Medvednica: zagonetno Zagrebačko gorje ; povijesni put do novih zemljoslovnih spoznaja
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Croatian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Zagreb
Hrvatski Geološki Inst.
2006
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. 169 - 187. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 195 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9531547092 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Medvednica |b zagonetno Zagrebačko gorje ; povijesni put do novih zemljoslovnih spoznaja |c Milan Herak |
| 264 | 1 | |a Zagreb |b Hrvatski Geološki Inst. |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a 195 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 500 | |a Literaturverz. 169 - 187. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Geologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Paläontologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geology |z Croatia |z Medvednica Mountain | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Paleontology |z Croatia |z Medvednica Mountain | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Milan Herak:
Medvednica
SADRŽAJ
Predgovor
.......................................................................................................................5
1.
UVOD
........................................................................................................................7
2.
U POTRAZI ZA IMENOM
...................................................................................19
3.
PRVE TEMELJNE SPOZNAJE
.............................................................................23
3.1.
Obilje fosilnih organizama
...........................................................................23
3.2.
Stijene
-
svjedoci promjena okoliša u prošlosti
.........................................33
4.
STUPNJEVI NASTANKA MEDVEDNICE
.........................................................51
4.1.
Sporan početak
..............................................................................................51
4.2.
Nedoumice
o paleozoiku
..............................................................................52
4.3.
Porast spoznaja
o paleozoiku
.......................................................................54
4.4.
Starosni slijed mezozojske dokumentacije
................................................63
4.5.
Naslage starijeg tercijara u Medvednici
....................................................96
4.6.
Oživljavanje nemira na neogenskom kopnu
..........................................100
5.
USUSRET SINTEZI GEOSPOZNAJA
О
MEDVEDNICI
..............................115
5.1.
Medvednica između Alpa i Orijentalnog kopna
.................................115
5.2.
Umjereno uvođenje geosinklinalnih pojmova
....................................116
5.3.
Prevlast koncepcije dvostrukog
orogena
..............................................118
5.4.
Postupno približavanje mobilizmu
...........................................................121
5.5.
Od mobilizma do kompresije i izdizanja Medvednice
.........................124
6.
POTICAJ I PRINOS MEDVEDNICE REGIONALNOJ KORELACIJI
.........143
7.
SUMMARY
............................................................................................................151
7.1.
Toponimie
problems
....................................................................................152
7.2.
Early collections
oí
fossils
...........................................................................152
7.3.
Petrogaphic diversity
..................................................................................154
7.4.
Stratigraphy of sediments
..........................................................................158
7.5.
New tentative geotectonic suggestions
...................................................165
8.
BIBLIOGRAFIJA
...................................................................................................169
9.
KAZALO
(Index)
..................................................................................................189
194
Milan Herak: Medvednica
7.
SUMMARY
During the Paleolithic age, in a great part of the north Europe and in some
southern mountainous areas (like the
Alpes),
glacial relations governed. In the
area of the Zagreb Mountains ( Medvednica ) the climate was milder and there¬
fore was used as
a refugium
for many living beings, including the Pleistocene
hunters. Their artefacts and other traces of life have been found especially in the
cave
Veternica
in the southwestern part of the Mountains. The remains, togeth¬
er with the fossilised bones mostly of mammals, soon became of great scientific
interest. The results of exploration and study are most completely presented in
the papers published by
Mirko Malez.
The corresponding figures
1-6
as well as
all others are inserted and bilingually explained in the Croatian text.
The ancesters of the recent Croatian people settled the country in 6th centu¬
ry. As they already had some experience in the mining practice, they paid atten¬
tion to ore deposits of Medvednica which had already been partially exploited.
Only scarce written data on the ores have remained. More interest was awaken
when the owner of land (whith ore), especially the noble family
Zrinski
and the
Bishop Diocese of Zagreb, assigned the privilege of minig activity upon the serfs
(peasants). The geological data were and for a time remained scarce.
Since the 19th century additional geological data have been attained due to
the searching for rocks suitable for construction of the fortresses in the area of
the Zagreb Mountains ( Medvednica ), like Susedgrad,
Medvedgrad
(fig.
7),
Zelingrad, etc. In that way, even some fundamental geological notions have been
obtained.
Until recent times, several hundreds of papers, concernig the geological past
and recent relations in Medvednica, have been published. It is practically
im¬
posible
to discuss every of them in detail in the Mowing chapters. Therefore,
more attention is paid to various ideas after which the authors are easily recog¬
nizable in the Bibliography.
The increase of the number of the visitors of Medvednica, and especially of
its peak called
Sljeme,
iniciated the construction of the first resthous which was
finished in
1877
(fig.
8),
following by several paths and roads across the Moun¬
tains. This contributed to the increase of scientific interest for Medvednica both
of domestic and foreign researchers, including the geologists interested in rocks,
151
Milan
Herak: Medvednica
fossils, thermal water, etc. They published many different papers on rocks, first
in German and afterwards more and more in the Croatian language. The most
known authors of 19th century are Franz Foetterle, Edmund Mojsisovics,
Edu¬
ard
Suess, Franz
Hauer,
Ljudevit Vukotinović, Gjuro Pilar, Dragutin Gorjanović
Kŕamberger,
Mijo
Kišpatić,
etc.
In the recent times, in order to preserve at least some of the primordial envi¬
ronments in Medvednica, in
1981
the Parliament of the Republic of Croatia pro¬
claimed The Natural Park of
Medvednica
(fig.
9).
7.1.
TOPONIMIC
PROBLEMS
In common publications since the Middle Ages for the group of hills, among
which the peak called
Sljeme
dominates, several names have been used. In the
common use, the names Medvednica and
Sljeme,
differently transcribed in the
foreign languages, dominated. In the earlier common publications, the name
Sljeme
was often used for the mountain as a whole (Mons Szlanye, Gebirg
Szle¬
ma,
Slema-
Gebirge,
and exceptionally Slema-vrh). Even the application of the
name Medvednica was different. Hence, the synonyms and homonyms were
difficult to be distinguished. The early geoscientific publications prefered the
name constructed after the settlement Zagreb
(=
Agram).
For instance,
Baltazar
Hacquet
(1789)
introduced the name Gebirg Sagrab, and
Dragutin Seljan
(1843)
Zagrebačka
gora.
The name Medvednica was included in
1908
into geoscientific
termionology by
Artur
Gavazzi.
The synonyms
Zagrebačka
gora
(Agramer Ge¬
birge, Zagreber Gebirge, Zagreb Mountains, Mt. Zagreb,
etc.) were for a long
time privileged by the geologists, while the name Medvednica was the favorite
of the geographers. Finally (in the second half of 20th century), mostly due to
the emotional reasons, the use of the name Medvednica generally prevailed for
the Mountain, but not without exceptions. Therefore, to be able to understand
both the ancient and some of the recent publications, the name
Zagrebačka
gora
(Zagreber Gebirge, Mt. Zagreb, Zagreb Mountains,
etc.), should not be completely
abandoned.
7.2.
EARLY COLLECTIONS OF FOSSILS
In the Tertiary deposits of Medvednica many fossil rests of the land flora and
of the thalophytes from aquatic environments have been found.
The best known locality of the land flora is
Dolje
at
Podsused,
in the south¬
western part of
Medvednica,
to which other localities in the northeastern direc¬
tion consequently have been added. In
1870,
Ljudevit Vukotinović
published a
152
Milan
Негак:
Medvedmça
notice on floral
fossils. He also stimulated Gjuro
Pilar
to continue intensive col¬
lecting of Tertiary flora at new localities such as
Gračard, Čučerje, Planina,
etc. In
that way the floral collection of the Croatian Museum of Natural History in Za¬
greb was thouroughly enriched; this stimulated the Viennese paleobotanist
Con¬
stantin
Ettingshausen to donate his
(smatter)
plant collection to the Museum.
This was the base on which Pilar in
1868,
after consulting several distinguished
foreign paleobotanists/ prepared and published (in Croatian and French ver¬
sions) his fundamental work Flora jossilis Susedana. He improved the mode of
preparation in order to be able to describe many already known forms and also
new ones (fig.
11).
On the basis of
Neogene
environments he concluded that in
that time, the area of
Medvednica
had been an insular complex, which did not
become a mountain system until its end.
Among the algae, the siliceous algae Bacillariophyta (Diatomeae) are the
most impressive. The
initia
tor
oí
their fundamental investigations was
Gorjanović
Kramberger, who collected some samples and sent them to the Viennese expert
for fossil plants, Joseph Pantocsek, who also dealt with other siliceous algae
from numerous finding places in Hungary. He published the results of his com¬
plex study in Berlin
(1889
and
1903),
into which also
109
taxa
from
Dolje
near
Podsused
were included. Afterwards, these algae have been registered by seve¬
ral home authors. However, for the most important results we thank our bota¬
nist Anto Jurilj
(fíg.
12).
As an exprienced researcher
oř
BaciUarìophyta, he
studi¬
ed not only their
taxonomic,
but also the environmental and biogeographic rela¬
tions. From about
400
forms, Jurilj determined
374
(among them over
80
new
taxa).
The other algal marine microfossils, e.g. green and red algae, were of com¬
mon interest being important for determination of chronology and environments
of different deposits.
Among the animal
microfossiís,
the foraminifers
(fíg.
13)
and the
raâioiarkns
axe very important in determinig the age and the environment of the different
marine deposits. The former have carbonate and the latter siliceous skeletons.
The invetebmtes are mostly represented by the mollusks. Especially Tertiary
beds are rich in them. The Austrian geologists had a great interest in them, and
collected many shells which are deposited in Vienna, in the Museum of Natural
History. This collection stimulated our zoologist Spiridion Brusina to organize
additional exploitation of several localities along the margin of
Medvednica.
His
general interest was first directed to land mollusks all over Croatia, and he pub¬
lished (from
1874
to
1902)
several papers, in which the mollusks of Okrugljak (in
the Zagreb periphery) have also got a place. Furthermore, Ivan
Kiseljak
conti¬
nued collecting the mollusks, especially at Okrugljak and
Markuševec,
which
153
Milan Herak: Medvednica
resulted in a very rich collection of specimens of some
taxa.
For example, the
snail Melanopsis is represented in the collection by ca
2000
specimens.
The fossil fishes have been found, both in the marine deposits and in the brak-
ish ones.
Dragutin Gorjanović Kramberger
(already a world known specialist of
that group) is meritorious that the Croatian Museum of Natural History pos¬
sesses a well elaborated collection of
Neogene
fishes from
Dolje
at
Podsused,
and
Gornje Vrapče.
Some data were published already in
1882,
while the exten¬
sive elaboration succeded in
1891.
The oldest forms have been found in the Mid¬
dle Miocene limestones, like the teeth of Chrysophrys, then of sharks
Lämna
and
Carcharodon.
Gorjanović
paid a special attention to Sarmatian fish fossils of
Dolje
and
Podsused.
Among many forms, most interesting are Scomber sarmaticus, Blen-
nius fossilis, and several species of the genus
Ciupea.
The bones of the mammals were at first collected by amateurs. The scientific
study started in the second half of the 19th century.
The first papers upon the remains of the sea water mammals
(Cetácea)
has
been published by the Dutch paleontologist Pierre van
Beneden
(1879, 1882).
Among other forms, he established a new species Mesocetus
agrami
(=*
zagrabien-
sis). Already in
1883,
Gorjanović
determined at
Vrapče
the genera Champsodel-
phis and Delphinapterus, and at
Podsused
the species Platanista croatica, Mesoce¬
tus zagrabiensis, and others.
The land mammals have left numerous remains from different environments
(open plains, woods and caves). Most of them have been described by
Dragutin
Gorjanović
Kramberger. However, the most important for our purpose are the
remains of the cave
Veternica.
The main data have been published in several
papers by
Mirko Malez
and his coworkers from
1965.
up to the recent time. The
most interesting
taxa
(including
Ursus spelaeus)
may be found in the Croatian
text of this book
7.3.
PETROGRAPHIC DIVERSITY
The early investigations of rock constituents of Medvednica were more or
less influenced by the concept according to which Medvednica belongs to the
Alpine system. Consequently, the rock correlations occured within that frame.
First petrographical contributions have been published by Viennese geologists
in cooperation with some of Croatian gelogical amateurs. Among them was
Ljudevit Vukotinović
(=
Ludwik
Farkaš),
who mostly by self-education became
a competent geoscientist. He dealt especially with Tertiary
f
ossiliferous deposits,
and correlated them with those of the Alps and the Viennese Basin. In several
papers, written in the German language, he used German standardized names
154
Milan Herak: Medvednica
for different formations. However, for the texts written in the Croatian language
he had to create new adequate rock names. Later on, his terms have been almost
completely substituted by new ones.
Single attempts.
Ljudevit Viikotinović
prepared and published
(1959)
the first
general gelogical map of Medvednica. Due to scarce outcrops, the map is very
simplified (fig.
14),
especially concerning
petrologie
classification. The extreme
example is the treatment of
magmatic
and metamorphic rocks under only one
name, i.e.
aiorites
which, according to his opinion/ should be the basement of
Medvednica.
Spiridion Brusina and Gjuro
Pilar
introduced the systematic professional
geological investigations of Medvednica and its surroundings. They were stimu¬
lated by very rich fossil collections, and by a strong Zagreb earthquake
(1880)
with the epicentre on the northeastern slope of Medvednica.
In order to explain the origin of the mentioned earthquake, and the dynamic
processes as its consequence,
Упах
published
(1881)
a fundamental geological
study of Medvednica which, for a long time, served as a comparative basis for its
structural and geodynamic studies. Later on, he himself published several new
papers on that topic. For now, let us mention only his treatment of
magmatic
and metamorphic rocks. The differences among the magmatites he ascribed to
differential crystalisation . It means that from the same
magmatic
body differ¬
ent rocks may have originated. The metamorphism was explained by heat and
pressure factors.
Mijo
KiŠpatić
was our first specialist in petrography. He improved the investi¬
gations of rocks by chemical and physical methods and, therefore, his
pétrogra¬
phie
classifications were easy to be controlled. That imposed an objective possibi¬
lity and awoke a common interest of geologists to follow his mode of research.
Concerning Medvednica, he precisely determined the main
magmatic
and meta¬
morphic rocks, like diabases,
meîaphyres,
gabbro, Iherzolìtes,
pyroxenamphybo-
lites, serpentinites, geenschists, filites, etc. From the recent point of view the men¬
tioned rocks originated in different and distant environments, which means that
their recent location is secondary, due to tectonic displacements.
KiŠpatić
paid most attention to the greenschists (including epidotschists,
doritschists, etc.). However, until the end of his scientific activity
(1918)
he had
no decisive explanation of their origin, because he was not convinced neither
that
magmatic
rocks are their protolites nor that regional dynamics have caused
their origin. He inclined to explain them (as well as the serpentinites), as being
direct consequences of the uplift from the depth. Therefore, he believed that all
crystaline rocks (in Medvednica, in
Banovina
as well as in north Bosnia) are Ar¬
chaean in age.
155
Milan
Негак:
Medvednica
Aproach to differentiation. In
1904,
Ferdo Koch
reported the investigation re¬
sults of the primary serpentine outcrops from the area of
Gornje Orešje
(fig.
22)
on the northeastern end of
Medvednica,
and tried to explain their protolites.
In the broader area also greenschists, then
gabbro
and diabases are outcroping.
However all contacts among them are of tectonic character. Nevertheless, Koch
believed (as well as
Dragutin Gorjanović
Kramberger) that the protolites of the
greenschists were
gabbro
and diabases. However, the recent outcrops of
gab¬
bro,
diabases, etc, are at some places only slightly altered. It means that the pri¬
mary environments of
gabbro
and diabase on the one hand and greenschists of
the other one, were very distant and, probably, of different ages.
Ljudevit Vuko-
tinović
did not use the term Archeaen , but prefered the complex term Pre-
Carboniferous . Koch and
Gorjanović
followed him and treated all the crystal¬
line rocks as Pre-Carboniferous in age.
Further steps. After a long time, new attempts of the determination of rock
ages have brought surprising results, which will be commented in short.
In
I960,
Branko Cmković
reports on the primary outcrops of the hornblende
Iherzolite on the north side of Puntijarka, which may hardly be separated from
the
gabbro
outcrops. Nevertheless, all the investigations that followed, sugges¬
ted that
gabbro
and other (non-metamorphosed) intrusive rocks maybe youn¬
ger then the primary
ultrabasic
crystalline rocks, but older than the low meta¬
morphosed greenschists etc. In
1963,
on the basis of the comparative study of all
magmatic
and metamorphic rocks of
Medvednica, Branko Cmković
himself was
convinced that all of them are a consequence of the differential crystallisation
of magma during the Upper Cretaceous. Such a supposition has not been gene¬
rally accepted in that time. Therefore, in the majority of papers and in the new
elaborated geological maps, the Pre-Carboniferous (or Silurian) age of the tec¬
tonic core of
Medvednica
was retained. The structural constitution was most
often treated as
a horst .
Recent contributions. In the recent times, several papers on the ophiolites
were published by
Boško Lugović
et
coauthors in
1991,
Vladimir
Majer
in
1993,
Fabijan Irubelja and
Vesna
Marchig in
1993,
etc. In
1995,
Krešimir
ЅШс
summa¬
rized their opinions upon the origin of ultrabasic (and basic) constituents. Some
of them favorized their genesis in connection with the cummulate
magmatic
rocks, while the other group prefers a common origin, including
gabbro
and
diabases in the general frame of the ophiolites . The place of origin is most often
considered to be connected with the oceanic island arcs close to the continent.
As to the age, a paradigmatic change has occured. Instead of the Pre-Carbonifer¬
ous (or Silurian), on the basis of
radiometrie
analyses the Jurassic and Creta-
156
Milan Herak:
Medvednica
ceous age of the ophiolites have been introduced. The procedures have been
summarized by
Mirko Belák
et al.
(1995).
It is important to notice that at
tlie
same time
(1995),
Josip Halamić
and Damir
Slovenec
published the results of the investigations of the basic rocks associated
with the marine sediments ( magmatic-sedimentary rocks; the middle part of
the Cretaceous) on the northwestern slope of
Medvednica (Mt. Bistra
=
Bis-
transka
gora)
and its surroundings, prolongated to the area of Hum
(fíg.
22,4).
The magmatites are only symbolically (and locally) altered. This indicates that
they are a group
oí
rocks, which had no closer connection with the earlier men¬
tioned group, that comprises Jurassic serpentinites and amphibolites, and Cre¬
taceous cloritoidschists, greenschists, blueschists, etc. (fig.
22,5).
The blueschists are of special interest, because they additionally testify the
oceanic
subduction
processes and the agglomeration of especially thick
depo¬
sites
which, due to very high pressure, have been metamorphosed to the degree
of glaucophan (blueschist)
facies.
For a long time, only their secondary remains
in
Neogene
deposits have been registered (Rozalija
Mutić
and
Radana Dmitro-
vić,
1991).
Soon afterwards, however, their primary outcrops were been found
(Mirko Belák
and Darko Tibljas,
1998.).
They confirm the earlier conviction that
also the origin of amphibolites, cloritoidschists^ greenschists, etc. must have also
been connected with the oceanic
subductions
within a very thick agglomeration
of protolites, predominantly of
ultrabasic
and basic character. Belak and
Tibljaš
have supposed that ultramafites and blueschists in
Medvednica
evidently speak
in favour of an earlier existence of a mobile part of the Dinaric Tethys , where
the mentioned formations have originated.
Acidic exception. The existence of a quite different Cretaceous environment,
distant from the above mentioned ones, is testified by means of the isolated out¬
crops of acidic and neutral
magmatic
intrusive and extrusive rocks in the north¬
eastern part of
Medvednica
(fig.
22, 6).
Emil
Mayer and Vladimir
Majer
(1974)
published a paper on spilite
-
keratophyre association11. The mostimportant con¬
stituents are acidic and neutral
magmatic
rocks: albitic granites (and albitites),
diorites and keratophyres, all in shape of smaller bodies in fault contacts. Such
contacts are also visible between them and
Neogene
sediments; this speaks in
favour of a younger tectonical uplifting. The composition of this rock complex
shows that it is a question of a strange11 body connected with
tlie
South Alpine
area,
Moslavačka Gora (Mt. Moslavina),
and some southeastern areas (e.g.
Ba¬
novina),
This means that on the southeastern side of
Medvednica
did not exist a
long lasting deap fault (like
иле
Zagreb
-
Zemplén
fault ), and that Tissia has
not been extended upon the area between the rivers
Sava
and
Drava.
157
Milan
Негак:
Medvednica
Parametamorphic
rocks. The above discussed acidic and neutral
magmatic
rocks are delimited (and covered) by a widespread disintegrated parametamor-
phitic complex, protolites of which are of carbonate rocks and fine-grained elas¬
tics. They are partiaUy and scarcely altered. Therefore, in some rocks even fossil
remains, ranging from the Silurian to the Triassic, are preserved (figs
17-13,22,2).
Consequently, these rock complexes (like above mentioned acid and neutral
magmatic
rocks) are alpinotypic , i.e. they probably belong to the southern (pe¬
lagic) margin of the primary shelf environment of the recent Calcareous Alps.
7.4.
STRATIGRAPHY OF SEDIMENTS
In order to give a more complete litostratigraphy, it is necessary to include
also the less changed fossiliferous components of the
parame
tamorphic rock
complex. It is important to do so because they are the oldest precisely defined
litostratigraphic elements in the recent
Medvednica.
Silurian. In the southeastern part of
Medvednica
(fíg.
17),
in a relatively hard
block in which the shale alternate, laterally and vertically, with the (partially
recrystalized) limestones, a remain of graptolithic Silurian (and Ordovician) ge¬
nus CWnacograptus has been found
(Jasenka Sremac
and
Milena Mihajlović
Pav¬
lovic,
1983.).
The mentioned rocks are one of the constituents of the very dis¬
turbed (allochthonous) parametamorphic belt which is very heterogeneous, both
in composition and in the degree of alteration (from recrystallized limestones to
marbles and from shales to slates, etc.). After Ivan Jurkovic
(1962.),
of that age
are also some deposits of magnetites and hematites which may speak in favour
of some Lower Paleozoic orogenic changes, like those in the carbonate Alps and
their eastern and southeastern allochthonous prolongations.
This and the following litostratigraphic complexes of the parametamorphic
belt as a whole have finally been altered and disturbed during the Alpine oro¬
geny. The characteristics of the following lithostratigraphic units speak in fa¬
vour of such a conclusion.
Devonian. Adjacent to the Silurian rocks, several localities with Devonian
conodonts have been found (figs
17 -19).
The main genera are Belodella,
lerioâus
and Palmolepis
(Žarko Đurđanović,
1968,1973).
Carboniferous. This system is more complex. Within the parametamorphics,
Đurđanović
determined the conodonts (especially
Hindeoâella
segaformis), which
testify the existence of marine carbonate protolites of the Carboniferous age. In
the same area, some Bryozoa have been found which
Vanda Kochansky
Dévidé,
in
1981,
following the earlier assumption of
Dragutin Gorjanović Kramberger,
158
Milan Herak:
Medvednica
attributed the fossiliferous limestones to the Carboniferous. It is interesting that
in the structural core of
Medvednica
no equivalent rocks have been registered;
this suggests that these are strange at their recent places.
Moreover, in the close surroundings of
Medvednica (Marija Gorica
and
Samo¬
bor
Mountains), the Carboniferous of terrigenous elastics, with the rests of land
flora
(Calamités
and
Sigillaria)
are present. Their outcrops are too close to the
parametamorphic Carboniferous to be treated as an autochthonous tectonic unit.
Permian. Permian sediments are different and only exceptionally documen¬
ted by fossils. The low metamorphosed dominantly carbonate rocks, and sporadi¬
cally variegated metaclastics are outcropping in the eastern part of
Medvedni¬
ca. Krešimir Šikić
(1995)
supposed that the carbonate deposits belong to the Lower
Permian, while metaclastics continue at least partially into the Upper Permian.
In any case, they all belong to the earlier mentioned parametamorphic complex.
However, on the northwest side of
Medvednica,
unaltered Permian sedi¬
ments are found, i.e. some evaporites in the basis of the Lower Txiassic, with no
fossils
(Poljak,
1937).
They are completely comparable to the elastics and evapo¬
rites in the transition zone between the Permian and the Triassic in the
Samobor
Mountains. Many reasons speak in favour of them being (together with youn¬
ger Triassic, prevalingly carbonate deposits) easily correlable with adequate for¬
mations in the recent South Alps.
It may also be mentioned, that an isolated megablock of Neoschwagerina-
dolomites (probably a part
oí
Neogene
basal conglomerates) has been found,
containing numerous foraminif
eral
fossil remains
(Vanda Kochansky
Dévidé
and
Donata
Neděla
Dévidé,
1990).
Most important are the genera Neoschwagertna
and Verbeekina, which had extensive distribution in the Tethys area. However, as
the block belonged to
Neogene
transgressive deposit of the Paratethys, the most
logical conclusion should be that its primary connection was in the primary en¬
vironment of the Julian Alps.
Let us shortly remind that some lead and zinc ores are preserved mostly
within the marbles (fig.
21)
or in the recrystalized Upper Paleozoic limestones
(Boris
Šinkovec
et al.
1988).
In a galenite sample
Ladislav
Palinkas
(1985),
by means
of an
isotopie
method, concluded that the complex, from which the examined
sample was separated, most probably belonged to the low metamorphosed Up¬
per Paleozoic complex, the environments of which are easier to be compared
with the Alpine than with the Dinaric ones.
Atassie.
The units of this system are distributed within three important ma¬
jor megaunits. A part of them belongs to the earlier commented
parametamor-
phics, the other to Alpine shallow water formations, and the third one to the
159
Milan Herak: Medvednica
genetically
diversified (mostly synorogenic) group of rocks with clear Dinaric
characteristics.
The first megaunit is characterized by a low degree metamorphism of car¬
bonate and thin grained clastic beds. They are, together with Paleozoic paramet-
amorphic rocks, strongly disturbed by tangential and ruptural displacements
(figs.
18
and
19).
Their age is proven by conodonts, e.g.
Gondolele nombergensis.
The second unit covers a larger isolated area within the frame of Medvedni¬
ca (fig.
22,2).
It consists of Lower Triassic
(Werfen),
predominantly clastic de¬
posits, and of Middle and Upper Triassic carbonate rocks, prevailingly dolomites.
They are either bedded or massive (figs
23-25).
It is interesting to mention that
these Triassic complexes directly continue to the
Samobor
and
Žumberak
Moun¬
tains. According to
Dragutin Gorjanović Kramberger
(1908)
they are strange in
both areas. Later on, even inverse contacts with Cretaceous flysch deposits have
been registered
(Krešimir Šikić
et al.
1979.).
The strange position of the Alpine Triassic elements was afterwards not
only confirmed, but also explained as parts of Carbonate Alps ovethrust upon
the Dinaric structural basement, several outcrops of which in Medvednica are
isolated. They are composed of rocks which are of a different age and composi¬
tion, and they display different tectonic settings (fig.
22, 3-8).
Let us mention
only their main characteristics, starting from the south.
The most exterior environment seems to be Triassic and Jurassic well bedded
radiolarites in exchange with shale components, which were deposited in ba¬
sins under the influence of pelagic sea area, causing more or less regular oscilla¬
tions
(Josip Halamić
and
Spela Goričan,
1995).
On the southern and northern side, the basin ( trough ) was close to the
shallow water environment, characterized by carbonate sedimentation. The
northern margin displayed during the Triassic the same characteristics as are
visible in Triassic limestone fragments within Mesozoic carbonate breccias on
the northwestern flank of Medvednica (fig.
26).
Apart from the above mentioned breccias, in the northeastern part of
Medvednica (at the southeastern side of metamorphic complexes), outcrops of
Triassic limestones which are identical with the ones preserved as components
of the breccias, are overlain by Upper Cretaceous flysch deposits
(Boško
Korolija
et al.,
1995).
Jurassic. Beside the already explained
ultrabasic
and basic metamorphic rocks
of the oceanic origin, the Jurassic is represented also by scarce outcrops of sedi¬
ments. A part of them is associated with Triassic diatomitic basin beds. The other
one makes the major part of carbonate breccias. The differences in environments
have been explained in dealing with analogous Triassic rocks. The outcrops are
160
Milan Herak: Medvedmca
too scarce to determine the primary extension of the environment. Therefore, a
tectonic model is required according to which small outcrop areas and their dis¬
integration could be explained. Obviously, without continental
subduction
move¬
ments, too many difficulties may be encountered.
Cretaceous. As already stated, Gjuro
Pilar
(1881)
was the first one to register
in
Medvednica
Upper Cretaceous deposits displaying Dinaric characteristics
identical to those of
Banovina.
This discovery was very important for having
finally abandoned the existing opinion (in that time) that
Medvednica
belonged
to the Alps. However, in spite of additional notions concerning the Cretaceous
(Dragutin Gorjanović Kramberger
1994,1908;
Donata
Neděla
Dévidé,
1953,1954,
1956;
Ante Polšak,
1953-1985,
etc.), it was not before the second half
oí
20th cen¬
tury that the real vertical and horizontal extensions of its individual formations
have been established. Already in that time oceanic mobilistic ideas were intro¬
duced in the tectogenetic considerations. In the Cretaceous the oceanic trough,
due to
subductions
and uplifting dynamics, was already dosed and marine se¬
dimentation environments became very diversified. Later on, by means of con¬
tinental
subductions
(whose consequences I have registered not only in the Di¬
naric Mountains in
1956.,
but also afterwards, in
1999
in the area of
Medvedni¬
ca),
the distribution of Cretaceous fragmented outcrops became easier to be ex¬
plained (fig.
22).
It is therefore possible to understand that diverse Cretaceous
deposits can be agglomerated close to one another, though their primary envi¬
ronments were extended in incomparably greater distances. In the middle part
of the Cretaceous there are outcropping deposits in range from
magmatic
se¬
dimentary formations (fig
22,4)
over shallow water carbonate rocks to terrige¬
nous deposits, while in the younger Cretaceous pelagic limestones (fig.
16),
shal¬
low water limestones (locally with rudistids), clastic turbidic beds and flysch
deposits (figs
30
and
32)
are outcropping. All of them display Dinaric features,
even the fragments of the breccias. Their contacts are predominantly of tectonic
character. Such recent relations confirm the assumption of a complex
subduc¬
tion
dynamics, after which the uplifting followed (forming, in most cases, tec¬
tonic windows).
Paleogene, So
far, two different groups of
Paleogene rock
remains have been
distingushed.
The first one belongs to the
Paleocene
(fig.
22, 9).
It makes the final part of
flyschoid sediments, including carbonate rock bodies, especially in the area of
Rog
and
Lipa
in the northeastern part of
Medvednica
(fig.
31).
Finally, there
were deposited terrigeneous elastics. This shows that their complex environ¬
ments were unquiet due to tectonic movements. The fossil remains belong to
161
Milan Herak:
Medvednica
different algae and invertebrates. They have been studied mostly by Ivan
Gušić
and
Ljubo Babić
(1973),
Ante
Polšak
(1985),
and
Domagoj Jamičić
with coauthors
(1995).
Among the characteristic microfossils the most important are the algae
(Elianella
elegans
and
Janta
nummulitica), sessile foraminifers (Planorbulina cretae,
Miliacina multicamerata) and planctonic Globigerina
trilocuîoiâes, etc.
This means
that the environments were open towards pelagic areas. It is evident that they
are all consequences of the dynamics within the Dinaric mobile area.
However, among the mentioned localities,
Paleogene
fragments are distri¬
buted, in sharp contacts with different rocks. Already
Dragutin Gorjanović
Kram-
berger
possesed a small collection of nummulitides, which have been determined
by the Viennese geologist Victor Uhlig as Nummulites perforatus, etc.
Gorjanović
had also found fragments of sandstone full of orbitoids. Thereafter, all the men¬
tioned disintegrated
Paleogene
rocks have most probably been resedimented
into the basal conglomerates at the beginning of the
Neogene
overflow of wa¬
ters from the Paratethys upon the Dinaric structures. That means that the men¬
tioned fragments are resedimented Alpine elements. This is in accordance with
the investigations performed in the mountains of
Kalnik, Ravna
Gora,
etc.
(An¬
tun Šimunić
et al.
1981).
All this suggests that the tectonic mobilistic pattern com¬
prising the Dinaric units under the Alpine ones are a consequence of the
convergent oceanic
subductions on
the both sides of the recent calcareous Al¬
pine areas, supported by the generally northwards directed Dinaric continen¬
tal
subductions.
That was the end of the overthrust tectonics in the area of
Medvednica
and its surroundings.
Neogene. Neotectonic
dynamics is reflected in
Neogene
autochthonous se¬
ries (fig.
33),
which are diversified due to different structural changes (ruptur¬
ing, extension, rifting, compression, uplifting). The lowest unit consists of Ot-
tnangian fresh water deposits with some coal intercalations, accompanied by fossil
remains of land plants (Ahmed
Polić,
1935;
Enio Jungwirth and
Tamara
Derek,
2000).
Lidija
Šikić
(1968)
registered charophyts (Tectochara and Kosmogyra), and
some foraminifers (e.g. Globigerina bulloides). They are mainly outcropping in the
central part of
Medvednica,
especially in the area of the village
Planina,
then the
hill
Tepčina Špica,
etc. (figs
33
and
34). Davor
Pavelić
et al.
(2000)
published a
short
overview of the Ottnangian lacustrine sediments concerning
facies, de-
positional environments and tectonic control .
The next step was characterized by a further disintegration of the bedrock
and by the eustatic rise of sea waters of the Paratethys. Therefore, the diverse
marine sediments have ovelapped almost all the parts of the recent
Medvedni¬
ca.
During Karpatian and
Badenian
times, marine rocks/with some pyroclstics have
been deposited (fig.
35).
The sediments are easy to be correlated with those in
162
Milan
Негак:
Medvednica
the Vienna Basin (figs,
36
and
37),
what has been confirmed by many papers
published by
Dragutin Gorjanović
Kramberger
(1883,1895),
Fran
Šuklje
(1938),
Lidija
Šikić
(1968),
Rozalija Mutić
(1969),
Zlatan Bajraktarević
and
Davor
Pavelić
(2003),
etc. Therefore, it would be
superflous
to repeat all their characteristics.
Let us mention only the coastal breccias,
algaï
shallow water limestones, deep
water marls, etc. At the end of the
Badenian,
the connection between the Para-
tethys and the Mediterranean area was slackened and finally broken, due to
some tectonic elevations. The consequence was its disintegration of the Para-
tethys into several basins, among which was the
Pannonian
basin.
At the beginning of the Sartnatian, even due to unquietness of bottoms inside
the sedimentation areas, fresh water intrusions into marine environments oc¬
curred. Among the deposits, marls and sandstones are most often present. Spe¬
cific fossils are foraminiferal genus Eiphidium, pelecypods
Macim,
Emilia, and
Congeria (fig.
38),
and the gastropod Cerithium. The plants are especially repre¬
sented by the algae Diatomeae (fig.
12)
and land plants (fig.
11),
etc. The authors
of the main notions are Spiridion Brusina
(1884,1893),
Gjuro
Pilar
(1883),
Dragutin
Gorjanović Kramberger
(1908),
Vanda Kochansky
(1944),
Anto Jurilj
(1957),
Li¬
dija
Šikić
(1968),
Zlatan Bajraktarević
(1976),
Krešimir Šikić
(1995),
etc.
Pannonian.
At the end of the Sarmatian, some blocks had been uplifted, and
the
Pannonian
basin was additionally influenced by fresh water. Among the se¬
diments, marls and marly limestones prevail, being locally exploited for the pro¬
duction of cement. The main fossils are Radix croatica, Congeria banatica, etc. In
the recent times, numerous ostracods have also been found (Ana
Sokač,
1967).
However, in the Upper
Pannonian
(former: Lower
Pontian)
due to tectonic ac¬
tivity in the southwestern part of
Medvednica,
uplifting in the area
Podsused
-
Sv.
Nedelja, it is probable that land restoration had occured, connecting
Medved¬
nica
and
Žumberak.
In that time
Medvednica,
was a relatively disintegrated low¬
land with scarce influence upon the sedimentation in the surroundings basins
(Krešimir Šikić,
1995).
Pontian
(former: Upper
Pontian).
The lower part is characterized by slow
bedded marls with some sandy constituents. Among the fossils, Paradacna
ubichi
and other mollusks, then ostracods, etc.
(Antun
and
Alka Šimunić,
1987,
etc.)
may be mentioned. The Upper
Pontian
consists of sands, sandstones, marls with
some lenses of lignite, testifies the existence of some restricted marshy envi¬
ronments. The most characteristic are species of the genus Congeria (fig.
38),
es¬
pecially Congeria rhomboidea. Numerous ostracods have also been found (Ana
Sokač,
1967).
163
Milan Herak:
Medvednica
Pliocene. At the beginning, the land areas were extended. Therefore, the near¬
est of the finding places of fresh-water snail Viviparus (former: Paludina) is out¬
side
Medvednica
(close to
Dugo Selo). Medvednica
itself in that time was a land
under tectonic disturbances, partially under tangential movements, but more
important was the further uprising of the
Medvednica
as a whole, which was
exposed to an increased erosion and denudation by flowing waters and winds.
The consequence was the accumulation of waste material on in the slope areas
of
Medvednica,
and in river valleys and lakes in the foot areas around the moun¬
tain.
Quaternary, The litostratigraphic boundary between the uppermost Pliocene
and the lower part of the Quaternary (Pleistocene) is unclear. Therefore, in geo¬
logical maps, the transitional deposits are treated as Plio-Quaternary (fig.
33).
As already said, in that time the lakes were transformed into marshes. The most¬
ly vertical neotectonic dynamics continued, which is confirmed by vertical and
lateral irregularities in the preserved deposits, as already noticed by
Dragutin
Gorjanović Kramberger
(1908).
He ascribed even the origin of the Zagreb ter¬
race to faulting dynamics.
Eduard
Prelogović
(1970)
discussed neotectonic move¬
ments in the area between
Orlica
(in Slovenia), the
Samobor
Mountains and
Medvednica. Krešimir Šikić
(1995),
discussing the faulting at the end of the Pleis¬
tocene and the begginning of the Holocene, concluded that in that time/ the an¬
cient faults in the area between the
Samobor
Mountains and
Medvedica
were
rejuvenated. They caused additional subsiding and origin of the
Sava
depres¬
sion. In that process, the
Neogene
barriers between
Brezice
and
Podsused
have
been removed, so that the areas of
Brezice
and Zagreb have been connected.
The tectonic dynamics continued up to the recent times, which is confirmed by
numerous earthquakes. Their epicentres and hypocentres are grouped around
more or less several centres, despite their different ages and magnitudes (figs
43
and
44).
Quaternary deposits are very diversified. However they are correlable with
adequate formations elsewhere. Nevertheless, two localities display specific cha¬
racteristics, which testify two extreme, well documented environments.
The first locality is at the southern margin of the western part of the Zagreb
terrace
(Grmoščica
in
Černomerec),
where clay deposits have been exploited
(fíg.
39).
According to
Andrija
Bognár
and
Vilko
Klein
(1976),
including some
later emendations, the profile is over
28
m
thick. Quaternary sands of fluvial
origin overlie
Pontian
beds. To the Riss Glacial belong the loess deposits (sand,
gravel, sandy-clayey beds). Terra
rossa
(associated with soil elements) have
originated during the
Riss-Würm
Interglacial.
During the
Wurm
Glacial the ex¬
change of cold stadials and milder interstadials have been exchanging. The first
164
Milan
Нєгак:
Medvednica
stadial
is confirmed by sandy loess-like sediments asssociated with sandy
grevei
and sand. The next
interstadial
is characterized by fossil soil. The following
sta¬
dial
is again characterized by eolian sediments, covered by fossil soils. After a
hiatus, a new repetition of eolian deposits followed.
The second locality is the
Veternica
Cave, which was already mentioned at
the begginning of this treatise
(fíg.
1-6).
As visible on the profile (reconstructed
by
Mirko
Malez,
1965.)/
diversified climatic conditions are confirmed by the ex¬
change of different deposits, in the time span from the Riss glacial to the Holocene.
There are
12
strata deposited during the stadials and interstadials. The
coarce
grained lowermost stratum nonconformably overlies Triassic dolomites. The rest
of the strata consist mainly of variegated loams with partial inclusions of more
or less rounded rock fragments. The differences among them derive from cli¬
matic changes
(interglacials,
interstadials, glacials, stadials). At some horizons,
rich fossil remains have been exploited. In the Riss
- Wurm
Interglacial
the bones
of
Dama,
Panthern,
Meles,
Crocuta,
Ursus
arctos, Cervus elaphus, Hystrix, etc. have
been found. In
Wurm
Glacial, most frequent are
Ursus
spelaeus, Lepus timidus,
Lynx lynx, Cuon alpinus,
Gulo gulo,
and many others.
It is necessary to point out that in the stratum of the first
interstadial
of the
Wurm,
the Mousterian artefacts of Pleistocene men have been found.
In the Riss
- Wurm
Interglacijal stratum, by help of
palynologie
analysis,
Maja
Paunović
et al.
(2001)
have determined
Picea,
Pinus, Abies, Castanea, Quercus, Va¬
gus, Salix and other genera of the land flora.
All the fossil remains confirm that
Medvednica
during the Quaternary was
characterized by notable climatic changes. However, the glaciers, according to
Dragutin Gorjanović Kramberger
probably did not exist
(1908),
in spite of the
opposing opinions of Gjuro
Pilar,
who first assumed such a possibility, and Hinko
Hranilović,
who supported his view.
7.5.
NEW TENTATIVE GEOTECTONIC SUGGESTIONS
The discussed lithostratigraphic units show that in a relatively small moun¬
tain area, such as
Medvednica,
too many various rock complexes have been found
to be attributed to
a homogene
tectonic complex consisting of various environ¬
ments, which should be located close to one another. On the contrary, their
primary distribution was very enlarged, with essentially differentiated environ¬
ments (deep ocean, pelagic area, shelf belts, transgressions upon the land, lakes,
etc.), which may be so distant one from another that their recent more or less
oblique agglomeration (fig.
22)
has to be explained only by
mobUistíc
tectonics
during the Alpine orogeny, which ended in the JRaleogene time. Later, during
165
Milan Herak: Medvednica
the
Neogene
and the Quaternary, more or less only ruptural tectonics, with re¬
latively differetiated vertical movements and, possibly, gravitational
dispiacente
occurred, then the indentation followed, especially on the western side of
Medvednica. In that way, we can better explain the lack of simmetry in the struc¬
tural pattern of Medvednica
(fíg.
45)
as well as close relations among the local
entities connecting the Suthern Alps with the eastern mountains of Hungary.
This makes it easy to understand why the eastern continuation of the Periadri-
atic lineament has never been commonly confirmed or undoubtedly located.
However, the mentioned problems require additional analyses and discussions.
The Zagreb Mountains
(=
Medvednica) were at first attributed to the Alps.
Then, for a long time, despite the registration of Dinaric lithostratigraphic units
in it, Medvednica was treated as the southwestern prolongation of the
Panno¬
nian
variscan structural complex, called Tissia.
In
1924,
Ferdo Koch
considered the whole area south of the
Drava
river to be
a part of the Inner
Dinarides.
Leopold
Kober,
the creator of the double
orogene
model, tried in numer¬
ous publications to specify the relations between the Dinaric Mountains and the
Alps. However, until the end of his scientific activity, he has not succeded in
eliminating numerous exceptions which were not in accordance with a sup¬
posed regular symmetry and opposite
vergences
between the Alpides and the
Dinarides,
being a cosequence of the interior movements merely from
tlie
north,
which is confirmed
(1952)
by his reconstruction of the tectonics in the
Pannoni¬
an
area southwards of the
Drava
river. Figure
40
shows that the tectonics of the
area in question required an introduction of new units, which are not in accor¬
dance with a simple model of the double
orogene .
Nevertheless, the tectonical
treatment of Medvednica continued to be treated as a solid unit ( Variscan
horst )
of the Inner
Dinarides.
When the first mobilistic concept was introduced into our tectonical research,
oceanic
subductions,
from the
Sava
-
Vardar
Zone northwards, have been in¬
troduced (Jakob
Pamić,
2002,
etc.). The reason to do so was the necessity to look
for new elements to explain the origin of the
ultrabasic
and basic magmatites,
and of a great part of metamorphites. However, in that way, it was impossible to
explain the allochthonous units within the Outer
Dinarides,
the number which
was increasing. Therefore, I proposed to look for northward continental
sub¬
ductions,
south of the oceanic ones. The first attempts encountered obvious re-
sistence, especially when even Medvednica was considered to be a consequence
not only of oceanic, but also of contmetal
subduction
dynamism. However, multi-
disciplinary results, which have recently been obtained, have confirmed the need
of a new (mobilistic)
reiterpre
tation
of the tectonic pattern of Medvednica. Fi-
166
Milan
Негак:
Medvednica
gure
45
reflects our new model, in which the continental Dinaric units are sub¬
ducted northward under the oceanic Dinaric ones, and both of them under the
Alpine overthrusts. This interpretation assumes the collision of opposing con¬
vection currents within the northern part of the Tethys (somewhere under the
recent carbonate Alps), which was followed by uplifting and possible gravita¬
tional displacements. Such an approach enforces additional general discussions,
to find out which of the geotectonic conclusions based on the double
orogene
model, concerning the broader area around Medvednica, may be emended.
167
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| adam_txt |
Milan Herak:
Medvednica
SADRŽAJ
Predgovor
.5
1.
UVOD
.7
2.
U POTRAZI ZA IMENOM
.19
3.
PRVE TEMELJNE SPOZNAJE
.23
3.1.
Obilje fosilnih organizama
.23
3.2.
Stijene
-
svjedoci promjena okoliša u prošlosti
.33
4.
STUPNJEVI NASTANKA MEDVEDNICE
.51
4.1.
Sporan početak
.51
4.2.
Nedoumice
o paleozoiku
.52
4.3.
Porast spoznaja
o paleozoiku
.54
4.4.
Starosni slijed mezozojske dokumentacije
.63
4.5.
Naslage starijeg tercijara u Medvednici
.96
4.6.
Oživljavanje nemira na neogenskom kopnu
.100
5.
USUSRET SINTEZI GEOSPOZNAJA
О
MEDVEDNICI
.115
5.1.
Medvednica između Alpa i "Orijentalnog kopna"
.115
5.2.
Umjereno uvođenje "geosinklinalnih" pojmova
.116
5.3.
Prevlast koncepcije "dvostrukog
orogena"
.118
5.4.
Postupno približavanje mobilizmu
.121
5.5.
Od mobilizma do kompresije i izdizanja Medvednice
.124
6.
POTICAJ I PRINOS MEDVEDNICE REGIONALNOJ KORELACIJI
.143
7.
SUMMARY
.151
7.1.
Toponimie
problems
.152
7.2.
Early collections
oí
fossils
.152
7.3.
Petrogaphic diversity
.154
7.4.
Stratigraphy of sediments
.158
7.5.
New tentative geotectonic suggestions
.165
8.
BIBLIOGRAFIJA
.169
9.
KAZALO
(Index)
.189
194
Milan Herak: Medvednica
7.
SUMMARY
During the Paleolithic age, in a great part of the north Europe and in some
southern mountainous areas (like the
Alpes),
glacial relations governed. In the
area of the Zagreb Mountains ("Medvednica") the climate was milder and there¬
fore was used as
a refugium
for many living beings, including the Pleistocene
hunters. Their artefacts and other traces of life have been found especially in the
cave
Veternica
in the southwestern part of the Mountains. The remains, togeth¬
er with the fossilised bones mostly of mammals, soon became of great scientific
interest. The results of exploration and study are most completely presented in
the papers published by
Mirko Malez.
The corresponding figures
1-6
as well as
all others are inserted and bilingually explained in the Croatian text.
The ancesters of the recent Croatian people settled the country in 6th centu¬
ry. As they already had some experience in the mining practice, they paid atten¬
tion to ore deposits of Medvednica which had already been partially exploited.
Only scarce written data on the ores have remained. More interest was awaken
when the owner of land (whith ore), especially the noble family
Zrinski
and the
Bishop Diocese of Zagreb, assigned the privilege of minig activity upon the serfs
(peasants). The geological data were and for a time remained scarce.
Since the 19th century additional geological data have been attained due to
the searching for rocks suitable for construction of the fortresses in the area of
the Zagreb Mountains ("Medvednica"), like Susedgrad,
Medvedgrad
(fig.
7),
Zelingrad, etc. In that way, even some fundamental geological notions have been
obtained.
Until recent times, several hundreds of papers, concernig the geological past
and recent relations in Medvednica, have been published. It is practically
im¬
posible
to discuss every of them in detail in the Mowing chapters. Therefore,
more attention is paid to various ideas after which the authors are easily recog¬
nizable in the Bibliography.
The increase of the number of the visitors of Medvednica, and especially of
its peak called
Sljeme,
iniciated the construction of the first resthous which was
finished in
1877
(fig.
8),
following by several paths and roads across the Moun¬
tains. This contributed to the increase of scientific interest for Medvednica both
of domestic and foreign researchers, including the geologists interested in rocks,
151
Milan
Herak: Medvednica
fossils, thermal water, etc. They published many different papers on rocks, first
in German and afterwards more and more in the Croatian language. The most
known authors of 19th century are Franz Foetterle, Edmund Mojsisovics,
Edu¬
ard
Suess, Franz
Hauer,
Ljudevit Vukotinović, Gjuro Pilar, Dragutin Gorjanović
Kŕamberger,
Mijo
Kišpatić,
etc.
In the recent times, in order to preserve at least some of the primordial envi¬
ronments in Medvednica, in
1981
the Parliament of the Republic of Croatia pro¬
claimed "The Natural Park of
Medvednica"
(fig.
9).
7.1.
TOPONIMIC
PROBLEMS
In common publications since the Middle Ages for the group of hills, among
which the peak called
Sljeme
dominates, several names have been used. In the
common use, the names Medvednica and
Sljeme,
differently transcribed in the
foreign languages, dominated. In the earlier common publications, the name
Sljeme
was often used for the mountain as a whole (Mons Szlanye, Gebirg
Szle¬
ma,
Slema-
Gebirge,
and exceptionally Slema-vrh). Even the application of the
name Medvednica was different. Hence, the synonyms and homonyms were
difficult to be distinguished. The early geoscientific publications prefered the
name constructed after the settlement Zagreb
(=
Agram).
For instance,
Baltazar
Hacquet
(1789)
introduced the name Gebirg Sagrab, and
Dragutin Seljan
(1843)
Zagrebačka
gora.
The name Medvednica was included in
1908
into geoscientific
termionology by
Artur
Gavazzi.
The synonyms
Zagrebačka
gora
(Agramer Ge¬
birge, Zagreber Gebirge, Zagreb Mountains, Mt. Zagreb,
etc.) were for a long
time privileged by the geologists, while the name Medvednica was the favorite
of the geographers. Finally (in the second half of 20th century), mostly due to
the emotional reasons, the use of the name Medvednica generally prevailed for
the Mountain, but not without exceptions. Therefore, to be able to understand
both the ancient and some of the recent publications, the name
Zagrebačka
gora
(Zagreber Gebirge, Mt. Zagreb, Zagreb Mountains,
etc.), should not be completely
abandoned.
7.2.
EARLY COLLECTIONS OF FOSSILS
In the Tertiary deposits of Medvednica many fossil rests of the land flora and
of the thalophytes from aquatic environments have been found.
The best known locality of the land flora is
Dolje
at
Podsused,
in the south¬
western part of
Medvednica,
to which other localities in the northeastern direc¬
tion consequently have been added. In
1870,
Ljudevit Vukotinović
published a
152
Milan
Негак:
Medvedmça
notice on floral
fossils. He also stimulated Gjuro
Pilar
to continue intensive col¬
lecting of Tertiary flora at new localities such as
Gračard, Čučerje, Planina,
etc. In
that way the floral collection of the Croatian Museum of Natural History in Za¬
greb was thouroughly enriched; this stimulated the Viennese paleobotanist
Con¬
stantin
Ettingshausen to donate his
(smatter)
plant collection to the Museum.
This was the base on which Pilar in
1868,
after consulting several distinguished
foreign paleobotanists/ prepared and published (in Croatian and French ver¬
sions) his fundamental work Flora jossilis Susedana. He improved the mode of
preparation in order to be able to describe many already known forms and also
new ones (fig.
11).
On the basis of
Neogene
environments he concluded that in
that time, the area of
Medvednica
had been an insular complex, which did not
become a mountain system until its end.
Among the algae, the "siliceous algae" Bacillariophyta (Diatomeae) are the
most impressive. The
initia
tor
oí
their fundamental investigations was
Gorjanović
Kramberger, who collected some samples and sent them to the Viennese expert
for fossil plants, Joseph Pantocsek, who also dealt with other "siliceous algae"
from numerous finding places in Hungary. He published the results of his com¬
plex study in Berlin
(1889
and
1903),
into which also
109
taxa
from
Dolje
near
Podsused
were included. Afterwards, these algae have been registered by seve¬
ral home authors. However, for the most important results we thank our bota¬
nist Anto Jurilj
(fíg.
12).
As an exprienced researcher
oř
BaciUarìophyta, he
studi¬
ed not only their
taxonomic,
but also the environmental and biogeographic rela¬
tions. From about
400
forms, Jurilj determined
374
(among them over
80
new
taxa).
The other algal marine microfossils, e.g. green and red algae, were of com¬
mon interest being important for determination of chronology and environments
of different deposits.
Among the animal
microfossiís,
the foraminifers
(fíg.
13)
and the
raâioiarkns
axe very important in determinig the age and the environment of the different
marine deposits. The former have carbonate and the latter siliceous skeletons.
The invetebmtes are mostly represented by the mollusks. Especially Tertiary
beds are rich in them. The Austrian geologists had a great interest in them, and
collected many shells which are deposited in Vienna, in the Museum of Natural
History. This collection stimulated our zoologist Spiridion Brusina to organize
additional exploitation of several localities along the margin of
Medvednica.
His
general interest was first directed to land mollusks all over Croatia, and he pub¬
lished (from
1874
to
1902)
several papers, in which the mollusks of Okrugljak (in
the Zagreb periphery) have also got a place. Furthermore, Ivan
Kiseljak
conti¬
nued collecting the mollusks, especially at Okrugljak and
Markuševec,
which
153
Milan Herak: Medvednica
resulted in a very rich collection of specimens of some
taxa.
For example, the
snail Melanopsis is represented in the collection by ca
2000
specimens.
The fossil fishes have been found, both in the marine deposits and in the brak-
ish ones.
Dragutin Gorjanović Kramberger
(already a world known specialist of
that group) is meritorious that the Croatian Museum of Natural History pos¬
sesses a well elaborated collection of
Neogene
fishes from
Dolje
at
Podsused,
and
Gornje Vrapče.
Some data were published already in
1882,
while the exten¬
sive elaboration succeded in
1891.
The oldest forms have been found in the Mid¬
dle Miocene limestones, like the teeth of Chrysophrys, then of sharks
Lämna
and
Carcharodon.
Gorjanović
paid a special attention to Sarmatian fish fossils of
Dolje
and
Podsused.
Among many forms, most interesting are Scomber sarmaticus, Blen-
nius fossilis, and several species of the genus
Ciupea.
The bones of the mammals were at first collected by amateurs. The scientific
study started in the second half of the 19th century.
The first papers upon the remains of the sea water mammals
(Cetácea)
has
been published by the Dutch paleontologist Pierre van
Beneden
(1879, 1882).
Among other forms, he established a new species Mesocetus
agrami
(=*
zagrabien-
sis). Already in
1883,
Gorjanović
determined at
Vrapče
the genera Champsodel-
phis and Delphinapterus, and at
Podsused
the species Platanista croatica, Mesoce¬
tus zagrabiensis, and others.
The land mammals have left numerous remains from different environments
(open plains, woods and caves). Most of them have been described by
Dragutin
Gorjanović
Kramberger. However, the most important for our purpose are the
remains of the cave
Veternica.
The main data have been published in several
papers by
Mirko Malez
and his coworkers from
1965.
up to the recent time. The
most interesting
taxa
(including
Ursus spelaeus)
may be found in the Croatian
text of this book
7.3.
PETROGRAPHIC DIVERSITY
The early investigations of rock constituents of Medvednica were more or
less influenced by the concept according to which Medvednica belongs to the
Alpine system. Consequently, the rock correlations occured within that frame.
First petrographical contributions have been published by Viennese geologists
in cooperation with some of Croatian gelogical amateurs. Among them was
Ljudevit Vukotinović
(=
Ludwik
Farkaš),
who mostly by self-education became
a competent geoscientist. He dealt especially with Tertiary
f
ossiliferous deposits,
and correlated them with those of the Alps and the Viennese Basin. In several
papers, written in the German language, he used German standardized names
154
Milan Herak: Medvednica
for different formations. However, for the texts written in the Croatian language
he had to create new adequate rock names. Later on, his terms have been almost
completely substituted by new ones.
Single attempts.
Ljudevit Viikotinović
prepared and published
(1959)
the first
general gelogical map of Medvednica. Due to scarce outcrops, the map is very
simplified (fig.
14),
especially concerning
petrologie
classification. The extreme
example is the treatment of
magmatic
and metamorphic rocks under only one
name, i.e.
aiorites
which, according to his opinion/ should be the basement of
Medvednica.
Spiridion Brusina and Gjuro
Pilar
introduced the systematic professional
geological investigations of Medvednica and its surroundings. They were stimu¬
lated by very rich fossil collections, and by a strong "Zagreb earthquake"
(1880)
with the epicentre on the northeastern slope of Medvednica.
In order to explain the origin of the mentioned earthquake, and the dynamic
processes as its consequence,
Упах
published
(1881)
a fundamental geological
study of Medvednica which, for a long time, served as a comparative basis for its
structural and geodynamic studies. Later on, he himself published several new
papers on that topic. For now, let us mention only his treatment of
magmatic
and metamorphic rocks. The differences among the magmatites he ascribed to
"differential crystalisation". It means that from the same
magmatic
body differ¬
ent rocks may have originated. The metamorphism was explained by heat and
pressure factors.
Mijo
KiŠpatić
was our first specialist in petrography. He improved the investi¬
gations of rocks by chemical and physical methods and, therefore, his
pétrogra¬
phie
classifications were easy to be controlled. That imposed an objective possibi¬
lity and awoke a common interest of geologists to follow his mode of research.
Concerning Medvednica, he precisely determined the main
magmatic
and meta¬
morphic rocks, like diabases,
meîaphyres,
gabbro, Iherzolìtes,
pyroxenamphybo-
lites, serpentinites, geenschists, filites, etc. From the recent point of view the men¬
tioned rocks originated in different and distant environments, which means that
their recent location is secondary, due to tectonic displacements.
KiŠpatić
paid most attention to the greenschists (including epidotschists,
doritschists, etc.). However, until the end of his scientific activity
(1918)
he had
no decisive explanation of their origin, because he was not convinced neither
that
magmatic
rocks are their protolites nor that regional dynamics have caused
their origin. He inclined to explain them (as well as the serpentinites), as being
direct consequences of the uplift from the depth. Therefore, he believed that all
crystaline rocks (in Medvednica, in
Banovina
as well as in north Bosnia) are Ar¬
chaean in age.
155
Milan
Негак:
Medvednica
Aproach to differentiation. In
1904,
Ferdo Koch
reported the investigation re¬
sults of the primary "serpentine" outcrops from the area of
Gornje Orešje
(fig.
22)
on the northeastern end of
Medvednica,
and tried to explain their protolites.
In the broader area also greenschists, then
gabbro
and diabases are outcroping.
However all contacts among them are of tectonic character. Nevertheless, Koch
believed (as well as
Dragutin Gorjanović
Kramberger) that the protolites of the
greenschists were
gabbro
and diabases. However, the recent outcrops of
gab¬
bro,
diabases, etc, are at some places only slightly altered. It means that the pri¬
mary environments of
gabbro
and diabase on the one hand and greenschists of
the other one, were very distant and, probably, of different ages.
Ljudevit Vuko-
tinović
did not use the term "Archeaen", but prefered the complex term "Pre-
Carboniferous". Koch and
Gorjanović
followed him and treated all the crystal¬
line rocks as Pre-Carboniferous in age.
Further steps. After a long time, new attempts of the determination of rock
ages have brought surprising results, which will be commented in short.
In
I960,
Branko Cmković
reports on the primary outcrops of the "hornblende
Iherzolite" on the north side of Puntijarka, which may hardly be separated from
the
gabbro
outcrops. Nevertheless, all the investigations that followed, sugges¬
ted that
gabbro
and other (non-metamorphosed) intrusive rocks maybe youn¬
ger then the primary
ultrabasic
crystalline rocks, but older than the low meta¬
morphosed greenschists etc. In
1963,
on the basis of the comparative study of all
magmatic
and metamorphic rocks of
Medvednica, Branko Cmković
himself was
convinced that all of them are a consequence of the "differential crystallisation"
of magma during the Upper Cretaceous. Such a supposition has not been gene¬
rally accepted in that time. Therefore, in the majority of papers and in the new
elaborated geological maps, the Pre-Carboniferous (or Silurian) age of the tec¬
tonic "core" of
Medvednica
was retained. The structural constitution was most
often treated as
a "horst".
Recent contributions. In the recent times, several papers on the "ophiolites"
were published by
Boško Lugović
et
coauthors in
1991,
Vladimir
Majer
in
1993,
Fabijan Irubelja and
Vesna
Marchig in
1993,
etc. In
1995,
Krešimir
ЅШс
summa¬
rized their opinions upon the origin of ultrabasic (and basic) constituents. Some
of them favorized their genesis in connection with the cummulate
magmatic
rocks, while the other group prefers a common origin, including
gabbro
and
diabases in the general frame of the "ophiolites". The place of origin is most often
considered to be connected with the oceanic "island arcs" close to the continent.
As to the age, a paradigmatic change has occured. Instead of the Pre-Carbonifer¬
ous (or Silurian), on the basis of
radiometrie
analyses the Jurassic and Creta-
156
Milan Herak:
Medvednica
ceous age of the "ophiolites" have been introduced. The procedures have been
summarized by
Mirko Belák
et al.
(1995).
It is important to notice that at
tlie
same time
(1995),
Josip Halamić
and Damir
Slovenec
published the results of the investigations of the basic rocks associated
with the marine sediments ("magmatic-sedimentary" rocks; the middle part of
the Cretaceous) on the northwestern slope of
Medvednica (Mt. Bistra
=
Bis-
transka
gora)
and its surroundings, prolongated to the area of Hum
(fíg.
22,4).
The magmatites are only symbolically (and locally) altered. This indicates that
they are a group
oí
rocks, which had no closer connection with the earlier men¬
tioned group, that comprises Jurassic serpentinites and amphibolites, and Cre¬
taceous cloritoidschists, greenschists, blueschists, etc. (fig.
22,5).
The blueschists are of special interest, because they additionally testify the
oceanic
subduction
processes and the agglomeration of especially thick
depo¬
sites
which, due to very high pressure, have been metamorphosed to the degree
of glaucophan (blueschist)
facies.
For a long time, only their secondary remains
in
Neogene
deposits have been registered (Rozalija
Mutić
and
Radana Dmitro-
vić,
1991).
Soon afterwards, however, their primary outcrops were been found
(Mirko Belák
and Darko Tibljas,
1998.).
They confirm the earlier conviction that
also the origin of amphibolites, cloritoidschists^ greenschists, etc. must have also
been connected with the oceanic
subductions
within a very thick agglomeration
of protolites, predominantly of
ultrabasic
and basic character. Belak and
Tibljaš
have supposed that ultramafites and blueschists in
Medvednica
evidently speak
in favour of an earlier existence of a mobile part "of the Dinaric Tethys", where
the mentioned formations have originated.
Acidic exception. The existence of a quite different Cretaceous environment,
distant from the above mentioned ones, is testified by means of the isolated out¬
crops of acidic and neutral
magmatic
intrusive and extrusive rocks in the north¬
eastern part of
Medvednica
(fig.
22, 6).
Emil
Mayer and Vladimir
Majer
(1974)
published a paper on "spilite
-
keratophyre association11. The mostimportant con¬
stituents are acidic and neutral
magmatic
rocks: albitic granites (and albitites),
diorites and keratophyres, all in shape of smaller bodies in fault contacts. Such
contacts are also visible between them and
Neogene
sediments; this speaks in
favour of a younger tectonical uplifting. The composition of this rock complex
shows that it is a question of a "strange11 body connected with
tlie
South Alpine
area,
Moslavačka Gora (Mt. Moslavina),
and some southeastern areas (e.g.
Ba¬
novina),
This means that on the southeastern side of
Medvednica
did not exist a
long lasting deap fault (like
иле
"Zagreb
-
Zemplén
fault"), and that 'Tissia" has
not been extended upon the area between the rivers
Sava
and
Drava.
157
Milan
Негак:
Medvednica
Parametamorphic
rocks. The above discussed acidic and neutral
magmatic
rocks are delimited (and covered) by a widespread disintegrated parametamor-
phitic complex, protolites of which are of carbonate rocks and fine-grained elas¬
tics. They are partiaUy and scarcely altered. Therefore, in some rocks even fossil
remains, ranging from the Silurian to the Triassic, are preserved (figs
17-13,22,2).
Consequently, these rock complexes (like above mentioned acid and neutral
magmatic
rocks) are "alpinotypic", i.e. they probably belong to the southern (pe¬
lagic) margin of the primary shelf environment of the recent Calcareous Alps.
7.4.
STRATIGRAPHY OF SEDIMENTS
In order to give a more complete litostratigraphy, it is necessary to include
also the less changed fossiliferous components of the
parame
tamorphic rock
complex. It is important to do so because they are the oldest precisely defined
litostratigraphic elements in the recent
Medvednica.
Silurian. In the southeastern part of
Medvednica
(fíg.
17),
in a relatively hard
block in which the shale alternate, laterally and vertically, with the (partially
recrystalized) limestones, a remain of graptolithic Silurian (and Ordovician) ge¬
nus CWnacograptus has been found
(Jasenka Sremac
and
Milena Mihajlović
Pav¬
lovic,
1983.).
The mentioned rocks are one of the constituents of the very dis¬
turbed (allochthonous) parametamorphic belt which is very heterogeneous, both
in composition and in the degree of alteration (from recrystallized limestones to
marbles and from shales to slates, etc.). After Ivan Jurkovic
(1962.),
of that age
are also some deposits of magnetites and hematites which may speak in favour
of some Lower Paleozoic orogenic changes, like those in the carbonate Alps and
their eastern and southeastern allochthonous prolongations.
This and the following litostratigraphic complexes of the parametamorphic
belt as a whole have finally been altered and disturbed during the Alpine oro¬
geny. The characteristics of the following lithostratigraphic units speak in fa¬
vour of such a conclusion.
Devonian. Adjacent to the Silurian rocks, several localities with Devonian
conodonts have been found (figs
17 -19).
The main genera are Belodella,
lerioâus
and Palmolepis
(Žarko Đurđanović,
1968,1973).
Carboniferous. This system is more complex. Within the parametamorphics,
Đurđanović
determined the conodonts (especially
Hindeoâella
segaformis), which
testify the existence of marine carbonate protolites of the Carboniferous age. In
the same area, some Bryozoa have been found which
Vanda Kochansky
Dévidé,
in
1981,
following the earlier assumption of
Dragutin Gorjanović Kramberger,
158
Milan Herak:
Medvednica
attributed the fossiliferous limestones to the Carboniferous. It is interesting that
in the structural "core" of
Medvednica
no equivalent rocks have been registered;
this suggests that these are "strange" at their recent places.
Moreover, in the close surroundings of
Medvednica (Marija Gorica
and
Samo¬
bor
Mountains), the Carboniferous of terrigenous elastics, with the rests of land
flora
(Calamités
and
Sigillaria)
are present. Their outcrops are too close to the
parametamorphic Carboniferous to be treated as an autochthonous tectonic unit.
Permian. Permian sediments are different and only exceptionally documen¬
ted by fossils. The low metamorphosed dominantly carbonate rocks, and sporadi¬
cally variegated metaclastics are outcropping in the eastern part of
Medvedni¬
ca. Krešimir Šikić
(1995)
supposed that the carbonate deposits belong to the Lower
Permian, while metaclastics continue at least partially into the Upper Permian.
In any case, they all belong to the earlier mentioned parametamorphic complex.
However, on the northwest side of
Medvednica,
unaltered Permian sedi¬
ments are found, i.e. some evaporites in the basis of the Lower Txiassic, with no
fossils
(Poljak,
1937).
They are completely comparable to the elastics and evapo¬
rites in the transition zone between the Permian and the Triassic in the
Samobor
Mountains. Many reasons speak in favour of them being (together with youn¬
ger Triassic, prevalingly carbonate deposits) easily correlable with adequate for¬
mations in the recent South Alps.
It may also be mentioned, that an isolated megablock of Neoschwagerina-
dolomites (probably a part
oí
Neogene
basal conglomerates) has been found,
containing numerous foraminif
eral
fossil remains
(Vanda Kochansky
Dévidé
and
Donata
Neděla
Dévidé,
1990).
Most important are the genera Neoschwagertna
and Verbeekina, which had extensive distribution in the Tethys area. However, as
the block belonged to
Neogene
transgressive deposit of the Paratethys, the most
logical conclusion should be that its primary connection was in the primary en¬
vironment of the Julian Alps.
Let us shortly remind that some lead and zinc ores are preserved mostly
within the marbles (fig.
21)
or in the recrystalized Upper Paleozoic limestones
(Boris
Šinkovec
et al.
1988).
In a galenite sample
Ladislav
Palinkas
(1985),
by means
of an
isotopie
method, concluded that the complex, from which the examined
sample was separated, most probably belonged to the low metamorphosed Up¬
per Paleozoic complex, the environments of which are easier to be compared
with the Alpine than with the Dinaric ones.
Atassie.
The units of this system are distributed within three important ma¬
jor megaunits. A part of them belongs to the earlier commented
parametamor-
phics, the other to Alpine shallow water formations, and the third one to the
159
Milan Herak: Medvednica
genetically
diversified (mostly synorogenic) group of rocks with clear Dinaric
characteristics.
The first megaunit is characterized by a low degree metamorphism of car¬
bonate and thin grained clastic beds. They are, together with Paleozoic paramet-
amorphic rocks, strongly disturbed by tangential and ruptural displacements
(figs.
18
and
19).
Their age is proven by conodonts, e.g.
Gondolele nombergensis.
The second unit covers a larger isolated area within the frame of Medvedni¬
ca (fig.
22,2).
It consists of Lower Triassic
(Werfen),
predominantly clastic de¬
posits, and of Middle and Upper Triassic carbonate rocks, prevailingly dolomites.
They are either bedded or massive (figs
23-25).
It is interesting to mention that
these Triassic complexes directly continue to the
Samobor
and
Žumberak
Moun¬
tains. According to
Dragutin Gorjanović Kramberger
(1908)
they are "strange" in
both areas. Later on, even inverse contacts with Cretaceous flysch deposits have
been registered
(Krešimir Šikić
et al.
1979.).
The "strange" position of the "Alpine" Triassic elements was afterwards not
only confirmed, but also explained as parts of Carbonate Alps ovethrust upon
the Dinaric structural basement, several outcrops of which in Medvednica are
isolated. They are composed of rocks which are of a different age and composi¬
tion, and they display different tectonic settings (fig.
22, 3-8).
Let us mention
only their main characteristics, starting from the south.
The most exterior environment seems to be Triassic and Jurassic well bedded
radiolarites in exchange with shale components, which were deposited in ba¬
sins under the influence of pelagic sea area, causing more or less regular oscilla¬
tions
(Josip Halamić
and
Spela Goričan,
1995).
On the southern and northern side, the basin ("trough") was close to the
shallow water environment, characterized by carbonate sedimentation. The
northern margin displayed during the Triassic the same characteristics as are
visible in Triassic limestone fragments within Mesozoic carbonate breccias on
the northwestern flank of Medvednica (fig.
26).
Apart from the above mentioned breccias, in the northeastern part of
Medvednica (at the southeastern side of metamorphic complexes), outcrops of
Triassic limestones which are identical with the ones preserved as components
of the breccias, are overlain by Upper Cretaceous flysch deposits
(Boško
Korolija
et al.,
1995).
Jurassic. Beside the already explained
ultrabasic
and basic metamorphic rocks
of the oceanic origin, the Jurassic is represented also by scarce outcrops of sedi¬
ments. A part of them is associated with Triassic diatomitic basin beds. The other
one makes the major part of carbonate breccias. The differences in environments
have been explained in dealing with analogous Triassic rocks. The outcrops are
160
Milan Herak: Medvedmca
too scarce to determine the primary extension of the environment. Therefore, a
tectonic model is required according to which small outcrop areas and their dis¬
integration could be explained. Obviously, without continental
subduction
move¬
ments, too many difficulties may be encountered.
Cretaceous. As already stated, Gjuro
Pilar
(1881)
was the first one to register
in
Medvednica
Upper Cretaceous deposits displaying "Dinaric" characteristics
identical to those of
Banovina.
This discovery was very important for having
finally abandoned the existing opinion (in that time) that
Medvednica
belonged
to the Alps. However, in spite of additional notions concerning the Cretaceous
(Dragutin Gorjanović Kramberger
1994,1908;
Donata
Neděla
Dévidé,
1953,1954,
1956;
Ante Polšak,
1953-1985,
etc.), it was not before the second half
oí
20th cen¬
tury that the real vertical and horizontal extensions of its individual formations
have been established. Already in that time oceanic mobilistic ideas were intro¬
duced in the tectogenetic considerations. In the Cretaceous the oceanic trough,
due to
subductions
and uplifting dynamics, was already dosed and marine se¬
dimentation environments became very diversified. Later on, by means of con¬
tinental
subductions
(whose consequences I have registered not only in the Di¬
naric Mountains in
1956.,
but also afterwards, in
1999
in the area of
Medvedni¬
ca),
the distribution of Cretaceous fragmented outcrops became easier to be ex¬
plained (fig.
22).
It is therefore possible to understand that diverse Cretaceous
deposits can be agglomerated close to one another, though their primary envi¬
ronments were extended in incomparably greater distances. In the middle part
of the Cretaceous there are outcropping deposits in range from
"magmatic
se¬
dimentary formations" (fig
22,4)
over shallow water carbonate rocks to terrige¬
nous deposits, while in the younger Cretaceous pelagic limestones (fig.
16),
shal¬
low water limestones (locally with rudistids), clastic turbidic beds and flysch
deposits (figs
30
and
32)
are outcropping. All of them display "Dinaric" features,
even the fragments of the breccias. Their contacts are predominantly of tectonic
character. Such recent relations confirm the assumption of a complex
subduc¬
tion
dynamics, after which the uplifting followed (forming, in most cases, tec¬
tonic windows).
Paleogene, So
far, two different groups of
Paleogene rock
remains have been
distingushed.
The first one belongs to the
Paleocene
(fig.
22, 9).
It makes the final part of
flyschoid sediments, including carbonate rock bodies, especially in the area of
Rog
and
Lipa
in the northeastern part of
Medvednica
(fig.
31).
Finally, there
were deposited terrigeneous elastics. This shows that their complex environ¬
ments were unquiet due to tectonic movements. The fossil remains belong to
161
Milan Herak:
Medvednica
different algae and invertebrates. They have been studied mostly by Ivan
Gušić
and
Ljubo Babić
(1973),
Ante
Polšak
(1985),
and
Domagoj Jamičić
with coauthors
(1995).
Among the characteristic microfossils the most important are the algae
(Elianella
elegans
and
Janta
nummulitica), sessile foraminifers (Planorbulina cretae,
Miliacina multicamerata) and planctonic Globigerina
trilocuîoiâes, etc.
This means
that the environments were open towards pelagic areas. It is evident that they
are all consequences of the dynamics within the "Dinaric" mobile area.
However, among the mentioned localities,
Paleogene
fragments are distri¬
buted, in sharp contacts with different rocks. Already
Dragutin Gorjanović
Kram-
berger
possesed a small collection of nummulitides, which have been determined
by the Viennese geologist Victor Uhlig as Nummulites perforatus, etc.
Gorjanović
had also found fragments of sandstone full of orbitoids. Thereafter, all the men¬
tioned disintegrated
Paleogene
rocks have most probably been resedimented
into the basal conglomerates at the beginning of the
Neogene
overflow of wa¬
ters from the Paratethys upon the "Dinaric" structures. That means that the men¬
tioned fragments are resedimented "Alpine" elements. This is in accordance with
the investigations performed in the mountains of
Kalnik, Ravna
Gora,
etc.
(An¬
tun Šimunić
et al.
1981).
All this suggests that the tectonic mobilistic pattern com¬
prising the "Dinaric" units under the "Alpine" ones are a consequence of the
convergent oceanic
subductions on
the both sides of the recent calcareous Al¬
pine areas, supported by the generally northwards directed "Dinaric" continen¬
tal
subductions.
That was the end of the "overthrust" tectonics in the area of
Medvednica
and its surroundings.
Neogene. Neotectonic
dynamics is reflected in
Neogene
autochthonous se¬
ries (fig.
33),
which are diversified due to different structural changes (ruptur¬
ing, extension, rifting, compression, uplifting). The lowest unit consists of Ot-
tnangian fresh water deposits with some coal intercalations, accompanied by fossil
remains of land plants (Ahmed
Polić,
1935;
Enio Jungwirth and
Tamara
Derek,
2000).
Lidija
Šikić
(1968)
registered charophyts (Tectochara and Kosmogyra), and
some foraminifers (e.g. Globigerina bulloides). They are mainly outcropping in the
central part of
Medvednica,
especially in the area of the village
Planina,
then the
hill
Tepčina Špica,
etc. (figs
33
and
34). Davor
Pavelić
et al.
(2000)
published a
short
overview of the Ottnangian lacustrine sediments concerning
"facies, de-
positional environments and tectonic control".
The next step was characterized by a further disintegration of the bedrock
and by the eustatic rise of sea waters of the Paratethys. Therefore, the diverse
marine sediments have ovelapped almost all the parts of the recent
Medvedni¬
ca.
During Karpatian and
Badenian
times, marine rocks/with some pyroclstics have
been deposited (fig.
35).
The sediments are easy to be correlated with those in
162
Milan
Негак:
Medvednica
the Vienna Basin (figs,
36
and
37),
what has been confirmed by many papers
published by
Dragutin Gorjanović
Kramberger
(1883,1895),
Fran
Šuklje
(1938),
Lidija
Šikić
(1968),
Rozalija Mutić
(1969),
Zlatan Bajraktarević
and
Davor
Pavelić
(2003),
etc. Therefore, it would be
superflous
to repeat all their characteristics.
Let us mention only the coastal breccias,
algaï
shallow water limestones, deep
water marls, etc. At the end of the
Badenian,
the connection between the Para-
tethys and the Mediterranean area was slackened and finally broken, due to
some tectonic elevations. The consequence was its disintegration of the Para-
tethys into several basins, among which was the
Pannonian
basin.
At the beginning of the Sartnatian, even due to unquietness of bottoms inside
the sedimentation areas, fresh water intrusions into marine environments oc¬
curred. Among the deposits, marls and sandstones are most often present. Spe¬
cific fossils are foraminiferal genus Eiphidium, pelecypods
Macim,
Emilia, and
Congeria (fig.
38),
and the gastropod Cerithium. The plants are especially repre¬
sented by the algae Diatomeae (fig.
12)
and land plants (fig.
11),
etc. The authors
of the main notions are Spiridion Brusina
(1884,1893),
Gjuro
Pilar
(1883),
Dragutin
Gorjanović Kramberger
(1908),
Vanda Kochansky
(1944),
Anto Jurilj
(1957),
Li¬
dija
Šikić
(1968),
Zlatan Bajraktarević
(1976),
Krešimir Šikić
(1995),
etc.
Pannonian.
At the end of the Sarmatian, some blocks had been uplifted, and
the
Pannonian
basin was additionally influenced by fresh water. Among the se¬
diments, marls and marly limestones prevail, being locally exploited for the pro¬
duction of cement. The main fossils are Radix croatica, Congeria banatica, etc. In
the recent times, numerous ostracods have also been found (Ana
Sokač,
1967).
However, in the Upper
Pannonian
(former: Lower
Pontian)
due to tectonic ac¬
tivity in the southwestern part of
Medvednica,
uplifting in the area
Podsused
-
Sv.
Nedelja, it is probable that land restoration had occured, connecting
Medved¬
nica
and
Žumberak.
In that time
Medvednica,
was a relatively disintegrated low¬
land with scarce influence upon the sedimentation in the surroundings basins
(Krešimir Šikić,
1995).
Pontian
(former: Upper
Pontian).
The lower part is characterized by slow
bedded marls with some sandy constituents. Among the fossils, Paradacna
ubichi
and other mollusks, then ostracods, etc.
(Antun
and
Alka Šimunić,
1987,
etc.)
may be mentioned. The Upper
Pontian
consists of sands, sandstones, marls with
some "lenses" of lignite, testifies the existence of some restricted marshy envi¬
ronments. The most characteristic are species of the genus Congeria (fig.
38),
es¬
pecially Congeria rhomboidea. Numerous ostracods have also been found (Ana
Sokač,
1967).
163
Milan Herak:
Medvednica
Pliocene. At the beginning, the land areas were extended. Therefore, the near¬
est of the finding places of fresh-water snail Viviparus (former: Paludina) is out¬
side
Medvednica
(close to
Dugo Selo). Medvednica
itself in that time was a land
under tectonic disturbances, partially under tangential movements, but more
important was the further uprising of the
Medvednica
as a whole, which was
exposed to an increased erosion and denudation by flowing waters and winds.
The consequence was the accumulation of waste material on in the slope areas
of
Medvednica,
and in river valleys and lakes in the foot areas around the moun¬
tain.
Quaternary, The litostratigraphic boundary between the uppermost Pliocene
and the lower part of the Quaternary (Pleistocene) is unclear. Therefore, in geo¬
logical maps, the transitional deposits are treated as Plio-Quaternary (fig.
33).
As already said, in that time the lakes were transformed into marshes. The most¬
ly vertical neotectonic dynamics continued, which is confirmed by vertical and
lateral irregularities in the preserved deposits, as already noticed by
Dragutin
Gorjanović Kramberger
(1908).
He ascribed even the origin of the "Zagreb ter¬
race" to faulting dynamics.
Eduard
Prelogović
(1970)
discussed neotectonic move¬
ments in the area between
Orlica
(in Slovenia), the
Samobor
Mountains and
Medvednica. Krešimir Šikić
(1995),
discussing the faulting at the end of the Pleis¬
tocene and the begginning of the Holocene, concluded that in that time/ the an¬
cient faults in the area between the
Samobor
Mountains and
Medvedica
were
rejuvenated. They caused additional subsiding and origin of the
Sava
depres¬
sion. In that process, the
Neogene
barriers between
Brezice
and
Podsused
have
been removed, so that the areas of
Brezice
and Zagreb have been connected.
The tectonic dynamics continued up to the recent times, which is confirmed by
numerous earthquakes. Their epicentres and hypocentres are grouped around
more or less several centres, despite their different ages and magnitudes (figs
43
and
44).
Quaternary deposits are very diversified. However they are correlable with
adequate formations elsewhere. Nevertheless, two localities display specific cha¬
racteristics, which testify two extreme, well documented environments.
The first locality is at the southern margin of the western part of the "Zagreb
terrace"
(Grmoščica
in
Černomerec),
where clay deposits have been exploited
(fíg.
39).
According to
Andrija
Bognár
and
Vilko
Klein
(1976),
including some
later emendations, the profile is over
28
m
thick. Quaternary sands of fluvial
origin overlie
Pontian
beds. To the Riss Glacial belong the loess deposits (sand,
gravel, sandy-clayey beds). "Terra
rossa"
(associated with soil elements) have
originated during the
Riss-Würm
Interglacial.
During the
Wurm
Glacial the ex¬
change of cold stadials and milder interstadials have been exchanging. The first
164
Milan
Нєгак:
Medvednica
stadial
is confirmed by sandy loess-like sediments asssociated with sandy
grevei
and sand. The next
interstadial
is characterized by fossil soil. The following
sta¬
dial
is again characterized by eolian sediments, covered by fossil soils. After a
hiatus, a new "repetition" of eolian deposits followed.
The second locality is the
Veternica
Cave, which was already mentioned at
the begginning of this treatise
(fíg.
1-6).
As visible on the profile (reconstructed
by
Mirko
Malez,
1965.)/
diversified climatic conditions are confirmed by the ex¬
change of different deposits, in the time span from the Riss glacial to the Holocene.
There are
12
strata deposited during the stadials and interstadials. The
coarce
grained lowermost stratum nonconformably overlies Triassic dolomites. The rest
of the strata consist mainly of variegated loams with partial inclusions of more
or less rounded rock fragments. The differences among them derive from cli¬
matic changes
(interglacials,
interstadials, glacials, stadials). At some horizons,
rich fossil remains have been exploited. In the Riss
- Wurm
Interglacial
the bones
of
Dama,
Panthern,
Meles,
Crocuta,
Ursus
arctos, Cervus elaphus, Hystrix, etc. have
been found. In
Wurm
Glacial, most frequent are
Ursus
spelaeus, Lepus timidus,
Lynx lynx, Cuon alpinus,
Gulo gulo,
and many others.
It is necessary to point out that in the stratum of the first
interstadial
of the
Wurm,
the Mousterian artefacts of Pleistocene men have been found.
In the Riss
- Wurm
Interglacijal stratum, by help of
palynologie
analysis,
Maja
Paunović
et al.
(2001)
have determined
Picea,
Pinus, Abies, Castanea, Quercus, Va¬
gus, Salix and other genera of the land flora.
All the fossil remains confirm that
Medvednica
during the Quaternary was
characterized by notable climatic changes. However, the glaciers, according to
Dragutin Gorjanović Kramberger
probably did not exist
(1908),
in spite of the
opposing opinions of Gjuro
Pilar,
who first assumed such a possibility, and Hinko
Hranilović,
who supported his view.
7.5.
NEW TENTATIVE GEOTECTONIC SUGGESTIONS
The discussed lithostratigraphic units show that in a relatively small moun¬
tain area, such as
Medvednica,
too many various rock complexes have been found
to be attributed to
a homogene
tectonic complex consisting of various environ¬
ments, which should be located close to one another. On the contrary, their
primary distribution was very enlarged, with essentially differentiated environ¬
ments (deep ocean, pelagic area, shelf belts, transgressions upon the land, lakes,
etc.), which may be so distant one from another that their recent more or less
oblique agglomeration (fig.
22)
has to be explained only by
mobUistíc
tectonics
during the Alpine orogeny, which ended in the JRaleogene time. Later, during
165
Milan Herak: Medvednica
the
Neogene
and the Quaternary, more or less only ruptural tectonics, with re¬
latively differetiated vertical movements and, possibly, gravitational
dispiacente
occurred, then the indentation followed, especially on the western side of
Medvednica. In that way, we can better explain the lack of simmetry in the struc¬
tural pattern of Medvednica
(fíg.
45)
as well as close relations among the local
entities connecting the Suthern Alps with the eastern mountains of Hungary.
This makes it easy to understand why the eastern continuation of the "Periadri-
atic lineament" has never been commonly confirmed or undoubtedly located.
However, the mentioned problems require additional analyses and discussions.
The Zagreb Mountains
(=
Medvednica) were at first attributed to the Alps.
Then, for a long time, despite the registration of Dinaric lithostratigraphic units
in it, Medvednica was treated as the southwestern prolongation of the
Panno¬
nian
variscan structural complex, called Tissia.
In
1924,
Ferdo Koch
considered the whole area south of the
Drava
river to be
a part of the Inner
Dinarides.
Leopold
Kober,
the creator of the "double
orogene"
model, tried in numer¬
ous publications to specify the relations between the Dinaric Mountains and the
Alps. However, until the end of his scientific activity, he has not succeded in
eliminating numerous "exceptions" which were not in accordance with a sup¬
posed regular symmetry and opposite
vergences
between the Alpides and the
Dinarides,
being a cosequence of the interior movements merely from
tlie
north,
which is confirmed
(1952)
by his reconstruction of the tectonics in the
Pannoni¬
an
area southwards of the
Drava
river. Figure
40
shows that the tectonics of the
area in question required an introduction of new units, which are not in accor¬
dance with a simple model of the "double
orogene".
Nevertheless, the tectonical
treatment of Medvednica continued to be treated as a "solid" unit ("Variscan
horst")
of the Inner
Dinarides.
When the first mobilistic concept was introduced into our tectonical research,
oceanic
subductions,
from the
"Sava
-
Vardar
Zone" northwards, have been in¬
troduced (Jakob
Pamić,
2002,
etc.). The reason to do so was the necessity to look
for new elements to explain the origin of the
ultrabasic
and basic magmatites,
and of a great part of metamorphites. However, in that way, it was impossible to
explain the allochthonous units within the Outer
Dinarides,
the number which
was increasing. Therefore, I proposed to look for northward continental
sub¬
ductions,
south of the oceanic ones. The first attempts encountered obvious re-
sistence, especially when even Medvednica was considered to be a consequence
not only of oceanic, but also of contmetal
subduction
dynamism. However, multi-
disciplinary results, which have recently been obtained, have confirmed the need
of a new (mobilistic)
reiterpre
tation
of the tectonic pattern of Medvednica. Fi-
166
Milan
Негак:
Medvednica
gure
45
reflects our new model, in which the continental Dinaric units are sub¬
ducted northward under the oceanic Dinaric ones, and both of them under the
Alpine overthrusts. This interpretation assumes the collision of opposing con¬
vection currents within the northern part of the Tethys (somewhere under the
recent carbonate Alps), which was followed by uplifting and possible gravita¬
tional displacements. Such an approach enforces additional general discussions,
to find out which of the geotectonic conclusions based on the "double
orogene"
model, concerning the broader area around Medvednica, may be emended.
167 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Herak, Milan 1917- |
| author_facet | Herak, Milan 1917- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Herak, Milan 1917- |
| author_variant | m h mh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023257412 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)183416522 (DE-599)OBVAC06347054 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Agramer Gebirge (DE-588)4304487-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Agramer Gebirge |
| id | DE-604.BV023257412 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:30:18Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:14:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9531547092 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016442668 |
| oclc_num | 183416522 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 195 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Hrvatski Geološki Inst. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Herak, Milan 1917- Verfasser aut Medvednica zagonetno Zagrebačko gorje ; povijesni put do novih zemljoslovnih spoznaja Milan Herak Zagreb Hrvatski Geološki Inst. 2006 195 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. 169 - 187. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geologie Paläontologie Geology Croatia Medvednica Mountain Paleontology Croatia Medvednica Mountain Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd rswk-swf Agramer Gebirge (DE-588)4304487-6 gnd rswk-swf Agramer Gebirge (DE-588)4304487-6 g Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016442668&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016442668&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Herak, Milan 1917- Medvednica zagonetno Zagrebačko gorje ; povijesni put do novih zemljoslovnih spoznaja Geologie Paläontologie Geology Croatia Medvednica Mountain Paleontology Croatia Medvednica Mountain Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020227-6 (DE-588)4304487-6 |
| title | Medvednica zagonetno Zagrebačko gorje ; povijesni put do novih zemljoslovnih spoznaja |
| title_auth | Medvednica zagonetno Zagrebačko gorje ; povijesni put do novih zemljoslovnih spoznaja |
| title_exact_search | Medvednica zagonetno Zagrebačko gorje ; povijesni put do novih zemljoslovnih spoznaja |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Medvednica zagonetno Zagrebačko gorje ; povijesni put do novih zemljoslovnih spoznaja |
| title_full | Medvednica zagonetno Zagrebačko gorje ; povijesni put do novih zemljoslovnih spoznaja Milan Herak |
| title_fullStr | Medvednica zagonetno Zagrebačko gorje ; povijesni put do novih zemljoslovnih spoznaja Milan Herak |
| title_full_unstemmed | Medvednica zagonetno Zagrebačko gorje ; povijesni put do novih zemljoslovnih spoznaja Milan Herak |
| title_short | Medvednica |
| title_sort | medvednica zagonetno zagrebacko gorje povijesni put do novih zemljoslovnih spoznaja |
| title_sub | zagonetno Zagrebačko gorje ; povijesni put do novih zemljoslovnih spoznaja |
| topic | Geologie Paläontologie Geology Croatia Medvednica Mountain Paleontology Croatia Medvednica Mountain Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geologie Paläontologie Geology Croatia Medvednica Mountain Paleontology Croatia Medvednica Mountain Agramer Gebirge |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016442668&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016442668&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT herakmilan medvednicazagonetnozagrebackogorjepovijesniputdonovihzemljoslovnihspoznaja |