Essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Göteborg
Dep. of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg Univ.
2008
|
Schriftenreihe: | Economic studies
170 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Zugl.: Göteborg, Univ., Diss., 2008. - Enth.: Asymptotic bias reduction for a conditional marginal effects estimator in sample selection models. Local unemployment an the earnings-assimilation of immigrant men in sweden: evidence form longitudinal data, 1990-2000. Monte Carlo investigation of the initial values problem in censored dynamic random-effects panel data models. Dynamics of employment- and earnings-assimilation of first-generation immigrant men in Sweden, 1990-2000 |
Beschreibung: | Getr. Zählung graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 9185169293 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV023260703 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 00000000000000.0 | ||
007 | t | ||
008 | 080416s2008 d||| m||| 00||| eng d | ||
020 | |a 9185169293 |9 91-85169-29-3 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)254889449 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV023260703 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
049 | |a DE-19 |a DE-188 | ||
100 | 1 | |a Akay, Alpaslan |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation |c Alpaslan Akay |
264 | 1 | |a Göteborg |b Dep. of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg Univ. |c 2008 | |
300 | |a Getr. Zählung |b graph. Darst. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 1 | |a Economic studies |v 170 | |
500 | |a Zugl.: Göteborg, Univ., Diss., 2008. - Enth.: Asymptotic bias reduction for a conditional marginal effects estimator in sample selection models. Local unemployment an the earnings-assimilation of immigrant men in sweden: evidence form longitudinal data, 1990-2000. Monte Carlo investigation of the initial values problem in censored dynamic random-effects panel data models. Dynamics of employment- and earnings-assimilation of first-generation immigrant men in Sweden, 1990-2000 | ||
502 | |a Zugl.: Göteborg, Univ., Diss., 2008 | ||
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Einwanderer |0 (DE-588)4151434-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Mikroökonomie |0 (DE-588)4039225-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Assimilation |g Soziologie |0 (DE-588)4139304-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
651 | 7 | |a Schweden |0 (DE-588)4077258-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4113937-9 |a Hochschulschrift |2 gnd-content | |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Schweden |0 (DE-588)4077258-5 |D g |
689 | 0 | 1 | |a Mikroökonomie |0 (DE-588)4039225-9 |D s |
689 | 0 | 2 | |a Einwanderer |0 (DE-588)4151434-8 |D s |
689 | 0 | 3 | |a Assimilation |g Soziologie |0 (DE-588)4139304-1 |D s |
689 | 0 | |5 DE-188 | |
830 | 0 | |a Economic studies |v 170 |w (DE-604)BV017643044 |9 170 | |
856 | 4 | 2 | |m GBV Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016445913&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016445913 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804137569183596544 |
---|---|
adam_text | ECONOMIC STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS
AND LAW GOTEBORG UNIVERSITY 170 ESSAYS ON MICROECONOMETRICS AND
IMMIGRANT ASSIMILATION ALPASLAN AKAY CONTENTS ABSTRACT PREFACE PAPER I.
ASYMPTOTIC BIAS REDUCTION FOR A CONDITIONAL MARGINAL EFFECTS ESTIMATOR
IN SAMPLE SELECTION MODELS. ALPASLAN AKAY AND ELIAS TSAKAS I
INTRODUCTION II HECKMAN PROCEDURE AND MARGINAL EFFECTS III APPROXIMATING
AVERAGE MARGINAL EFFECTS IV EMPIRICAL APPLICATIONS EARNINGS ASSILMATION
OF IMMIGRANTS IN SWEDEN MONTE CARLO SIMULATION V CONCLUDING DISCUSSION
REFERENCES APPENDIX PAPER II. LOCAL UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE
EARNINGS-ASSIMILATION OF IMMIGRANT MEN IN SWEDEN: EVIDENCE FROM
LONGITUDINAL DATA, 1990-2000. ALPASLAN AKAY AND KEREM TEZIC 1
INTRODUCTION 2 ECONOMETRIC SPECIFICATIONS 2.1 THE ASSIMILATION MODEL 2.2
IDENTIFICATION OF THE MODEL AND QUASI-FIXED EFFECTS APPROACH FOR THE
UNOBSERVED INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS 2.3 THE ESTIMATOR OF ASSIMILATION 3 THE
DATA 4 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 4.1 LOCAL UNEMPLOTMENT-RATES AND THE
IDENTIFICATION OF ECONOMY-WIDE CONDITIONS ON EMPLOYMENT PROBABILITIES
AND EARNINGS 4.2 EARNINGS AND EMPLOYMENT ASSIMILATION WITH LOCAL
UNEMPLOYMENT-RATES 4.3 COHORT EFFECTS 4.4 EFFECTS OF THE EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENTS ON ASSIMILATION 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
PAPER III. MONTE CARLO INVESTIGATION OF THE INITIAL VALUES PROBLEM IN
CENSORED DYNAMIC RANDOM-EFFECTS PANEL DATA MODELS. ALPASLAN AKAY 1
INTRODUCTION 2 THE MODEL AND THREE SOLUTION METHODS OF THE INITIAL
VALUES PROBLEM 3 MONTE CARLO EXPERIMENTS AND THE RESULTS 3.K MCE :
BENCHMARK DESIGN. A NORMAL EXPLANATORY VARIABLE 3.2 MCE2 * A NON-NORMAL
EXPLANATORY VARIABLE 3.3 MCE 3 : AN AUTOCORRELATED EXPLANATORY VARIABLE
4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES PAPER III. DYNAMICS OF
EMPLOYMENT- AND EARNINGS-ASSIMILATION OF FIRST-GENERATION IMMIGRANT MEN
IN SWEDEN,1990-2000. ALPASLAN AKAY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 HYPOTHESES 3
ECONOMETRIC SPECIFICATIONS 3.1 SPECIFICATION OF THE DYNAMIC ASSIMILATION
MODEL 3.2 IDENTIFICATION 3.3 THE INITIAL VALUES PROBLEM, UNOBSERVED
INDIVIDUAL-EFFECTS AND ESTIMATORS 4 THE DATA 5 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 5.1
STRUCTURAL STATE-DEPENDENCE, UNOBSERVED INDIVIDUAL-EFFECTS, AND LOCAL
AND ARRIVAL-YEAR UNEMPLOYMENT ELASTICITIES 5.2 PREDICTING EMPLOYMENT-
AND EARNINGS-ASSIMILATION FROM STATIC AND DYNAMIC MODELS 5.2.1 DYNAMIC
EMPLOYMENT-ASSIMILATION OF IMMIGRANTS, BY REGION AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
5.2.2 DYNAMIC EARNINGS-ASSIMILATION OF IMMIGRANTS, BY REGION AND COUNTRY
OF ORIGIN 5.3 COHORT EFFECTS 6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
|
adam_txt |
ECONOMIC STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS
AND LAW GOTEBORG UNIVERSITY 170 ESSAYS ON MICROECONOMETRICS AND
IMMIGRANT ASSIMILATION ALPASLAN AKAY CONTENTS ABSTRACT PREFACE PAPER I.
ASYMPTOTIC BIAS REDUCTION FOR A CONDITIONAL MARGINAL EFFECTS ESTIMATOR
IN SAMPLE SELECTION MODELS. ALPASLAN AKAY AND ELIAS TSAKAS I
INTRODUCTION II HECKMAN PROCEDURE AND MARGINAL EFFECTS III APPROXIMATING
AVERAGE MARGINAL EFFECTS IV EMPIRICAL APPLICATIONS EARNINGS ASSILMATION
OF IMMIGRANTS IN SWEDEN MONTE CARLO SIMULATION V CONCLUDING DISCUSSION
REFERENCES APPENDIX PAPER II. LOCAL UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE
EARNINGS-ASSIMILATION OF IMMIGRANT MEN IN SWEDEN: EVIDENCE FROM
LONGITUDINAL DATA, 1990-2000. ALPASLAN AKAY AND KEREM TEZIC 1
INTRODUCTION 2 ECONOMETRIC SPECIFICATIONS 2.1 THE ASSIMILATION MODEL 2.2
IDENTIFICATION OF THE MODEL AND QUASI-FIXED EFFECTS APPROACH FOR THE
UNOBSERVED INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS 2.3 THE ESTIMATOR OF ASSIMILATION 3 THE
DATA 4 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 4.1 LOCAL UNEMPLOTMENT-RATES AND THE
IDENTIFICATION OF ECONOMY-WIDE CONDITIONS ON EMPLOYMENT PROBABILITIES
AND EARNINGS 4.2 EARNINGS AND EMPLOYMENT ASSIMILATION WITH LOCAL
UNEMPLOYMENT-RATES 4.3 COHORT EFFECTS 4.4 EFFECTS OF THE EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENTS ON ASSIMILATION 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
PAPER III. MONTE CARLO INVESTIGATION OF THE INITIAL VALUES PROBLEM IN
CENSORED DYNAMIC RANDOM-EFFECTS PANEL DATA MODELS. ALPASLAN AKAY 1
INTRODUCTION 2 THE MODEL AND THREE SOLUTION METHODS OF THE INITIAL
VALUES PROBLEM 3 MONTE CARLO EXPERIMENTS AND THE RESULTS 3.K MCE\ :
BENCHMARK DESIGN. A NORMAL EXPLANATORY VARIABLE 3.2 MCE2 '* A NON-NORMAL
EXPLANATORY VARIABLE 3.3 MCE 3 : AN AUTOCORRELATED EXPLANATORY VARIABLE
4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES PAPER III. DYNAMICS OF
EMPLOYMENT- AND EARNINGS-ASSIMILATION OF FIRST-GENERATION IMMIGRANT MEN
IN SWEDEN,1990-2000. ALPASLAN AKAY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 HYPOTHESES 3
ECONOMETRIC SPECIFICATIONS 3.1 SPECIFICATION OF THE DYNAMIC ASSIMILATION
MODEL 3.2 IDENTIFICATION 3.3 THE INITIAL VALUES PROBLEM, UNOBSERVED
INDIVIDUAL-EFFECTS AND ESTIMATORS 4 THE DATA 5 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 5.1
STRUCTURAL STATE-DEPENDENCE, UNOBSERVED INDIVIDUAL-EFFECTS, AND LOCAL
AND ARRIVAL-YEAR UNEMPLOYMENT ELASTICITIES 5.2 PREDICTING EMPLOYMENT-
AND EARNINGS-ASSIMILATION FROM STATIC AND DYNAMIC MODELS 5.2.1 DYNAMIC
EMPLOYMENT-ASSIMILATION OF IMMIGRANTS, BY REGION AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
5.2.2 DYNAMIC EARNINGS-ASSIMILATION OF IMMIGRANTS, BY REGION AND COUNTRY
OF ORIGIN 5.3 COHORT EFFECTS 6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES |
any_adam_object | 1 |
any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
author | Akay, Alpaslan |
author_facet | Akay, Alpaslan |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Akay, Alpaslan |
author_variant | a a aa |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV023260703 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)254889449 (DE-599)BVBBV023260703 |
format | Thesis Book |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02317nam a2200445 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV023260703</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">00000000000000.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">080416s2008 d||| m||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9185169293</subfield><subfield code="9">91-85169-29-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)254889449</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV023260703</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Akay, Alpaslan</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation</subfield><subfield code="c">Alpaslan Akay</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Göteborg</subfield><subfield code="b">Dep. of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg Univ.</subfield><subfield code="c">2008</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Getr. Zählung</subfield><subfield code="b">graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Economic studies</subfield><subfield code="v">170</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zugl.: Göteborg, Univ., Diss., 2008. - Enth.: Asymptotic bias reduction for a conditional marginal effects estimator in sample selection models. Local unemployment an the earnings-assimilation of immigrant men in sweden: evidence form longitudinal data, 1990-2000. Monte Carlo investigation of the initial values problem in censored dynamic random-effects panel data models. Dynamics of employment- and earnings-assimilation of first-generation immigrant men in Sweden, 1990-2000</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="502" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zugl.: Göteborg, Univ., Diss., 2008</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Einwanderer</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4151434-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Mikroökonomie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039225-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Assimilation</subfield><subfield code="g">Soziologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4139304-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Schweden</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4077258-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4143413-4</subfield><subfield code="a">Aufsatzsammlung</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4113937-9</subfield><subfield code="a">Hochschulschrift</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Schweden</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4077258-5</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Mikroökonomie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039225-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Einwanderer</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4151434-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Assimilation</subfield><subfield code="g">Soziologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4139304-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Economic studies</subfield><subfield code="v">170</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV017643044</subfield><subfield code="9">170</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">GBV Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016445913&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016445913</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung Hochschulschrift |
geographic | Schweden (DE-588)4077258-5 gnd |
geographic_facet | Schweden |
id | DE-604.BV023260703 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-02T20:31:54Z |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:14:22Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9185169293 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016445913 |
oclc_num | 254889449 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 |
owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 |
physical | Getr. Zählung graph. Darst. |
publishDate | 2008 |
publishDateSearch | 2008 |
publishDateSort | 2008 |
publisher | Dep. of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg Univ. |
record_format | marc |
series | Economic studies |
series2 | Economic studies |
spelling | Akay, Alpaslan Verfasser aut Essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation Alpaslan Akay Göteborg Dep. of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg Univ. 2008 Getr. Zählung graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Economic studies 170 Zugl.: Göteborg, Univ., Diss., 2008. - Enth.: Asymptotic bias reduction for a conditional marginal effects estimator in sample selection models. Local unemployment an the earnings-assimilation of immigrant men in sweden: evidence form longitudinal data, 1990-2000. Monte Carlo investigation of the initial values problem in censored dynamic random-effects panel data models. Dynamics of employment- and earnings-assimilation of first-generation immigrant men in Sweden, 1990-2000 Zugl.: Göteborg, Univ., Diss., 2008 Einwanderer (DE-588)4151434-8 gnd rswk-swf Mikroökonomie (DE-588)4039225-9 gnd rswk-swf Assimilation Soziologie (DE-588)4139304-1 gnd rswk-swf Schweden (DE-588)4077258-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Schweden (DE-588)4077258-5 g Mikroökonomie (DE-588)4039225-9 s Einwanderer (DE-588)4151434-8 s Assimilation Soziologie (DE-588)4139304-1 s DE-188 Economic studies 170 (DE-604)BV017643044 170 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016445913&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Akay, Alpaslan Essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation Economic studies Einwanderer (DE-588)4151434-8 gnd Mikroökonomie (DE-588)4039225-9 gnd Assimilation Soziologie (DE-588)4139304-1 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4151434-8 (DE-588)4039225-9 (DE-588)4139304-1 (DE-588)4077258-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
title | Essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation |
title_auth | Essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation |
title_exact_search | Essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation |
title_exact_search_txtP | Essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation |
title_full | Essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation Alpaslan Akay |
title_fullStr | Essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation Alpaslan Akay |
title_full_unstemmed | Essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation Alpaslan Akay |
title_short | Essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation |
title_sort | essays on microeconometrics and immigrant assimilation |
topic | Einwanderer (DE-588)4151434-8 gnd Mikroökonomie (DE-588)4039225-9 gnd Assimilation Soziologie (DE-588)4139304-1 gnd |
topic_facet | Einwanderer Mikroökonomie Assimilation Soziologie Schweden Aufsatzsammlung Hochschulschrift |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016445913&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV017643044 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT akayalpaslan essaysonmicroeconometricsandimmigrantassimilation |