Verfügbarkeit: Biochemistry :: THWS Bibkatalog

Biochemistry: the molecular basis of life

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	MacKee, Trudy (VerfasserIn), MacKee, James R. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York, NY [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2009
Ausgabe:	4. ed.
Schlagworte:	Biochimie - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur Biochemistry > Textbooks Biochemie Lehrbuch
Online-Zugang:	Buchbegleitseiten Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780195305753

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Preface xvii 1 Biochemistry: An Introduction 1 1.1 WHAT IS LIFE? 4 1.2 THE LIVING WORLD 6 Bacteria 7 Archaea 8 Eukarya 8 1.3 BIOMOLECULES 9 Functional Groups of Organic Biomolecules 9 Major Classes of Small Biomolecules 10 1.4 IS THE LIVING CELL A CHEMICAL FACTORY? 17 Biochemical Reactions 18 Energy 21 Overview of Metabolism 22 Biological Order 23 1.5 SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 24 Emergence 25 Robustness 25 Modularity 26 Biochemistry in the Lab An Introduction 27 Chapter Summary 27 Suggested Readings 28 Keywords 28 Review Questions 29 Thought Questions 30 2 Living Cells 32 2.1 2.2 33 35 37 BASIC THEMES Water 34 Biological Membranes Self-Assembly 36 Molecular Machines 36 Macromolecular Crowding Signal Transduction 37 STRUCTURE OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS Cell Wall 38 Plasma Membrane 41 Cytoplasm 42 Pili and Flagella 43 2.3 Structure of Eukaryotic Ceils 44 Plasma Membrane 45 Endoplasmic Reticulum 46 Golgi Apparatus 49 Nucleus 51 38 Vesicular Organelles 53 Mitochondria 56 Peroxisomes 58 Plastids 59 Cytoskeleton 62 Ribosomes 66 Biochemistry in Perspective Organelles and Human Disease 61 Biochemistry in the Lab Cell Technology 67 Chapter Summary 69 Suggested Readings 70 Key Words 70 Review Questions 70 Thought Questions 71 5 Water: The Matrix of Life 73 3.1 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF WATER 74 3.2 NONCOVALENT BONDING 76 Ionic Interactions 76 Hydrogen Bonds 76 Van der Waals Forces 77 3.3 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WATER 78 3.4 SOLVENT PROPERTIES OF WATER 79 Hydrophilic Molecules, Cell Water Structuring, and Sol-Gel Transitions 79 Hydrophobie Molecules and the Hydrophobie Effect 83 Amphipathic Molecules 83 Osmotic Pressure 83 3.5 I0NIZATI0N OF WATER 88 Acids, Bases, and pH 89 Buffers 91 Physiological Buffers 96 Biochemistry in Perspective Water, Abiotic Stress, and Compatible Solutes 98 Biochemistry in the Lab Dialysis 99 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Cell Volume Regulation and Metabolism Chapter Summary 99 Suggested Readings 100 Key Words 100 Review Questions 100 Thought Questions 102 xi XII CONTENTS A Energy 104 4.1 4.2 4.3 THERMODYNAMICS 106 First Law of Thermodynamics 107 Second Law of Thermodynamics 107 FREE ENERGY 110 Standard Free Energy Changes 111 Coupled Reactions 112 The Hydrophobie Effect Revisited 113 THE ROLE OF ATP 115 Biochemistry in Perspective Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics 114 Biochemistry in Perspective The Extremophiles: Organisms That Make a Living in Hostile Environments 119 Chapter Summary 120 Suggested Readings 120 Key Words 120 Review Questions 120 Thought Questions 122 5 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 123 5.1 AMINO ACIDS 125 Amino Acid Classes 127 Biologically Active Amino Acids 130 Modified Amino Acids in Proteins 130 Amino Acid Stereoisomers 131 Titration of Amino Acids 133 Amino Acid Reactions 135 5.2 PEPTIDES 139 5.3 PROTEINS 140 Protein Structure 142 The Folding Problem 159 Fibrous Proteins 162 Globular Proteins 167 Biochemistry in Perspective Molecular Machines 157 Biochemistry in Perspective Protein Folding and Human Disease Biochemistry in the Lab Protein Technology 172 Available onüne: Biochemistry in Perspective Protein Poisons Chapter Summary 178 Suggested Readings 179 Key Words 179 Review Questions 179 Thought Questions 181 164 6 Enzymes 183 6.1 PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES 184 6.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES 188 6.3 ENZYME KINETICS 190 Michaelis-Meriten Kinetics 192 Lineweaver-Burk Plots 195 Multisubstrate Reactions 196 Enzyme Inhibition 197 Enzyme Kinetics, Metabolism, and Macromolecular Crowding 201 6.4 CATALYSIS 202 Organic Reactions and the Transition State 202 Catalytic Mechanisms 204 Quantum Tunneling and Enzyme Catalysis 206 The Role of Amino Acids in Enzyme Catalysis 207 The Role of Cofactors in Enzyme Catalysis 208 Effects of Temperature and pH on Enzyme- Catalyzed Reactions 211 Detailed Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis 212 6.5 ENZYME REGULATION 215 Genetic Control 215 Covalent Modification 216 Allosteric Regulation 216 Compartmentation 218 Biochemistry in Perspective Enzymes and Clinical Medicine 220 Chapter Summary 221 Suggested Readings 222 Keywords 222 Review Questions 222 Thought Questions 224 7 Carbohydrates 227 7.1 MONOSACCHARIDES 228 Monosaccharide Stereoisomers 229 Cyclic Structure of Monosaccharides 231 Reactions of Monosaccharides 234 Important Monosaccharides 239 Monosaccharide Derivatives 241 7.2 DISACCHARIDES 242 7.3 POLYSACCHARIDES 243 Homoglycans 245 Heteroglycans 248 7.4 GLYCOCONJUGATES 250 Proteoglycans 250 Glycoproteins 252 7.5 THE SUGAR CODE 254 Lectins: Translators of the Sugar Code 255 The Glycome 257 Biochemistry in Perspective Sweet Medicine 258 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Scurvy and Ascorbic Acid Contents XIII Available online: Biochemistry in the Lab Glycomics Chapter Summary 259 Suggested Readings 259 Key Words 260 Review Questions 260 Thought Questions 261 О Carbohydrate Metabolism 264 8.1 GLYCOLYSIS 265 The Reactions of the Glycolytic Pathway 268 The Fates of Pyruvate 276 The Energetics of Glycolysis 278 Regulation of Glycolysis 279 8.2 GLUCONEOGENESIS 282 Gluconeogenesis Reactions 282 Gluconeogenesis Substrates 286 Gluconeogenesis Regulation 287 8.3 THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY 290 8.4 METABOLISM OF OTHER IMPORTANT SUGARS 293 Fructose Metabolism 293 8.5 296 298 GLYCOGEN METABOLISM Glycogenesis 296 Glycogenolysis 298 Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism Biochemistry in Perspective Glycolysis and Jet Engines 281 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Fermentation: An Ancient Heritage Chapter Summary 303 Suggested Readings 304 Keywords 304 Review Questions 304 Thought Questions 305 у Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle 306 9.1 OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS Redox Coenzymes 312 Aerobic Metabolism 316 9.2 CITRIC ACID CYCLE 316 Conversion of Pyruvate to Aeetyl-CoA 318 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle 321 Fate of Carbon Atoms in the Citric Acid Cycle 326 The Amphibolic Citric Acid Cycle 326 Citric Acid Cycle Regulation 329 The Glyoxylate Cycle 331 Biochemistry in Perspective The Evolutionary History of the Citric Acid Cycle 333 310 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Hans Krebs and the Citric Acid Cycle Chapter Summary 334 Suggested Readings 335 Keywords 335 Review Questions 335 Thought Questions 336 10 Aerobic Metabolism II: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 338 10.1 ELECTRON TRANSPORT 340 Electron Transport and Its Components 340 Electron Transport inhibitors 346 10.2 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 347 The Chemiosmotic Theory 347 ATP Synthesis 349 Control of Oxidative Phosphorylation 352 The Complete Oxidation of Glucose 353 Uncoupled Electron Transport 356 10.3 OXYGEN, CELL FUNCTION, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 357 Reactive Oxygen Species 358 Antioxidant Enzyme Systems 362 Antioxidant Molecules 364 Biochemistry in Perspective Ischemia and Reperfusion 367 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Glucoses-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Chapter Summary 368 Suggested Readings 368 Keywords 368 Review Questions 369 Thought Questions 370 11 Lipids and Membranes 371 11.1 LIPID CLASSES 372 Fatty Acids 372 The Eicosanoids 376 Triacylglycerols 378 Wax Esters 380 Phospholipids 380 Sphingolipids 383 Sphingolipid Storage Diseases 385 Isoprenoids 386 Lipoproteins 392 11.2 MEMBRANES 394 Membrane Structure 395 Membrane Function 401 XIV CONTENTS Biochemistry in Perspective The Aquaporins 406 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Membrane Fusion and Botulism Chapter Summary 409 Suggested Readings 410 Keywords 410 Review Questions 411 Thought Questions 413 ż Lipid Metabolism 414 12.1 FATTY ACIDS AND TRIACYLGLYCEROLS 415 Fatty Acid Degradation 420 The Complete Oxidation of a Fatty Acid 424 Fatty Acid Oxidation: Double Bonds and Odd Chains 426 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 429 Eicosanoid Metabolism 437 Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Mammals 440 12.2 MEMBRANE LIPID METABOLISM 444 Phospholipid Metabolism 444 Sphingolipid Metabolism 446 12.3 ISOPRENOID METABOLISM 448 Cholesterol Metabolism 448 Steroid Hormone Synthesis 458 Biochemistry in Perspective Atherosclerosis 443 Biochemistry in Perspective Biotransformation 461 Chapter Summary 463 Suggested Readings 464 Keywords 464 Review Questions 464 Thought Questions 466 13 Photosynthesis 467 13.1 CHLOROPHYLL AND CHLOROPLASTS 469 13.2 LIGHT 476 13.3 LIGHT REACTIONS 480 Photosystem II and Oxygen Generation 480 Photosystem I and NADPH Synthesis 480 Photophosphorylation 485 13.4 THE LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS 486 The Calvin Cycle 486 Photorespiration 489 Alternatives to C3 Metabolism 491 13.5 REGULATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 493 Light Control of Photosynthesis 493 Control of Ribulose-l^-Bisphospnate Carboxylase 495 Biochemistry in Perspective Photosynthesis in the Deep 497 .Available online: Biochemistry km Perspective Starch and Sucrose Metabolism Available online: BlOCHEMîSTRY IN THE LAB Photosynthetic Studies Chapter Summary 497 Suggested Readings 498 Keywords 498 Review Questions 499 Thought Questions 500 14 Nitrogen Metabolism I: Synthesis 501 14.1 NITROGEN FIXATION 503 The Nitrogen Fixation Reaction 504 Nitrogen Assimilation 506 14.2 AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS 507 Amino Acid Metabolism Overview 507 Reactions of Amino Groups 508 Synthesis of the Amino Acids 512 14.3 BIOSYNTHETIC REACTIONS INVOLVING AMINO ACIDS 525 One-Carbon Metabolism 525 Glutathione 531 Neurotransmitters 533 Alkaloids 539 Nucleotides 539 Heme 551 Biochemistry in Perspective Gasotransmitters 536 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Parkinson s Disease and Dopamine Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Lead Poisoning Chapter Summary 553 Suggested Readings 554 Key Words 554 Review Questions 554 Thought Questions 556 15 Nitrogen Metabolism II: Degradation 558 15.1 PROTEIN TURNOVER 560 15.2 AMINO ACID CATABOLISM 562 Deamination 563 Urea Synthesis 564 Control of the Urea Cycle 568 Catabolism of Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons 568 Contents XV 15.3 DEGRADATION OF SELECTED NEUROTRANSMITTERS 578 15.4 NUCLEOTIDE DEGRADATION 580 Purine Catabolism 580 Pyrimidine Catabolism 583 15.5 HEME BIOTRANSFORMATION 585 Biochemistry in Perspective Disorders of Amino Acid Catabolism 557 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective: Hyperammonemia Available online Biochemistry in Perspective Gout Chapter Summary 587 Suggested Readings 588 Keywords 588 Review Questions 589 Thought Questions 590 16 Integration of Metabolism 591 16.1 OVERVIEW OF METABOLISM 592 16.2 HORMONES AND INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION 596 Peptide Hormones 596 Growth Factors 605 Steroid and Thyroid Hormone Mechanisms 609 16.3 METABOLISM IN THE MAMMALIAN BODY: DIVISION OF LABOR 610 Gastrointestinal Tract 611 Liver 611 Muscle 611 Adipose Tissue 612 Brain 612 Kidney 612 16.4 THE FEEDING-FASTING CYCLE 613 The Feeding Phase 613 The Fasting Phase 617 Feeding Behavior 618 Biochemistry in Perspective Diabetes Mellitus 606 Biochemistry in Perspective Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome Availabie online: Biochemistry in the Lab Hormone Methods Chapter Summary 622 Suggested Readings 622 Keywords 622 Review Questions 623 Thought Questions 624 621 17 Nucleic Acids 625 17.1 DNA 629 DNA Structure: The Nature of Mutation 632 DNA Structure: From Mendel s Garden to Watson and Crick 636 DNA Structure: Variations on a Theme 640 DNASupercoiling 642 Chromosomes and Chromatin 642 Genome Structure 649 17.2 RNA 659 Transfer RNA 660 Ribosomal RNA 661 Messenger RNA 661 Noncoding RNA 662 17.3 VIRUSES 663 The Structure of Viruses 664 Biochemistry in the Lab Nucleic Acid Methods 653 Biochemistry in Perspective Forensic Investigations 658 Biochemistry in Perspective Viral Lifestyles 665 Available Online: Biochemistry in Perspective Epigenetics and the Epigenome: Genetic Inheritance Beyond DIMA Base Sequences Chapter Summary 671 Suggested Readings 671 KeyWords 672 Review Questions 672 Thought Questions 674 18 Genetic Information 675 18.1 GENETIC INFORMATION: REPLICATION, REPAIR, AND RECOMBINATION 678 DNA Replication 679 DNA Repair 690 DNA Recombination 692 18.2 TRANSCRIPTION 707 Transcription in Prokaryotes 708 Transcription in Eukaryotes 711 18.3 GENE EXPRESSION 717 Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 718 Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 720 Biochemistry in the Lab Genornics 700 XVI CONTENTS Biochemistry iim Perspective Carcinogenesis 729 Chapter Summary 731 Suggested Readings 732 Key Words 732 Review Questions 733 Thought Question 734 19 Protein Synthesis 736 19.1 THE GENETIC CODE 738 Codon-Anticodon Interactions 740 The Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Reaction 742 19.2 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 743 Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis 746 Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis 754 Biochemistry in Perspective EF-Tu: A Motor Protein 753 Biochemistry in Perspective Context-Dependent Coding Reassignment Biochemistry in the Lab Proteomics 773 Chapter Summary 774 Suggested Readings 774 Key Words 775 Review Questions 775 Thought Questions 776 761 Appendix: Solutions Glossary G-1 Credits C-1 Index 1-1 A-1
adam_txt	Contents Preface xvii 1 Biochemistry: An Introduction 1 1.1 WHAT IS LIFE? 4 1.2 THE LIVING WORLD 6 Bacteria 7 Archaea 8 Eukarya 8 1.3 BIOMOLECULES 9 Functional Groups of Organic Biomolecules 9 Major Classes of Small Biomolecules 10 1.4 IS THE LIVING CELL A CHEMICAL FACTORY? 17 Biochemical Reactions 18 Energy 21 Overview of Metabolism 22 Biological Order 23 1.5 SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 24 Emergence 25 Robustness 25 Modularity 26 Biochemistry in the Lab An Introduction 27 Chapter Summary 27 Suggested Readings 28 Keywords 28 Review Questions 29 Thought Questions 30 2 Living Cells 32 2.1 2.2 33 35 37 BASIC THEMES Water 34 Biological Membranes Self-Assembly 36 Molecular Machines 36 Macromolecular Crowding Signal Transduction 37 STRUCTURE OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS Cell Wall 38 Plasma Membrane 41 Cytoplasm 42 Pili and Flagella 43 2.3 Structure of Eukaryotic Ceils 44 Plasma Membrane 45 Endoplasmic Reticulum 46 Golgi Apparatus 49 Nucleus 51 38 Vesicular Organelles 53 Mitochondria 56 Peroxisomes 58 Plastids 59 Cytoskeleton 62 Ribosomes 66 Biochemistry in Perspective Organelles and Human Disease 61 Biochemistry in the Lab Cell Technology 67 Chapter Summary 69 Suggested Readings 70 Key Words 70 Review Questions 70 Thought Questions 71 5 Water: The Matrix of Life 73 3.1 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF WATER 74 3.2 NONCOVALENT BONDING 76 Ionic Interactions 76 Hydrogen Bonds 76 Van der Waals Forces 77 3.3 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WATER 78 3.4 SOLVENT PROPERTIES OF WATER 79 Hydrophilic Molecules, Cell Water Structuring, and Sol-Gel Transitions 79 Hydrophobie Molecules and the Hydrophobie Effect 83 Amphipathic Molecules 83 Osmotic Pressure 83 3.5 I0NIZATI0N OF WATER 88 Acids, Bases, and pH 89 Buffers 91 Physiological Buffers 96 Biochemistry in Perspective Water, Abiotic Stress, and Compatible Solutes 98 Biochemistry in the Lab Dialysis 99 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Cell Volume Regulation and Metabolism Chapter Summary 99 Suggested Readings 100 Key Words 100 Review Questions 100 Thought Questions 102 xi XII CONTENTS A Energy 104 4.1 4.2 4.3 THERMODYNAMICS 106 First Law of Thermodynamics 107 Second Law of Thermodynamics 107 FREE ENERGY 110 Standard Free Energy Changes 111 Coupled Reactions 112 The Hydrophobie Effect Revisited 113 THE ROLE OF ATP 115 Biochemistry in Perspective Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics 114 Biochemistry in Perspective The Extremophiles: Organisms That Make a Living in Hostile Environments 119 Chapter Summary 120 Suggested Readings 120 Key Words 120 Review Questions 120 Thought Questions 122 5 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 123 5.1 AMINO ACIDS 125 Amino Acid Classes 127 Biologically Active Amino Acids 130 Modified Amino Acids in Proteins 130 Amino Acid Stereoisomers 131 Titration of Amino Acids 133 Amino Acid Reactions 135 5.2 PEPTIDES 139 5.3 PROTEINS 140 Protein Structure 142 The Folding Problem 159 Fibrous Proteins 162 Globular Proteins 167 Biochemistry in Perspective Molecular Machines 157 Biochemistry in Perspective Protein Folding and Human Disease Biochemistry in the Lab Protein Technology 172 Available onüne: Biochemistry in Perspective Protein Poisons Chapter Summary 178 Suggested Readings 179 Key Words 179 Review Questions 179 Thought Questions 181 164 6 Enzymes 183 6.1 PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES 184 6.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES 188 6.3 ENZYME KINETICS 190 Michaelis-Meriten Kinetics 192 Lineweaver-Burk Plots 195 Multisubstrate Reactions 196 Enzyme Inhibition 197 Enzyme Kinetics, Metabolism, and Macromolecular Crowding 201 6.4 CATALYSIS 202 Organic Reactions and the Transition State 202 Catalytic Mechanisms 204 Quantum Tunneling and Enzyme Catalysis 206 The Role of Amino Acids in Enzyme Catalysis 207 The Role of Cofactors in Enzyme Catalysis 208 Effects of Temperature and pH on Enzyme- Catalyzed Reactions 211 Detailed Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis 212 6.5 ENZYME REGULATION 215 Genetic Control 215 Covalent Modification 216 Allosteric Regulation 216 Compartmentation 218 Biochemistry in Perspective Enzymes and Clinical Medicine 220 Chapter Summary 221 Suggested Readings 222 Keywords 222 Review Questions 222 Thought Questions 224 7 Carbohydrates 227 7.1 MONOSACCHARIDES 228 Monosaccharide Stereoisomers 229 Cyclic Structure of Monosaccharides 231 Reactions of Monosaccharides 234 Important Monosaccharides 239 Monosaccharide Derivatives 241 7.2 DISACCHARIDES 242 7.3 POLYSACCHARIDES 243 Homoglycans 245 Heteroglycans 248 7.4 GLYCOCONJUGATES 250 Proteoglycans 250 Glycoproteins 252 7.5 THE SUGAR CODE 254 Lectins: Translators of the Sugar Code 255 The Glycome 257 Biochemistry in Perspective Sweet Medicine 258 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Scurvy and Ascorbic Acid Contents XIII Available online: Biochemistry in the Lab Glycomics Chapter Summary 259 Suggested Readings 259 Key Words 260 Review Questions 260 Thought Questions 261 О Carbohydrate Metabolism 264 8.1 GLYCOLYSIS 265 The Reactions of the Glycolytic Pathway 268 The Fates of Pyruvate 276 The Energetics of Glycolysis 278 Regulation of Glycolysis 279 8.2 GLUCONEOGENESIS 282 Gluconeogenesis Reactions 282 Gluconeogenesis Substrates 286 Gluconeogenesis Regulation 287 8.3 THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY 290 8.4 METABOLISM OF OTHER IMPORTANT SUGARS 293 Fructose Metabolism 293 8.5 296 298 GLYCOGEN METABOLISM Glycogenesis 296 Glycogenolysis 298 Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism Biochemistry in Perspective Glycolysis and Jet Engines 281 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Fermentation: An Ancient Heritage Chapter Summary 303 Suggested Readings 304 Keywords 304 Review Questions 304 Thought Questions 305 у Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle 306 9.1 OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS Redox Coenzymes 312 Aerobic Metabolism 316 9.2 CITRIC ACID CYCLE 316 Conversion of Pyruvate to Aeetyl-CoA 318 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle 321 Fate of Carbon Atoms in the Citric Acid Cycle 326 The Amphibolic Citric Acid Cycle 326 Citric Acid Cycle Regulation 329 The Glyoxylate Cycle 331 Biochemistry in Perspective The Evolutionary History of the Citric Acid Cycle 333 310 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Hans Krebs and the Citric Acid Cycle Chapter Summary 334 Suggested Readings 335 Keywords 335 Review Questions 335 Thought Questions 336 10 Aerobic Metabolism II: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 338 10.1 ELECTRON TRANSPORT 340 Electron Transport and Its Components 340 Electron Transport inhibitors 346 10.2 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 347 The Chemiosmotic Theory 347 ATP Synthesis 349 Control of Oxidative Phosphorylation 352 The Complete Oxidation of Glucose 353 Uncoupled Electron Transport 356 10.3 OXYGEN, CELL FUNCTION, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 357 Reactive Oxygen Species 358 Antioxidant Enzyme Systems 362 Antioxidant Molecules 364 Biochemistry in Perspective Ischemia and Reperfusion 367 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Glucoses-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Chapter Summary 368 Suggested Readings 368 Keywords 368 Review Questions 369 Thought Questions 370 11 Lipids and Membranes 371 11.1 LIPID CLASSES 372 Fatty Acids 372 The Eicosanoids 376 Triacylglycerols 378 Wax Esters 380 Phospholipids 380 Sphingolipids 383 Sphingolipid Storage Diseases 385 Isoprenoids 386 Lipoproteins 392 11.2 MEMBRANES 394 Membrane Structure 395 Membrane Function 401 XIV CONTENTS Biochemistry in Perspective The Aquaporins 406 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Membrane Fusion and Botulism Chapter Summary 409 Suggested Readings 410 Keywords 410 Review Questions 411 Thought Questions 413 \ż Lipid Metabolism 414 12.1 FATTY ACIDS AND TRIACYLGLYCEROLS 415 Fatty Acid Degradation 420 The Complete Oxidation of a Fatty Acid 424 Fatty Acid Oxidation: Double Bonds and Odd Chains 426 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 429 Eicosanoid Metabolism 437 Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Mammals 440 12.2 MEMBRANE LIPID METABOLISM 444 Phospholipid Metabolism 444 Sphingolipid Metabolism 446 12.3 ISOPRENOID METABOLISM 448 Cholesterol Metabolism 448 Steroid Hormone Synthesis 458 Biochemistry in Perspective Atherosclerosis 443 Biochemistry in Perspective Biotransformation 461 Chapter Summary 463 Suggested Readings 464 Keywords 464 Review Questions 464 Thought Questions 466 13 Photosynthesis 467 13.1 CHLOROPHYLL AND CHLOROPLASTS 469 13.2 LIGHT 476 13.3 LIGHT REACTIONS 480 Photosystem II and Oxygen Generation 480 Photosystem I and NADPH Synthesis 480 Photophosphorylation 485 13.4 THE LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS 486 The Calvin Cycle 486 Photorespiration 489 Alternatives to C3 Metabolism 491 13.5 REGULATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 493 Light Control of Photosynthesis 493 Control of Ribulose-l^-Bisphospnate Carboxylase 495 Biochemistry in Perspective Photosynthesis in the Deep 497 .Available online: Biochemistry km Perspective Starch and Sucrose Metabolism Available online: BlOCHEMîSTRY IN THE LAB Photosynthetic Studies Chapter Summary 497 Suggested Readings 498 Keywords 498 Review Questions 499 Thought Questions 500 14 Nitrogen Metabolism I: Synthesis 501 14.1 NITROGEN FIXATION 503 The Nitrogen Fixation Reaction 504 Nitrogen Assimilation 506 14.2 AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS 507 Amino Acid Metabolism Overview 507 Reactions of Amino Groups 508 Synthesis of the Amino Acids 512 14.3 BIOSYNTHETIC REACTIONS INVOLVING AMINO ACIDS 525 One-Carbon Metabolism 525 Glutathione 531 Neurotransmitters 533 Alkaloids 539 Nucleotides 539 Heme 551 Biochemistry in Perspective Gasotransmitters 536 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Parkinson's Disease and Dopamine Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective Lead Poisoning Chapter Summary 553 Suggested Readings 554 Key Words 554 Review Questions 554 Thought Questions 556 15 Nitrogen Metabolism II: Degradation 558 15.1 PROTEIN TURNOVER 560 15.2 AMINO ACID CATABOLISM 562 Deamination 563 Urea Synthesis 564 Control of the Urea Cycle 568 Catabolism of Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons 568 Contents XV 15.3 DEGRADATION OF SELECTED NEUROTRANSMITTERS 578 15.4 NUCLEOTIDE DEGRADATION 580 Purine Catabolism 580 Pyrimidine Catabolism 583 15.5 HEME BIOTRANSFORMATION 585 Biochemistry in Perspective Disorders of Amino Acid Catabolism 557 Available online: Biochemistry in Perspective: Hyperammonemia Available online Biochemistry in Perspective Gout Chapter Summary 587 Suggested Readings 588 Keywords 588 Review Questions 589 Thought Questions 590 16 Integration of Metabolism 591 16.1 OVERVIEW OF METABOLISM 592 16.2 HORMONES AND INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION 596 Peptide Hormones 596 Growth Factors 605 Steroid and Thyroid Hormone Mechanisms 609 16.3 METABOLISM IN THE MAMMALIAN BODY: DIVISION OF LABOR 610 Gastrointestinal Tract 611 Liver 611 Muscle 611 Adipose Tissue 612 Brain 612 Kidney 612 16.4 THE FEEDING-FASTING CYCLE 613 The Feeding Phase 613 The Fasting Phase 617 Feeding Behavior 618 Biochemistry in Perspective Diabetes Mellitus 606 Biochemistry in Perspective Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome Availabie online: Biochemistry in the Lab Hormone Methods Chapter Summary 622 Suggested Readings 622 Keywords 622 Review Questions 623 Thought Questions 624 621 17 Nucleic Acids 625 17.1 DNA 629 DNA Structure: The Nature of Mutation 632 DNA Structure: From Mendel's Garden to Watson and Crick 636 DNA Structure: Variations on a Theme 640 DNASupercoiling 642 Chromosomes and Chromatin 642 Genome Structure 649 17.2 RNA 659 Transfer RNA 660 Ribosomal RNA 661 Messenger RNA 661 Noncoding RNA 662 17.3 VIRUSES 663 The Structure of Viruses 664 Biochemistry in the Lab Nucleic Acid Methods 653 Biochemistry in Perspective Forensic Investigations 658 Biochemistry in Perspective Viral "Lifestyles" 665 Available Online: Biochemistry in Perspective Epigenetics and the Epigenome: Genetic Inheritance Beyond DIMA Base Sequences Chapter Summary 671 Suggested Readings 671 KeyWords 672 Review Questions 672 Thought Questions 674 18 Genetic Information 675 18.1 GENETIC INFORMATION: REPLICATION, REPAIR, AND RECOMBINATION 678 DNA Replication 679 DNA Repair 690 DNA Recombination 692 18.2 TRANSCRIPTION 707 Transcription in Prokaryotes 708 Transcription in Eukaryotes 711 18.3 GENE EXPRESSION 717 Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 718 Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 720 Biochemistry in the Lab Genornics 700 XVI CONTENTS Biochemistry iim Perspective Carcinogenesis 729 Chapter Summary 731 Suggested Readings 732 Key Words 732 Review Questions 733 Thought Question 734 19 Protein Synthesis 736 19.1 THE GENETIC CODE 738 Codon-Anticodon Interactions 740 The Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Reaction 742 19.2 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 743 Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis 746 Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis 754 Biochemistry in Perspective EF-Tu: A Motor Protein 753 Biochemistry in Perspective Context-Dependent Coding Reassignment Biochemistry in the Lab Proteomics 773 Chapter Summary 774 Suggested Readings 774 Key Words 775 Review Questions 775 Thought Questions 776 761 Appendix: Solutions Glossary G-1 Credits C-1 Index 1-1 A-1
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spelling	MacKee, Trudy Verfasser aut Biochemistry the molecular basis of life Trudy McKee ; James R. McKee 4. ed. New York, NY [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2009 getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biochimie - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur ram Biochemistry Textbooks Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 s DE-604 MacKee, James R. Verfasser aut http://www.oup.com/us/mckee Buchbegleitseiten Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016446521&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	MacKee, Trudy MacKee, James R. Biochemistry the molecular basis of life Biochimie - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur ram Biochemistry Textbooks Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4006777-4 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Biochemistry the molecular basis of life
title_auth	Biochemistry the molecular basis of life
title_exact_search	Biochemistry the molecular basis of life
title_exact_search_txtP	Biochemistry the molecular basis of life
title_full	Biochemistry the molecular basis of life Trudy McKee ; James R. McKee
title_fullStr	Biochemistry the molecular basis of life Trudy McKee ; James R. McKee
title_full_unstemmed	Biochemistry the molecular basis of life Trudy McKee ; James R. McKee
title_short	Biochemistry
title_sort	biochemistry the molecular basis of life
title_sub	the molecular basis of life
topic	Biochimie - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur ram Biochemistry Textbooks Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd
topic_facet	Biochimie - Manuels d'enseignement supérieur Biochemistry Textbooks Biochemie Lehrbuch
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