.14.3 Minimal conditions 142
5.2.15 shika(L^) 142
5.2.15.1 Exclusiveness 142
5.2.16 shimo(Lfe) 143
5.2.16.1 Total affirmation 143
5.2.16.2 Negation of categorical negations 143
5.2.16.3 Extremes 144
5.2.17 sura(f? ) 144
5.2.17.1 Extremes 144
5.2.18 tote(tT) 145
5.2.18.1 Extremes 145
5.2.18.2 Total negation 145
5.2.18.3 Topic raising + Citing an example 145
5.2.19 yara(^e,) 146
5.2.19.1 Assumptions: interrogatives + yara 146
0.^.19.2 Insecure Statements 146
5.2.19.3 Indecisive attitudes 147
5.2.20 zutsu(f-3) 147
?oono °ua titatives: Proportionalallocations 147
5.2.20.2 Gradual changes 148
Chapter6 Conjunctional PPs 149
6-1 General characteristics 149
611 ^orfh°syntactic features of conjunctional PPs 149
61 3 ^ tac^lc-sefmantic features of conjunctional PPs 150
6.J.3.1 AdveÄl*16 CharaCteristics ^conjunctiona. PPs Jg
6.1.3.2 Introductives 153
6.1.3.3 Causals: causes/reasons 153
6-2 Usageof conjunctional PPs 157
6-2-1 ba(tf) 157
6.2.11 Conditionalsinanarrowsense 157
621111 tTT ^UCtS USing the «» ditional form of the PP ba 157
6.21.1.1.2 Proportonal changes: V4baV3hodo 157
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xvii
6.2.1.2 Aspectives: habitual (a habit); iterative (recurrence) — V4 + ba 158
6.2.1.3 Introductives 158
6.2.1.4 Aspective-temporatives: Two simultaneous actions/happenings in 158
the past
6.2.1.5 Copulatives + Modality (astonishment) 159
6.2.1.6 Suggestions 160
6.2.2 dokoroka (EZ.^t ) 160
6.2.2.1 Adversatives: opposites 160
6.2.3 domofiffc) 161
6.2.3.1 Concessives 161
6.2.4 ga(fr ) 162
6.2.4.1 Introductives: an introduction 162
6.2.4.2 Adversatives 162
6.2.4.3 Non-inference 163
6.2.4.4 Modality: humbleness; hesitation; taking a reserved stance; avoiding 163
direct Statements
6.2.4.5 Modality: surprise 164
6.2.5 kara(^f ) 164
6.2.5.1 Causals: causes/reasons 165
6.2.5.2 Modality: a firm decision 165
6.2.5.3 Restrictives (restrictive-conditional specifications): ... kara (ni) wa 166
6.2.5.4 Sentence constructs with the PP kara 166
6.2.5.4.1 Causals + Concessives 1: ... kara tote 166
6.2.5.4.2 Causals + Concessives 2: ... kara to itte l ... kara tte 167
6.2.5.4.3 Emphasis + Causals: ... sae ... da kara ... / ... sae ... 167
kurai... da kara ...
6.2.5.4.4 Causals (causes/reasons): ... mono da kara ... 168
6.2.5.4.5 Obviousness: ... kara ni... 168
6.2.6 kedo/kedomo/keredo/keredomoCttif/ttiffe/ttni /tt^liffc) 168
6.2.6.1 Adversatives 168
6.2.6.2 Introductives: an introduction 169
6.2.6.3 Modality: surprise 169
6.2.7 kototote(C hi:T) 169
6.2.7.1 Causals: causes/reasons 170
6.2.8 kuseni( it(C) 170
6.2.8.1 Concessives 170
6.2.9 mo (fc) 171
6.2.9.1 Concessives 171
6.2.9.2 Restrictives: minimal/maximal limits 171
xviil Japanese Postpositions: Contents
6.2.10 monode/monde ( fcCQT/fc/uT) 172
6.2.10.1 Causals (causes/reasons) + Modality (surprise) 172
6.2.11 mononara( ©; £,) 173
6.2.11.1 Conditionals: a condition + a negative consequence 173
6.2.11.2 Conditionals: a condition + irrealis 173
6.2.12 monono( fe©öD) 174
6.2.12.1 Concessives + Modality (regret) 174
6.2.13 monoo( ?)£) 175
6.2.13.1 Conditionals (a condition) + Modality (vexation) 175
6.2.14 nagara ( **£) 175
6.2.14.1 Aspectives: Two synchronous/progressive actions 176
«0^0 ^spectives: habitual actions; unchanged situations 176
b.2.14.3 Concessives 176
6.2.14.4 Quantitatives: holistic quantities 177
6.2.15 nari( 0) 177
6.2.15.1 Temporatives + Aspectives (immediate actions/happenings) 177
6.2.15.2 Aspectives: unchanged situations 178
6.2.16 ni(!c) 178
6.2.16.1 Introductives: an introduction 178
6.2.16.2 Modality: astonishment; bewilderment 179
6.2.17 node(fflT) 179
6.2.17.1 Causals: causes/reasons 179
6.2.18 noni (©(;;) 18o
6.2.18.1 Concessives ^0
6-2.19 shi(L) 181
6.2.19.1 Causals: causes/reasons 181
62 93 S 83! 5addiöonal infomwtion) + Modality «1
6.2.19.3 Causals (causes/reasons) kopulatives 182
! ; tattB/datte(feoT/fc*oT) 182
6.2.20.1 Concessives 182
6.2.20.2 Restrictive-concessives 183
!- 1 te/de(T/T) 183
0.^.21.1 Concessives 184
JHH ^ausals-causes/reasons 184
6.2.2.3 Temporatives:consecutivetimesequences 184
6.2.21.4 Temporatves: preceding actions 185
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xix
6.2.21.5 Copulatives (coordination): and 185
6.2.21.6 Manner 186
6.2.21.7 Contrastives: contrasts 186
6.2.21.8 Adverbials 186
6.2.21.9 Verb compounds: TE + V3 187
6.2.21.10 Modality expressions 190
6.2.22 temo/demo(Tfc/Tfc) 191
6.2.22.1 Concessives 191
6.2.23 to( h) 192
6.2.23.1 Conditionals in a narrow sense 192
6.2.23.2 Aspectives: habitual (a habit); iterative (recurrence) 192
6.2.23.3 Conditionals: adverbials 193
6.2.23.4 Temporatives (consecutive actions in the past) + Aspectives 193
(immediate actions) + Perceptions (recognition of something)
6.2.23.5 Concessives 193
6.2.24 tokorode( t^^T) 194
6.2.24.1 Concessives 194
6.2.25 tokoroga (tC5Ä ) 195
6.2.25.1 Concessives 195
6.2.25.2 Temporatives (consecutive actions in the past) + Perceptions 195
(recognition of something)
6.2.26 tomo( hfc) 196
6.2.26.1 Concessives 196
6.2.26.2 Restrictives: minimal/maximal limits 197
6.2.26.3 Quantitatives: holistic quantities 197
6.2.27 tote( hT) 197
6.2.27.1 Concessives 198
6.2.28 tsutsu(-2^ ) 199
6.2.28.1 Concessives 199
6.2.28.2 Aspectives: two synchronous actions 199
6.2.28.3 Aspectives: present progressive actions or phenomena 200
6.2.29 ya(^) 200
6.2.29.1 Aspectives: immediate actions 200
Chapter7 Modality expressing PPs 203
7.1 Mainfeatures 203
7.1.1 Interchangeability 203
7.1.1.1 Interchangeability of PPs for expressing impatience 203
xx Japanese Postpositions: Contents
7.1.1.2 Interchangeability of PPs for expressing dissatisfaction/ 204
desperation
7.1.1.3 Interchangeability with differences in nuance: imperatives 205
(commands)
7.1.1.4 Interchangeability with differences in nuance: criticism 207
7.1.2 Poly-functionality 208
7.1.3 Syncretism of functions 208
7.1.4 Pragmatic encoding 208
7.1.4.1 Gender 208
7.1.4.2 Sociolects: age 209
7.1.4.3 Sociolects: hierarchical relations 209
7.1.4.4 Intimacy 209
7.1.5 Dialogues/monologues 210
7.2 Usage of modality expressing PPs 215
7-2.1 e(x.) 215
7.2.1.1 Intimacy 215
7.2.2 ga(^) 215
7.2.2.1 Desideratives: desires/wishes 215
7.2.2.2 Indirectness; euphemism 216
7.2.2.3 Persuasion 216
7.2.3 i(V ) 216
7.2.3.1 Interrogatives + Intimacy 216
7.2.3.2 Complaints/protests 217
7.2.3.3 Rhetorical questions 217
7.2.3.4 Disdain 217
7.2.3.5 Criticism 217
7.2.3.6 Emphasis 217
7.2.3.7 Imperatives: commands 218
7.2.3.8 Infancy 218
7.2.4 ka(^) 218
7.2.4.1 Dubitatives: Suspicion 218
7.2.4.2 Interrogatives 218
7.2.4.3 Rhetorical questions 218
7.2.4.4 Criticism 219
7.2.4.5 Confirmation 219
7.2.4.6 Exhortation;invitations;suggestions 219
7.2.4.7 Requests 219
7.2.4.9 UjrratlVeS: mOderate ne9aÖVe commands; 9en«e Prohibitions 22 )
7.2.4.10 Astonishment; unexpectedness 220
7.2.4.11 Desideratives: desires/wishes 221
7.2.4.12 Monologues+Afeelingofslightlybeingmoved a1
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xxi
7.2.5 kashira (fr L b ) 221
7.2.5.1 Dubitatives (doubt; questions) + Monologues 221
7.2.5.2 Expectations of an answer to a question 222
7.2.5.3 Desideratives: desires/wishes 222
7.2.6 ke/kke ( H7o tt) 222
7.2.6.1 Retrospection; reminiscence 222
7.2.6.2 Confirmation 223
7.2.7 kedo (It E )/kedomo (tt E fe )/keredo ( Itft E )/keredomo 223
7.2.7.1 Desideratives: desires/wishes 223
7.2.7.2 Reserved stance 224
7.2.7.3 Dissatisfaction 224
7.2.8 koto ( Z. t) 224
7.2.8.1 Softness: ... koto yo 224
7.2.8.2 Being affected/impressed 225
7.2.8.3 Soft invitations; mild suggestions 225
7.2.8.4 Interrogatives: gentle questions 225
7.2.9 mono(fe©) 225
7.2.9.1 Causals (causes/reasons) + Criticism 226
7.2.9.2 Causals (causes/reasons) + Coquettish behaviour 226
7.2.9.3 Causals (causes/reasons) + Being impressed 226
7.2.10 monka/monoka/monokai 226
7.2.10.1 Rhetorical Statements 227
7.2.10.2 Being impressed: ... to iu monoka/monka 227
7.2.11 na( ) 227
7.2.11.1 Prohibitives (abrupt prohibitions): V3 + na 227
7.2.11.2 Imperatives (abrupt commands): V2 + na 228
7.2.11.3 Imperatives (gentle commands): V2 + nasai + na or 228
... o kudasai na
7.2.11.4 Emotional feelings: being impressed, happy, sad, etc. 229
7.2.11.5 Desideratives (strong desires or wishes): V1 + nai + ka + 229
na/naa or ... to ii (n da ga) na/naa
7.2.11.6 Mild Statements 229
7.2.11.7 Asking for confirmation 230
7.2.11.8 Persuasive Statements 230
7.2.12 ne(ta) 230
7.2.12.1 Being impressed 231
7.2.12.2 Soft insistence/persuasion 231
7.2.12.3 Mildwarnings 231
7.2.12.4 Expectations of an agreementora confirmation 231
XX Japanese Postpositions: Contents
7.2.12.5 Intimacy + Interrogatives (questions) ,,,
IZIZ* !vitatives: avoiding a clear Statement 030
7.2.12.7 Emphasis + Copulatives (conjunction of sentence constituents) 232
7.2.13 ni(IC)
7.2.13.1 Hypothesis + Regret/Being relieved: V6 + u/you + ni 233
7.2.14 no(CQ)
Hill pxpressin9s°ftnessorgentleness 234
7.2.14.2 Interrogatives + Intimacy tZ
7.2.14.3 Criticism Y 234
7.2.14.4 Persuasion ^35
7.2.15 sa(£)
sie srr—*« — »
7.215.5 Criticism + Refutation 236
7.2.15.6 Copulatives: conjunction of sentence constituents 237
7.2.16 tara/ttara (tz e H f- A 1
72.16.1 Impatience ^b) ™
7.216.2 Astonishment J37
7.2.16.3 Imperatives: commands or suggestions 238
7.2.17 tteba^Ttf)
72.17.1 Impatience „„
7-2.17.2 Astonishment gj
7-2.18 tomo(ife)
7.2.18.1 Certainty/coLence
72.18.2 nd.cationsofstrongconfirmation 240
7-2.19 wa(ti)
7.2.19.1 Softness 240
^19.3 CoPu«atives + Exaggeration + Emotiona.rty 242
7.2.20 vni(t ^)
772222S.2 ^prsSeemmen;Onal ^^ re9ret-^ haPPines«. ««P** ete ^
7-2.20.3 ExpressingofFense 243 !
7.2.21 yaj^)
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xxiii
7.2.21.3 Monologues 244
7.2.21.4 Rhetorical questions: ... koto ga ari-mashou ya 244
7.2.21.5 Drawing somebody s attention 244
7.2.21.6 Emphasis + Being emotionally affected 244
7.2.22 yai(^) 245
7.2.22.1 Imperatives: mild, intimate commands 245
7.2.22.2 Contempt 245
7.2.22.3 Definitive Statements 245
7.2.23 yara (^ £ ) 245
7.2.23.1 Uncertainty 246
7.2.24 yo ( fc) 246
7.2.24.1 Definitive Statements + Giving information 247
7.2.24.2 Rebuking somebody of something 247
7.2.24.3 Requests + Emphasis 248
7.2.24.4 Suggestions + A coquettish attitude 248
7.2.24.5 Giving information + Emotional attitudes 249
7.2.24.6 A perfunctory attitude + Dissatisfaction: ... deshou yo 249
7.2.24.7 Drawing attention + Giving information 249
7.2.24.8 Drawing somebody s attention 249
7.2.25 ze(-tf) 250
7.2.25.1 Drawing attention 250
7.2.25.2 Arrogance 250
7.2.25.3 Drawing attention + Expressing surprise 250
7.2.26 zo(-£) 250
7.2.26.1 Monologues 251
7.2.26.2 Drawing attention + Cautioning 251
7.2.26.3 Rhetorical Statements: V6 + u/you + zo 251
7.2.26.4 Emphasis 252
7.2.26.5 Scolding 252
Chapter 8 Conclusions 253
8.1 A brief summary of Japanese PPs 253
8.2 Relations between PPs and some characteristics of the Japanese 255
language
8.2.1 Perception of space 255
8.2.2 Resistance against changes 255
8.2.3 Subjectivity 257
8.2.4 Context dependency 257
8.3 Further research topics 258
Terminology 261
xxiv Japanese Postpositions: Contents
References 267
Index of PPs 275
Subject index 279
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Tables and Diagrams
Tables
Introduction
1 Transcription of long vowels [o:] and [u:] 2
2 Examples of hyphenation 3
3 Inflectional or non-inflectional adjectives 3
4 Morphological appearance when used as attributes: free or bound morph 4
5-1 Inflection type "V1" to "V6" in the case of vocalic verbs 6
5-2 Consonantal inflection type "V1" to "V6" in the case of s-ending 6
5-3 Consonantal inflection type "V1" to "V6" in the case of ts-ending 7
5-4 Consonantal inflection type "V1" to "V6" in the case of a vowel-ending 7
5-5 Consonantal inflection type "V1" to "V6" in the case of other consonants 7
5-6 Inflection type "V1" to "V6" in the case of suru-verbs 7
5-7 Inflection type "V1" to "V6" in the case of kuru-verbs 8
6 The TE-type verbal inflection type (consonantal verbs) 9
7 Factors for deciding the choice of predicate styles: the da-dearu-style or the 9
desu-masu-style
8-1 Inflectional forms of the da-dearu-style and the desu-masu-style in the 10
case of nominal and na-adjectival predicates
8-2 Inflectional forms of the da-dearu-style and the desu-masu-style in the 10
case of i-adjectival predicates
8-3 Inflectional forms of the da-dearu-style and the desu-masu-style in the 10
case of verbal predicates
8-4 Inflectional forms of the da-dearu-style and the desu-masu-style in the 11
case of negated form of the verb aru
Chapter 1
9 Listof JapanesePPs 14
10 Phonotactics of Japanese PPs 15
11 Different morphological interpretations of Japanese PPs 16
Chapter 2
12 The five categories of Japanese PPs based on syntax and semantics 25
Chapter 3
13 Type A case marking PPs 29
14 An inventory of local cases in Japanese 31
15 An inventory of the functions of the Type A case marking PPs (syntactic- 33
semantic case markers)
16 Type B case marking PPs (syntactic-semantic and modalrty marker) 82
Chapter 4
17-1 The number of each copulative PP 91
17-2 An inventory of the copulative PPs 91
18 Modality components of copulative PPs 93
iv Tables and Diagrams
Chapter 5
19 A list of adverbia I PPs 102
20 Semantic functions of adverbial PPs 104
Chapter 6
21 A list of conjunctional PPs 149
22 The number of PPs classified into each syntactic function 150
23 The semantic functions of conjunctional PPs 151
24 An overviewofthe semantic functions of each conjunctional PP 154
25 Adverbial phrases using the PP te/de ( T / T") 187
26 Aspectual verb compound TE+V3 188
27 Beneficiary verb compounds TE+V3 189
28 Modality expressions using the PP te/de ( T / ~C) 190
Chapter 7
29 The number of functions for each modality expressing PP 204
30 An overview of the functions of modality expressing PPs 206
31 The semantic distinctive features of imperative PPs 210
32 Modality expressing PPs and their functions 211
Diagrams
Chapter 2
1 The PP wa (tä) 24
2 ThePPttara(-?fcb) 24
Chapter 5:
3 Syncretism of PPs (Case marking + Modality) 102
4 Syncretism of PPs (Case marking + Modality + Adverbial) 102
Chapter 6
5 Immediate actions 201
Chapter 7
6 The PP yo ( J;) 247
7 ThePPne(^a) 247
Contents
Abbreviations ii
Tables and Diagrams iii
Preface v
0 Introduction 1
0.1 Transcription 1
0.1.1 Long vowels [o:] and [u:] 1
0.1.2 Hyphenation 1
0.2 Orthography 2
0.3 Technical terms 2
0.4 Word classes 2
0.5 Japanese predicates 4
0.6 Types of Japanese verbs 5
0.6.1 Verbal inflections 5
0.6.1.1 The inflection type 'V1" to "V6" 6
0.6.1.2 The TE-type inflection 8
0.7 Predicate styles: the da-dearu-style and the desu-masu-style 8
0.7.1 Predicate styles of four distinct predicate types 10
0.8 Other remarks 11
ChapteH Japanese PPs: An overview 13
1.1 An overview 13
1.2 Phonology 15
1.3 Morphology 15
1.4 Syntax 16
1.4.1 Word order 16
1.4.2 Multiple use of PPs 18
1.4.3 Hierarchy of PPs in the multiple use 18
1.4.4 Dualcases 18
1.4.4.1 PP kara (A £ ) in the function of perlative + ablative 18
1.4.4.2 PP o ( £¦) in the function of perlative + locative 19
1.4.5 Marking of syntactic relations 19
1.4.6 Case alterations 19
1.4.6.1 Potential expressions 19
1.4.6.2 Passive expressions 20
1.4.6.3 Desiderative expressions 21
1.5 Semantics 21
Chapter2 Categories of PPs 23
2.1 Case marking PPs 23
2.2 Copulative PPs 24
vjjj Japanese Postpositions: Contents
2.3 Adverbial PPs 26
2.4 Conjunctional PPs 26
2.5 Modality expressing PPs 26
Chapter 3 Case marking PPs: functions and usage 29
3.1 The Type A case marking PPs (syntactic-semantic type) 29
3.1.1 Functions of the Type A case marking PPs 29
3.1.1.1 PPs with the same or very similar functions 29
3.1.1.1.1 e (^) and ni (\Z) as direction markers 30
3.1.1.1.2 kara (#"o ) and yori ( £ Ü ) as temporal ablative (starting points) 30
3.1.1.1.3 ni (\Z), kara (^ 6 ) and de ("C) as agent markers 3°
3.1.2 Locatives: local cases 31
3.1.2.1 Locatives: the place of existence 31
3.1.2.2 Locatives: the place of an action or an occurrence marked with 32
the PP de (T?)
3.1.2.3 Locatives: the place of an action or an occurrence marked with 32
the PP ni (\z)
3.1.2.4 Locatives: the place of a motion 32
3.1.2.5 Locatives: the place of departure 34
3.1.2.6 Local restrictives: a restriction on a place of action 34
3.1.2.7 Local attributives: a specification of the location of a noun 34
3.1.2.8 Local ablatives: a starting point 34
3.1.2.9 Allatives: a destination; a goal; a place someone reaches 35
3.1.2.10 Allatives: a place of contact 35
3.1.2.11 Illatives: a place or thing someone enters or gets into 3jj
3.1.2.12 Perlatives (a place through which someone passes) + Ablatives 36
(a starting point)
3.1.2.13 Perlatives (a place through which someone passes) + Locatives 36
(a place of motion)
3.2 Usage of case marking PPs: syntactic-semantic type (Type A) 37
3.2.1 decn 37
3.2.1.1 Locatives: the place of an act or event ??
3.2.1.2 Agents: the person who carries out an act zL
3.2.1.3 Instrumentals: means; instruments; devices 3'
3.2.1.4 Causals: causes/reasons '
3.2.1.5 Manner 38
3.2.1.6 Temporatives:atime(especiallyaff/7eageof.) ??
3.2.1.7 Quantitatives: a Standard; a limrt of duration; a limit; a unit ^
3.2.1.8 Restrictives: restrictions 3°
3.2.1.8.1 Temporal restrictions ,o
3.2.1.8.2 Local restrictions 3
3.2.2 e(-M *
3.2.2.1 Directionals: directions
Japanese Postpositions: Contents ix
3.2.2.2 Allatives: a destination 39
3.2.2.3 Illatives: getting into a place 40
3.2.2.4 Directionals (directions) + Locatives (a place of existence) 40
3.2.2.5 Addressees 40
3.2.2.6 Manner: . tokoro e 41
3.2.3 ga(Ä*) 41
3.2.3.1 Syntactic subjects 41
3.2.3.1.1 Normalusage 41
3.2.3.1.2 Subjects in the wa-ga-sentence structure: . wa . ga predicate 42
3.2.3.1.3 Emphasis: N ga N ; N ga N + da/dearu + kara/shi 42
3.2.3.2 Modality: profanity; insults 43
3.2.3.3 Expressions from Classical Japanese 43
3.2.3.3.1 Possessives: the owner; the group to which someone belongs 43
3.2.3.3.2 Appearance: V3 ga gotoku 43
3.2.3.3.3 Attributives: expressing a purpose: V1+n ga tarne ni 44
3.2.3.3.4 Attributives: expressing causes or reasons: sore ga tarne ni 44
3.2.4 kara (Ä = ) 45
3.2.4.1 Ablatives: a starting point 45
3.2.4.1.1 A temporal starting point 45
3.2.4.1.2 A local starting point 45
3.2.4.1.3 A personal starting point 45
3.2.4.2 Ablatives: a place of departure or detachment 46
3.2.4.3 Sources 46
3.2.4.4 Possessives: the owner 46
3.2.4.5 Agents 47
3.2.4.6 Causals: causes/reasons 47
3.2.4.7 Perlatives (a point of passing through) + Ablatives (a starting point) 48
3.2.4.8 Modality: emphasis; surprise; unexpectedness 48
3.2.4.8.1 . kara no . 48
3.2.4.8.2 . kara shite 48
3.2.5 made^T) 49
3.2.5.1 Local restrictives: an upper local limit 49
3.2.5.2 Temporal restrictives: an upper temporal limit 49
3.2.5.3 Allatives (a destination) + Restrictives (a limit) 49
3.2.6 ni (\Z) 50
3.2.6.1 Locatives: a place of existence 50
3.2.6.2 Locatives: a place of an action or a happening in the case of 50
statte verbs
3.2.6.3 Temporatives: a time 51
3.2.6.4 Possessives: the owner: . ni (wa). ga aru/iru 51
3.2.6.5 Allatives 52
3.2.6.5.1 Allatives: a destination; an achievement 52
3.2.6.5.2 Allatives: a touching point 52
3.2.6.6 Illatives: getting into a place 53
x Japanese Postpositions: Contents
3.2.6.7 Directionals: a direction ^
3.2.6.8 Addressees r;
3.2.6.9 Resultatives: the result of an action or a happening 54
3.2.6.10 Purposives: a purpose jj
3.2.6.11 Agents r?
3.2.6.11.1 The agent in passive sentences rr
3.2.6.11.2 The agent in causative sentences *°
3.2.6.11.3 The agent in the case of benefactive verbs: the benefactor; the giver 5/
3.2.6.11.4 The agent in the case of potential verbs ™
3.2.6.12 Benefactives with verbs of giving: the receiver/the benefactee 57
3.2.6.13 Causals: causes/reasons
3.2.6.14 Contents J£
3.2.6.15 Manner *Z
3.2.6.16 Criteria £"
3.2.6.16.1 Quantitative criteria Q
3.2.6.16.2 Comparative criteria ,
3.2.6.16.3 A basis of judgement „.
3.2.6.17 Adessives: the object of Opposition
3.2.6.18 The object ofapproval ordisapproval
3.2.6.19 The object of verbs of success orfailure
3.2.7 no(ffl) f
3.2.7.1 Attributives: specifications of a noun „„
3.2.7.1.1 Possessives: the owner 2
3.2.7.1.2 Locatives: aplaceofexistence ,
3.2.7.1.3 Locatives: a place of an action or a happening ,
3.2.7.1.4 Material ^
3.2.7.1.5 Temporatives: a time „,
3.2.7.1.6 Appositions ^
3.2.7.1.7 Characteristics: shape; colour; form, etc. _.
3.2.7.1.8 Manner V.
3.2.7.1.9 Agents ^
3.2.7.1.10 Places someone belongs to -.
3.2.7.1.11 Criteria V.
3.2.7.1.12 Restrictives: a restriction ?T
3.2.7.1.13 Partial or holistic frameworks T5
3.2.7.1.14 Purposives: a purpose L
3.2.7.1.15 Syntactic objects rr
3.2.7.1.16 Contents ^
3.2.7.1.16.1 N1 no N2 !:
3.2.7.1.16.2 N no Pseudo-Noun or Pseudo-Noun no N jS
3.2.7.2 Agents in attributive sentences £7
3.2.7.3 Noun-replacements 1
3.2.7A Possessives: . no !!g
3.2.7.5 Nominalizations: sentence + no -H
3.2.7.6 Modality ™
3.2.7.6.1 . no da/dearu/desu or . n da/dearu/desu
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xi
3.2.7.6.2 Doubt or assumption with a firm ground: . no ka 69
3.2.7.7 Syntactic subjects: . no no . koto 69
3.2.7.8 Double/multiple case marking using the PP no (CD ) 69
3.2.8 o (£) 70
3.2.8.1 Syntactic objects 70
3.2.8.2 Locatives: a leaving point 71
3.2.8.3 Locatives: a place of an action or a happening in the case of 71
verbs of motion
3.2.8.4 Perlatives (a place of passing through) + Locatives (a place where 72
something happens or takes place)
3.2.8.5 Temporatives: duration 73
3.2.8.6 Directionals: a direction 73
3.2.9 to (£) 74
3.2.9.1 Comitatives (a partner): with somebody 74
3.2.9.2 Comparatives: the object or person in a comparison 74
3.2.9.3 Resultatives: the result of an action or a happening 75
3.2.9.4 Content marking 75
3.2.9.5 Manner 76
3.2.9.6 Quantitatives: a frequency/duration/amount + to 76
3.2.9.7 Idiomatic expressions 77
3.2.9.7.1 Roles: . to shite in the senseof as. 77
3.2.9.7.2 The judge of a judgement: . to shite wa : asfor, for.; in 77
someone's view
3.2.9.7.3 Emphatic negation: 1 + counter unit + to shite : not a Single . 77
3.2.9.7.4 Concessives: . to shite mo in the sense of even if. 78
3.2.9.7.5 Expressions of an opinion 78
3.2.9.7.6 Conditionals: a condition 78
3.2.9.7.7 Appearance 78
3.2.9.7.8 Holistic properties: ari to arayuru in the sense of all or every 79
3.2.10 yori (£9) 79
3.2.10.1 Comparatives: the object or person of comparison 79
3.2.10.1.1 Comparatives (a comparison): AwaByori . 79
3.2.10.1.2 Comparatives (a comparison): A yori B (no hou) ga . 79
3.2.10.1.3 Comparatives (a comparison): A yori. 80
3.2.10.1.4 Inclination: A to iu yori (wa) B in the sense of it is not A rather B 80
3.2.10.2 Exclusiveness: . yori shikata ga nai in the sense of there is no 81
wayotherthan.
3.2.10.3 Ablatives: a temporal or local starting point 81
3.3 The Type B case marking PPs (syntactic-semantic and modality type) 82
3.3.1 Functions 82
3.4 Usage of case marking PPs: syntactic-semantic and modality 82
expressing type (Type B)
x" Japanese Postpositions: Contents
3.4.1 mo(fc) 83
1AaI « nado/nanzo/nazo/nanka (öi*/ U/v?l fc-f/fc h ) 83
3.4.2.1 Takmg something as an example 83
3.4.2.2 Contempt/scorn/underestimation 03
3.4.2.3 Topic raising + Humbleness «•,
3.4.2.4 Emphasis i"
3.4.2.5 Euphemism „.
3.4.2.6 Ambiguous citations 85
3.4.3 nanka (fs.h fr : see § 3.4.2) 85
3.4.4 „ante( A,T) 85
m0oPrLraMn9/?kin9 somethin9 ™^ example + Modality (scorn/ 85
mockery/disdain/derision)
3.4.4.2 Teasing somebody Hc
3.4.4.3 Surprise fK
ob
3.4.5 nanzo/nazo ( fc*,*/ fc-p: see § 3.4.2) 86
IU1 ?"/ltari(^S^Ä:6) 86
sie 2 Topic Ssino I HEI? *? eXPreSSi°n °f a^/disgust/cnticism 86
•* loP|Craisln9 + Modal.ty:theexpressionofsurprise/astonishment 86
34.7 tte(-3T) _
3.4.7.1 Topic-raising 87
34 7 3 rSrwinrAnanSWertOthe('ues«°n 87
J.^./.a Contents/citations 87
34.8 tote(tT) 88
34-9 wa(ö)
34.9.1 Topic raising g
3i"!:2 R:3JdSa?Slocalortemporalentriesastopics S
3 4.9.2 3 S2ri3lenteaS*
3.4.9.3 Emphasis ®
Chapter4 CopulaSve PPs 91
4 1 Functions g1
41.1 Semanfics of copulative PPs wtth modality funcöons 91
42 Usageof copulative PPs g2
42.1 dano(^©) g2
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xiii
4.2.1.1 Incomplete listings 92
4.2.2 ka (fr) 92
4.2.2.1 Disjunctive listings 92
4.2.3 mo ( fc) 94
4.2.3.1 Incomplete listings 94
4.2.4 nari ( Ü ) 94
4.2.4.1 Incomplete listings: citing examples 95
4.2.5 ni(IC) 95
4.2.5.1 Complete listings: additions 95
4.2.5.2 Complete listings (an increase) + Modality 96
4.2.6 no (©) 96
4.2.6.1 Incomplete listings (citing examples) + Modality 96
4.2.7 shi ( L) 97
4.2.7.1 Incomplete listings: additions 97
4.2.8 tari/dari (fzÜIfzü) 97
4.2.8.1 Incomplete listings of actions 97
4.2.9 to(t) 98
4.2.9.1 Complete listings 98
4.2.10 toka(tfr) 98
4.2.10.1 Incomplete listings: citing examples 98
4.2.10.2 Uncertainty 99
4.2.11 ya(-£ ) 99
4.2.11.1 Incomplete listings: citing examples 99
4.2.12 yara(-^6) 99
4.2.12.1 Incomplete listings (citing examples) + Modality 99
Chapterö Adverbial PPs 101
5.1 Common functions 101
5.1.1 Exclusiveness 101
5.1.2 Approximations 103
5.1.3 Extremes 103
5.1.4 Others 106
5.2 Usage of adverbial PPs 107
xiv
Japanese Postpositions: Contents
5.2.1 bakari(tf^O)
5.2.1.1 Exclusiveness 107
5.2.1.2 Idiomatic expressions usingexclusion ]JJ
5.2.1.3 Approximations '"„
5.2.1.4 Emphasis JJ
5.2.1.5 Idiomatic expressions: V1 + „ + bakari + no/ni 09
5.2.1.6 Aspectives: the immediate past \ JJ
5.2.2 dake(/tlt)
5-2.2.1 Betont«.«. °
5.2.2.2 Exclusiveness ]]:
5.2.2.3 Idiomatic expressions ]]]
llfll ^rop^i0nalchan9es: V4baV3dake
iflH ^errts/rewards: -dakearu 2
5.2.2.3.3 Causals:causes/reasons: .dakem 112
5-2.3 dattef f*- t\
5.2.3.1 ExSmi T) 1«
«:S SSSwhenexpressin9totalitv ;«
52.3.4 Total negation ]]J
5-2.4 demo(Tfc) .
52.4.1 Extremes 1]5
5.2.4.2 Concessives 1"
5.2.4.3 Indicationsofchoice 5
5-2.4.4 Total affirmation 6
52.4.5 Minimums 1]J
52A6 S^%eXPreSSi0nS:resi^«on: ---*moa™ma/ ^ 117
5.2.5 hodo(ßf,
52.5.1 Approximations "I
5-2.5.2 Extent 118
525.3 Superlatives .1J!
5-2.5.4 Proportional changes ]]J
5-2.6 faij^j
5.2.6.1 Uncertain Statements S
sie6' rrions £
IfJ* 'dic""aöc expressions J«
5-2.7 kiri ( ^ 0 )
52.7.1 Exclusiveness Jg
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xv
5.2.7.2 Aspectives: an unchanged State 124
5.2.8 koso(r^) 124
5.2.8.1 Emphasis of nouns 124
5.2.8.2 Emphasis through contrast—1 125
5.2.8.3 Emphasis through contrast—2 126
5.2.8.4 Idiomatic expressions: an emphasis 126
5.2.9 kurai/gurai( £t,W *f t,i) 127
5.2.9.1 Approximations 127
5.2.9.2 Comparatives 127
5.2.9.3 Minimums 127
5.2.9.4 Extremes 128
5.2.9.5 Superlatives 128
5.2.9.6 Modality: taking something for granted 129
5.2.10 made(£T) 129
5.2.10.1 Extent 1: . made 129
5.2.10.2 Extent 2: . made mo nai / . made no kotomo nai 130
5.2.10.3 Extent 3: . made da / . made nokoto da 130
5.2.10.4 Extent 4: V1 + nai + made mo . 130
5.2.10.5 Additions 131
5.2.10.6 Extremes 131
5.2.10.7 Idiomatic expressions 132
5.2.11 mo(fc) 132
5.2.11.1 Additions:. too 132
5.2.11.2 Correlative coordination: both . 133
5.2.11.3 Total affirmation 133
5.2.11.4 Total negation 133
5.2.11.5 Extremes 1: even. — 1 + counter unit + mo + predicate in the 134
negation
5.2.11.6 Extremes 2: even. — . mo + predicate in the affirmative 134
5.2.11.7 Estimations; assumptions 135
5.2.11.8 Restrictives: maximal limits 135
5.2.11.9 Modality 136
5.2.11.10 Emphasis 137
5.2.11.11 Indications of variety 138
5.2.12 nari(ÖO) 139
5.2.12.1 Indications of choice 139
5.2.12.2 Minimums 139
5.2.12.3 Total affirmation 139
5.2.12.4 Idiosyncrasy 140
5.2.13 nomi(©*-) 1*°
5.2.13.1 Exclusiveness 140
XVI Japanese Postpositions: Contents
5.2.14 sae(£x.) 141
5.2.14.1 Extremes 141
5.2.14.2 Additions ^
5.2.14.3 Minimal conditions 142
5.2.15 shika(L^) 142
5.2.15.1 Exclusiveness 142
5.2.16 shimo(Lfe) 143
5.2.16.1 Total affirmation 143
5.2.16.2 Negation of categorical negations 143
5.2.16.3 Extremes 144
5.2.17 sura(f? ) 144
5.2.17.1 Extremes 144
5.2.18 tote(tT) 145
5.2.18.1 Extremes 145
5.2.18.2 Total negation 145
5.2.18.3 Topic raising + Citing an example 145
5.2.19 yara(^e,) 146
5.2.19.1 Assumptions: interrogatives + yara 146
0.^.19.2 Insecure Statements 146
5.2.19.3 Indecisive attitudes 147
5.2.20 zutsu(f-3) 147
?oono °ua"titatives: Proportionalallocations 147
5.2.20.2 Gradual changes 148
Chapter6 Conjunctional PPs 149
6-1 General characteristics 149
611 ^orfh°syntactic features of conjunctional PPs 149
61 3 ^"tac^lc-sefmantic features of conjunctional PPs 150
6.J.3.1 AdveÄl*16 CharaCteristics ^conjunctiona. PPs Jg
6.1.3.2 Introductives 153
6.1.3.3 Causals: causes/reasons 153
6-2 Usageof conjunctional PPs 157
6-2-1 ba(tf) 157
6.2.11 Conditionalsinanarrowsense 157
621111 tTT ^UCtS USing the «»"ditional form of the PP ba 157
6.21.1.1.2 Proportonal changes: V4baV3hodo 157
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xvii
6.2.1.2 Aspectives: habitual (a habit); iterative (recurrence) — V4 + ba 158
6.2.1.3 Introductives 158
6.2.1.4 Aspective-temporatives: Two simultaneous actions/happenings in 158
the past
6.2.1.5 Copulatives + Modality (astonishment) 159
6.2.1.6 Suggestions 160
6.2.2 dokoroka (EZ.^t ) 160
6.2.2.1 Adversatives: opposites 160
6.2.3 domofiffc) 161
6.2.3.1 Concessives 161
6.2.4 ga(fr') 162
6.2.4.1 Introductives: an introduction 162
6.2.4.2 Adversatives 162
6.2.4.3 Non-inference 163
6.2.4.4 Modality: humbleness; hesitation; taking a reserved stance; avoiding 163
direct Statements
6.2.4.5 Modality: surprise 164
6.2.5 kara(^f ) 164
6.2.5.1 Causals: causes/reasons 165
6.2.5.2 Modality: a firm decision 165
6.2.5.3 Restrictives (restrictive-conditional specifications): . kara (ni) wa 166
6.2.5.4 Sentence constructs with the PP kara 166
6.2.5.4.1 Causals + Concessives 1: . kara tote 166
6.2.5.4.2 Causals + Concessives 2: . kara to itte l . kara tte 167
6.2.5.4.3 Emphasis + Causals: . sae . da kara . / . sae . 167
kurai. da kara .
6.2.5.4.4 Causals (causes/reasons): . mono da kara . 168
6.2.5.4.5 Obviousness: . kara ni. 168
6.2.6 kedo/kedomo/keredo/keredomoCttif/ttiffe/ttni'/tt^liffc) 168
6.2.6.1 Adversatives 168
6.2.6.2 Introductives: an introduction 169
6.2.6.3 Modality: surprise 169
6.2.7 kototote(C hi:T) 169
6.2.7.1 Causals: causes/reasons 170
6.2.8 kuseni( it(C) 170
6.2.8.1 Concessives 170
6.2.9 mo (fc) 171
6.2.9.1 Concessives 171
6.2.9.2 Restrictives: minimal/maximal limits 171
xviil Japanese Postpositions: Contents
6.2.10 monode/monde ( fcCQT/fc/uT) 172
6.2.10.1 Causals (causes/reasons) + Modality (surprise) 172
6.2.11 mononara( ©; £,) 173
6.2.11.1 Conditionals: a condition + a negative consequence 173
6.2.11.2 Conditionals: a condition + irrealis 173
6.2.12 monono( fe©öD) 174
6.2.12.1 Concessives + Modality (regret) 174
6.2.13 monoo( ?)£) 175
6.2.13.1 Conditionals (a condition) + Modality (vexation) 175
6.2.14 nagara ( **£) 175
6.2.14.1 Aspectives: Two synchronous/progressive actions 176
«0^0 ^spectives: habitual actions; unchanged situations 176
b.2.14.3 Concessives 176
6.2.14.4 Quantitatives: holistic quantities 177
6.2.15 nari( 0) 177
6.2.15.1 Temporatives + Aspectives (immediate actions/happenings) 177
6.2.15.2 Aspectives: unchanged situations 178
6.2.16 ni(!c) 178
6.2.16.1 Introductives: an introduction 178
6.2.16.2 Modality: astonishment; bewilderment 179
6.2.17 node(fflT) 179
6.2.17.1 Causals: causes/reasons 179
6.2.18 noni (©(;;) 18o
6.2.18.1 Concessives ^0
6-2.19 shi(L) 181
6.2.19.1 Causals: causes/reasons 181
62 93 S"83!"5addiöonal infomwtion) + Modality «1
6.2.19.3 Causals (causes/reasons) kopulatives 182
!'"; tattB/datte(feoT/fc*oT) 182
6.2.20.1 Concessives 182
6.2.20.2 Restrictive-concessives 183
!-"1 te/de(T/T) 183
0.^.21.1 Concessives 184
JHH ^ausals-causes/reasons 184
6.2.2.3 Temporatives:consecutivetimesequences 184
6.2.21.4 Temporatves: preceding actions 185
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xix
6.2.21.5 Copulatives (coordination): and 185
6.2.21.6 Manner 186
6.2.21.7 Contrastives: contrasts 186
6.2.21.8 Adverbials 186
6.2.21.9 Verb compounds: TE + V3 187
6.2.21.10 Modality expressions 190
6.2.22 temo/demo(Tfc/Tfc) 191
6.2.22.1 Concessives 191
6.2.23 to( h) 192
6.2.23.1 Conditionals in a narrow sense 192
6.2.23.2 Aspectives: habitual (a habit); iterative (recurrence) 192
6.2.23.3 Conditionals: adverbials 193
6.2.23.4 Temporatives (consecutive actions in the past) + Aspectives 193
(immediate actions) + Perceptions (recognition of something)
6.2.23.5 Concessives 193
6.2.24 tokorode( t^^T) 194
6.2.24.1 Concessives 194
6.2.25 tokoroga (tC5Ä') 195
6.2.25.1 Concessives 195
6.2.25.2 Temporatives (consecutive actions in the past) + Perceptions 195
(recognition of something)
6.2.26 tomo( hfc) 196
6.2.26.1 Concessives 196
6.2.26.2 Restrictives: minimal/maximal limits 197
6.2.26.3 Quantitatives: holistic quantities 197
6.2.27 tote( hT) 197
6.2.27.1 Concessives 198
6.2.28 tsutsu(-2^ ) 199
6.2.28.1 Concessives 199
6.2.28.2 Aspectives: two synchronous actions 199
6.2.28.3 Aspectives: present progressive actions or phenomena 200
6.2.29 ya(^) 200
6.2.29.1 Aspectives: immediate actions 200
Chapter7 Modality expressing PPs 203
7.1 Mainfeatures 203
7.1.1 Interchangeability 203
7.1.1.1 Interchangeability of PPs for expressing impatience 203
xx Japanese Postpositions: Contents
7.1.1.2 Interchangeability of PPs for expressing dissatisfaction/ 204
desperation
7.1.1.3 Interchangeability with differences in nuance: imperatives 205
(commands)
7.1.1.4 Interchangeability with differences in nuance: criticism 207
7.1.2 Poly-functionality 208
7.1.3 Syncretism of functions 208
7.1.4 Pragmatic encoding 208
7.1.4.1 Gender 208
7.1.4.2 Sociolects: age 209
7.1.4.3 Sociolects: hierarchical relations 209
7.1.4.4 Intimacy 209
7.1.5 Dialogues/monologues 210
7.2 Usage of modality expressing PPs 215
7-2.1 e(x.) 215
7.2.1.1 Intimacy 215
7.2.2 ga(^) 215
7.2.2.1 Desideratives: desires/wishes 215
7.2.2.2 Indirectness; euphemism 216
7.2.2.3 Persuasion 216
7.2.3 i(V ) 216
7.2.3.1 Interrogatives + Intimacy 216
7.2.3.2 Complaints/protests 217
7.2.3.3 Rhetorical questions 217
7.2.3.4 Disdain 217
7.2.3.5 Criticism 217
7.2.3.6 Emphasis 217
7.2.3.7 Imperatives: commands 218
7.2.3.8 Infancy 218
7.2.4 ka(^) 218
7.2.4.1 Dubitatives: Suspicion 218
7.2.4.2 Interrogatives 218
7.2.4.3 Rhetorical questions 218
7.2.4.4 Criticism 219
7.2.4.5 Confirmation 219
7.2.4.6 Exhortation;invitations;suggestions 219
7.2.4.7 Requests 219
7.2.4.9 UjrratlVeS: mOderate ne9aÖVe commands; 9en«e Prohibitions 22 )
7.2.4.10 Astonishment; unexpectedness 220
7.2.4.11 Desideratives: desires/wishes 221
7.2.4.12 Monologues+Afeelingofslightlybeingmoved a1
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xxi
7.2.5 kashira (fr L b ) 221
7.2.5.1 Dubitatives (doubt; questions) + Monologues 221
7.2.5.2 Expectations of an answer to a question 222
7.2.5.3 Desideratives: desires/wishes 222
7.2.6 ke/kke ( H7o tt) 222
7.2.6.1 Retrospection; reminiscence 222
7.2.6.2 Confirmation 223
7.2.7 kedo (It E )/kedomo (tt E fe )/keredo ( Itft E )/keredomo 223
7.2.7.1 Desideratives: desires/wishes 223
7.2.7.2 Reserved stance 224
7.2.7.3 Dissatisfaction 224
7.2.8 koto ( Z. t) 224
7.2.8.1 Softness: . koto yo 224
7.2.8.2 Being affected/impressed 225
7.2.8.3 Soft invitations; mild suggestions 225
7.2.8.4 Interrogatives: gentle questions 225
7.2.9 mono(fe©) 225
7.2.9.1 Causals (causes/reasons) + Criticism 226
7.2.9.2 Causals (causes/reasons) + Coquettish behaviour 226
7.2.9.3 Causals (causes/reasons) + Being impressed 226
7.2.10 monka/monoka/monokai 226
7.2.10.1 Rhetorical Statements 227
7.2.10.2 Being impressed: . to iu monoka/monka 227
7.2.11 na( ) 227
7.2.11.1 Prohibitives (abrupt prohibitions): V3 + na 227
7.2.11.2 Imperatives (abrupt commands): V2 + na 228
7.2.11.3 Imperatives (gentle commands): V2 + nasai + na or 228
. o kudasai na
7.2.11.4 Emotional feelings: being impressed, happy, sad, etc. 229
7.2.11.5 Desideratives (strong desires or wishes): V1 + nai + ka + 229
na/naa or . to ii (n da ga) na/naa
7.2.11.6 Mild Statements 229
7.2.11.7 Asking for confirmation 230
7.2.11.8 Persuasive Statements 230
7.2.12 ne(ta) 230
7.2.12.1 Being impressed 231
7.2.12.2 Soft insistence/persuasion 231
7.2.12.3 Mildwarnings 231
7.2.12.4 Expectations of an agreementora confirmation 231
XX" Japanese Postpositions: Contents
7.2.12.5 Intimacy + Interrogatives (questions) ,,,
IZIZ* !vitatives: avoiding a clear Statement 030
7.2.12.7 Emphasis + Copulatives (conjunction of sentence constituents) 232
7.2.13 ni(IC)
7.2.13.1 Hypothesis + Regret/Being relieved: V6 + u/you + ni 233
7.2.14 no(CQ)
Hill pxpressin9s°ftnessorgentleness 234
7.2.14.2 Interrogatives + Intimacy tZ
7.2.14.3 Criticism Y 234
7.2.14.4 Persuasion ^35
7.2.15 sa(£)
sie srr—*«"— »
7.215.5 Criticism + Refutation 236
7.2.15.6 Copulatives: conjunction of sentence constituents 237
7.2.16 tara/ttara (tz e H f- A 1
72.16.1 Impatience ^b) ™
7.216.2 Astonishment J37
7.2.16.3 Imperatives: commands or suggestions 238
7.2.17 tteba^Ttf)
72.17.1 Impatience „„
7-2.17.2 Astonishment gj
7-2.18 tomo(ife)
7.2.18.1 Certainty/coLence
72.18.2 'nd.cationsofstrongconfirmation 240
7-2.19 wa(ti)
7.2.19.1 Softness 240
^19.3 CoPu«atives + Exaggeration + Emotiona.rty 242
7.2.20 vni(t ^)
772222S.2 ^prsSeemmen;Onal ^^ re9ret-^ haPPines«. ««P** ete ^
7-2.20.3 ExpressingofFense 243 !
7.2.21 yaj^)
Japanese Postpositions: Contents xxiii
7.2.21.3 Monologues 244
7.2.21.4 Rhetorical questions: . koto ga ari-mashou ya 244
7.2.21.5 Drawing somebody's attention 244
7.2.21.6 Emphasis + Being emotionally affected 244
7.2.22 yai(^) 245
7.2.22.1 Imperatives: mild, intimate commands 245
7.2.22.2 Contempt 245
7.2.22.3 Definitive Statements 245
7.2.23 yara (^ £ ) 245
7.2.23.1 Uncertainty 246
7.2.24 yo ( fc) 246
7.2.24.1 Definitive Statements + Giving information 247
7.2.24.2 Rebuking somebody of something 247
7.2.24.3 Requests + Emphasis 248
7.2.24.4 Suggestions + A coquettish attitude 248
7.2.24.5 Giving information + Emotional attitudes 249
7.2.24.6 A perfunctory attitude + Dissatisfaction: . deshou yo 249
7.2.24.7 Drawing attention + Giving information 249
7.2.24.8 Drawing somebody's attention 249
7.2.25 ze(-tf) 250
7.2.25.1 Drawing attention 250
7.2.25.2 Arrogance 250
7.2.25.3 Drawing attention + Expressing surprise 250
7.2.26 zo(-£) 250
7.2.26.1 Monologues 251
7.2.26.2 Drawing attention + Cautioning 251
7.2.26.3 Rhetorical Statements: V6 + u/you + zo 251
7.2.26.4 Emphasis 252
7.2.26.5 Scolding 252
Chapter 8 Conclusions 253
8.1 A brief summary of Japanese PPs 253
8.2 Relations between PPs and some characteristics of the Japanese 255
language
8.2.1 Perception of space 255
8.2.2 Resistance against changes 255
8.2.3 Subjectivity 257
8.2.4 Context dependency 257
8.3 Further research topics 258
Terminology 261
xxiv Japanese Postpositions: Contents
References 267
Index of PPs 275
Subject index 279 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Katsuki-Pestemer, Noriko |
| author_GND | (DE-588)115305769 |
| author_facet | Katsuki-Pestemer, Noriko |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Katsuki-Pestemer, Noriko |
| author_variant | n k p nkp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023281676 |
| classification_rvk | EI 4660 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)228139012 (DE-599)DNB98769314X |
| dewey-full | 495.6 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 495 - Languages of east and southeast Asia |
| dewey-raw | 495.6 |
| dewey-search | 495.6 |
| dewey-sort | 3495.6 |
| dewey-tens | 490 - Other languages |
| discipline | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023281676 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:39:56Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:14:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783895861116 3895861111 |
| language | English Japanese |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016466470 |
| oclc_num | 228139012 |
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| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| physical | xxiv, 285 S. graph. Darst. 210 mm x 148 mm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Lincom Europa |
| record_format | marc |
| series | LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics |
| series2 | LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics |
| spelling | Katsuki-Pestemer, Noriko Verfasser (DE-588)115305769 aut Japanese postpositions theory and practice Noriko Katsuki-Pestemer 2. ed. München Lincom Europa 2008 xxiv, 285 S. graph. Darst. 210 mm x 148 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics 52 Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-274) and indexes Japanisch (DE-588)4114069-2 gnd rswk-swf Postposition (DE-588)4251716-3 gnd rswk-swf Japanisch (DE-588)4114069-2 s Postposition (DE-588)4251716-3 s DE-604 LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics 52 (DE-604)BV011470576 52 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016466470&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Katsuki-Pestemer, Noriko Japanese postpositions theory and practice LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics Japanisch (DE-588)4114069-2 gnd Postposition (DE-588)4251716-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4114069-2 (DE-588)4251716-3 |
| title | Japanese postpositions theory and practice |
| title_auth | Japanese postpositions theory and practice |
| title_exact_search | Japanese postpositions theory and practice |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Japanese postpositions theory and practice |
| title_full | Japanese postpositions theory and practice Noriko Katsuki-Pestemer |
| title_fullStr | Japanese postpositions theory and practice Noriko Katsuki-Pestemer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Japanese postpositions theory and practice Noriko Katsuki-Pestemer |
| title_short | Japanese postpositions |
| title_sort | japanese postpositions theory and practice |
| title_sub | theory and practice |
| topic | Japanisch (DE-588)4114069-2 gnd Postposition (DE-588)4251716-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Japanisch Postposition |
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