Istorija na Bălgarite: v osem toma 5 Voenna istorija na bălgarite ot drevnostta do naši dni
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| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Izdat. "Znanie" [u.a.]
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 738 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789546212351 9789545287527 |
Internformat
MARC
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|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV023270040 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 080422s2007 ab|| |||| 00||| bul d | ||
| 020 | |a 9789546212351 |9 978-954-621-235-1 | ||
| 020 | |a 9789545287527 |9 978-954-528-752-7 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)230135033 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV023270040 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a bul | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a 7,41 |2 ssgn | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Istorija na Bălgarite |b v osem toma |n 5 |p Voenna istorija na bălgarite ot drevnostta do naši dni |c Naučen Centăr za Bălgarska Nacionalna Strategija. Pod red. na Georgi Bakalov |
| 250 | |a 1. izd. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |b Izdat. "Znanie" [u.a.] |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a 738 S. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Bakalov, Georgi |d 1943-2012 |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)129194972 |4 oth | |
| 773 | 0 | 8 | |w (DE-604)BV017272088 |g 5 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016455069&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016455069&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |e 22/bsb |g 499 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016455069 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806960541691805696 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Съдържание
Предговор.
.-.■.■.·. -
Увод
.■."
ДЯЛ ПЪРВИ
ВОКННА ИСТОРИЯ НА ВЪЛГАРИТН ОТ ДРЬВИОСТТА ДО
1396
Г.
Читаное.
Емил Александров
.■.·■.
!
'
I.
ВОЕННИ ТРадИЦИМ НА ТРАКИ, БЪЛГАРИ И СЛАВЯНИ ДО
681
г. Борис Чолпанов,
Емил Александров
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}
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ТРАКИЙСКИТЕ ВОЕННИ ПОСТИЖЕНИЯ. Борис Чолпанон, Емил Александров
. 19
I.Í.
ТРАКИЙСКАТА ВОЙСКА.
Emwì
Александров
.
!(>
1.2.
БОЙНО ВЕЛИЧИЕ
ΗΛ
ОДРИСКОТОЦАРСТВО*
VÍ-iV
В. ПР. ХР.)
Емил Александров
.>■·-.
~Ί>
і.
2.1.
Създаване
на Одриската
държава
.-.·.27
ì.2,2.
Военни цели
к
вонсіга
наОярнсхотоцарство
.— 29
і.
2.3.
Военните
победи на Одриското царство от края на
V
1
до
средата
на
V
в. пр. Хр
.30
Î.2.4.
Войните
на Ояриското царство о г
средата
на
V
до
средата
ѓш
í
V
в.
up.
Хр
.3
J
t
.2.5.
Военни сблъсъци
с
Македония
(V
-IV
в. пр. Хр.) Борис Чолпанов
.3 !
Í.3.
ТТЛКИТЕ В ПОХОДИТЕ НА
АЛЕКСАНДЪР
МАКЕДОНСКИ. Борис Чолпанов
.35
М.ЬОРВИНАТРАКИТЕСРИМ. Ворис Чо.тшит
.36
Í.
5.
СПАРТАК ВЕЛИК
ТРАКИЙСКИ
ПЫШУВОЩЦ
Еміїл
Александров
.38
l.ťv
TPAKUtìCKOTO
ВОЕННО МАЙСТОРСТВО.
Emici
Александров
.41
2.1
ІОБ1:ДИ ГК НА
СТАРА ВР.ЛИКА
БЪЛГАРИЯ.
Борис Чата нов
.
,
.44
2.1.
ЬЬЛІАРСКАТА
ВОЙСКА
.45
2Л.ПОХОДШ
К НА
БЪЛГАРИТЕ
.46
2 3.
БЪЛГАРСКАТА
ВОЬННА СТРАТЕГИЯ И ТАКТИКА
.49
л.СЛАВЯНИТН
КАТО ВОИНИ.
Ьфно Чо.шшюв
.52
З.І
ВОЙСКАТА
НА
СЛАВЯНИТЕ.
.52
3.2.
ВОЙНИТЕ
НА
СЛАВЯНИТЕ
.„.53
3.3.
СЛАВЯНСКИТЕ ВОЕННИ
УМЕНИЯ
.55
U.
ВОЕННА ИСТОРИЯ НА ПЪРВАТА БЪЛГАРСКА ДУНАВСКА ДЪРЖАВА
(681-1018).
Борис Чолпанов, Емил Александров
. 57
L
ПОБЕДОНОСНА! А ЬЪЛГАРСКЛ ВОЙСКА
. 57
1.1.
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ НА ВОЙСКАТА. Емил Александров
. "" "" '".57
1.2.
ВЪОРЪЖЕНИЕ
И ФОРТИФИКАЦИЯ
.
.ľ.ľ.59
1.2.1.
Въоръжение. Емил Алсксиноров
.,. 59
1.1.2.
Фортификания.
Корне
Чолпанов
. 58
1.3.
ОБУЧЕНИЕ НА ВОИНИТЕ
.
"Л".".'."
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-70
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ľíľTH
6
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БЪЛ1 АРСКОТО
КАИС'Ї
HO ■-
ВОЕНЕН
ФАКТОР В
ЕВРОПА.
Нори
r
Чатанов
.
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2.Ì.
ВОЙНИЇТ: НА
КАН АСПАРУХ
.
,
.
,,
. 73
2.2ЛЮЬ>ІНИТЕДВЙС1БИЯ!ІАКУ1-,ЕРОБЛІ.>ЬЛІАРИЯ
.7^
2.3,
ВОИНИТЕ
НА ПАСЛГДНИЦІПТ НА КАП
АСПАРУХ
.,.
7ŕ>
2.3,1.
Воешште
успехи
на кап
Тервел.
. 7n
2.
л.
2.
Нобели
re h;ì
кан Кардам
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2.4,
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КРУ
M
СТРАШНИ
■
ВЕЛИК П'ЬЛКОВОДЕЦ
.
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2.5,
ВОЕННОТО
ДЕЛО НА КАП ОМУ РТА!
.
К?
2.Ь.
ВОЙНИТЕ
НА КАН МАЛАМИР
.
X:
2.7.
ВОИНИТЕ
УСПЕХИ НА КАН ПРЬСИЯН
.
S
7
2.8.
ВОКГШО-ДИПЛОМАТИЧЕСКИ ДЕЙСТВИЯ ИЛ КАП БОРИС
.
>;8
3.
ВОИНИТЕ
НА
ПЪРВОТО БЪЛГАРСКО ЦАРСТВО.
Но/пк Чпмтшы
.
8Λί
3.1.
ПОБЕДИТЕ
H
А ЦАР СИМЕОН
ВЕЛИКІ!
.
,
.
W
3.1.
1.
Първи
победи на
цар
Симеон й Македонии
.,.
К')
3.
1
.2.
Войжїта
с
маджарите
.
,
.
vo
3.1.3.
Вигкіпа
npíí
Ьългарофисон <^96}.
.
ч\
ЗЛА
ВостЮ'іщплошпічсска
íioíkvüí
на цар Симеон над Византия
.42
3.1,5.
Разгром на ви'шгпшеката
войски при
Ахелоіі
.
*·ϊ2
3-І.6.
Блестяща
лобода па
ищу
Снмсон
Велики край Цариград
. ^5
3.2.
ЦАР САМУИЛ ~ БЪЛ
і
АРСКАТА
ЕПОПІїЯ
.
Чь
3.2.Í
.
Попели
¡sa
цар Самуил в Теагши
íí
Пелопонес
.
<-П
3.2.2.
Рачгром над Василий
II
ιψη
Траянови «рата
.
ν
7
3.2.3.
Гигантският
двуСюймсжііу
aap
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vt
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lì
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3.3.
BOF.HÏIOTO
ИЗКУСТВО НА ПЪРВА ДУНАВСКА БЪЛГАРИЯ
.103
1.
ВЪОРЪЖЕНА
БОРВАЗЛУТВЬРЖДАВАИЕ^ІА
ДЪРЖАВАТА
. 107
2.
ОР1 АНИМАЦИЯ НА ВОЙСКАТА
.,.
Иж
З.ВЪОРЪЖКНИЕИСНЛРЯЖЕИИГ.
.,.
ÍÍI
4.
BOñHiíTF
НА ВОЛЖКА
Б'Ь.НГАРИЯіХ-ХІ
В.)
.
ПЗ
IV.
БОРБА СРЕЩУ ВИЗАНТИЙСКОТО ВЛАДИЧЕСТВО. Порт· Чолпашм
.
І \
ς
Ì.
ВЪСТАНИЕТО ПА ПЕТЪР ДЕЛЯН
.,.,.
И
5
2.
БУНТЪТ
НА НИКУЛИНА
ДЕЛФИН
.
í
19
3.
ВЪСТАНИЕТО
ΗΛ
ГЕОРГИ ВОЙТЕХ
.
Iľi
4.
ВЪСТАНИЯТА
НА НЕСТОР
И ТРАВЪЛ
.
і
22
V.
ВОЙСКАТА И ВОЙНИТЕ НА ВТОРОТО БЪЛГАРСКО ЦАРСТВО
{
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185 1396).
Sopuť
Чплпшюв, Емил Александров
.,.1 24
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ВОЙСКАТА НА В
TOí'OTO
БЪЛГАРСКО ЦАРСТВО
.
Ì24
1.1.
РАЖДАНЕТО ИЛ ВОЙСКАТА НА ВТОРОТО БЪЛГАРСКЧ) ЦАРСТВО.
Борис Чомшиов
.,. ! 2 ■*
1.2.
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ НА ВОЙСКАТА,
fatta
ЛіехсшіЛро«
.
,
.
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1.3.
ВЪОРЪЖЕНИЕ
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1.
4.
УКРЕПЛЕНИЯ. КРЕПОСТИ, КОМУНИКАЦИИ Борш: Чимшшм
.134
1.5.
ВОЕННА
СТРАТЕГИЯ И ТАКТИКА НА
ВТОРОТО БЪЛГАРСКО
ЦАРСТВО.
Борис Чолнаиоа
. 1
^J
2.
ВОЙНИТГ
ПА ВТОРОТО
ÍVbJirAPCKO
ЦАРСТВО
í
КРАЯТ
ΙΙΑΧΪί-
ilbPBAÍA
ПОЛОВИНА
ΗΛ
XJIl B.)
Борис Чо/ишшш
. 142
2.1.
BOFHHO
МОГЪЩЕСТВО
ПРИ ЦАГЕТР. НЕ
Π,Ρ
И
АСЕН
.142
2.2.
ВНЛИКИЯ'ПГЬЛКОВОДНИ
ЦАР КАЛОЯН
. 144
23.
ВОИНИТЕ
ΗΛ
ЦАР ЙОАН
ACFIÌ
U
.
i S4
I
ВОЙНИТЕ
ΗΛ
ВТОРОТО БЪЛГАРСКО ЦАРСТВО.
ВІОРАІ
А ИОЛ< »ВИНА
i í
А \Ш
КРМГГ НА Х\\' В.) Ворис Чо.ишшм.
.
1Ы
ЗЛ.СРЛЖІгНИЯЇІРИИРИЕМЇШЦИТЬЇЇАЦАРҐЮЛНЛСЕШІ.
. IM
У А А. Бьлгария ири цар Кчиимзн
і
Асен
.
lói
3
Л
.2.
І'уьлпірия
при
цар
Михаил
If
Α-,χή
.
i M
3.1,3.
Дворцови борби. Царуването
на нар Константин
'!
их
Асен.
Бигки *а оиеляваье
на
България
.
»i^
7
í
},'ІЬГЖ.\ПШ-
3.2,
ВОЙНИ ПРЕЗ ПОСЛЕДНАТА ЧЕТВЪРТ
HA XÍÍI
В.
.
3.2
Л
.
\\ар Ииашюи победата
над монгол иге
.
,.
.
3.2.2,
Разгромна
»ітитийската воііска от
цар Ивайло
(і
279).
Ы'ШИ И
ПОРАЖЕНИЯ ПРЕЗ
XIV
В.
.
67
л.
3,
j
І
.
Сснарати'іьм в
Ьългарня
.
3.3.2.
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не^акшсимоспа на
България. Цар Тодор Светослав
.
I l·"7
?>,?·>.}.
Цар Георги
Π
Тертср
.
loë
3.3.4.
Цар Михаил
¡II
Шиш май
.
16і-)
] "1
„ÜSS»?
3.4Л.
Организация и въоръжение
на
османската войски
3.4.2.
Начало на османската агресия в бъ;п
ареште
земи
í
137
i í.
.1
-H
3.4.3.
Борбата
'tau
мп
а на
Puuomrre
.■·■--.·. 1
'^
3.4.4.
'Зашита на
Пиринския
край
.·--.-.
Wì
3.4.5.
Чащніа
на Среден (София)
.--.·.-.,,., 1
К
2
3.4.6.
Битките
за защита на
Мѕшш
.
1Н2
3,4.".
Видинското
царство
.-,.
Ì!S4
3.5.
ВОЕННА
СТРАТЕГИЯ И ТАКТИКА
.,. 1*5
VI.
ВОЕННА
ИСТОРИЯ НА ВЕЛИКА
БЪЛГАРИЯ
ОТ ВОЛГА ДО ЕНИСЕЙ
(XI-XVJ
В.)
Елии Александров
.
\Н";
Е НАЙ-ОБШИРНАТА ДЪРЖАВА И СРНД НАИ-ГОЛЕМИТЕ ВОЕННИ
СИЛИ В
ЕВРОПА
.
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^
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КАН (ПЪРВА
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ВОЕННА ВЛАСТ НА ВОЛЖКА БЪЛГАРИЯ
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воьнііи
институции
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μ);
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ДИПЛОМАЦИЯ.
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iąQ
23.
ВОЕННА
OPI
АІЇИЗАЦИЯ
.—■'-;.·--.".
;0()
2.4.
СТОПАНСТВОТО И ВОЕННОТО
MOI
ЬЩЬСІ
ВО
.-.■.·■.
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->
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РОПЯТ'ЧН'Ч
ВЯРАТА
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ВОЙСКАТА
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ВТОРИ
НМИРЛ
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ЗАВИСИМОСТТА
Ої ЗЛА і
HAI
ЛОРДА.
ОТ
ВТОРИЯ ЕМИРАТ
ДО
НЕЗАВИСИМОСТТА
(1278-Î437).
.-.
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l BOEHÌK
ИСТОРИЯ НА ВЪЛЕАРИЯ ПРИ
ЛШРАФШІИТЕ
0437-1584}.--
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НА ЯБПК-МОХАМВД
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ВОЛЖКА БЪЛГАРИЯ
ДО КРАЯ НА
XV
В.
.-
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4.1.
ВОЕННА
ИСТОРИЯ НА
КАЗАНСКА БЪЛГАРИЯ ПРЕЗ ПЪРВАТА
ПОЛОВИНА
на
xvi
в
.·'·■·.■.-.
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4.3.1.
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на
Волжка България
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тот
ВЬОРЬЖЕНИ БОРБИ ЗА ОСВОБОЖДЕНИЕ НА БЪЛГАРИЯ
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1
878Ì
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tuut
Александ
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ВЪОРЪЖЕНА
БОРБАИРКЇ
XV-HA4AJÏO
НА
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ВЬСІХНИЯ.НОГШИ, ХАИЛУТСТВО
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В ЬСТЛНИЯ И УЧАСТИЕ В АНТИОСМЛНСКИ ПОХОДИ ПРЕЛ
XV
В
.221
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.--.■.-.
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състав, командване, въоръжение, хайдушка клетва
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.
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2
ВЪСТАНИЯТА В КРАЯ ПА
XVI
ПЪРВА ПОЛОВИНА НА
XVIII
В.
2 1
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Π
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н
16X6}
2.2.
Чііпронско
въстание
(1688).
1
Ї Г'і»ироїивіі
срешу
ислями-їацияіа
i.íi. H \!'iHÍ.
II.
НЛЦИОНЛЛНООС ВОШДИТЕДНАТА БОРБА
»PEÍ
ВЪЗРАЖДАНЕТО
ДО СРЕДАТА
НА
XIX
В. Борис Чолпятш*
Емил
Аяексанорое
.,.24
Ì
!,
НЪСТЛНИЯ. УЧАСТИЯ В
БОРБИ
НА ЯРУГИ НАРОДИ
It
ВЪВ ВОИНИ
^4 !
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НА
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.
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ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И
ЧВ'ПІ.,
.
2ЬЬ
J.2.Í.
Участе на
Първата българска легия
в
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в Ьелград
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1.
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\Hb2i
.
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1.2.3.
Чегата ия
Стоян войвода
и
Хдджії
Димитър
{1^6-1 ).
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.
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.
11,
ЛЕГВІДАРНАТА
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9
ЗЛ.Вългаркте в подготовката
л
първия
cran
на
3.2.
Ролята
на
българите
в
решѕп
сините оосве
.
53,
Българите
в
іаключиіслния етап
на нойнзча
ВОЙНА.
Sopite
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ЉЊсшв ^шнсв.
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СИЛИ НА
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íl
PO
НОСЛКДНАТ
А ЧКГВЪРТ
HA MX
В.
(1878
î
903),
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PaùocJae
Мишев
.
л
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і.
ИЗГРАЖДАНЕ НА БЪЛГАРСКАТА
'ÎRMCKA
ВОЙСКА
II
МИЛИЦИЯТА
Η Λ
ЇВТОЧИА
РУМЕЛИЯ
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Мишев
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і
1
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НА
БЪЛГАРСКАТА
'ІКМСКА
ВОЙСКА
,.,.--'
і
2.
СВДДВАНЬ НА
МИЛИЦИЯТА
НА
ИЗТОЧНА РУМЕЛИЯ
.
^Ί
2
СЪИДИНЕНИЕТО И
ИЫОВА!
Λ
ВОИША
ЗАПЩїА
Борш:
Чоіпанм
Лимиту
ішічіг»« Ї»
2.1.
СРЪЬСКО-БЪЛГЛРСКАТА ВОЙНА. 1М5Г
.,.
^Ј
2.1.1.
Ролята
на бълирската войска н
Съединението
.
>^~
2.1.2.
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войната
.·.
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2ЛЛ.
b'bJirapcKU'fa
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началото
на
войната
.■·. —■"'
2Л.4. Военннтилействия
.·--·.
^1'и
2Л.5. Контранастъплсниего на
Оњлгарската
войска
. ■ ■ ■?№
2.Í.6.
Отбраната
на
Северозападна
Ььлгзрия
.■.
;Ѓ!*Ѕ
2.2.
КНЯЗ АЛЕКСАНДЪР
і
И
ІІЗГРАЖДАНГ-ТО НА
fVbJirAPCKATA
ВОЙСКА
.
,
.
3"0
3.
ПРЕВЪОРЪЖАВАНЕ И СТРУКТУРНИ ПРОМЕНИ В ВЬЛГАРС КАТА
ΒΟίΚΊνΑ
ОТ
СЪЕДИНЕНИЕТО ДО НАЧАЛОТО НА
XX
В. РаОосши Мишев,,.,
.3"?
3.1.
БЪЛГАРСКАТА ВОЙСКА ДО КРАЯ
НА ХІХ
В
.
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4.
РАЗРЕШАВАІ ГЕ НА ОФТІЦЕРСКО-ЕМИГРАІІТСКИЯ
ВЪПВХ:
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5.
ПЪРВАТА
КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ЗА ОТЬРАНА НА СОФИЯ Порис Читано«
. .382
[¡.ВЪСТАНИЯ
ИВОЙНИ)АНАІІИОН.А»1НООБКДИНЕНИІі:
НА Ык1ГАРИЯ(1903
-1919)
Борис Чолпанов,
Емил
Александров,
Димитър
'іафцров,
Pa doc.
t
не
Мишев
. 5
ѕб
1.
ШІИН/ШНСКО-ПРЕОВРАЖКНСКАТА ЕПОПЕЯ
1903
j
.
Борис Чи.
mm*
т. РиАк'.ша ЛГинц·*
.
3St>
ГІ.
ПОДГОТОВКА НА
В'ЬСТАНИГТОЯ^і/і·
Чотанов
.
5şi>
1.2.
ОФИЦЕРСТВОТО В ВОРБА ЗА ОСВОБОЖДЕНИЕ.
Pnôocum Muuwa
.
^i^
1.3.
СТРАТЕГИЯ. ТАКТИКА. И БОЙНИ ДЕЙСТВИЯ. Ьор^· Чо
manne
. .
4uo
1.3.1.
Стратегия
.,.
40п
1.3.2.
Тактика
.
4UÍ
1.3.3.
Бойни действии
. 402
Димитър
'іафиров
.
, ,
'
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2.1.
НОВА ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ
НА
ВОЙСКАТА
.Г.'.,.^
.
цц,
2.2.
НА ПРАГА
ΗΛ
БАЛКАНСКАТА
ВОЙНА
. ["" ' ["'[[" '
4¡ii
2.2.1.
Сіраі-сгичсски
и оперативен план на
България
1Ч0Ѕ
г
.,.
4!и
2.2.2.
Вьоръжсш!
c
-или
)щ
България
.,.
j
¡ ^
2.2.3.
Нов оперативен план Л
41
і
г
.
λ
ЇЮКЬДОНОСИАТА
БАЛКАНСКА ПГ^^^^^^^^Г;;;;
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Чолпанов
.
ЗЛ. ПОД
ΟΤΟΒΚΛ
НА ТУРЦИЯ ЗА
BOíÍHATÄľ
3.2;ПЛАНОВЬНА СЪЮЗНИЦИТЕ.
£w,/
,<№
3.2Л. Ньодушег-іената
мобилизация
u
Б'ьлгари«
Í.2.2.
Макелоно-Одринското
опълчение
3.2.3-
Чети и отряди
._.
3.2.4.
Помощта
на ішата
нация
5.3.
BOÍ-ÍÍÜHTÍ-
т
,.„
,
.
J
I
а
операция
. .
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3.3.3.
Иленяванс на
Kopìiyca
на Явер наша
. . /',
1.5.4.
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на кр;шиера,.Химидие'\.
. .
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3.3.5.
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ôoň
.
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,
.433
3,3,ix
Десантът
ľípii
Шаркьой
.
,
.435
3.4,
Ио/шигьгноов/кияванечч) на Одрин
.437
4.
МЕЖДУСЪЮЗНИЧЕСКАТА
ВІШІА.
Дилш/пьр Зафыров,
Борш: Чатанов
.445
4,
L
ПРИЧИНИ
ЗА ВОЙНАТА. Димитър
Ιαφιψο«'.
.-.-445
4.2.
iïJi.AHOBÏ:
11
ВЪОРЪЖЬНИ СИЛИ »А СЪЮЗНИЦИТЕ.
Борш: Чолтшон
.446
4.3.
Ь'ЬЛГ АРСКіШі СИЛИ
И ПЛАНЪТ
ИМ
З
Λ
ВОЙНАТА. Борис Чо.-манов
.-447
4.4.
ВОЕННИТЕ ¡М-.ПСХЪШ.
Bqiw
Чолпашт
.448
4.4.
1.
Отбраната на Калнлшшкатл позиция.
.449
4.4.2.
Крее
ví
скуката
операция
.„450
4.4.3.
Ьукурсщкияг .'¡оговпр
î
9
1
3
r
.
,.
.<.452
5.
БЪЛГАРИЯ
Β
ПЪРВАТА
СВЕГОЙНА
ВОИНА. Борис Чоииишв.
Емил
Александров,
Димитър
'ìiitfiìipiw
.
,
.454
5-і,
¿ЮЕННОЛОЛИТИЧЬСКА ОЬСТАНОВКА.
Борис Чо.тинов
.,.454
5.1
ВОЕНЕН
ПЛАН НА
БЪЛГАРИЯ
Ь'орис Чолттов,
Димитър Зифщюв
. 455
5.3.
ВОЬНННТЕ ДЕЙСТВИЯ. Борис Чп
tnanoeJluMumhp
Зафыров
.45?
5.3
J
.
М<
¡panosa
га операция,
!.14
октомври
- 25
октоміфн'"?
¡юемврн
I9Î5
г. Борис Чо.танов
,.43?
53.2.
Касове
ката операция.,.
.,.,.459
5.3.3.
Окчеподскакі
операция.
L
І4-7/20
октомври
1915
г. Борис Чо.штюв
.,. 459
5.3.4.
Настъплението
в 'Центрачна Македония. Борис Чо.таыов
. 460
5.3.5.
Ьоят при Кркнолак. Борис Ч&пгаиов
.,.46!
5
Л.Ь- Дерннската (Осчр^екатанширшшя. Борис Чолпшшв,
. 463
5.3.7.
Чітанеката
операция,
btìpuc
Чо.шьінов
._.
,.
.
,
.
,
.464
5.3.8.
Боевете
при гліюя
mi
Черна. Борис Чо.пшиов
.,.,.466
5.3.9.
Воѕшата
с Румьния.
TyvpaKaHCKa.
Кубадинска м Северн оду навек а огюрациия.
Дклттър Зафыроа
.,.,.,.467
5.3.10.
Отбраната па Балчик
-
важиа страница
<r¡
вое
í í
но
морската
ни
летопис
.475
S3.
ì ì
.
Военните
действия на
Южния
фронт. Борис Чкытнов, Дгшшпър Зафщюв
.476
5.3.12,
Сьлбовни меседн ул
България, юни
-cem
ем ври
і
9! 8
г. Елии Алексанороа
.478
5.3
Л
3.
Отбраната
на Добро
по;іе
и на Дойранекнте позкшш.
Борш:
Чо.таиов
. 48
Î
5.4.
ІУЬЛІ
АРСКАТА ВОЙСКА
-
НЬЛЮБНДЕМА. НО
ПОЖЕРТВАЛА.
Еми.г
Л.іексаноров
. 482
5.4.
í.
Причини
'ia
npííñbp'íoHOTO
примирие
-29
септември
1918
г
.
4Н.1
5.4_2. Характер и резут-ат на примирието
.485
ДЯЛ ЧЕТВЪРТИ
ВОШИЛ ИСТОРИЯ НА БЪЛГАРИЯ {№^ЪА5\Лю<\ши
Штрон, Еліім Аісксаиоров.
Димитър
ίαφαροΗ
.
,
.
,
.
,.
. 487
ϊ. ΒΟΚΗΗΛ
ПОЛИТИКА
НА ВЫИ
АРИЯ И НЕЙНАТА ВОЙСКА
(І9І9Ч939).
Людмил Петров,
Емил Александров
.,.,.489
1.
ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯТА НА НЬОЙСКИЯ ДОГОВОР. Емил Александров
.,.489
ľ.
ПЛДАНЛШ; НА ВИСШ СЪВНТ НА НАРОДНАТА ОТБРАНА
ii
ПРЕДПРИЕТИТЕ
ОЇ
Ш:.\
О МІ-РКП.Лннілш.!
Петров
,.492
3.
ВОШНЛТЛ ДИПЛОМАЦИЯ, .Шмнл Петров
.,.,.,.494
4.
ОП! ИМИЧЯРЛНН НА ВОЙСКОВОТО УПРАВЛЕНИЕ И ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ. Людмил Пащюв
. 496
5.
M
АТЬРИАЛНО-ТііХНИЧЕ'ІСКО
ОСИГУРЯВАНЕ.
J
Шміи
Петров
.
,.
.504
6.
ВОЙСКОВА И
ІДДВНА
ПОДГОТОВКА
ΠΡϊ-Ί
3
Ο-ΤΕ
ГОДИНИ НА
XX
В. Людмил Петров.
512
її.
N
ЧАСТИК НА
БЪЛГАРИЯ й НЕЙНАТА ВОЙСКА ВЪВ ВТОРАТА СВЕТОВНА
ПОНИ\аШ~1Ш), Димитър
ίαφιφοβ
.,.,.525
і,
СЪС ГОЯНИЕНЛ БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ ВЬОРЬЖННИ
СИЛИПРК'І
ВТОРАТА СВЕТОВНА
ВОЙНА
.526
2.
'Ш/ЛїЛНГ. НЛ
ЮЖНА ДОБРУДЖА,
МАКЕДОНИЯ И
БЕЛОМОРСКА ТРАКИЯ
.53.3
3.
Б
ЬЛ
ГАРЃ
'КАТА ВОЙСКА
-
СВОЕОБРАЗЕН ОРА ГЕГИЧЕСКИ РЕЗЕРВ
НА ВЕРМАХТА
,. 54 !
4.
ЗАЩИТА
НА ТЕРИТОРИЯ! А И ВЪЗДУШНОТО
ПРОСТРАНСТВО НА
БЪЛГАРИЯ.
547
5.
ВОЙНА!
Λ
СРЕЩУ ХИТЛЕРИСТКА ГЕРМАНИЯ
.,.553
5.1.
ПОДГОТОВКА
.,.„.55 3
5 2.
ВОЕННИ ДЕЙСТВИЯ НА БАЛКАНИТЕ
.,.558
5.3.
ПЪРВА ЬЬЛГАРСКЛ АРМИЯ В УНГАРИЯ
.,.,.569
11
-.¡ί-Λ
111.
ВОЕННОГО
ИЗКУСТВО
HAÍibJ li APC.KATXmiiCKA.
Димитър
¡.СТРАТЕГИЯ
.
2-
ОПЕРАТИВНО ШКУСТВО
3,
ТАКТИКА
.
ДЯЛ
ПЕТИ
БЪЛГ ЛРСКАТА ВОЙСКА В
ЕПОХАТА
НА
ТОТАЛИТАРНАТА ДЪРЖАВА
í i<>45- I98<í).
fui
ми
K.,
Калчев.
Елш.і
Александров, Димитър Зафиров
.
1.
ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИ ПРОЦЕСИ ВЪВ ВОЙСКАТА
.
і
ОТ КЛАГШФУРТ
1945
ДО ВАРШАВА
1955.
Капо
К
.
Калчев, Емил Александров
1Л. АР\ШЯТА И ВИХЪРЪТ
НА ПОЛИТИЧЬСКИ'ЇЕ СТРЛСТИСЛЕДВОіЧїіА
Кално
К.
Калчев
.,.,.,.,,.-.,.
1.2.
ВОЙСКА ЬЬЗ НАЦИОНАЛЕН ИДЕАЛ. Ежи Александров
.
ЕРСТВОТО.ЛаадА'·.
Ka
пев
ÍL
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ НА
ВОЙСКАТА
ПО
СЪВЕТСКИ
ОБРАЗЕЦ,
Калчо
К,
Калчев
ÜÍ.
БЪЛГАРСКАТА
ВОЙСКА В
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯТА
НА
ВАРШАВСКИЯ
ДОГОВОР.
Кеичо К.
Калчев. Емил
Александров*
Димитър
іафироа
.
,
.61 (■■
Ì.
ЕПИЦЕНТЪР
HA
ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИ ПРОТИВОБОРСТВА,
Ka.v
-ю
К.
Калчев,
Емил
Александрит
.
Мб
2.ВНА ПО
НОВИЯ ТРЪНЛИВ АПРИЛСКИ
ПЬ'Ї
.
Калчо
К.
Kance
.
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ЗЛТРАЖ НА МИРА ИЛИ ,Ж\НМРМ*'НА СОЦИАЛИЗМА.
Aa/v«
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РАЗВЕДРЯВАНЕТО
і!
ПРОГРЕСИВНИТЕ
ТННДЕИЦИІІ ВНАУЧІЇО-ТГХНИЧЕСКОТО
РАІІШІШ:, В ЖІПЮТ
f\ HA BUA.
Калчо
К.
Кирчев
.644
5.
АРМИЯТА СЛЕД ИЗМЕНЕНИЯТА В НАЦИОНАЛНАТА ПОЛИТИКА. Емил
Алексшиїро^
. 65 3
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ДЯЛ ШЕСТИ
БЪЛГАРСКАТА ВОЙСКА ПО ВРЕМЕ
ІІА
ДЕМОКРАТИЗАЦИЯТА
f I989-2007
і.
hp
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Емил ЛлексанОрон
. 66
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ПРОМЕНИТЕ
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И
КОЛИЧЕСТВЬНО-КАЧЕСТВІ-НИ ПЮМРНИ 6?6
1.4.
РАЗШИРЯВАНЕ
НА
МЕЖДУ
НАРОДИШ, і- КОНТАКТИ
.,.
<vH
1.5.
МИРОТШ^РЧЕСКАТА ДНЙЇІОСТ НА
БЪЛГАРСКАТА
АРМИЯ
.
6Š6
2.
БЪЛГАРСКАТА ВОЙСКА
ПРЕ'І
XX!
В.
(2000- 2007).
Єлш
>
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.
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ПЫНАРСКЛТА ВОЙСКА ВЪЗПИРА1ЦФАКТОР ПРИ
ЕТНИЧЕСКИЯ
КОНФПИКТ
В
P
МАКЕДОНИЯ
.„.
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ОМИРОТВОРЯВАНЕТО
В ИРАК
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ЬЪЛГАККАТЛ ВОЙСКА УТРЕ-
ДОСТОЕН
ЗАЩИТНИК НА
НАЦИЯТА.
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ІЧіЛЇ-МИ
ЬЪЛГАРСКИ ИЪЛШЮДЦИ И ВОЕНАЧАЛНИЦИ. Емил
Александров,
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HKLOARIAN
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FROM
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MILITARY
HISTORY OF
THE BULGARIAN
NATION
FROM ANCIENT
TIMES
TO PRESENT
DAYS
(Summary)
The military history of the Bulgarian na¬
tion covers more than two thousand years. It
begins with the Thracians, one of the ethnic
groups, which formed the Bulgarian nation.
The Thracians were famous for their military
achievements. Two other ethnic groups, which
lived together, form our nation along with the
Thracians
-
these are the Proto-Bulgarians
and the Slavs. They enrich our military histo¬
ry with their prowess and experience. The
present summary goes through the fights for
national liberation, the wars for national uni¬
fication, and the participation of our army in
other military conflicts in the 20"1 and the
beginning of the 21s1 centuries.
MILITARY TRADITIONS OF THE
THRACIANS
The earliest data about Thracian military
science can be found in Homer's „Iliad",
which narrates events from the
ІЗ"1
century
ВС.
This work recounts the exploits of the
Thracian army, led by King Rhesus. In the
Trojan War his army is an ally of
lhe
Trojans
and enemy of the Greeks. Homer admires
King Rhesus and his soldiers: „He came with
armors golden, huge, wondrous, becoming
not to
mortai
men but to immortal gods".
Homer says that the chariot of the Thracian
King is decorated with gold and silver and
his horses are
„
the best and the biggest, whiter
than snow, as fast as a storm wind". The fa¬
ther of history Herodotus (ca.
464-425
ВС)
is impressed by the audacity of the Thracians.
According to him they „set their arms even
against the heavenly rulers by shooting ar¬
rows upward to the sky at the thunder and
the lightning, trying to threaten God".
The Thracians reveal their military quali¬
ties and excellence especially in the period
of their vast Odiysian Kingdom (6th
-
4th cen¬
tury
ВС).
The quality of the armor of the
Odrysian warriors is by far superior to the
armaments of other European troops of the
time. It includes spears, heavy swords,
shields, bows and arrows. The Odrysian army
has a first-class cavalry as well. The Odry¬
sian Kingdom plays an important role in re¬
pelling the marches of the Persian Kings Dar¬
ius and Xerxes on the Balkans during the
Greek-Persian wars at the end of the 6th and
the first half of the 5th centuries
ВС.
During the Peloponnesian War between the
alliances of Athens and Sparta
(431-404
ВС)
the Odrysian army is again of the utmost im¬
portance in the region. Thucydides points out
that the marches of the Thracian King Sital-
ces with his enormous army of
150 000
war¬
riors into Macedonia throws all the popula¬
tion from Hellas to Thermopylae into great
panic.
The famous Thracian
Spartacus,
born in
the valley of river
Mesta,
exhibits wonderful
military qualities. He leads
120 000
insurgent
slaves against Rome. The Roman historian
Orosius writes: „Romefears
Spartacus
no less
than it had feared Hannibal when he threat¬
ened the gates of Rome".
VICTORIES OF OLD GREAT BULGARIA
The Proto-Bulgarians and the Bulgarians
of the Middle Ages have notable military
qualities. Ennodius
(437-521)
writes about
them as follows:
„
This is a nation which has
anything it has ever wished; a nation in which
the one who has won titles is the one who has
bought his nobility with his adversary's blood;
a nation which haven't yet met an enemy ca¬
pable of resisting it
",
The Bulgarians play an important role in
the marches of the Hunnish Empire in the 4"1
century. In the
5"'
and
б1'1
centuries they car¬
ry out series of successful attacks against the
ИСТОІ'НЯ ПЛБЬЛГЛІ'ИТІ
ТОМ [ПІТИ
І1-ТН
/ZO
Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine
emperor
Anastasius
I
(491-518)
raises the so-called
Anastasian
Wall to protect his capital from
Bulgarian raids.
The Proto-Bulgarians are remarkable for
their determination, their military strategy for
its speed and unexpectedness. As they drive
their enemy to flight they, according to Pseu¬
do-Mauritius, "do not content themselves with
a short chase and plundering of the foe's
property as the Persians and Romans do, but,
ignoring everything, chase their enemy until
they destroy him completely, employing all
means
".
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE FIRST
BULGARIAN
DANUBIAN
STATE:
681-1018
The
Danubian
Bulgarian state, founded by
Khan Asparukh
(680-700)
continues the
military traditions of Old Great Bulgaria. In
the middle of
681
the Bulgarian army, com¬
manded personally by Asparukh defeats the
army of the Byzantine emperor
Constantine
IV At this time another Bulgarian ruler, Khan
Kuber,
creates a country in the Kermizian
(Bitolean) plain, known as Kuberian Bulgar¬
ia. It also has military success, as it often acts
in co-ordination with the Bulgarian army of
Asparukh.
Kuber also
makes an attempt to
conquer
Thessaloniki.
Khan
Tervei
(700-721)
defeats the Byz¬
antine army in
708
near the town of Anchial-
lo (Pomorie). Earlier in
718
he strikes down
the Arab army several times near Constanti¬
nople thus saving the town and stopping the
Arabs' invasions on Europe. Khan Kardam
(777-803)
greatly defeats the Byzantine army
in
792.
The military success of Khan Krum
(803—
814)
is considerable. He destroys the Arab
Khaganate. In
808
he strikes a blow on the
Byzantine army at the
Struma
valley and in
809
the town of Serdica is joined to the terri¬
tory of Bulgaria. The biggest achievement of
Khan Krum is the defeat of the Byzantine
army, which is at the time ruled by emperor
Nikephoros I Genikos, at the Varbishki Pass
on July
26, 811.
The emperor himself dies in
this fight. New military success follows for
Khan Krum in Thrace and Macedonia: he
conquers Messembria, the fortress of Deul-
tum and attempts to attack Constantinople.
The Khans Omurtag
(814-831),
Malamir
(831-836)
and Presiyan
(836-852)
lead suc¬
cessful wars with both the Frankish State and
Byzantium, as they enlarge the territory of
Bulgaria, which at this time includes South¬
eastern Europe and a part of Central Europe.
Tsar Symeon the Great
(893-927)
displays
outstanding qualities as a military command¬
er. Already in the first years of his reign he
fights successfully with Byzantium and the
Magyars, vanquishing the Byzantine army at
Constantinople in
896.
In the great military
duel between Bulgaria and Byzantium, which
takes place between
913
and
927
Tsar Syme¬
on the Great wins series of battles. Among
them remarkable is the rout of the Byzantine
army at Aheloy on August
20. 917
and then
at Katassirti, near Constantinople. Symeon
scores a new victory near Constantinople in
921.
In
922
he tears down the Byzantine for¬
tresses at Constantinople. After that he pre¬
pares for resolute fights against the Byzan¬
tine capital.
An epic struggle between Bulgaria and
Byzantium unfolds in the third quarter of the
IO111
century. After Bulgarians fight to defend
their Great
Presláv,
and the town falls under
Byzantine rule in
971,
Samuel becomes the
head of the state. In the years
976-977
he
delivers a series of blows on the Byzantine
army in Thessaly and the Peloponnesus. In
986
Samuel puts to rout the Byzantine army
of the emperor Basil II at the pass of Tray-
an's Gates. In
997
he is proclaimed King.
Until his death in
1014
he continues the epic
fights with Byzantium. With his exceptional
military qualities Tsar Samuel contributes to
the Bulgarian art of war.
MILITARY HISTORY OF VOLGA
BULGARIA
7-11
С
The Bulgarians who settle in the region of
the Volga river in the second half of the 7"1
century, with Khan Kotrag as their ruler, war
with Khazars and Arabs; they contribute to
the military traditions of the Old Great Bul¬
garia. They found the town of Bolghar on the
banks of Volga. In the second half of the 91'1
century Volga Bulgarians are victorious over
729
SUMMARY
the Khazars; their state with its capital Bolghar
gains in strength.
In the
IO"1
and ll"1 centuries Volga Bul¬
garia leads a series of wars with the Russian
principalities. Marching against the Khazars
they conquer the Crimea, the lands around
the Southern stream of Volga and those of
Northern and Southern Kazakhstan. In this
way Volga Bulgaria becomes a big state of
prime significance in Eastern Europe.
STRUGGLE AGAINST THE BYZANTINE
RULE
The Bulgarian state loses its independence
in
1018,
and only two decades later, in
1040,
the Bulgarian nation revolt against Byzantium
led by Peter Delyan, grandson of Tsar Sam¬
uel and son of Tsar Gavril
Radomír.
As a re¬
sult of this rebellion the Southwestern Bul¬
garian lands from
Ohrid
and Drach, right up
to the Isthmus of Corinth are liberated. Peter
Delyan is proclaimed a Bulgarian Tsar. By
clever diplomatic actions he succeeds in re¬
ceiving acknowledgement of his title „Tsar"
írom
the Pope.
In the heat of the rebellion arrives Peter
Delyan's cousin Alusian, son of Tsar Ivan
Vladislav. He manages to win supporters
among the insurgents. At a feast he orders
that Peter Delyan be blinded and takes the
leadership of a part of the army of rebels. He
is later defeated, and surrenders voluntarily
to the Byzantines.
Peter Delyan, though blind, continues to
command the insurgents. Nevertheless the
Byzantine emperor Michael IV supported by
Scandinavian troops, defeats them and cap¬
tures Peter Delyan. Although crushed, the
uprising shows the Bulgarians' readiness to
fight for their liberation. Peter Delyan is re¬
markable for his military qualities and proves
that he is a worthy successor of his famous
grandfather Tsar Samuel.
In
1066
a new anti-Byzantine rising bursts
out, led by Nickulitsa Delphinus who lives in
Larissa. ît
is not successful, but soon after, in
1072
a new revolt breaks out, centered in
Skopje, with the Bulgarian
boyar
Georgy
Voytech ahead of it. The rebels take hold of
the regions of Skopje and
Niò,
but fall short
of their powers, and the rising is suppressed.
A rebellion led by Nestor follows in
1074.
The insurgents besiege the Byzantine capital
Constantinople. The defenders of Constanti¬
nople are weak and starvation comes to town.
The Byzantine emperor Michael
VII
is fright¬
ened and asks Pope Gregory
VU
for help. The
pope sends him military help but since there
is disunity among Nestor's rebels too Nestor
raises the siege of Constantinople. While there
are new actions in
1084, 1086
and the years
that follow, they do not bring about Bulgar¬
ia's liberation.
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE SECOND
BULGARIAN KINGDOM:
1185-1396
Under the leadership of the Brothers Peter
and
Assen an
uprising in
1185
brings Bul¬
garia liberation from Byzantine rule. This re¬
bellion marks the beginning of the creation
of an army for the Second Bulgarian King¬
dom. The Byzantine emperor Isaac II
Ange¬
lus
makes several attempts to crush it, but they
all fail. In
1187
he lays siege to the
Lovech
fortress, is defeated and is compelled to enter
into the
Lovech
Peace Treaty. With this con¬
tract he acknowledges the independence of
the Bulgarian State, which spreads all over
the territory of Moesia and Dobrudzha.
The Second Bulgarian State is character¬
ized by a considerable reshaping of the mili¬
tary. The soldiers are enrolled with the help
of the big landowners
-
boyars,
while mer¬
cenaries gradually become the main body of
drafts the army relies on. During the first half
of the
ІЗ"1
century, when power is centered
in the hands of the Tsar, the Bulgarian army
is numerous
-
from more than
10 000
sol¬
diers to
100 000,
as it had been under Tsar
Kaloyan.
The army's equipment is good. Bulgarian
weapons are excellent, due to the develop¬
ing of ore mining and metallurgy as well as
to the talented gunsmiths. The attack armor
consists mainly of a bow, a spear, a sling and
a sword. The defensive armor and accoutre¬
ments include a heavy shield, a sword, a hel¬
met and a chain armor.
The siege equipment is at a high level for
its time. Nikita Honyat tells that Tsar Kaloy¬
an uses „a huge battering-ram" at the fortress
of Syar. Another author, Geoffrey of Ville-
ИСТОІ'ИЯ ІІЛ
ВЪЛГЛРИТЕ
ТОМ
ПЕТИ
hardouin, informs us that Kaloyan uses
16
stone-throwing machines at the siege of the
Dimotika fortress. When defending fortress¬
es and during field actions Bulgarians use also
light stone-throwing devices.
Tsar is the highest rank in the military hi¬
erarchy; after him comes the great
voivode.
The so-called
„
comes with horses
"
is the lead¬
er of the mounted troops. The serdars and
the strators are commanders of the infantry
regiments, and the one with the highest rank
among them is the first strator
-
the
proto-
strator. The alagators lead the horse detach¬
ments. The castrophylacts are commanders
of the fortresses.
In the Bulgarian army the sappers play an
important role, as they clear and widen the
openings in the fortresses' walls. A special
type of troops are those which accommodate
the vicinity to the military requirements. Thus,
considering the art of besieging, the Bulgari¬
ans are pioneers in the Middle Ages. The
chroniclers are amazed that at the siege of
Dimotika the troops of Kaloyan divert the
Maritsa river in order to deprive the besieged
of water.
Among the winning battles of the Second
Bulgarian Kingdom notable is the victory of
Tsar Assen
I at the Triavna passage in
1190.
Military experts observe the parallel strate¬
gic chase carried out by the Bulgarians,
which brings the Byzantines to destruction,
as unique for the Middle Ages in its dimen¬
sion. The next action of a similar scope is
considered to be the defeat of the Austrian
troops at
Ulm in 1805
by Napoleon, but by
then the firearm is already in use. Outstand¬
ing battles are also the ones of
Tsar Assen
I
at Syar
(1195, 1196),
of Tsar Kaloyan
(1197-1207)
at Varna
(1201)
and his victo¬
ry against the Crusaders at Adrianople
(1205)
when he captures the emperor Bald¬
win I of
Flandria.
Further
Tsar Ivan Assen
II
defeats the Epyr Byzantine Empire in
1230
and conquers the emperor Theodore Ko-
mnenos. By military victories and diplomatic
actions he creates the Bulgarian Empire at
three seas and receives acknowledgement
both of his title „Tsar", and of his title of a
head of the Bulgarian church. After
1371
Bulgaria begins an epic battle against the con¬
quests of the Ottomans. It ends with the fall
of the Tarnovo Kingdom in
1393
and of the
Vidin
Bulgarian Kingdom in
1396.
A survey of the features of the military
strategy of the II Bulgarian Kingdom leads
us to the conclude that its foundation de¬
pended on several basic factors: a strong
power of the state in 12'1' and
13"'
centuries,
when the feudal system in Western Europe
was characterized by its fragmentariness. No
less important are the economic growth and
the pursuit for uniting all the lands inhabit¬
ed by Bulgarians. The army is kept strong
through the preservation of the role of the
infantry, through collective actions, support
of the strategic initiative, large-scale maneu¬
vers, and priority of the offensive until the
13"'
century.
MILITARY HISTORY OF VOLGA
BULGARIANS
11-16
С
At the end of the
11
th and during the
12'"
century Volga Bulgaria continues an armed
struggle to defend its trade roads and to ac¬
quire new lands. The rulers of Volga Bulgar¬
ia Usuf, Shamgun Sham-Sain and others win
victories over Cumans, Oguzes, Oimeks and
over the Russian principalities. But Volga
Bulgaria reaches its greatest military and po¬
litical might at the reign of Chilbyr the Great
(1178-1225).
He leads several successful
wars against Russian principalities in
1183-
1186,
and later against the Chudic and other
tribes. As a result of this he enlarges the Vol¬
ga Bulgarian territory from the North Atlan¬
tic Ocean to the Caspian (Bulgarian) Sea.
In
1223
Chilbyr the Great defeats the army
of Genghis Khan South of Bolghar town,
when the Khan's first commander Subide
leads Genghis' troops. Chilbyr also destroys
the army of Genghis' son Jochi. With these
victories the Bulgarian ruler stops Genghis
Khan's conquests in Europe and Asia. In
1229
the army of Volga Bulgaria wins over Subide
again in the Karagandine fight (today Oren¬
burg), and in
1232
it overcomes one of Geng¬
his' successors
-
Khan
Batu.
In the I5"1 and the
16"'
centuries the suc¬
cessor of Volga Bulgaria
-
the Kazan Khan¬
ate ~ also wars and fights for many years with
the Moscow principality. Even after the con¬
quest of Kazan by the armies of Tsar Ivan
731
SUMMARY
Grozny in
1552
this Bulgarian Volga Khan¬
ate continues to exist until
1584
with Ufa and
Buchara
as its capitals.
ARMED LIBERATION FIGHTS
1396-1878
The Bulgarians start a liberation fight soon
after the loss of their independence in
1396.
In
1404
a rebellion bursts out, under the guid¬
ance of prince
Constantine
-
a son of Tsar
Ivan Sratsimir, His army causes serious dam¬
age to the Ottomans, in
1408
the population
of Northeast Bulgaria revolts, including the
region of Pirot. In
1412-1413
the people of
Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia take up arms,
and in
1428
there is the uprising in the Kyus-
tendil region.
The haidouk movement begins in the ear¬
liest days of the Ottoman yoke and continues
to develop during the 15th and the
16"'
centu¬
ries, gaining scope in the 18th century. In the
middle of the 19111 century the movement
transforms into an organized struggle for the
liberation of Bulgaria. In
1598
the first upris¬
ing in the town of Tarnovo bursts out, led by
Pavel Gjordjic;
1686
is the year of the sec¬
ond Tarnovo revolt. In
1688
the Chiprovo
rebellion bursts, with Georgy Peyachevich
and
Bogdan
Knezhevich as leaders. To a
great extent it is the result of many years'
activity of the patriots from the town of
Chiprovo: Peter
Bogdan
Bakshev, Philip
Stanislavov,
Peter Parchevich,
Bogdan
Marinov and others. The entire territory of
Northeastern Bulgaria backs up the insurrec¬
tion. Though it is suppressed, it finds a large
response and is followed by a number of
smaller rebellions in the area of Tarnovo and
other regions. The Bulgarians offer consid¬
erable armed resistance also to the attempts
of the Ottoman authorities to convert the Bul¬
garian population to Islam, especially in the
16th and
18"'
centuries.
From the 18111 to the middle of the 19th cen¬
tury the rebellions gain in scope. In
1830
bursts the insurrection in the region of
Trun/
Znepol, and in the
1835 -
the one at Velcho-
va
Zavera,
which is in the area of Tarnovo.
The uprising in West and Northwest Bulgaria
marks the years
1835-1838.
The massive
rebellion in
Niò
in
1841
finds a warm re¬
sponse in Europe. Such are also the Brail re¬
volts of
1841-1843
and the revolt of North¬
west Bulgaria (the regions of
Vidin, Lom,
Oriahovo) in
1850.
In the middle of the 19th century a new
stage in our revolutionary movement begins:
while becoming organized the liberation
struggles spread considerably during and af¬
ter the Crimean war (the Dimitriakiev insur¬
rection and the revolt of Captain Nikola burst.
All of these actions anticipate the liberation
of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule.
Rakovsky develops a „Plan for the Liber¬
ation of Bulgaria". The new strategy involves
preparations for a mass uprising, brought up
by bands, which have received preliminary
training and will get instructions from a com¬
mon commanding centre. For this purpose
Rakovsky organizes in
1862
in
Belgrad
the
First Bulgarian legion, with Vassil Levsky as
one of its members. This legion breaks up
after Serbia refuses to support the Bulgarian
revolt. In order to fulfill Rakovsky's plan a
number of bands are sent to Bulgaria, the big¬
gest of which are those of Panayot
Hitov
in
1864
and
1867,
of Philip Totyu in
1866-1867,
and of Hadzhi Dimitar and Stefan Karadzha
in
1868.
Although the bands' activities do not bring
liberation to Bulgaria, they shake the Otto¬
man State and show its government that our
people have considerable power to continue
their fight. The bands stimulate Bulgarians to
carry on with their struggle for independence
of the Church. This struggle is won in
1870:
the independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church
is created by a Sultan firman. With the recog¬
nition of the nation a long-held goal is
reached and the way is clear for insisting on
an independent Bulgarian state.
The followers of Georgy Rakovsky work
out a new strategy for liberation. For this pur¬
pose Lyuben Karavelov and Vassil Levsky
found in Bucharest in
1869
the Bulgarian Rev¬
olutionary Central Committee, which accepts
the Program for Liberation through a general
revolution. Vassil Levsky founds an internal
revolutionary organization and develops a
strategy for liberation by a rebellion, which
would include all the Bulgarian lands. Levsky
lays down his ideas for the insurrection's mil¬
itary preparation and organization in his writ-
ИСТОРИЯ НА БЪЛГЛРИТС
Г~ІҐ1П)
ТОМ ПЕТИ
I
DjĹ
ing „A workers' instruction for the liberation
of the Bulgarian people". He forms two com¬
mittees, which prepare the liberation struggle.
After Vassil Levsky's death in
1873
Ly-
uben Karavelov experiences an ideological
crisis and withdraws from the fight.
Christo
Botev replaces him at the head of the Bulgar¬
ian Revolutionary Central Committee. He
continues the fulfillment of Levsky's libera¬
tion plan. In
1875
the committee organizes a
rebellion, which includes
Stara Zagora (Isd
there by Stefan
Stambolov), Shumen
and
Russe.
This is the first planned and organized
uprising. It lifts the fighting spirit of the Bul¬
garians, but is not successful, for it doesn't
cover the whole country.
In the autumn of
1875
Stefan
Stambolov,
Stoyan Zaimov, Panayot
Volov,
Todor
Kableshkov, Nikola Obretenov, Georgy Ben-
kovski and other revolutionaries meet in the
town of Gyurgevo. Their group is known as
the „Gyurgevo committee". They develop the
strategy and tactics of a General revolt and
decide that it should burst out on May
1,
1876.
The military strategy and the prepara¬
tion for this revolt follow the outlook of Vas¬
sil Levsky. It is planned that the actions should
cover the whole country, taking hold of the
settlements and the crossroads. What charac¬
terizes the plan of the rebellion is its offen-
siveness and the intention to engage a great
part of all the nation's power.
It so happens that the leaders announce
the rebellion ahead of term, on April
20
(May
2),1
1876
in Koprivshtitsa, because of a trea¬
son. Todor Kableshkov communicates the
beginning of the uprising through his so-
called „bloody letter", sent to Benkovski at
Panagyurishte.
Benkovskľs
„winged detach¬
ment" raises the rebels
Ín
the vicinity of Pa¬
nagyurishte, where a liberated territory is cre¬
ated. The fight is heroic and lasts about
10
days, but the insurgents, greatly outnumbered
by the Turkish armies, give way. In the neigh¬
bouring town of Klissura, the line of rebels is
also broken and the town is burned down.
The towns of Perushtitsa and
Batak
fight
heroically
trom
April
20
to May
2.
Qi May
3
Batak's citizens are besieged in the local
church and cruelly slaughtered
-
and action,
which incites the indignation of Europe and
the entire world against the Ottoman yoke.
In Bratsigovo the fight continues until May
5,
led by Vassil Petleshkov who, when
caught, is burned alive by the Ottomans. The
defensive actions of the rebels from the Dry-
anovski monastery also deserve a mention
-
Bacho Kiro
and priest Hariton command
them. In Macedonia the rebels fight battles
in the regions of Gorna Dzhumaya,
Razlog,
Bansko,
Yakoruda, Belassitsa, Maleshevsko,
Pyanechko, Schtip.
The legendary „flying detachment" of
Christo
Botev has a successful battle at Milin
Kamak, where the Ottoman army meets with
strong fire, gives many victims and is forced
to step back. New battles in the region of
Vratsa in the mountain of the Balkan follow,
where the foe is beaten back. This detach¬
ment loses the positions it has gained after its
leader Botev dies on June
2, 1976.
BULGARIANS IN THE RUSSIAN
-
TURKISH WAR
1877-1878
Following Russia's declaring war to Tur¬
key on April
12, 1877,
more than
7000
Bul¬
garians join the Volunteer corps. During their
preparation for the fights they are given a
banner as a gift from the citizens of the town
of Samara. Our soldiers give a great help to
the Russian army to force a crossing over the
Danube, and to move on Bulgarian territory.
The Bulgarian Volunteer Corps, under the
commandment of General Nikolay Stoletov
fight heroically in July
1877
at
Stara Zagora.
On the
8, 9
and
10 (20, 21
and
22)
of August
OLu1
heroic volunteers defend the Shipka pass.
The Russian and foreign correspondents write
of their heroism. Our victories at Shipka are to
a great extent a decisive factor for the outcome
of the war and the liberation of Bulgaria.
At the concluding stage of the war the
Russian army receives help from a number
of Bulgarian detachments, as well as by our
population. Turkey is forced to ask for peace.
Oi February
19
(March
3),
1S78
al San Ste¬
fano
the new Bulgarian state is bom.
ARMED FORCES OF
1878-1903
After the liberation one of the basic tasks
of the state is to organize an army. The Bul¬
garian Principality creates the legislation and
733 s
SUMMARY
organization of its army based on the recruit¬
ment of soldiers for an obligatory military
service. The army includes land forces and a
navy. Measures are taken for providing equip¬
ment for the army. In Eastern Rumelia militia
and gendarmerie are created.
VICTORY OF BULGARIA IN THE WAR
WITH SERBIA IN
1885
The Unification of the Bulgarian Princi¬
pality with Eastern Rumelia in
1885
is fol¬
lowed by an attack on the country by the Ser¬
bian army on Noverber
2
of the same year.
The young Bulgarian army is put to the test.
Its organization hasn't been finished yet with¬
in the short period after the liberation of
1878.
Its superior military ranks consist of captains
-
such as the Secretary of the Army captain
Nikiforov and the Chief of Staff of the army
captain
Racho
Petrov.
Only the Lieutenant
Colonel Danail Nikolaev has a higher rank.
The Bulgarian army shows enormous fight¬
ing spirit at the beginning of the war. Thou¬
sands of ex-revolutionaries, members of the
Volunteer corps, voivodes or just young peo¬
ple flow into the army, all possessed by readi¬
ness to defend their homeland. The Bulgari¬
an military units manage to stop the offen¬
sive attacks of the Serbian army in the region
of Slivnitsa on November
5
and
6.
In the bat¬
tles our troops commanded by the Captain of
Cavalry
Atañas
Benderev and captain
Kosta
Panitsa distinguish themselves.
On November
7, 1885
our army, com¬
manded by the 33-year old captain Olympi
Panov, fighting at Slivnitsa, passes over to a
mighty offensive and wins a glorious victo¬
ry. On November
10
the Bulgarians begin an
advance on Pirot and reach
Niò.
At the same
time the attempts of the Serbian army for a
breakthrough in the region of
Vidin
and Bel-
ogradchik are repulsed. Bulgaria's victory
over Serbia is now a fact and after negotia¬
tions on December
2, 1885
the two countries
sign a truce.
THE EPIC UPRISING OF
ILINDEN-PREOBRAZHENIE
1903
In
1893
in
Thessaloniki
the secret Mace¬
donian Revolutionary Organization is found¬
ed, the purpose of which is to liberate the
ancient Bulgarian lands in Macedonia and the
Adrianople region.
ín 1896
at its congress in
Thessaloniki
this organization renames itself
to Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revo¬
lutionary Committee and decides to prepare
an uprising. Together with the revolutionar¬
ies from Macedonia and the Adrianople re¬
gion, many our officers take part in the re¬
bellion, under the leadership of this Bulgari¬
an Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary
Committee. The latter organizes a number of
bands, among which there is the detachment
of second lieutenant Boris Sarafov. Gotse
Delchev is another outstanding military fig¬
ure, leader of a detachment. The officers give
considerable assistance to the rebels and pro¬
vide them with equipment.
On May
4, 1903,
the Turks kill Gotse
Delchev near Banitsa village in the region of
Ser.
The same organization, which came lat¬
er to be called Internal Macedonian-Adrian¬
ople Revolutionary Organization, decides to
announce a rebellion on August
2, 1903
in
the town of
Hinden.
This decision gets con¬
firmed later at the congresses at
Petrova Niva
and in the region of Belemeto in the
Pirin
Mountain.
The strategy and tactics, worked out by
the leaders of the revolt are aggressive. The
rebels take the military initiative immediate¬
ly after the beginning of the uprising. This is
true especially for the regions of Bitolia, where
they are commanded by Damyan Gruev, and
of the Adrianople region, which is under the
commandment of
Mihail Gerdzhikov.
These
regions are the areas where the local popula¬
tion participates most actively. The
truculence
of the rebels upsets the enemy's communi¬
cations and blocks the activity of the Otto¬
man military parts. Blows are delivered to
Ottoman garrisons. The towns of Krushevo,
Klissura, Kichevo, Vassiliko and others are
liberated. The rebels receive support from
Europe and the world.
A
300 000
Turkish army faces the insur¬
gents in Macedonia, and a
40 000
army op¬
poses the Bulgarians in Adrianople. Numer¬
ous fights take place in the mountains of Ger¬
man,
Bigla, Mallessia,
Nindzhe, at the pass¬
es of Lopushnik, Yama,
Predel,
and Slyva, at
the towns of Krushevo, Kichevo and others.
ИСТОРИЯ ИЛ
Ь'ЬЛІ'ЛІ'ИТВ
TOM
lili
ТИ
734
The insurgents show great heroism. Though
it is crushed, this rebellion expresses the strife
of the people from Macedonia and Adriano-
ple for freedom; it is an appeal to all further
generations to keep the ideals of their ances¬
tors.
THE VICTORIOUS BALKAN WAR OF
1912-1913
After the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie insurrec¬
tion the government of General
Racho
Petrov
reorganizes and modernizes the army and pro¬
vides new equipment for it. General
Radko
Dimitriev works out a strategic plan for a fu¬
ture war with Ottoman Turkey. The prepara¬
tions become more active in the period
1908-
1912.
In
1908
a new strategic and operative
plan for a war with Turkey is developed un¬
der the leadership of the head of the General
of staff
Atañas Nazlamov.
This plan relies on
scuffling and provides for the neutrality of
the other Balkan countries.
In
1911
another military project is creat¬
ed, which makes use of the crisis in the Otto¬
man military powers after the revolution of
the „young Turks". The new plan intends a
concentration of three Bulgarian armies at the
Thracian border, where the decisive military
actions are predicted to happen. Two other
detachments, the Rodopski and Haskovski,
are formed. The troops are provided with new
guns and rifles
„Mannlicher"
and „Berdana",
the number of the new weapons reaching
350
000;
new canons, machine-guns and other
arms also come to be used.
Serbia summons
175 000
warriors with
300
canons for the Balkan war;
700 000
sol¬
diers with
244
canons represent Greece, and
Montenegro participates with
30 000
soldiers
and
140
canons. The proportion of powers
on the Thracian front is one to one, and on
the Macedonian front it is three to one in fa¬
vor of the Serbian and Greek armies.
The military preparation held in our coun¬
try is met with enormous enthusiasm by broad
circles of the Bulgarian population
-
the re¬
sponse is equally
wann
with those who live
in their homeland, and abroad. Many Bul¬
garian and foreign military correspondents
describe it. The Bulgarians start for the bar¬
racks with joy and irresistible zeal; they march
with songs and cheer while bells toll. Even
elderly members of the Volunteers Corps de¬
sire to join the army. Enlisted in the troops
are the writers Ivan Vazov, Ellin Peilin, Yor-
dan Yovkov, Anton Strashimirov, Dimcho
Debelyanov, the scholars Alexander
Balan,
Alexander Balabanov,
Mihail
Arnaudov, the
sculptor Andrei Nikolov, the painters Vladimir
Dimitrov-Maystora, Nikola Mihailov, Niko¬
la Kozhuharov and others.
On October
22, 1912
the revolutionaries
confront the enemy
-
battles in the regions
of Adrianople and Lozengrad burst out. Gen¬
eral Dimitriev advances to Lozengrad. The
Bulgarian soldiers repeatedly rush to bayo¬
net attacks. According to German specialists
the Lozengrad fortress can be taken only af¬
ter a several months' siege. As „Daily Tele¬
graph" informs, the Bulgarian army conquers
it
„
on the seventh day from the start of the
military actions
",
This newspaper assesses the
battle as „one of the biggest triumphs known
in the military history of all times". The Turk¬
ish army suffers a second defeat at the oper¬
ation at Lyuleburgas-Bunarhissar in October
1-29, 1912.
Later in November,
1912
the Bulgarian
troops capture the corps of Yaver Pasha, con¬
sisting of
10 000
soldiers, including the com¬
mander himself, in Rodopa mountain and the
region of Gyumurdzhina-Dadeagatch. In the
same month the Bulgarian torpedo boat
„Drazki" defeats the Turkish cruiser „Hami-
die". But the biggest victory of the Bulgarian
army in the Balkan war is the take over of the
town of Adrianople. It is mainly due to the
commanding of General Nikola
Ivanov,
who
leads II army, and of General Georgy Vazov.
in cliarge of the troops at the East sector of
the siege.
THE SECOND BALKAN WAR OF
1913
As a result of the secret pacts between Ser¬
bia, Greece and Romania against Bulgaria a
war between the alliances breaks out on July
16. 1913.
Bulgaria has to fight against these
three countries. The Bulgarian army fights
back successfully on the Kaliman lines, con¬
fronting the Serbs. This battle creates condi¬
tions for a future victory of the Bulgarians at
the Kresnen defile, where thev besiege the
735 s
SUMMARY
Greek
army. Beginning July
14-18, 1913,
our
forces under the command of General
Rad¬
ko
Dimitriev drive the Greek army to a disas¬
ter.
The success of our army causes the Greek
government and its allies to ask for peace.
The Bucharest treaty of July
28, 1913
is
signed. According to it our country wins back
its lands of
Pirin
Macedonia, Strumishko and
Eastern Thrace, with common area of
21 000
m2, but Macedonia, Dobrudzha and other
lands with Bulgarian population remain out¬
side the borders of the country.
BULGARIA IN FIRST WORLD WAR
Bulgaria keeps neutrality in World War I
until the middle of
1915.
Then the country
joins the Central Powers led by Germany, this
decision being a result of the strife to realize
the national ideal for unification of all Bul¬
garian lands. As early as October
1915
our
army realizes successful military operations
on the Macedonian front. It liberates Pirot,
Bitolia and
Ohrid.
Its engagements with the
Anglo-French forces at Krivolak are success¬
ful as well. The Bulgarian troops reach Gev-
gelija in December
1915.
From August to November
1916,
our army
fights at Lerin and Chegan. At the peak of
Kaimakchalan the Bulgarians struggle hero¬
ically, After the battles at the turn of the river
Cherna the Bulgarian troops take up positions
at
5
km from Bitolia. When Romania inter¬
venes in the war and takes the side of the Tri¬
ple Entente on August
27, 1916,
our army
records military victories. On Sepember
2
Bulgarian forces cross the Bulgarian-Roma¬
nian border and advance at the whole front
of Dobrudzha.
The Tutrakan fortress is the mightiest of
all the
155
fortresses, which exist during the
World War I. The commander of the III army
General Stefan Toshev shows talent when he
assesses that the Bulgarians are able to attack
Tutrakan, in spite of the of the German com¬
mander field marshal Mackenzen disagree¬
ing with his decision. From
5
to7 of Septem¬
ber through artillery fire and infantry attacks
under the leadership of Genera! Toshev the
Bulgarian army conquers Tutrakan fortress.
The French General Petain, the German field
marshal Mackenzen, military specialists from
Holland, Hungary and other countries give
extraordinary high esteem to these victories.
In October
1916
the Horse Division of
General Ivan Kolev defeats the Russian Cav¬
alry during the fights at Kubadin. This Gen¬
eral^ army takes Kubadin on October
21
and
puts the defeated enemy to rout; then it con¬
quers Kyustendzha. On December
5, 1916
the
Mounted Division of Ivan Kolev manages to
reach the mouth of the Danube and takes firm
positions there. The chroniclers write that
when our soldiers reach this destination, they
water their weary horses from the Danube.
At the end of
1916
the war is already station¬
ary on the Southern Front. The talented artil¬
leryman and specialist on mine fortification
General-Lieutenant Vladimir Vazov organiz¬
es the Bulgarian positions at Doyran with
excellence and repulses the attacks in April
and May
1917,
inflicting an enormous de¬
feat on the enemy. In the middle of
1918
the
government of Stoyan Radoslavov, which has
ruled since
1913,
applies for retirement. On
June
22, 1918
the government of Alexander
Malinov takes its place
-
the same govern¬
ment, under which the Independence of
1908
had been obtained.
The powers of the Triple Entente on the
Southern Front start their advance on Septem¬
ber
14, 1918
and continuously drive back the
Bulgarian defense, as the front of the battles
between the two armies becomes
10
km deep
and
15
km long. On the right flank of the Tri¬
ple Entente, West of the Doyran lake, the IX
Pleven division, commanded by General-
Lieutenant Vladimir Vazov, is entrusted with
the Bulgarian defense. After series of battles
the Triple Entente army near Doyran refuses
to advance. This is a glorious victory, for
which Vladimir Vazov is the only General
from England's opponents' armies, who is
invited to London in
1936
for a meeting of
veterans of the war. There he is referred to as
„the man who in
1918
defeated in an extraor¬
dinary way the British corps d'fflite at Doyr¬
an". When General Vazov marches at the
London parade it is commanded that in his
honor the flags of the English units, which
have participated in the war, be lowered.
In previous decades our historians used to
think that the decision of Malinov's cabinet to
ИСТОРИЯ МЛ
ВЪЛГАРИТК
том пкти
736
ask for peace had been prompted by the break¬
through of the Bulgarian army at
Dobro
Pole.
But the actual reason for the government to
take this decision is the fact that Bulgarian units,
which had left the front when summoned by
left-wing socialists and agrarians, occupied the
General Headquarters of the Bulgarian Secret
Service. At this time Malinov's cabinet tried
to contact American representatives in order
to receive the support of the president of the
USA Thomas Woodrow Wilson. The govern¬
ment needed his authorization to negotiate
with the Triple Entente in favor of Bulgaria.
Wilson consented to be a negotiator, when our
cabinet officially asked him to, and to insist
with the Entente that Bulgaria must keep its
basic territories, populated with Bulgarians, in¬
cluding
Vardar
Macedonia.
Malinov's government is compelled to sign
a peace treaty in
Thessaloniki
on September
29, 1918
through the cabinet's representatives
-
the peace delegation led by
Andrey
Lyapchev. The grave consequence of this
peace contract is that Bulgaria in fact gets
under an occupation regime;
100 000
of our
soldiers are left as hostages at the West of the
Vardar
river and are maltreated by their op¬
ponents. This outcome is a violation of the
most basic principles and norms of interna¬
tional law: the Bulgarian army remains un-
vanquished, but the peace treaty of
Thessal¬
oniki
brings our country to a position of a
defeated side.
ARMY AND MILITARY POLITICS
1919-1939
The peace treaty of Neuilly, signed on No¬
vember
27, 1919,
reduces our armed forces
to
33 000
people;
20 000
of them are offic¬
ers, the rest are non-commissioned officers,
volunteers and military clerks. Only after the
coup
ďíítat
of May
19, 1934
does it becomes
possible for Bulgaria to take measures for en¬
larging its military power. To achieve this goal
the Supreme Council Of National Defense is
created on January
12, 1935.
With the same
purpose Bulgaria develops active military di¬
plomacy. Furthermore Germany denounces
the military decrees of the Versailles Peace
Treaty in
1936,
and Bulgaria uses this fact in
order to strengthen its army. The Supreme
Council Of National Defense takes measures
to increase the number of weapons and to
technically improve them, as well as to im¬
prove the level of training of our military men.
This process reaches a larger scope when in
1938
the restrictions on our armed forces laid
by the Neuilly Treaty finally fall off.
THE BULGARIAN ARMY DURING
SECOND WORLD WAR
1939-1945
The lands of South Dobrudzha join the
territory of Bulgaria, according to the Bul¬
garian-Romanian treaty of September
7, 1940
and our troops settle in this region. In the first
half of
1941
our soldiers are present also on
the territories of
Vardar
and Eagean Mace¬
donia, the Western Outskirts and Western
Thrace. These facts help Bulgaria to unite al¬
most all its lands.
On September
9, 1944
the political land¬
scape in Bulgaria changes. A consequence
of the changes is the country's participation
in the war against Nazi Germany. The first
large-scale military operation with Bulgarian
participation in the Second World War is the
one at
Nio,
begining
on October
8, 1944.
It is
carried out mainly by the II Bulgarian army,
under the commandment of General Kiril
Stanchev. From
14
to
18
of October
1944.
General Stanchev's troops realize a mighty
advance on the German forces, thus creating
conditions for the liberation of a part of Ser¬
bia, Macedonia and Albania.
Successful also are the operations of the
First Bulgarian army in the direction of Ky-
ustendil-Scopje and those of the First. Sec¬
ond and Fourth army at the fights for Koso¬
vo. The latter region is liberated in Novem¬
ber
1944.
Later the first Bulgarian army, com¬
manded by General Vladimir Stoychev real¬
izes successful
militan1
actions in Yugosla¬
via and Hungary until the end of the war in
May
1945.
Notable are the operations at the
rivers
Drava
and
Mur,
where our army again
shows strategic, operational and tactical skill
and maturity.
BULGARIAN ARMY IN
1945
After the end of the Second World War the
Bulgarian army becomes an object of
politi-
737
SUMMARY
cal influence.
The establishment of a new,
Communist government in the country en¬
tails a considerable purge within the officers'
corps. An overall reorganization of the army
begins, as our troops have to follow the So¬
viet model.
On May
14, 1955
the Organization of the
Warsaw Treaty is created. The Bulgarian forc¬
es rearm and get rebuilt, according to the new
considerations and prognoses that the future
war would be rocket and nuclear, although at
its beginning more conventional means might
be used. In
1968
the Bulgarian army takes
part in the cooperative campaign of some
countries of the Warsaw Treaty in Czecho¬
slovakia.
In the
70s
of the 20th century the home
politics of Bulgaria change. As the interna¬
tional relations thaw, the accent is laid now
on a pro-national policy, as at the same time
Bulgaria doesn't withdraw from the princi¬
ples of socialist internationalism. The stress
on the national is also connected with the
anniversary of the creation of the Dunabean
Bulgarian State thirteen cenuries earlier by
Khan Asparukh.
BULGARIAN ARMY AT THE TIME
OF DEMOCRATIZATION
1989-2007
In the last decade of the 20th and the be¬
ginning of the
21м
century there are reforms
all over the country in both the society and
the state. They include the army as well. In
1991-1992
the government of Philip
Dim¬
itrov
sets a new concept and normative order
of national defense. A project for a »Law For
The Defense And Armed Forces
"
is worked
out at this time. This project is approved after
discussions and changes in it no sooner than
December
13,1995.
The Law consists of three
basic parts;
1.
Principles of national defense of the
Bulgarian Republic.
2.Armed forces of the Bulgarian Repub¬
lic.
3.
Administrative and criminal decrees.
In
1992
a „Military Doctrine Of The Re¬
public Of Bulgaria Within The Framework Of
Bulgarian Politics Of Security" is developed.
At that time Principles of National Security
are worked out and approved. After additional
work in these areas the Military Doctrine is
accepted by a Decision of the National As¬
sembly on April
8, 1999.
This set of guide¬
lines concentrates on the country's defense,
which must be realized through defense pol¬
itics and planning. It is further pointed out
explicitly that the Military Doctrine will op¬
erate until the joining of Bulgaria to NATO
and the European Union. What is character¬
istic of this document is that Bulgaria is not
supposed to rely on internal resources for its
defense but should consign its tasks to Euro¬
pean and Atlantic organizations.
From
1992
to
1999
at decisions of the
National Assembly the Bulgarian army car¬
ries out missions in Cambodia, which start in
1992.
Other foreign missions include Bosnia
and Herzegovina, from
1997
to
2000,
while
our military participation in Afghanistan and
Eritrea continues. In
2000
our army has to
cope with some of the consequences of the
military strikes of NATO in Serbia, the strikes
having started on March
24, 1999.
Along with
giving the NATO forces air and land corri¬
dors, the Bulgarian army takes on a police
mission in Kosovo as well, where a Bulgari¬
an minority of several thousand people lives.
The Bulgarian army again acts to restrain the
ethnical conflict started in
200
lin
the Republic
of Macedonia.
On November
21, 2002
Bulgaria is invit¬
ed to become a member of NATO The coun¬
try is accepted as a full-fledged member of
this organization on April
2, 2004.
In July
2003
Bulgaria starts a pacific mission in Iraq
in the region of the town of Karbala and set¬
tles our soldiers there. In
2006
and
2007
the
Bulgarian troops continue, with some inter¬
ruptions, their missions in several countries
and regions: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Koso¬
vo, Afghanistan, Eritrea and Iraq. The over¬
all activity of the forces of the Republic of
Bulgaria is a proof that our army fulfils with
dignity all the national tasks assigned to it,
including those of a full-fledged member of
NATO and the European Union.
1
The dates in the brackets refer to the
dating according to the Gregorian calendar,
which was introduced in Bulgaria in
1916.
ИСТОРИЯ ИЛ БЪЛГАРИТЕ
ТОМ ПЕТИ
ΊΤΕ
ТОО
пи
/JO |
| adam_txt |
Съдържание
Предговор.
.-.■.■.·. -
Увод
.■."
ДЯЛ ПЪРВИ
ВОКННА ИСТОРИЯ НА ВЪЛГАРИТН ОТ ДРЬВИОСТТА ДО
1396
Г.
Читаное.
Емил Александров
.■.·■.
!
'
I.
ВОЕННИ ТРадИЦИМ НА ТРАКИ, БЪЛГАРИ И СЛАВЯНИ ДО
681
г. Борис Чолпанов,
Емил Александров
.■. '
}
!.
ТРАКИЙСКИТЕ ВОЕННИ ПОСТИЖЕНИЯ. Борис Чолпанон, Емил Александров
. 19
I.Í.
ТРАКИЙСКАТА ВОЙСКА.
Emwì
Александров
.
!(>
1.2.
БОЙНО ВЕЛИЧИЕ
ΗΛ
ОДРИСКОТОЦАРСТВО*
VÍ-iV
В. ПР. ХР.)
Емил Александров
.>■·-.
~Ί>
і.
2.1.
Създаване
на Одриската
държава
.-.·.27
ì.2,2.
Военни цели
к
вонсіга
наОярнсхотоцарство
.— 29
і.
2.3.
Военните
победи на Одриското царство от края на
V
1
до
средата
на
V
в. пр. Хр
.30
Î.2.4.
Войните
на Ояриското царство о г
средата
на
V
до
средата
ѓш
í
V
в.
up.
Хр
.3
J
t
.2.5.
Военни сблъсъци
с
Македония
(V
-IV
в. пр. Хр.) Борис Чолпанов
.3 !
Í.3.
ТТЛКИТЕ В ПОХОДИТЕ НА
АЛЕКСАНДЪР
МАКЕДОНСКИ. Борис Чолпанов
.35
М.ЬОРВИНАТРАКИТЕСРИМ. Ворис Чо.тшит
.36
Í.
5.
СПАРТАК ВЕЛИК
ТРАКИЙСКИ
ПЫШУВОЩЦ
Еміїл
Александров
.38
l.ťv
TPAKUtìCKOTO
ВОЕННО МАЙСТОРСТВО.
Emici
Александров
.41
2.1
ІОБ1:ДИ ГК НА
СТАРА ВР.ЛИКА
БЪЛГАРИЯ.
Борис Чата нов
.
,
.44
2.1.
ЬЬЛІАРСКАТА
ВОЙСКА
.45
2Л.ПОХОДШ
К НА
БЪЛГАРИТЕ
.46
2 3.
БЪЛГАРСКАТА
ВОЬННА СТРАТЕГИЯ И ТАКТИКА
.49
л.СЛАВЯНИТН
КАТО ВОИНИ.
Ьфно Чо.шшюв
.52
З.І
ВОЙСКАТА
НА
СЛАВЯНИТЕ.
.52
3.2.
ВОЙНИТЕ
НА
СЛАВЯНИТЕ
.„.53
3.3.
СЛАВЯНСКИТЕ ВОЕННИ
УМЕНИЯ
.55
U.
ВОЕННА ИСТОРИЯ НА ПЪРВАТА БЪЛГАРСКА ДУНАВСКА ДЪРЖАВА
(681-1018).
Борис Чолпанов, Емил Александров
. 57
L
ПОБЕДОНОСНА! А ЬЪЛГАРСКЛ ВОЙСКА
. 57
1.1.
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ НА ВОЙСКАТА. Емил Александров
. "" "" '".57
1.2.
ВЪОРЪЖЕНИЕ
И ФОРТИФИКАЦИЯ
.
.ľ.ľ.59
1.2.1.
Въоръжение. Емил Алсксиноров
.,. 59
1.1.2.
Фортификания.
Корне
Чолпанов
. 58
1.3.
ОБУЧЕНИЕ НА ВОИНИТЕ
.
"Л".".'."
".V/.
-70
]¡>M
ľíľTH
6
'1-
БЪЛ1 АРСКОТО
КАИС'Ї
HO ■-
ВОЕНЕН
ФАКТОР В
ЕВРОПА.
Нори
r
Чатанов
.
~?
2.Ì.
ВОЙНИЇТ: НА
КАН АСПАРУХ
.
,
.
,,
. 73
2.2ЛЮЬ>ІНИТЕДВЙС1БИЯ!ІАКУ1-,ЕРОБЛІ.>ЬЛІАРИЯ
.7^
2.3,
ВОИНИТЕ
НА ПАСЛГДНИЦІПТ НА КАП
АСПАРУХ
.,.
7ŕ>
2.3,1.
Воешште
успехи
на кап
Тервел.
. 7n
2.
л.
2.
Нобели
re h;ì
кан Кардам
.7*
2.4,
КАН
КРУ
M
СТРАШНИ
■
ВЕЛИК П'ЬЛКОВОДЕЦ
.
'ľN
2.5,
ВОЕННОТО
ДЕЛО НА КАП ОМУ РТА!
.
К?
2.Ь.
ВОЙНИТЕ
НА КАН МАЛАМИР
.
X:
2.7.
ВОИНИТЕ
УСПЕХИ НА КАН ПРЬСИЯН
.
S
7
2.8.
ВОКГШО-ДИПЛОМАТИЧЕСКИ ДЕЙСТВИЯ ИЛ КАП БОРИС
.
>;8
3.
ВОИНИТЕ
НА
ПЪРВОТО БЪЛГАРСКО ЦАРСТВО.
Но/пк Чпмтшы
.
8Λί
3.1.
ПОБЕДИТЕ
H
А ЦАР СИМЕОН
ВЕЛИКІ!
.
,
.
W
3.1.
1.
Първи
победи на
цар
Симеон й Македонии
.,.
К')
3.
1
.2.
Войжїта
с
маджарите
.
,
.
vo
3.1.3.
Вигкіпа
npíí
Ьългарофисон <^96}.
.
ч\
ЗЛА
ВостЮ'іщплошпічсска
íioíkvüí
на цар Симеон над Византия
.42
3.1,5.
Разгром на ви'шгпшеката
войски при
Ахелоіі
.
*·ϊ2
3-І.6.
Блестяща
лобода па
ищу
Снмсон
Велики край Цариград
. ^5
3.2.
ЦАР САМУИЛ ~ БЪЛ
і
АРСКАТА
ЕПОПІїЯ
.
Чь
3.2.Í
.
Попели
¡sa
цар Самуил в Теагши
íí
Пелопонес
.
<-П
3.2.2.
Рачгром над Василий
II
ιψη
Траянови «рата
.
ν
7
3.2.3.
Гигантският
двуСюймсжііу
aap
Самунл
vt
Вцаиии
lì
.
\Ы>
3.3.
BOF.HÏIOTO
ИЗКУСТВО НА ПЪРВА ДУНАВСКА БЪЛГАРИЯ
.103
1.
ВЪОРЪЖЕНА
БОРВАЗЛУТВЬРЖДАВАИЕ^ІА
ДЪРЖАВАТА
. 107
2.
ОР1 АНИМАЦИЯ НА ВОЙСКАТА
.,.
Иж
З.ВЪОРЪЖКНИЕИСНЛРЯЖЕИИГ.
.,.
ÍÍI
4.
BOñHiíTF
НА ВОЛЖКА
Б'Ь.НГАРИЯіХ-ХІ
В.)
.
ПЗ
IV.
БОРБА СРЕЩУ ВИЗАНТИЙСКОТО ВЛАДИЧЕСТВО. Порт· Чолпашм
.
І \
ς
Ì.
ВЪСТАНИЕТО ПА ПЕТЪР ДЕЛЯН
.,.,.
И
5
2.
БУНТЪТ
НА НИКУЛИНА
ДЕЛФИН
.
í
19
3.
ВЪСТАНИЕТО
ΗΛ
ГЕОРГИ ВОЙТЕХ
.
Iľi
4.
ВЪСТАНИЯТА
НА НЕСТОР
И ТРАВЪЛ
.
і
22
V.
ВОЙСКАТА И ВОЙНИТЕ НА ВТОРОТО БЪЛГАРСКО ЦАРСТВО
{
Ì
185 1396).
Sopuť
Чплпшюв, Емил Александров
.,.1 24
!.
ВОЙСКАТА НА В
TOí'OTO
БЪЛГАРСКО ЦАРСТВО
.
Ì24
1.1.
РАЖДАНЕТО ИЛ ВОЙСКАТА НА ВТОРОТО БЪЛГАРСКЧ) ЦАРСТВО.
Борис Чомшиов
.,. ! 2 ■*
1.2.
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ НА ВОЙСКАТА,
fatta
ЛіехсшіЛро«
.
,
.
Ì2"
1.3.
ВЪОРЪЖЕНИЕ
ŕ'm/.í.-í.i^iw^/'oe
.
12'>
1.
4.
УКРЕПЛЕНИЯ. КРЕПОСТИ, КОМУНИКАЦИИ Борш: Чимшшм
.134
1.5.
ВОЕННА
СТРАТЕГИЯ И ТАКТИКА НА
ВТОРОТО БЪЛГАРСКО
ЦАРСТВО.
Борис Чолнаиоа
. 1
^J
2.
ВОЙНИТГ
ПА ВТОРОТО
ÍVbJirAPCKO
ЦАРСТВО
í
КРАЯТ
ΙΙΑΧΪί-
ilbPBAÍA
ПОЛОВИНА
ΗΛ
XJIl B.)
Борис Чо/ишшш
. 142
2.1.
BOFHHO
МОГЪЩЕСТВО
ПРИ ЦАГЕТР. НЕ
Π,Ρ
И
АСЕН
.142
2.2.
ВНЛИКИЯ'ПГЬЛКОВОДНИ
ЦАР КАЛОЯН
. 144
23.
ВОИНИТЕ
ΗΛ
ЦАР ЙОАН
ACFIÌ
U
.
i S4
I
ВОЙНИТЕ
ΗΛ
ВТОРОТО БЪЛГАРСКО ЦАРСТВО.
ВІОРАІ
А ИОЛ< »ВИНА
i í
А \Ш
КРМГГ НА Х\\' В.) Ворис Чо.ишшм.
.
1Ы
ЗЛ.СРЛЖІгНИЯЇІРИИРИЕМЇШЦИТЬЇЇАЦАРҐЮЛНЛСЕШІ.
. IM
У А А. Бьлгария ири цар Кчиимзн
і
Асен
.
lói
3
Л
.2.
І'уьлпірия
при
цар
Михаил
If
Α-,χή
.
i M
3.1,3.
Дворцови борби. Царуването
на нар Константин
'!
их
Асен.
Бигки *а оиеляваье
на
България
.
»i^
7
í
},'ІЬГЖ.\ПШ-
3.2,
ВОЙНИ ПРЕЗ ПОСЛЕДНАТА ЧЕТВЪРТ
HA XÍÍI
В.
.
3.2
Л
.
\\ар Ииашюи победата
над монгол иге
.
,.
.
3.2.2,
Разгромна
»ітитийската воііска от
цар Ивайло
(і
279).
Ы'ШИ И
ПОРАЖЕНИЯ ПРЕЗ
XIV
В.
.
67
л.
3,
j
І
.
Сснарати'іьм в
Ьългарня
.
3.3.2.
Въчстановяванс
не^акшсимоспа на
България. Цар Тодор Светослав
.
I l·"7
?>,?·>.}.
Цар Георги
Π
Тертср
.
loë
3.3.4.
Цар Михаил
¡II
Шиш май
.
16і-)
] "1
„ÜSS»?
3.4Л.
Организация и въоръжение
на
османската войски
3.4.2.
Начало на османската агресия в бъ;п
ареште
земи
í
137
i í.
.1
-H
3.4.3.
Борбата
'tau
мп
а на
Puuomrre
.■·■--.·. 1
'^
3.4.4.
'Зашита на
Пиринския
край
.·--.-.
Wì
3.4.5.
Чащніа
на Среден (София)
.--.·.-.,,., 1
К
2
3.4.6.
Битките
за защита на
Мѕшш
.
1Н2
3,4.".
Видинското
царство
.-,.
Ì!S4
3.5.
ВОЕННА
СТРАТЕГИЯ И ТАКТИКА
.,. 1*5
VI.
ВОЕННА
ИСТОРИЯ НА ВЕЛИКА
БЪЛГАРИЯ
ОТ ВОЛГА ДО ЕНИСЕЙ
(XI-XVJ
В.)
Елии Александров
.
\Н";
Е НАЙ-ОБШИРНАТА ДЪРЖАВА И СРНД НАИ-ГОЛЕМИТЕ ВОЕННИ
СИЛИ В
ЕВРОПА
.
U"
^
.
i8l>
A
«У—А НА ЧИНІ-ИС
КАН (ПЪРВА
чртвьртнахшв.і
.-.-.·.■·'■■'.
μΗ
->
ВОЕННА ВЛАСТ НА ВОЛЖКА БЪЛГАРИЯ
.·-·.■.
^,
2,1.
воьнііи
институции
.·.·.
μ);
^2
13OFÏÏHA
ДИПЛОМАЦИЯ.
.■.-.■.
iąQ
23.
ВОЕННА
OPI
АІЇИЗАЦИЯ
.—■'-;.·--.".
;0()
2.4.
СТОПАНСТВОТО И ВОЕННОТО
MOI
ЬЩЬСІ
ВО
.-.■.·■.
^
->
S
РОПЯТ'ЧН'Ч
ВЯРАТА
'ІЛ
ВОЙСКАТА
.—.-.;.'.
■
"ì.i.
ОТ
ПЪРВИ
ДО
ВТОРИ
НМИРЛ
Tt
1225-1278) ;-';·■-;-■■''■;■;:'';;■,■.
Î
■>
КЪМ ОТХВЪРЛЯНЕ
НА
ЗАВИСИМОСТТА
Ої ЗЛА і
HAI
ЛОРДА.
ОТ
ВТОРИЯ ЕМИРАТ
ДО
НЕЗАВИСИМОСТТА
(1278-Î437).
.-.
;5-
l BOEHÌK
ИСТОРИЯ НА ВЪЛЕАРИЯ ПРИ
ЛШРАФШІИТЕ
0437-1584}.--
' '4 1
УПРАВЛЕНИЕТО
НА ЯБПК-МОХАМВД
í
1437
ЫЬЯ)
.
-Π
4
-»'вОІ-НН
А ИСТОРИЯ НА
ВОЛЖКА БЪЛГАРИЯ
ДО КРАЯ НА
XV
В.
.-
^
■'
4.1.
ВОЕННА
ИСТОРИЯ НА
КАЗАНСКА БЪЛГАРИЯ ПРЕЗ ПЪРВАТА
ПОЛОВИНА
на
xvi
в
.·'·■·.■.-.
~
'
4.3.1.
Военна история
на
Волжка България
í
! 552-
Ь84)
.
~
¡
>
VA'A
тот
ВЬОРЬЖЕНИ БОРБИ ЗА ОСВОБОЖДЕНИЕ НА БЪЛГАРИЯ
( 139fr-
1
878Ì
K.V'Uü
Чолпаипв.
tuut
Александ
Ï.
ВЪОРЪЖЕНА
БОРБАИРКЇ
XV-HA4AJÏO
НА
XVHÎ
В. Ь
¡
ВЬСІХНИЯ.НОГШИ, ХАИЛУТСТВО
.■.221
"
'і
.
î
.
В ЬСТЛНИЯ И УЧАСТИЕ В АНТИОСМЛНСКИ ПОХОДИ ПРЕЛ
XV
В
.221
е:. хайдутството
.--.■.-.
12\
Í.2.E
Хаіілуїики
'фужшш™
състав, командване, въоръжение, хайдушка клетва
.225
s
7
^ Х;иг;\н!ка военна тактика
.
22і*
2
ВЪСТАНИЯТА В КРАЯ ПА
XVI
ПЪРВА ПОЛОВИНА НА
XVIII
В.
2 1
I
ьрновем? нктежия
Π
5^8
н
16X6}
2.2.
Чііпронско
въстание
(1688).
1
Ї Г'і»ироїивіі
срешу
ислями-їацияіа
i.íi. H \!'iHÍ.
II.
НЛЦИОНЛЛНООС ВОШДИТЕДНАТА БОРБА
»PEÍ
ВЪЗРАЖДАНЕТО
ДО СРЕДАТА
НА
XIX
В. Борис Чолпятш*
Емил
Аяексанорое
.,.24
Ì
!,
НЪСТЛНИЯ. УЧАСТИЯ В
БОРБИ
НА ЯРУГИ НАРОДИ
It
ВЪВ ВОИНИ
^4 !
и.ВЬСТАПИЯ
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Въстанието в Трънско-Знеттлския край
S
1830}
,
.242
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.2.
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.
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и Северозападна България
Π
835--
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. 245
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.
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(1841 ;.
,
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,
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6.
Въспшието
в Сейїфімаиздни Вьлгзрнн
(1850í.
.2
Я
\
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ВЪОРЪЖНИА БОРБА
ПО
BťFME
И
СЈШД
КРИМСКАТА
ВСИПАЛО
ОРГАНИЗИРАНАТА НАЦИОНАЛНА
РЕВОЛЮЦИЯ
.„.253
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í
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УЧАСТИЕ В
БЪЛГАРИТЕ В БОРБИТЕ
НА
ДРУГИ
НАРОДИ
. 255
í
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В
сръбските
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s
.
3J55
і.
3.2.
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но
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.255
MJ.
В гръцгет<>
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ä
82
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Ї.3.
4.
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унгарската
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.
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3,5.
В Гарнбал.іийскоі
ояййжуние
.
,
.„.257
1.4.
УЧАСТШ- В РУСКО-ТУРСКИТЬ
ВОЙНИ
.
25Н
Мі
ОРГАНИЗИРАНОТО
РЕВОЛЮЦИОННО ДВИЖЕНИЕ И ОСВОБОЖ/ХКНИЕ
ГО
ГОСВОЬОДИТКЛНОТОДРЛОГЮНОВПЪТ
.
,
.„260
ί.ί,ι
vomi
Раковски
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.
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ЬОПННДВІСТВИЯ НА ВО£НИИ
ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И
ЧВ'ПІ.,
.
2ЬЬ
J.2.Í.
Участе на
Първата българска легия
в
õuCReri?
в Ьелград
.
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1.
2.2.
Хаджи-Сга8рЄ5НО'№Ві>стаиііс(Тьрковско вьетапне.
\Hb2i
.
2b™
1.2.3.
Чегата ия
Стоян войвода
и
Хдджії
Димитър
{1^6-1 ).
,
.
2b*
ì.
2
Α.
Четата на Христо Макелон^ки и ПетьрСтоянов
(
І
К64)
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1.2.5.
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і
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1.2.10.
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i
ІІОСЛНДОВАШШ НА ВАСШІ
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1.
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cc
ТОВЫГГАНИГ-:·-
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ТАКТИКА.
і
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И
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В ЬОР ЬЖНІШ ДКНСШПЯ
.
2.2-
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на в-ьсгш-шеіо Иануги>рніден и&хтт
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.
2.2.2.
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2.2.3.
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.
2.2.4.
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s
Отбраната
на
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векия манастир
■■
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и паи
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.
2.2.6.
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2,1/.
Вьстаниеч1« в (".ітенсші рсаолюииЇінсн окрч.ї
.,.
2,2-S.
Въсглниего в Македонии
.
,,
.
11,
ЛЕГВІДАРНАТА
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ЧЬТА
.
1ЛЛ. Чет;ггзнаТ^НЕо(.Тояноп
.-.
3.
В'ЬІНАГНТЬ ВРУСКО-ТУРСКАТДВОННЛО^77
ííTKj.
Корњ
4i>mwr.'U
9
ЗЛ.Вългаркте в подготовката
л
първия
cran
на
3.2.
Ролята
на
българите
в
решѕп
сините оосве
.
53,
Българите
в
іаключиіслния етап
на нойнзча
ВОЙНА.
Sopite
Чомішіі^
ЉЊсшв ^шнсв.
¿:ши
А^сксиш)роі*.
;j^!itmbp
Шшрш
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vł
І
Ї.
ВЪОРЪЖЕНИТЕ
СИЛИ НА
БЪЛГАРИЯ
íl
PO
НОСЛКДНАТ
А ЧКГВЪРТ
HA MX
В.
(1878
î
903),
A>/>tfí'
Чолиашм,
PaùocJae
Мишев
.
л
"'
і.
ИЗГРАЖДАНЕ НА БЪЛГАРСКАТА
'ÎRMCKA
ВОЙСКА
II
МИЛИЦИЯТА
Η Λ
ЇВТОЧИА
РУМЕЛИЯ
Рао(.к\ыа
Мишев
.·.
"j;
і
1
ИЗРАЖДАНИ
НА
БЪЛГАРСКАТА
'ІКМСКА
ВОЙСКА
,.,.--'
і
2.
СВДДВАНЬ НА
МИЛИЦИЯТА
НА
ИЗТОЧНА РУМЕЛИЯ
.
^Ί
2
СЪИДИНЕНИЕТО И
ИЫОВА!
Λ
ВОИША
ЗАПЩїА
Борш:
Чоіпанм
Лимиту
ішічіг»« Ї»
2.1.
СРЪЬСКО-БЪЛГЛРСКАТА ВОЙНА. 1М5Г
.,.
^Ј
2.1.1.
Ролята
на бълирската войска н
Съединението
.
>^~
2.1.2.
Ср'ьпската армия в иачалого ка
войната
.·.
Л~^ѕ
2ЛЛ.
b'bJirapcKU'fa
»ойска в
началото
на
войната
.■·. —■"'
2Л.4. Военннтилействия
.·--·.
^1'и
2Л.5. Контранастъплсниего на
Оњлгарската
войска
. ■ ■ ■?№
2.Í.6.
Отбраната
на
Северозападна
Ььлгзрия
.■.
;Ѓ!*Ѕ
2.2.
КНЯЗ АЛЕКСАНДЪР
і
И
ІІЗГРАЖДАНГ-ТО НА
fVbJirAPCKATA
ВОЙСКА
.
,
.
3"0
3.
ПРЕВЪОРЪЖАВАНЕ И СТРУКТУРНИ ПРОМЕНИ В ВЬЛГАРС КАТА
ΒΟίΚΊνΑ
ОТ
СЪЕДИНЕНИЕТО ДО НАЧАЛОТО НА
XX
В. РаОосши Мишев,,.,
.3"?
3.1.
БЪЛГАРСКАТА ВОЙСКА ДО КРАЯ
НА ХІХ
В
.
?"3
4.
РАЗРЕШАВАІ ГЕ НА ОФТІЦЕРСКО-ЕМИГРАІІТСКИЯ
ВЪПВХ:
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IHM
НА
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.
З^
5.
ПЪРВАТА
КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ЗА ОТЬРАНА НА СОФИЯ Порис Читано«
. .382
[¡.ВЪСТАНИЯ
ИВОЙНИ)АНАІІИОН.А»1НООБКДИНЕНИІі:
НА Ык1ГАРИЯ(1903
-1919)
Борис Чолпанов,
Емил
Александров,
Димитър
'іафцров,
Pa doc.
t
не
Мишев
. 5
ѕб
1.
ШІИН/ШНСКО-ПРЕОВРАЖКНСКАТА ЕПОПЕЯ
1903
j
.
Борис Чи.
mm*
т. РиАк'.ша ЛГинц·*
.
3St>
ГІ.
ПОДГОТОВКА НА
В'ЬСТАНИГТОЯ^і/і·
Чотанов
.
5şi>
1.2.
ОФИЦЕРСТВОТО В ВОРБА ЗА ОСВОБОЖДЕНИЕ.
Pnôocum Muuwa
.
^i^
1.3.
СТРАТЕГИЯ. ТАКТИКА. И БОЙНИ ДЕЙСТВИЯ. Ьор^· Чо
manne
. .
4uo
1.3.1.
Стратегия
.,.
40п
1.3.2.
Тактика
.
4UÍ
1.3.3.
Бойни действии
. 402
Димитър
'іафиров
.
, ,
'
^îV--
2.1.
НОВА ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ
НА
ВОЙСКАТА
.Г.'.,.^
.
цц,
2.2.
НА ПРАГА
ΗΛ
БАЛКАНСКАТА
ВОЙНА
. ["" ' ["'[[" '
4¡ii
2.2.1.
Сіраі-сгичсски
и оперативен план на
България
1Ч0Ѕ
г
.,.
4!и
2.2.2.
Вьоръжсш!
c
-или
)щ
България
.,.
j
¡ ^
2.2.3.
Нов оперативен план Л
41
і
г
.
λ
ЇЮКЬДОНОСИАТА
БАЛКАНСКА ПГ^^^^^^^^Г;;;;
. "
Чолпанов
.
ЗЛ. ПОД
ΟΤΟΒΚΛ
НА ТУРЦИЯ ЗА
BOíÍHATÄľ
3.2;ПЛАНОВЬНА СЪЮЗНИЦИТЕ.
£w,/
,<№
3.2Л. Ньодушег-іената
мобилизация
u
Б'ьлгари«
Í.2.2.
Макелоно-Одринското
опълчение
3.2.3-
Чети и отряди
._.
3.2.4.
Помощта
на ішата
нация
5.3.
BOÍ-ÍÍÜHTÍ-
т
,.„
,
.
J
I
а
операция
. .
"¡ť-
3.3.3.
Иленяванс на
Kopìiyca
на Явер наша
. . /',
1.5.4.
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на кр;шиера,.Химидие'\.
. .
"А*.!
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j
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«.
3.3.5.
Булаирекият
ôoň
.
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,
.433
3,3,ix
Десантът
ľípii
Шаркьой
.
,
.435
3.4,
Ио/шигьгноов/кияванечч) на Одрин
.437
4.
МЕЖДУСЪЮЗНИЧЕСКАТА
ВІШІА.
Дилш/пьр Зафыров,
Борш: Чатанов
.445
4,
L
ПРИЧИНИ
ЗА ВОЙНАТА. Димитър
Ιαφιψο«'.
.-.-445
4.2.
iïJi.AHOBÏ:
11
ВЪОРЪЖЬНИ СИЛИ »А СЪЮЗНИЦИТЕ.
Борш: Чолтшон
.446
4.3.
Ь'ЬЛГ АРСКіШі СИЛИ
И ПЛАНЪТ
ИМ
З
Λ
ВОЙНАТА. Борис Чо.-манов
.-447
4.4.
ВОЕННИТЕ ¡М-.ПСХЪШ.
Bqiw
Чолпашт
.448
4.4.
1.
Отбраната на Калнлшшкатл позиция.
.449
4.4.2.
Крее
ví
скуката
операция
.„450
4.4.3.
Ьукурсщкияг .'¡оговпр
î
9
1
3
r
.
,.
.<.452
5.
БЪЛГАРИЯ
Β
ПЪРВАТА
СВЕГОЙНА
ВОИНА. Борис Чоииишв.
Емил
Александров,
Димитър
'ìiitfiìipiw
.
,
.454
5-і,
¿ЮЕННОЛОЛИТИЧЬСКА ОЬСТАНОВКА.
Борис Чо.тинов
.,.454
5.1
ВОЕНЕН
ПЛАН НА
БЪЛГАРИЯ
Ь'орис Чолттов,
Димитър Зифщюв
. 455
5.3.
ВОЬНННТЕ ДЕЙСТВИЯ. Борис Чп
tnanoeJluMumhp
Зафыров
.45?
5.3
J
.
М<
¡panosa
га операция,
!.14
октомври
- 25
октоміфн'"?
¡юемврн
I9Î5
г. Борис Чо.танов
,.43?
53.2.
Касове
ката операция.,.
.,.,.459
5.3.3.
Окчеподскакі
операция.
L
І4-7/20
октомври
1915
г. Борис Чо.штюв
.,. 459
5.3.4.
Настъплението
в 'Центрачна Македония. Борис Чо.таыов
. 460
5.3.5.
Ьоят при Кркнолак. Борис Ч&пгаиов
.,.46!
5
Л.Ь- Дерннската (Осчр^екатанширшшя. Борис Чолпшшв,
. 463
5.3.7.
Чітанеката
операция,
btìpuc
Чо.шьінов
._.
,.
.
,
.
,
.464
5.3.8.
Боевете
при гліюя
mi
Черна. Борис Чо.пшиов
.,.,.466
5.3.9.
Воѕшата
с Румьния.
TyvpaKaHCKa.
Кубадинска м Северн оду навек а огюрациия.
Дклттър Зафыроа
.,.,.,.467
5.3.10.
Отбраната па Балчик
-
важиа страница
<r¡
вое
í í
но
морската
ни
летопис
.475
S3.
ì ì
.
Военните
действия на
Южния
фронт. Борис Чкытнов, Дгшшпър Зафщюв
.476
5.3.12,
Сьлбовни меседн ул
България, юни
-cem
ем ври
і
9! 8
г. Елии Алексанороа
.478
5.3
Л
3.
Отбраната
на Добро
по;іе
и на Дойранекнте позкшш.
Борш:
Чо.таиов
. 48
Î
5.4.
ІУЬЛІ
АРСКАТА ВОЙСКА
-
НЬЛЮБНДЕМА. НО
ПОЖЕРТВАЛА.
Еми.г
Л.іексаноров
. 482
5.4.
í.
Причини
'ia
npííñbp'íoHOTO
примирие
-29
септември
1918
г
.
4Н.1
5.4_2. Характер и резут-ат на примирието
.485
ДЯЛ ЧЕТВЪРТИ
ВОШИЛ ИСТОРИЯ НА БЪЛГАРИЯ {№^ЪА5\Лю<\ши
Штрон, Еліім Аісксаиоров.
Димитър
ίαφαροΗ
.
,
.
,
.
,.
. 487
ϊ. ΒΟΚΗΗΛ
ПОЛИТИКА
НА ВЫИ
АРИЯ И НЕЙНАТА ВОЙСКА
(І9І9Ч939).
Людмил Петров,
Емил Александров
.,.,.489
1.
ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯТА НА НЬОЙСКИЯ ДОГОВОР. Емил Александров
.,.489
ľ.
ПЛДАНЛШ; НА ВИСШ СЪВНТ НА НАРОДНАТА ОТБРАНА
ii
ПРЕДПРИЕТИТЕ
ОЇ
Ш:.\
О МІ-РКП.Лннілш.!
Петров
,.492
3.
ВОШНЛТЛ ДИПЛОМАЦИЯ, .Шмнл Петров
.,.,.,.494
4.
ОП! ИМИЧЯРЛНН НА ВОЙСКОВОТО УПРАВЛЕНИЕ И ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ. Людмил Пащюв
. 496
5.
M
АТЬРИАЛНО-ТііХНИЧЕ'ІСКО
ОСИГУРЯВАНЕ.
J
Шміи
Петров
.
,.
.504
6.
ВОЙСКОВА И
ІДДВНА
ПОДГОТОВКА
ΠΡϊ-Ί
3
Ο-ΤΕ
ГОДИНИ НА
XX
В. Людмил Петров.
512
її.
N
ЧАСТИК НА
БЪЛГАРИЯ й НЕЙНАТА ВОЙСКА ВЪВ ВТОРАТА СВЕТОВНА
ПОНИ\аШ~1Ш), Димитър
ίαφιφοβ
.,.,.525
і,
СЪС ГОЯНИЕНЛ БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ ВЬОРЬЖННИ
СИЛИПРК'І
ВТОРАТА СВЕТОВНА
ВОЙНА
.526
2.
'Ш/ЛїЛНГ. НЛ
ЮЖНА ДОБРУДЖА,
МАКЕДОНИЯ И
БЕЛОМОРСКА ТРАКИЯ
.53.3
3.
Б
ЬЛ
ГАРЃ
'КАТА ВОЙСКА
-
СВОЕОБРАЗЕН ОРА ГЕГИЧЕСКИ РЕЗЕРВ
НА ВЕРМАХТА
,. 54 !
4.
ЗАЩИТА
НА ТЕРИТОРИЯ! А И ВЪЗДУШНОТО
ПРОСТРАНСТВО НА
БЪЛГАРИЯ.
547
5.
ВОЙНА!
Λ
СРЕЩУ ХИТЛЕРИСТКА ГЕРМАНИЯ
.,.553
5.1.
ПОДГОТОВКА
.,.„.55 3
5 2.
ВОЕННИ ДЕЙСТВИЯ НА БАЛКАНИТЕ
.,.558
5.3.
ПЪРВА ЬЬЛГАРСКЛ АРМИЯ В УНГАРИЯ
.,.,.569
11
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111.
ВОЕННОГО
ИЗКУСТВО
HAÍibJ li APC.KATXmiiCKA.
Димитър
¡.СТРАТЕГИЯ
.
2-
ОПЕРАТИВНО ШКУСТВО
3,
ТАКТИКА
.
ДЯЛ
ПЕТИ
БЪЛГ ЛРСКАТА ВОЙСКА В
ЕПОХАТА
НА
ТОТАЛИТАРНАТА ДЪРЖАВА
í i<>45- I98<í).
fui
ми
K.,
Калчев.
Елш.і
Александров, Димитър Зафиров
.
1.
ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИ ПРОЦЕСИ ВЪВ ВОЙСКАТА
.
і
ОТ КЛАГШФУРТ
1945
ДО ВАРШАВА
1955.
Капо
К
.
Калчев, Емил Александров
1Л. АР\ШЯТА И ВИХЪРЪТ
НА ПОЛИТИЧЬСКИ'ЇЕ СТРЛСТИСЛЕДВОіЧїіА
Кално
К.
Калчев
.,.,.,.,,.-.,.
1.2.
ВОЙСКА ЬЬЗ НАЦИОНАЛЕН ИДЕАЛ. Ежи Александров
.
ЕРСТВОТО.ЛаадА'·.
Ka
пев
ÍL
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ НА
ВОЙСКАТА
ПО
СЪВЕТСКИ
ОБРАЗЕЦ,
Калчо
К,
Калчев
ÜÍ.
БЪЛГАРСКАТА
ВОЙСКА В
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯТА
НА
ВАРШАВСКИЯ
ДОГОВОР.
Кеичо К.
Калчев. Емил
Александров*
Димитър
іафироа
.
,
.61 (■■
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ЕПИЦЕНТЪР
HA
ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИ ПРОТИВОБОРСТВА,
Ka.v
-ю
К.
Калчев,
Емил
Александрит
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Мб
2.ВНА ПО
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РАІІШІШ:, В ЖІПЮТ
f\ HA BUA.
Калчо
К.
Кирчев
.644
5.
АРМИЯТА СЛЕД ИЗМЕНЕНИЯТА В НАЦИОНАЛНАТА ПОЛИТИКА. Емил
Алексшиїро^
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ДЯЛ ШЕСТИ
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И
КОЛИЧЕСТВЬНО-КАЧЕСТВІ-НИ ПЮМРНИ 6?6
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РАЗШИРЯВАНЕ
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.,.
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МИРОТШ^РЧЕСКАТА ДНЙЇІОСТ НА
БЪЛГАРСКАТА
АРМИЯ
.
6Š6
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БЪЛГАРСКАТА ВОЙСКА
ПРЕ'І
XX!
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(2000- 2007).
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ПЫНАРСКЛТА ВОЙСКА ВЪЗПИРА1ЦФАКТОР ПРИ
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HKLOARIAN
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FROM
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MILITARY
HISTORY OF
THE BULGARIAN
NATION
FROM ANCIENT
TIMES
TO PRESENT
DAYS
(Summary)
The military history of the Bulgarian na¬
tion covers more than two thousand years. It
begins with the Thracians, one of the ethnic
groups, which formed the Bulgarian nation.
The Thracians were famous for their military
achievements. Two other ethnic groups, which
lived together, form our nation along with the
Thracians
-
these are the Proto-Bulgarians
and the Slavs. They enrich our military histo¬
ry with their prowess and experience. The
present summary goes through the fights for
national liberation, the wars for national uni¬
fication, and the participation of our army in
other military conflicts in the 20"1 and the
beginning of the 21s1 centuries.
MILITARY TRADITIONS OF THE
THRACIANS
The earliest data about Thracian military
science can be found in Homer's „Iliad",
which narrates events from the
ІЗ"1
century
ВС.
This work recounts the exploits of the
Thracian army, led by King Rhesus. In the
Trojan War his army is an ally of
lhe
Trojans
and enemy of the Greeks. Homer admires
King Rhesus and his soldiers: „He came with
armors golden, huge, wondrous, becoming
not to
mortai
men but to immortal gods".
Homer says that the chariot of the Thracian
King is decorated with gold and silver and
his horses are
„
the best and the biggest, whiter
than snow, as fast as a storm wind". The fa¬
ther of history Herodotus (ca.
464-425
ВС)
is impressed by the audacity of the Thracians.
According to him they „set their arms even
against the heavenly rulers by shooting ar¬
rows upward to the sky at the thunder and
the lightning, trying to threaten God".
The Thracians reveal their military quali¬
ties and excellence especially in the period
of their vast Odiysian Kingdom (6th
-
4th cen¬
tury
ВС).
The quality of the armor of the
Odrysian warriors is by far superior to the
armaments of other European troops of the
time. It includes spears, heavy swords,
shields, bows and arrows. The Odrysian army
has a first-class cavalry as well. The Odry¬
sian Kingdom plays an important role in re¬
pelling the marches of the Persian Kings Dar¬
ius and Xerxes on the Balkans during the
Greek-Persian wars at the end of the 6th and
the first half of the 5th centuries
ВС.
During the Peloponnesian War between the
alliances of Athens and Sparta
(431-404
ВС)
the Odrysian army is again of the utmost im¬
portance in the region. Thucydides points out
that the marches of the Thracian King Sital-
ces with his enormous army of
150 000
war¬
riors into Macedonia throws all the popula¬
tion from Hellas to Thermopylae into great
panic.
The famous Thracian
Spartacus,
born in
the valley of river
Mesta,
exhibits wonderful
military qualities. He leads
120 000
insurgent
slaves against Rome. The Roman historian
Orosius writes: „Romefears
Spartacus
no less
than it had feared Hannibal when he threat¬
ened the gates of Rome".
VICTORIES OF OLD GREAT BULGARIA
The Proto-Bulgarians and the Bulgarians
of the Middle Ages have notable military
qualities. Ennodius
(437-521)
writes about
them as follows:
„
This is a nation which has
anything it has ever wished; a nation in which
the one who has won titles is the one who has
bought his nobility with his adversary's blood;
a nation which haven't yet met an enemy ca¬
pable of resisting it
",
The Bulgarians play an important role in
the marches of the Hunnish Empire in the 4"1
century. In the
5"'
and
б1'1
centuries they car¬
ry out series of successful attacks against the
ИСТОІ'НЯ ПЛБЬЛГЛІ'ИТІ
ТОМ [ПІТИ
І1-ТН
/ZO
Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine
emperor
Anastasius
I
(491-518)
raises the so-called
Anastasian
Wall to protect his capital from
Bulgarian raids.
The Proto-Bulgarians are remarkable for
their determination, their military strategy for
its speed and unexpectedness. As they drive
their enemy to flight they, according to Pseu¬
do-Mauritius, "do not content themselves with
a short chase and plundering of the foe's
property as the Persians and Romans do, but,
ignoring everything, chase their enemy until
they destroy him completely, employing all
means
".
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE FIRST
BULGARIAN
DANUBIAN
STATE:
681-1018
The
Danubian
Bulgarian state, founded by
Khan Asparukh
(680-700)
continues the
military traditions of Old Great Bulgaria. In
the middle of
681
the Bulgarian army, com¬
manded personally by Asparukh defeats the
army of the Byzantine emperor
Constantine
IV At this time another Bulgarian ruler, Khan
Kuber,
creates a country in the Kermizian
(Bitolean) plain, known as Kuberian Bulgar¬
ia. It also has military success, as it often acts
in co-ordination with the Bulgarian army of
Asparukh.
Kuber also
makes an attempt to
conquer
Thessaloniki.
Khan
Tervei
(700-721)
defeats the Byz¬
antine army in
708
near the town of Anchial-
lo (Pomorie). Earlier in
718
he strikes down
the Arab army several times near Constanti¬
nople thus saving the town and stopping the
Arabs' invasions on Europe. Khan Kardam
(777-803)
greatly defeats the Byzantine army
in
792.
The military success of Khan Krum
(803—
814)
is considerable. He destroys the Arab
Khaganate. In
808
he strikes a blow on the
Byzantine army at the
Struma
valley and in
809
the town of Serdica is joined to the terri¬
tory of Bulgaria. The biggest achievement of
Khan Krum is the defeat of the Byzantine
army, which is at the time ruled by emperor
Nikephoros I Genikos, at the Varbishki Pass
on July
26, 811.
The emperor himself dies in
this fight. New military success follows for
Khan Krum in Thrace and Macedonia: he
conquers Messembria, the fortress of Deul-
tum and attempts to attack Constantinople.
The Khans Omurtag
(814-831),
Malamir
(831-836)
and Presiyan
(836-852)
lead suc¬
cessful wars with both the Frankish State and
Byzantium, as they enlarge the territory of
Bulgaria, which at this time includes South¬
eastern Europe and a part of Central Europe.
Tsar Symeon the Great
(893-927)
displays
outstanding qualities as a military command¬
er. Already in the first years of his reign he
fights successfully with Byzantium and the
Magyars, vanquishing the Byzantine army at
Constantinople in
896.
In the great military
duel between Bulgaria and Byzantium, which
takes place between
913
and
927
Tsar Syme¬
on the Great wins series of battles. Among
them remarkable is the rout of the Byzantine
army at Aheloy on August
20. 917
and then
at Katassirti, near Constantinople. Symeon
scores a new victory near Constantinople in
921.
In
922
he tears down the Byzantine for¬
tresses at Constantinople. After that he pre¬
pares for resolute fights against the Byzan¬
tine capital.
An epic struggle between Bulgaria and
Byzantium unfolds in the third quarter of the
IO111
century. After Bulgarians fight to defend
their Great
Presláv,
and the town falls under
Byzantine rule in
971,
Samuel becomes the
head of the state. In the years
976-977
he
delivers a series of blows on the Byzantine
army in Thessaly and the Peloponnesus. In
986
Samuel puts to rout the Byzantine army
of the emperor Basil II at the pass of Tray-
an's Gates. In
997
he is proclaimed King.
Until his death in
1014
he continues the epic
fights with Byzantium. With his exceptional
military qualities Tsar Samuel contributes to
the Bulgarian art of war.
MILITARY HISTORY OF VOLGA
BULGARIA
7-11
С
The Bulgarians who settle in the region of
the Volga river in the second half of the 7"1
century, with Khan Kotrag as their ruler, war
with Khazars and Arabs; they contribute to
the military traditions of the Old Great Bul¬
garia. They found the town of Bolghar on the
banks of Volga. In the second half of the 91'1
century Volga Bulgarians are victorious over
729
SUMMARY
the Khazars; their state with its capital Bolghar
gains in strength.
In the
IO"1
and ll"1 centuries Volga Bul¬
garia leads a series of wars with the Russian
principalities. Marching against the Khazars
they conquer the Crimea, the lands around
the Southern stream of Volga and those of
Northern and Southern Kazakhstan. In this
way Volga Bulgaria becomes a big state of
prime significance in Eastern Europe.
STRUGGLE AGAINST THE BYZANTINE
RULE
The Bulgarian state loses its independence
in
1018,
and only two decades later, in
1040,
the Bulgarian nation revolt against Byzantium
led by Peter Delyan, grandson of Tsar Sam¬
uel and son of Tsar Gavril
Radomír.
As a re¬
sult of this rebellion the Southwestern Bul¬
garian lands from
Ohrid
and Drach, right up
to the Isthmus of Corinth are liberated. Peter
Delyan is proclaimed a Bulgarian Tsar. By
clever diplomatic actions he succeeds in re¬
ceiving acknowledgement of his title „Tsar"
írom
the Pope.
In the heat of the rebellion arrives Peter
Delyan's cousin Alusian, son of Tsar Ivan
Vladislav. He manages to win supporters
among the insurgents. At a feast he orders
that Peter Delyan be blinded and takes the
leadership of a part of the army of rebels. He
is later defeated, and surrenders voluntarily
to the Byzantines.
Peter Delyan, though blind, continues to
command the insurgents. Nevertheless the
Byzantine emperor Michael IV supported by
Scandinavian troops, defeats them and cap¬
tures Peter Delyan. Although crushed, the
uprising shows the Bulgarians' readiness to
fight for their liberation. Peter Delyan is re¬
markable for his military qualities and proves
that he is a worthy successor of his famous
grandfather Tsar Samuel.
In
1066
a new anti-Byzantine rising bursts
out, led by Nickulitsa Delphinus who lives in
Larissa. ît
is not successful, but soon after, in
1072
a new revolt breaks out, centered in
Skopje, with the Bulgarian
boyar
Georgy
Voytech ahead of it. The rebels take hold of
the regions of Skopje and
Niò,
but fall short
of their powers, and the rising is suppressed.
A rebellion led by Nestor follows in
1074.
The insurgents besiege the Byzantine capital
Constantinople. The defenders of Constanti¬
nople are weak and starvation comes to town.
The Byzantine emperor Michael
VII
is fright¬
ened and asks Pope Gregory
VU
for help. The
pope sends him military help but since there
is disunity among Nestor's rebels too Nestor
raises the siege of Constantinople. While there
are new actions in
1084, 1086
and the years
that follow, they do not bring about Bulgar¬
ia's liberation.
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE SECOND
BULGARIAN KINGDOM:
1185-1396
Under the leadership of the Brothers Peter
and
Assen an
uprising in
1185
brings Bul¬
garia liberation from Byzantine rule. This re¬
bellion marks the beginning of the creation
of an army for the Second Bulgarian King¬
dom. The Byzantine emperor Isaac II
Ange¬
lus
makes several attempts to crush it, but they
all fail. In
1187
he lays siege to the
Lovech
fortress, is defeated and is compelled to enter
into the
Lovech
Peace Treaty. With this con¬
tract he acknowledges the independence of
the Bulgarian State, which spreads all over
the territory of Moesia and Dobrudzha.
The Second Bulgarian State is character¬
ized by a considerable reshaping of the mili¬
tary. The soldiers are enrolled with the help
of the big landowners
-
boyars,
while mer¬
cenaries gradually become the main body of
drafts the army relies on. During the first half
of the
ІЗ"1
century, when power is centered
in the hands of the Tsar, the Bulgarian army
is numerous
-
from more than
10 000
sol¬
diers to
100 000,
as it had been under Tsar
Kaloyan.
The army's equipment is good. Bulgarian
weapons are excellent, due to the develop¬
ing of ore mining and metallurgy as well as
to the talented gunsmiths. The attack armor
consists mainly of a bow, a spear, a sling and
a sword. The defensive armor and accoutre¬
ments include a heavy shield, a sword, a hel¬
met and a chain armor.
The siege equipment is at a high level for
its time. Nikita Honyat tells that Tsar Kaloy¬
an uses „a huge battering-ram" at the fortress
of Syar. Another author, Geoffrey of Ville-
ИСТОІ'ИЯ ІІЛ
ВЪЛГЛРИТЕ
ТОМ
ПЕТИ
hardouin, informs us that Kaloyan uses
16
stone-throwing machines at the siege of the
Dimotika fortress. When defending fortress¬
es and during field actions Bulgarians use also
light stone-throwing devices.
Tsar is the highest rank in the military hi¬
erarchy; after him comes the great
voivode.
The so-called
„
comes with horses
"
is the lead¬
er of the mounted troops. The serdars and
the strators are commanders of the infantry
regiments, and the one with the highest rank
among them is the first strator
-
the
proto-
strator. The alagators lead the horse detach¬
ments. The castrophylacts are commanders
of the fortresses.
In the Bulgarian army the sappers play an
important role, as they clear and widen the
openings in the fortresses' walls. A special
type of troops are those which accommodate
the vicinity to the military requirements. Thus,
considering the art of besieging, the Bulgari¬
ans are pioneers in the Middle Ages. The
chroniclers are amazed that at the siege of
Dimotika the troops of Kaloyan divert the
Maritsa river in order to deprive the besieged
of water.
Among the winning battles of the Second
Bulgarian Kingdom notable is the victory of
Tsar Assen
I at the Triavna passage in
1190.
Military experts observe the parallel strate¬
gic chase carried out by the Bulgarians,
which brings the Byzantines to destruction,
as unique for the Middle Ages in its dimen¬
sion. The next action of a similar scope is
considered to be the defeat of the Austrian
troops at
Ulm in 1805
by Napoleon, but by
then the firearm is already in use. Outstand¬
ing battles are also the ones of
Tsar Assen
I
at Syar
(1195, 1196),
of Tsar Kaloyan
(1197-1207)
at Varna
(1201)
and his victo¬
ry against the Crusaders at Adrianople
(1205)
when he captures the emperor Bald¬
win I of
Flandria.
Further
Tsar Ivan Assen
II
defeats the Epyr Byzantine Empire in
1230
and conquers the emperor Theodore Ko-
mnenos. By military victories and diplomatic
actions he creates the Bulgarian Empire at
three seas and receives acknowledgement
both of his title „Tsar", and of his title of a
head of the Bulgarian church. After
1371
Bulgaria begins an epic battle against the con¬
quests of the Ottomans. It ends with the fall
of the Tarnovo Kingdom in
1393
and of the
Vidin
Bulgarian Kingdom in
1396.
A survey of the features of the military
strategy of the II Bulgarian Kingdom leads
us to the conclude that its foundation de¬
pended on several basic factors: a strong
power of the state in 12'1' and
13"'
centuries,
when the feudal system in Western Europe
was characterized by its fragmentariness. No
less important are the economic growth and
the pursuit for uniting all the lands inhabit¬
ed by Bulgarians. The army is kept strong
through the preservation of the role of the
infantry, through collective actions, support
of the strategic initiative, large-scale maneu¬
vers, and priority of the offensive until the
13"'
century.
MILITARY HISTORY OF VOLGA
BULGARIANS
11-16
С
At the end of the
11
th and during the
12'"
century Volga Bulgaria continues an armed
struggle to defend its trade roads and to ac¬
quire new lands. The rulers of Volga Bulgar¬
ia Usuf, Shamgun Sham-Sain and others win
victories over Cumans, Oguzes, Oimeks and
over the Russian principalities. But Volga
Bulgaria reaches its greatest military and po¬
litical might at the reign of Chilbyr the Great
(1178-1225).
He leads several successful
wars against Russian principalities in
1183-
1186,
and later against the Chudic and other
tribes. As a result of this he enlarges the Vol¬
ga Bulgarian territory from the North Atlan¬
tic Ocean to the Caspian (Bulgarian) Sea.
In
1223
Chilbyr the Great defeats the army
of Genghis Khan South of Bolghar town,
when the Khan's first commander Subide
leads Genghis' troops. Chilbyr also destroys
the army of Genghis' son Jochi. With these
victories the Bulgarian ruler stops Genghis
Khan's conquests in Europe and Asia. In
1229
the army of Volga Bulgaria wins over Subide
again in the Karagandine fight (today Oren¬
burg), and in
1232
it overcomes one of Geng¬
his' successors
-
Khan
Batu.
In the I5"1 and the
16"'
centuries the suc¬
cessor of Volga Bulgaria
-
the Kazan Khan¬
ate ~ also wars and fights for many years with
the Moscow principality. Even after the con¬
quest of Kazan by the armies of Tsar Ivan
731
SUMMARY
Grozny in
1552
this Bulgarian Volga Khan¬
ate continues to exist until
1584
with Ufa and
Buchara
as its capitals.
ARMED LIBERATION FIGHTS
1396-1878
The Bulgarians start a liberation fight soon
after the loss of their independence in
1396.
In
1404
a rebellion bursts out, under the guid¬
ance of prince
Constantine
-
a son of Tsar
Ivan Sratsimir, His army causes serious dam¬
age to the Ottomans, in
1408
the population
of Northeast Bulgaria revolts, including the
region of Pirot. In
1412-1413
the people of
Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia take up arms,
and in
1428
there is the uprising in the Kyus-
tendil region.
The haidouk movement begins in the ear¬
liest days of the Ottoman yoke and continues
to develop during the 15th and the
16"'
centu¬
ries, gaining scope in the 18th century. In the
middle of the 19111 century the movement
transforms into an organized struggle for the
liberation of Bulgaria. In
1598
the first upris¬
ing in the town of Tarnovo bursts out, led by
Pavel Gjordjic;
1686
is the year of the sec¬
ond Tarnovo revolt. In
1688
the Chiprovo
rebellion bursts, with Georgy Peyachevich
and
Bogdan
Knezhevich as leaders. To a
great extent it is the result of many years'
activity of the patriots from the town of
Chiprovo: Peter
Bogdan
Bakshev, Philip
Stanislavov,
Peter Parchevich,
Bogdan
Marinov and others. The entire territory of
Northeastern Bulgaria backs up the insurrec¬
tion. Though it is suppressed, it finds a large
response and is followed by a number of
smaller rebellions in the area of Tarnovo and
other regions. The Bulgarians offer consid¬
erable armed resistance also to the attempts
of the Ottoman authorities to convert the Bul¬
garian population to Islam, especially in the
16th and
18"'
centuries.
From the 18111 to the middle of the 19th cen¬
tury the rebellions gain in scope. In
1830
bursts the insurrection in the region of
Trun/
Znepol, and in the
1835 -
the one at Velcho-
va
Zavera,
which is in the area of Tarnovo.
The uprising in West and Northwest Bulgaria
marks the years
1835-1838.
The massive
rebellion in
Niò
in
1841
finds a warm re¬
sponse in Europe. Such are also the Brail re¬
volts of
1841-1843
and the revolt of North¬
west Bulgaria (the regions of
Vidin, Lom,
Oriahovo) in
1850.
In the middle of the 19th century a new
stage in our revolutionary movement begins:
while becoming organized the liberation
struggles spread considerably during and af¬
ter the Crimean war (the Dimitriakiev insur¬
rection and the revolt of Captain Nikola burst.
All of these actions anticipate the liberation
of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule.
Rakovsky develops a „Plan for the Liber¬
ation of Bulgaria". The new strategy involves
preparations for a mass uprising, brought up
by bands, which have received preliminary
training and will get instructions from a com¬
mon commanding centre. For this purpose
Rakovsky organizes in
1862
in
Belgrad
the
First Bulgarian legion, with Vassil Levsky as
one of its members. This legion breaks up
after Serbia refuses to support the Bulgarian
revolt. In order to fulfill Rakovsky's plan a
number of bands are sent to Bulgaria, the big¬
gest of which are those of Panayot
Hitov
in
1864
and
1867,
of Philip Totyu in
1866-1867,
and of Hadzhi Dimitar and Stefan Karadzha
in
1868.
Although the bands' activities do not bring
liberation to Bulgaria, they shake the Otto¬
man State and show its government that our
people have considerable power to continue
their fight. The bands stimulate Bulgarians to
carry on with their struggle for independence
of the Church. This struggle is won in
1870:
the independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church
is created by a Sultan firman. With the recog¬
nition of the nation a long-held goal is
reached and the way is clear for insisting on
an independent Bulgarian state.
The followers of Georgy Rakovsky work
out a new strategy for liberation. For this pur¬
pose Lyuben Karavelov and Vassil Levsky
found in Bucharest in
1869
the Bulgarian Rev¬
olutionary Central Committee, which accepts
the Program for Liberation through a general
revolution. Vassil Levsky founds an internal
revolutionary organization and develops a
strategy for liberation by a rebellion, which
would include all the Bulgarian lands. Levsky
lays down his ideas for the insurrection's mil¬
itary preparation and organization in his writ-
ИСТОРИЯ НА БЪЛГЛРИТС
Г~ІҐ1П)
ТОМ ПЕТИ
I
DjĹ
ing „A workers' instruction for the liberation
of the Bulgarian people". He forms two com¬
mittees, which prepare the liberation struggle.
After Vassil Levsky's death in
1873
Ly-
uben Karavelov experiences an ideological
crisis and withdraws from the fight.
Christo
Botev replaces him at the head of the Bulgar¬
ian Revolutionary Central Committee. He
continues the fulfillment of Levsky's libera¬
tion plan. In
1875
the committee organizes a
rebellion, which includes
Stara Zagora (Isd
there by Stefan
Stambolov), Shumen
and
Russe.
This is the first planned and organized
uprising. It lifts the fighting spirit of the Bul¬
garians, but is not successful, for it doesn't
cover the whole country.
In the autumn of
1875
Stefan
Stambolov,
Stoyan Zaimov, Panayot
Volov,
Todor
Kableshkov, Nikola Obretenov, Georgy Ben-
kovski and other revolutionaries meet in the
town of Gyurgevo. Their group is known as
the „Gyurgevo committee". They develop the
strategy and tactics of a General revolt and
decide that it should burst out on May
1,
1876.
The military strategy and the prepara¬
tion for this revolt follow the outlook of Vas¬
sil Levsky. It is planned that the actions should
cover the whole country, taking hold of the
settlements and the crossroads. What charac¬
terizes the plan of the rebellion is its offen-
siveness and the intention to engage a great
part of all the nation's power.
It so happens that the leaders announce
the rebellion ahead of term, on April
20
(May
2),1
1876
in Koprivshtitsa, because of a trea¬
son. Todor Kableshkov communicates the
beginning of the uprising through his so-
called „bloody letter", sent to Benkovski at
Panagyurishte.
Benkovskľs
„winged detach¬
ment" raises the rebels
Ín
the vicinity of Pa¬
nagyurishte, where a liberated territory is cre¬
ated. The fight is heroic and lasts about
10
days, but the insurgents, greatly outnumbered
by the Turkish armies, give way. In the neigh¬
bouring town of Klissura, the line of rebels is
also broken and the town is burned down.
The towns of Perushtitsa and
Batak
fight
heroically
trom
April
20
to May
2.
Qi May
3
Batak's citizens are besieged in the local
church and cruelly slaughtered
-
and action,
which incites the indignation of Europe and
the entire world against the Ottoman yoke.
In Bratsigovo the fight continues until May
5,
led by Vassil Petleshkov who, when
caught, is burned alive by the Ottomans. The
defensive actions of the rebels from the Dry-
anovski monastery also deserve a mention
-
Bacho Kiro
and priest Hariton command
them. In Macedonia the rebels fight battles
in the regions of Gorna Dzhumaya,
Razlog,
Bansko,
Yakoruda, Belassitsa, Maleshevsko,
Pyanechko, Schtip.
The legendary „flying detachment" of
Christo
Botev has a successful battle at Milin
Kamak, where the Ottoman army meets with
strong fire, gives many victims and is forced
to step back. New battles in the region of
Vratsa in the mountain of the Balkan follow,
where the foe is beaten back. This detach¬
ment loses the positions it has gained after its
leader Botev dies on June
2, 1976.
BULGARIANS IN THE RUSSIAN
-
TURKISH WAR
1877-1878
Following Russia's declaring war to Tur¬
key on April
12, 1877,
more than
7000
Bul¬
garians join the Volunteer corps. During their
preparation for the fights they are given a
banner as a gift from the citizens of the town
of Samara. Our soldiers give a great help to
the Russian army to force a crossing over the
Danube, and to move on Bulgarian territory.
The Bulgarian Volunteer Corps, under the
commandment of General Nikolay Stoletov
fight heroically in July
1877
at
Stara Zagora.
On the
8, 9
and
10 (20, 21
and
22)
of August
OLu1
heroic volunteers defend the Shipka pass.
The Russian and foreign correspondents write
of their heroism. Our victories at Shipka are to
a great extent a decisive factor for the outcome
of the war and the liberation of Bulgaria.
At the concluding stage of the war the
Russian army receives help from a number
of Bulgarian detachments, as well as by our
population. Turkey is forced to ask for peace.
Oi February
19
(March
3),
1S78
al San Ste¬
fano
the new Bulgarian state is bom.
ARMED FORCES OF
1878-1903
After the liberation one of the basic tasks
of the state is to organize an army. The Bul¬
garian Principality creates the legislation and
733 s
SUMMARY
organization of its army based on the recruit¬
ment of soldiers for an obligatory military
service. The army includes land forces and a
navy. Measures are taken for providing equip¬
ment for the army. In Eastern Rumelia militia
and gendarmerie are created.
VICTORY OF BULGARIA IN THE WAR
WITH SERBIA IN
1885
The Unification of the Bulgarian Princi¬
pality with Eastern Rumelia in
1885
is fol¬
lowed by an attack on the country by the Ser¬
bian army on Noverber
2
of the same year.
The young Bulgarian army is put to the test.
Its organization hasn't been finished yet with¬
in the short period after the liberation of
1878.
Its superior military ranks consist of captains
-
such as the Secretary of the Army captain
Nikiforov and the Chief of Staff of the army
captain
Racho
Petrov.
Only the Lieutenant
Colonel Danail Nikolaev has a higher rank.
The Bulgarian army shows enormous fight¬
ing spirit at the beginning of the war. Thou¬
sands of ex-revolutionaries, members of the
Volunteer corps, voivodes or just young peo¬
ple flow into the army, all possessed by readi¬
ness to defend their homeland. The Bulgari¬
an military units manage to stop the offen¬
sive attacks of the Serbian army in the region
of Slivnitsa on November
5
and
6.
In the bat¬
tles our troops commanded by the Captain of
Cavalry
Atañas
Benderev and captain
Kosta
Panitsa distinguish themselves.
On November
7, 1885
our army, com¬
manded by the 33-year old captain Olympi
Panov, fighting at Slivnitsa, passes over to a
mighty offensive and wins a glorious victo¬
ry. On November
10
the Bulgarians begin an
advance on Pirot and reach
Niò.
At the same
time the attempts of the Serbian army for a
breakthrough in the region of
Vidin
and Bel-
ogradchik are repulsed. Bulgaria's victory
over Serbia is now a fact and after negotia¬
tions on December
2, 1885
the two countries
sign a truce.
THE EPIC UPRISING OF
ILINDEN-PREOBRAZHENIE
1903
In
1893
in
Thessaloniki
the secret Mace¬
donian Revolutionary Organization is found¬
ed, the purpose of which is to liberate the
ancient Bulgarian lands in Macedonia and the
Adrianople region.
ín 1896
at its congress in
Thessaloniki
this organization renames itself
to Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revo¬
lutionary Committee and decides to prepare
an uprising. Together with the revolutionar¬
ies from Macedonia and the Adrianople re¬
gion, many our officers take part in the re¬
bellion, under the leadership of this Bulgari¬
an Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary
Committee. The latter organizes a number of
bands, among which there is the detachment
of second lieutenant Boris Sarafov. Gotse
Delchev is another outstanding military fig¬
ure, leader of a detachment. The officers give
considerable assistance to the rebels and pro¬
vide them with equipment.
On May
4, 1903,
the Turks kill Gotse
Delchev near Banitsa village in the region of
Ser.
The same organization, which came lat¬
er to be called Internal Macedonian-Adrian¬
ople Revolutionary Organization, decides to
announce a rebellion on August
2, 1903
in
the town of
Hinden.
This decision gets con¬
firmed later at the congresses at
Petrova Niva
and in the region of Belemeto in the
Pirin
Mountain.
The strategy and tactics, worked out by
the leaders of the revolt are aggressive. The
rebels take the military initiative immediate¬
ly after the beginning of the uprising. This is
true especially for the regions of Bitolia, where
they are commanded by Damyan Gruev, and
of the Adrianople region, which is under the
commandment of
Mihail Gerdzhikov.
These
regions are the areas where the local popula¬
tion participates most actively. The
truculence
of the rebels upsets the enemy's communi¬
cations and blocks the activity of the Otto¬
man military parts. Blows are delivered to
Ottoman garrisons. The towns of Krushevo,
Klissura, Kichevo, Vassiliko and others are
liberated. The rebels receive support from
Europe and the world.
A
300 000
Turkish army faces the insur¬
gents in Macedonia, and a
40 000
army op¬
poses the Bulgarians in Adrianople. Numer¬
ous fights take place in the mountains of Ger¬
man,
Bigla, Mallessia,
Nindzhe, at the pass¬
es of Lopushnik, Yama,
Predel,
and Slyva, at
the towns of Krushevo, Kichevo and others.
ИСТОРИЯ ИЛ
Ь'ЬЛІ'ЛІ'ИТВ
TOM
lili
ТИ
734
The insurgents show great heroism. Though
it is crushed, this rebellion expresses the strife
of the people from Macedonia and Adriano-
ple for freedom; it is an appeal to all further
generations to keep the ideals of their ances¬
tors.
THE VICTORIOUS BALKAN WAR OF
1912-1913
After the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie insurrec¬
tion the government of General
Racho
Petrov
reorganizes and modernizes the army and pro¬
vides new equipment for it. General
Radko
Dimitriev works out a strategic plan for a fu¬
ture war with Ottoman Turkey. The prepara¬
tions become more active in the period
1908-
1912.
In
1908
a new strategic and operative
plan for a war with Turkey is developed un¬
der the leadership of the head of the General
of staff
Atañas Nazlamov.
This plan relies on
scuffling and provides for the neutrality of
the other Balkan countries.
In
1911
another military project is creat¬
ed, which makes use of the crisis in the Otto¬
man military powers after the revolution of
the „young Turks". The new plan intends a
concentration of three Bulgarian armies at the
Thracian border, where the decisive military
actions are predicted to happen. Two other
detachments, the Rodopski and Haskovski,
are formed. The troops are provided with new
guns and rifles
„Mannlicher"
and „Berdana",
the number of the new weapons reaching
350
000;
new canons, machine-guns and other
arms also come to be used.
Serbia summons
175 000
warriors with
300
canons for the Balkan war;
700 000
sol¬
diers with
244
canons represent Greece, and
Montenegro participates with
30 000
soldiers
and
140
canons. The proportion of powers
on the Thracian front is one to one, and on
the Macedonian front it is three to one in fa¬
vor of the Serbian and Greek armies.
The military preparation held in our coun¬
try is met with enormous enthusiasm by broad
circles of the Bulgarian population
-
the re¬
sponse is equally
wann
with those who live
in their homeland, and abroad. Many Bul¬
garian and foreign military correspondents
describe it. The Bulgarians start for the bar¬
racks with joy and irresistible zeal; they march
with songs and cheer while bells toll. Even
elderly members of the Volunteers Corps de¬
sire to join the army. Enlisted in the troops
are the writers Ivan Vazov, Ellin Peilin, Yor-
dan Yovkov, Anton Strashimirov, Dimcho
Debelyanov, the scholars Alexander
Balan,
Alexander Balabanov,
Mihail
Arnaudov, the
sculptor Andrei Nikolov, the painters Vladimir
Dimitrov-Maystora, Nikola Mihailov, Niko¬
la Kozhuharov and others.
On October
22, 1912
the revolutionaries
confront the enemy
-
battles in the regions
of Adrianople and Lozengrad burst out. Gen¬
eral Dimitriev advances to Lozengrad. The
Bulgarian soldiers repeatedly rush to bayo¬
net attacks. According to German specialists
the Lozengrad fortress can be taken only af¬
ter a several months' siege. As „Daily Tele¬
graph" informs, the Bulgarian army conquers
it
„
on the seventh day from the start of the
military actions
",
This newspaper assesses the
battle as „one of the biggest triumphs known
in the military history of all times". The Turk¬
ish army suffers a second defeat at the oper¬
ation at Lyuleburgas-Bunarhissar in October
1-29, 1912.
Later in November,
1912
the Bulgarian
troops capture the corps of Yaver Pasha, con¬
sisting of
10 000
soldiers, including the com¬
mander himself, in Rodopa mountain and the
region of Gyumurdzhina-Dadeagatch. In the
same month the Bulgarian torpedo boat
„Drazki" defeats the Turkish cruiser „Hami-
die". But the biggest victory of the Bulgarian
army in the Balkan war is the take over of the
town of Adrianople. It is mainly due to the
commanding of General Nikola
Ivanov,
who
leads II army, and of General Georgy Vazov.
in cliarge of the troops at the East sector of
the siege.
THE SECOND BALKAN WAR OF
1913
As a result of the secret pacts between Ser¬
bia, Greece and Romania against Bulgaria a
war between the alliances breaks out on July
16. 1913.
Bulgaria has to fight against these
three countries. The Bulgarian army fights
back successfully on the Kaliman lines, con¬
fronting the Serbs. This battle creates condi¬
tions for a future victory of the Bulgarians at
the Kresnen defile, where thev besiege the
735 s
SUMMARY
Greek
army. Beginning July
14-18, 1913,
our
forces under the command of General
Rad¬
ko
Dimitriev drive the Greek army to a disas¬
ter.
The success of our army causes the Greek
government and its allies to ask for peace.
The Bucharest treaty of July
28, 1913
is
signed. According to it our country wins back
its lands of
Pirin
Macedonia, Strumishko and
Eastern Thrace, with common area of
21 000
m2, but Macedonia, Dobrudzha and other
lands with Bulgarian population remain out¬
side the borders of the country.
BULGARIA IN FIRST WORLD WAR
Bulgaria keeps neutrality in World War I
until the middle of
1915.
Then the country
joins the Central Powers led by Germany, this
decision being a result of the strife to realize
the national ideal for unification of all Bul¬
garian lands. As early as October
1915
our
army realizes successful military operations
on the Macedonian front. It liberates Pirot,
Bitolia and
Ohrid.
Its engagements with the
Anglo-French forces at Krivolak are success¬
ful as well. The Bulgarian troops reach Gev-
gelija in December
1915.
From August to November
1916,
our army
fights at Lerin and Chegan. At the peak of
Kaimakchalan the Bulgarians struggle hero¬
ically, After the battles at the turn of the river
Cherna the Bulgarian troops take up positions
at
5
km from Bitolia. When Romania inter¬
venes in the war and takes the side of the Tri¬
ple Entente on August
27, 1916,
our army
records military victories. On Sepember
2
Bulgarian forces cross the Bulgarian-Roma¬
nian border and advance at the whole front
of Dobrudzha.
The Tutrakan fortress is the mightiest of
all the
155
fortresses, which exist during the
World War I. The commander of the III army
General Stefan Toshev shows talent when he
assesses that the Bulgarians are able to attack
Tutrakan, in spite of the of the German com¬
mander field marshal Mackenzen disagree¬
ing with his decision. From
5
to7 of Septem¬
ber through artillery fire and infantry attacks
under the leadership of Genera! Toshev the
Bulgarian army conquers Tutrakan fortress.
The French General Petain, the German field
marshal Mackenzen, military specialists from
Holland, Hungary and other countries give
extraordinary high esteem to these victories.
In October
1916
the Horse Division of
General Ivan Kolev defeats the Russian Cav¬
alry during the fights at Kubadin. This Gen¬
eral^ army takes Kubadin on October
21
and
puts the defeated enemy to rout; then it con¬
quers Kyustendzha. On December
5, 1916
the
Mounted Division of Ivan Kolev manages to
reach the mouth of the Danube and takes firm
positions there. The chroniclers write that
when our soldiers reach this destination, they
water their weary horses from the Danube.
At the end of
1916
the war is already station¬
ary on the Southern Front. The talented artil¬
leryman and specialist on mine fortification
General-Lieutenant Vladimir Vazov organiz¬
es the Bulgarian positions at Doyran with
excellence and repulses the attacks in April
and May
1917,
inflicting an enormous de¬
feat on the enemy. In the middle of
1918
the
government of Stoyan Radoslavov, which has
ruled since
1913,
applies for retirement. On
June
22, 1918
the government of Alexander
Malinov takes its place
-
the same govern¬
ment, under which the Independence of
1908
had been obtained.
The powers of the Triple Entente on the
Southern Front start their advance on Septem¬
ber
14, 1918
and continuously drive back the
Bulgarian defense, as the front of the battles
between the two armies becomes
10
km deep
and
15
km long. On the right flank of the Tri¬
ple Entente, West of the Doyran lake, the IX
Pleven division, commanded by General-
Lieutenant Vladimir Vazov, is entrusted with
the Bulgarian defense. After series of battles
the Triple Entente army near Doyran refuses
to advance. This is a glorious victory, for
which Vladimir Vazov is the only General
from England's opponents' armies, who is
invited to London in
1936
for a meeting of
veterans of the war. There he is referred to as
„the man who in
1918
defeated in an extraor¬
dinary way the British corps d'fflite at Doyr¬
an". When General Vazov marches at the
London parade it is commanded that in his
honor the flags of the English units, which
have participated in the war, be lowered.
In previous decades our historians used to
think that the decision of Malinov's cabinet to
ИСТОРИЯ МЛ
ВЪЛГАРИТК
том пкти
736
ask for peace had been prompted by the break¬
through of the Bulgarian army at
Dobro
Pole.
But the actual reason for the government to
take this decision is the fact that Bulgarian units,
which had left the front when summoned by
left-wing socialists and agrarians, occupied the
General Headquarters of the Bulgarian Secret
Service. At this time Malinov's cabinet tried
to contact American representatives in order
to receive the support of the president of the
USA Thomas Woodrow Wilson. The govern¬
ment needed his authorization to negotiate
with the Triple Entente in favor of Bulgaria.
Wilson consented to be a negotiator, when our
cabinet officially asked him to, and to insist
with the Entente that Bulgaria must keep its
basic territories, populated with Bulgarians, in¬
cluding
Vardar
Macedonia.
Malinov's government is compelled to sign
a peace treaty in
Thessaloniki
on September
29, 1918
through the cabinet's representatives
-
the peace delegation led by
Andrey
Lyapchev. The grave consequence of this
peace contract is that Bulgaria in fact gets
under an occupation regime;
100 000
of our
soldiers are left as hostages at the West of the
Vardar
river and are maltreated by their op¬
ponents. This outcome is a violation of the
most basic principles and norms of interna¬
tional law: the Bulgarian army remains un-
vanquished, but the peace treaty of
Thessal¬
oniki
brings our country to a position of a
defeated side.
ARMY AND MILITARY POLITICS
1919-1939
The peace treaty of Neuilly, signed on No¬
vember
27, 1919,
reduces our armed forces
to
33 000
people;
20 000
of them are offic¬
ers, the rest are non-commissioned officers,
volunteers and military clerks. Only after the
coup
ďíítat
of May
19, 1934
does it becomes
possible for Bulgaria to take measures for en¬
larging its military power. To achieve this goal
the Supreme Council Of National Defense is
created on January
12, 1935.
With the same
purpose Bulgaria develops active military di¬
plomacy. Furthermore Germany denounces
the military decrees of the Versailles Peace
Treaty in
1936,
and Bulgaria uses this fact in
order to strengthen its army. The Supreme
Council Of National Defense takes measures
to increase the number of weapons and to
technically improve them, as well as to im¬
prove the level of training of our military men.
This process reaches a larger scope when in
1938
the restrictions on our armed forces laid
by the Neuilly Treaty finally fall off.
THE BULGARIAN ARMY DURING
SECOND WORLD WAR
1939-1945
The lands of South Dobrudzha join the
territory of Bulgaria, according to the Bul¬
garian-Romanian treaty of September
7, 1940
and our troops settle in this region. In the first
half of
1941
our soldiers are present also on
the territories of
Vardar
and Eagean Mace¬
donia, the Western Outskirts and Western
Thrace. These facts help Bulgaria to unite al¬
most all its lands.
On September
9, 1944
the political land¬
scape in Bulgaria changes. A consequence
of the changes is the country's participation
in the war against Nazi Germany. The first
large-scale military operation with Bulgarian
participation in the Second World War is the
one at
Nio,
begining
on October
8, 1944.
It is
carried out mainly by the II Bulgarian army,
under the commandment of General Kiril
Stanchev. From
14
to
18
of October
1944.
General Stanchev's troops realize a mighty
advance on the German forces, thus creating
conditions for the liberation of a part of Ser¬
bia, Macedonia and Albania.
Successful also are the operations of the
First Bulgarian army in the direction of Ky-
ustendil-Scopje and those of the First. Sec¬
ond and Fourth army at the fights for Koso¬
vo. The latter region is liberated in Novem¬
ber
1944.
Later the first Bulgarian army, com¬
manded by General Vladimir Stoychev real¬
izes successful
militan1
actions in Yugosla¬
via and Hungary until the end of the war in
May
1945.
Notable are the operations at the
rivers
Drava
and
Mur,
where our army again
shows strategic, operational and tactical skill
and maturity.
BULGARIAN ARMY IN
1945
After the end of the Second World War the
Bulgarian army becomes an object of
politi-
737
SUMMARY
cal influence.
The establishment of a new,
Communist government in the country en¬
tails a considerable purge within the officers'
corps. An overall reorganization of the army
begins, as our troops have to follow the So¬
viet model.
On May
14, 1955
the Organization of the
Warsaw Treaty is created. The Bulgarian forc¬
es rearm and get rebuilt, according to the new
considerations and prognoses that the future
war would be rocket and nuclear, although at
its beginning more conventional means might
be used. In
1968
the Bulgarian army takes
part in the cooperative campaign of some
countries of the Warsaw Treaty in Czecho¬
slovakia.
In the
70s
of the 20th century the home
politics of Bulgaria change. As the interna¬
tional relations thaw, the accent is laid now
on a pro-national policy, as at the same time
Bulgaria doesn't withdraw from the princi¬
ples of socialist internationalism. The stress
on the national is also connected with the
anniversary of the creation of the Dunabean
Bulgarian State thirteen cenuries earlier by
Khan Asparukh.
BULGARIAN ARMY AT THE TIME
OF DEMOCRATIZATION
1989-2007
In the last decade of the 20th and the be¬
ginning of the
21м
century there are reforms
all over the country in both the society and
the state. They include the army as well. In
1991-1992
the government of Philip
Dim¬
itrov
sets a new concept and normative order
of national defense. A project for a »Law For
The Defense And Armed Forces
"
is worked
out at this time. This project is approved after
discussions and changes in it no sooner than
December
13,1995.
The Law consists of three
basic parts;
1.
Principles of national defense of the
Bulgarian Republic.
2.Armed forces of the Bulgarian Repub¬
lic.
3.
Administrative and criminal decrees.
In
1992
a „Military Doctrine Of The Re¬
public Of Bulgaria Within The Framework Of
Bulgarian Politics Of Security" is developed.
At that time Principles of National Security
are worked out and approved. After additional
work in these areas the Military Doctrine is
accepted by a Decision of the National As¬
sembly on April
8, 1999.
This set of guide¬
lines concentrates on the country's defense,
which must be realized through defense pol¬
itics and planning. It is further pointed out
explicitly that the Military Doctrine will op¬
erate until the joining of Bulgaria to NATO
and the European Union. What is character¬
istic of this document is that Bulgaria is not
supposed to rely on internal resources for its
defense but should consign its tasks to Euro¬
pean and Atlantic organizations.
From
1992
to
1999
at decisions of the
National Assembly the Bulgarian army car¬
ries out missions in Cambodia, which start in
1992.
Other foreign missions include Bosnia
and Herzegovina, from
1997
to
2000,
while
our military participation in Afghanistan and
Eritrea continues. In
2000
our army has to
cope with some of the consequences of the
military strikes of NATO in Serbia, the strikes
having started on March
24, 1999.
Along with
giving the NATO forces air and land corri¬
dors, the Bulgarian army takes on a police
mission in Kosovo as well, where a Bulgari¬
an minority of several thousand people lives.
The Bulgarian army again acts to restrain the
ethnical conflict started in
200
lin
the Republic
of Macedonia.
On November
21, 2002
Bulgaria is invit¬
ed to become a member of NATO The coun¬
try is accepted as a full-fledged member of
this organization on April
2, 2004.
In July
2003
Bulgaria starts a pacific mission in Iraq
in the region of the town of Karbala and set¬
tles our soldiers there. In
2006
and
2007
the
Bulgarian troops continue, with some inter¬
ruptions, their missions in several countries
and regions: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Koso¬
vo, Afghanistan, Eritrea and Iraq. The over¬
all activity of the forces of the Republic of
Bulgaria is a proof that our army fulfils with
dignity all the national tasks assigned to it,
including those of a full-fledged member of
NATO and the European Union.
1
The dates in the brackets refer to the
dating according to the Gregorian calendar,
which was introduced in Bulgaria in
1916.
ИСТОРИЯ ИЛ БЪЛГАРИТЕ
ТОМ ПЕТИ
ΊΤΕ
ТОО
пи
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| id | DE-604.BV023270040 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:35:33Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:04:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789546212351 9789545287527 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016455069 |
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| physical | 738 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
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| publisher | Izdat. "Znanie" [u.a.] |
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| spelling | Istorija na Bălgarite v osem toma 5 Voenna istorija na bălgarite ot drevnostta do naši dni Naučen Centăr za Bălgarska Nacionalna Strategija. Pod red. na Georgi Bakalov 1. izd. Sofija Izdat. "Znanie" [u.a.] 2007 738 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bakalov, Georgi 1943-2012 Sonstige (DE-588)129194972 oth (DE-604)BV017272088 5 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016455069&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016455069&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Istorija na Bălgarite v osem toma |
| title | Istorija na Bălgarite v osem toma |
| title_auth | Istorija na Bălgarite v osem toma |
| title_exact_search | Istorija na Bălgarite v osem toma |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Istorija na Bălgarite v osem toma |
| title_full | Istorija na Bălgarite v osem toma 5 Voenna istorija na bălgarite ot drevnostta do naši dni Naučen Centăr za Bălgarska Nacionalna Strategija. Pod red. na Georgi Bakalov |
| title_fullStr | Istorija na Bălgarite v osem toma 5 Voenna istorija na bălgarite ot drevnostta do naši dni Naučen Centăr za Bălgarska Nacionalna Strategija. Pod red. na Georgi Bakalov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Istorija na Bălgarite v osem toma 5 Voenna istorija na bălgarite ot drevnostta do naši dni Naučen Centăr za Bălgarska Nacionalna Strategija. Pod red. na Georgi Bakalov |
| title_short | Istorija na Bălgarite |
| title_sort | istorija na balgarite v osem toma voenna istorija na balgarite ot drevnostta do nasi dni |
| title_sub | v osem toma |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016455069&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016455069&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV017272088 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bakalovgeorgi istorijanabalgaritevosemtoma5 |