Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Lithuanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Vilnius
Mokslo ir Enciklopedijų Leidybos Inst.
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in russ. und engl. Sprache. - Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: Index of proper names of ancient Lithuania |
| Beschreibung: | 87 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 5420016060 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 035 | |a (OCoLC)218367883 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)GBV532185560 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a lit | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-11 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a PG8662 | |
| 084 | |a EZ 1990 |0 (DE-625)29388: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Zinkevičius, Zigmas |d 1925-2018 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)120873893 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas |c Zigmas Zinkevičius |
| 264 | 1 | |a Vilnius |b Mokslo ir Enciklopedijų Leidybos Inst. |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a 87 S. |b Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in russ. und engl. Sprache. - Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: Index of proper names of ancient Lithuania | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Lithuanian language |x Etymology |x Names | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Etymologie |0 (DE-588)4015640-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Vorname |0 (DE-588)4063994-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ortsname |0 (DE-588)4043950-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Litauisch |0 (DE-588)4133373-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4173536-5 |a Patentschrift |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Litauisch |0 (DE-588)4133373-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Ortsname |0 (DE-588)4043950-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Etymologie |0 (DE-588)4015640-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Litauisch |0 (DE-588)4133373-1 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Vorname |0 (DE-588)4063994-0 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 2 | |a Etymologie |0 (DE-588)4015640-0 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016437240&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016437240&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016437240 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 417.7 |e 22/bsb |f 0902 |g 4793 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137555272138752 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Turlnys
Pralarmô
7
tvaúas
I:
Anie
varüyna
9
Jo ištyrimas
9,
pseudomoksliné
rašliava
9,
senovćs Iietuviif đvikamieniai
asmenvardžiai
10,
јц
trumpíníai ír pravardínés kilmés vardai
10,
pavardžiu
atsiradimas
10,
pavcldèti
vardai
ir
atneštiniai
krikštavardžiai
11,
atspindèjimas svetimkalbìuose istorijos
šaltiniuose
12,
šh| tyrimo
sunkumai
12,
аріє
pseudomokslinę vard4 analizę
12
(vadas
II;
Seriell
lletiivlu (haltij)
Ir
дшіц
(stava) santyklal
15
Lietuviq vardyno
raidos
sąsaja
su
baltq
slavèjímo vyksmu
15,
slava
skverbimasis ¡ balti|
žemes
15,
varágai Ír
Rusios valsíybé
17,
Rytą
apeigij krikščionybes vaidmuo, baltij
substraías
18,
Uetuviu.
protèvìq
sąlytis
su slavais
19,
Lictuvos valstybé
19,
slavakalbiai
ir lietuviakalbiai
gyventojaí
20,
Rytq krikŠčíonybés atspindžiai šu[ dienq Iietuvíq kalboje
ir
vardyne
22,
gudai
ir Lietuvos valstybé
23,
istorijos
iškraipymai
24
Geografima!
vardai
25
Einonlmas Llstuva
25
Ankstyvieji paminéjimai
25,
vardo lictuviakoji
(su
ie),
latviSkoji
(d)
ir
slaviškoji (i)
tradicijos
26,
etimologiniai samprotavimai: anks^vieji
28,
hidroniminć hipoteze
(Lietauka-Lietava)
28,
etnonimo senumas
33,
pirmykštěs
lietuviu
materialinès
kultüros lokalizavimas
ir
Lietuvos vardo
piètra
33,
slavakalbiai
gyventojai
ir
gudi^
tautos
kilmè
33,
Lietuvos
valstybés užuomazgos
37,
valstybés
kürèjai (lietuviakalbiai) ir
slavakalbiij indèlis
37
Miesto
tipo Ir hilos
svarbloslos
gyvenvlelâs
39
Vilnius
39,
Irakai
40,
Kernavè
41,
Aămena
41,
Deltuva
41,
EiSiSkès
42,
Kaunas 42,
Kèdamiai
42,
Krevas (Krèva)
42,
Lyda
43,
Maiăiagala
43,
Medininkai
43,
Minskas
44,
Šalčininkai
44,
Vievis
44, Gardinas 44,
Naugardukas
44
Vanđsnvardžlal
45
Nemunas
45,
Neris-Vitija
45,
Merkys
45, Beriüna-Berezina 46
Islorltilal asmenvardžlal
47
ĐldleJI kunlgalkiičlal
47
Mindaugas
ir jo
sünüs
47,
Traidems
49,
Butigeidas (Butigeidis),
Budivydas
ir
Pukaveras
49,
Vyteiiis
49,
Gediminas
50,
Jaunutis
50,
Algirdas
50,
Kçstutis
51, Jogaila 51,
Vytautas
52,
Skirgaila
53,
Švítrígaila
53,
Žygimantas
53
КипІваікШаі
54
Daumantas
54,
Dausprungas
55,
Gcrdenis
55,
Kaributas
55,
Karigaila
55,
Kari(j)otas
56,
Kęsgaila
56,
Lengvenis
56,
Liubattas
56,
Man(t)ivydas
57,
Norimantas
(Marimantas)
57,
Skirmantas
57,
Tautvilas
58,
Treniota 5S, Vaidotas
58
Dldikal
58
Daugalas
58,
Daugèla
59,
Daugirdas
59,
Dovamas
59,
Eimantas
59,
Gedgaudas
60,
Gintautas
60,
Ginvilas
60,
Gostautas (GoStautas)
61,
Jomantas
61,
Man(ti)girdas
61,
Mant(i)vilas
62,
Mažeíka
62,
Man(i)gaila
62,
Man(i)vydas
62,
Norbutas
(Narbutas) 62,
Rad(i)vilas (Radvila)
63,
Sangaila (Sungaila)
63,
Vainys
(Vaina)
63
Baigiamosios pastabos
65
Sutrumpinimai
66
Cituojamos
literaturas ir
äaltiniii
sarasas
68
Имена собственные древнего литовского государства
Резюме
71
Index of Proper Names of Ancient Lithuania
Summary
79
Visq
nagrinéjamq
varda
(vietovardžiij
ir asmenvardziiţ)
radyklè
Index
of
Proper
Names of Ancient Lithuania
Summcuy
Historians of Lithuania and Belarus are constantly arguing over
the origin of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Who created this state?
Lithuanians or Byelorussians? It is quite often that during these
discussions the index of proper names is referred to
-
place names and
persons proper names of that time are used as arguments. However,
the data of the index of proper names are often distorted and misinter¬
preted by non-linguists. This leads to false conclusions when histori¬
cal issues are beingsolved. The objective of the book presented to the
reader is to investigate the index of proper names from the linguistic
point of view, to distinguish its Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian ele¬
ments. Only the more significant proper names over which historians
have argued the most were discussed.
. .
The book consists of the preface, two introductory chapters (obli¬
gatory to readers who are not linguists, however, which
migli
.also
come in handy to linguists), followed by the main parts of the book
devoted to the explanation of historical place names ^udingthe
nameofLithuania^aswellaspropernames.Shortfmalnotesl.stsof
abbreviations and references, the alphabetic index of names
ш
dered
arepresentedattheendofbook-Thesew^lhelpthereaderto
orient himself better in the issues under discussion.
the real creators of the Grand Duchy of Lit
hua
ma were people
speaking the Lithuanian language, and people who
^poke
Slavomc
larly during the late period of the
shouldbring their
contribution
to ^^^b^
Thescientificin^^
separatedfromamateurCpseudo-hngmsticjwor
,
80
Zlgmas Zinkeviuius Senftslos Uetuvos
valstybôs vardynas
mings
of the „analysis of the latter are revealed: ignoring the distor¬
tions of Lithuanian names in the sources of other languages, the names
written by the people speaking foreign languages are taken as they
were written (with all their inaccuracies), conclusions are made on the
basis of phonetic similarities with the appellatives (laws of the deve¬
lopment of sounds are ignored), words are divided into parts wilfully,
etc.
When investigating the old proper names, apart from etymological
mattets,
it is necessary to take into consideration various other linguis¬
tic and extra-linguistic factors.
The important thing is that in the sources the names can be easily
derived from their original Lithuanian equivalents rather than other¬
wise. For example, we derive the ethnonym
Litva
used by the Slavs
from the LithuanianLtefwva (the Baltic *ei
>
Lithuanian ie turns into
і
in Slavonic languages), however, the
mmtUetuva
cannot be derived
from
Litva.
The fact that during the period of the creation of the state the Lithu¬
anians were not yet baptised pagans, used the old pre-Christian proper
names, must not be left out of consideration. Eastern Slavs (ancestors
of Byelorussians) had already been baptised at that time and had Chris¬
tian proper names brought from abroad. Among the early creators of
the state, as well as its rulers, there were none who had Christian na¬
mes. This thing alone testifies to the fact that people speaking the
Lithuanian language had to ultimately prevail in the creation of the
state.
By no means and never is it possible to investigate the old Lithua¬
nian proper names on the basis of the distorted forms of the names
presented in the sources alone, without comparing them with the Lit¬
huanian originals. In the past this behaviour led the famous Russian
linguist Aleksei Shakhmatov to the wrong theory that the Celts had
once lived in Lithuania
(!).
At the present time linguists do not do this
but it is especially characteristic of amateur linguists.
In studying proper names the role of Christianity of eastern rites in
Lithuania of that time should notbe left out of consideration. It brought
the Slavonic writing, manifestations of Byzantine culture, at the same
Index of Proper
Kamesot
Ancient
Шиз
ліз
81
time speeded up the process of Slavirying the land and created condi¬
tions for mixing the old Lithuanian proper names with the Christian
ones, It is very important to take this fact into consideration.
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania had a significant role in the forma¬
tion of the present ethno-linguistic situation of the Baltic States. It
determined the origin of the Byelorussian nation because the people
who spoke the Slavonic language and lived in that state and were sepa¬
rated from the same people residing beyond the borders of the state,
developed peculiar ethno-cultural features, which determined the
ethnogeny of the Byelorussians.
As has already been mentioned, the people speaking the Lithua¬
nian language formed the basis for the creation of the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania, however, people speaking the Slavonic language, the majo¬
rity of whom
vere
of Lithuanian origin, also became involved in this
activity quite early. A great number of people speaking the Lithuanian
language, and perhaps people of other kindred Baltic tribes, participa¬
ted in the process of the creation of the state. Furthermore, they lived
not only in the compact territory of land of the Lithuanian language
but also beyond its borders where people speaking the Slavonic lan¬
guage prevailed.
The name of Lithuania entered the historical sources much later
than the names of the other tribes of the Baits. Undoubtedly it was
mentioned for the first time in
Annales
Quedîmburgenses,
when spea¬
king about events in
1009.
Three variants of this name are available:
the Lithuanian (containing the root diphthong ie), the Latvian (with efy
and the Slavonic (with
ť).
In the long run this name was used to refer,
apart from the primitive ethnic Lithuania, to the entire large state
-
the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania the area of which constantly changed. The
use of the term Hetuvis (litvin) (a Lithuanian) changed accordingly: at
first only the ethnic Lithuanians were called by this name, later it was
used when speaking about the inhabitants of the large state.
The origin of this ethnonym is interpreted differently. Recently the
hypothesis has become popular, explaining that hydronyms were the
source of it was the name of Lithuania, as was the case with the names
of almost all Baltic tribes. Hydronyms with the root
Het-
<
*Uet-
are
82 Zigmas
Zinkevičlus
SenöslDS Uetiivos
valstybôs
rardynas
being searched for and found. Attempts of amateur „linguists to pro¬
ve the Slavonic origin of this ethnonym are absolutely unreliable.
At first the name oiLietuva (Lithuania) was used to call not the
entire area in which people spoke Lithuanian (it has not been finally
established yet, its eastern boundary is especially unclear), but only
that part, which formed the primary nucleus of the Lithuanian State,
which is to be searched for in the Nemunas and the Neris basins, most
probably where the important centres of that time
-
Kernavè,
Trakai,
Vilnius,
Ašmena
and others -were located. With the state increasing
in size, the name of Lithuania
(resp. Litva)
also spread.
It is not only the name of Lithuania but also the main settlements
(towns) of the nucleus of the state that undoubtedly bear Lithuanian
names. The old Lithuanian (Baltic) hydronyms gave rise to most of
them such as Vilnius (the older form is Vilnia, from the name of the
river Vilnia),
Kernavè
(from the river name
Kernavë),
Ašmena
(from
the river name
Ašmena),
Lydà
(from the river name
Lydà),
Šaíčinin-
kai (from the river s name
Salcio),
Vlevis (the name of the lake
Vîevis),
perhaps Krevas also (the original name, because
Krèva
comes from the
Polish language;
cf.
the name of the stream Krevas or
Kréva).
Other
names of the old settlements came from Lithuanian anthroponyms.
These are,
forexample,£Äá
(ЕІЩ,
Kaunas
(Kaunas),
Kêdáiniai
(Kèdáinis)
,
Lithuanian physiographic and other terms gave rise to
other names of settlements (towns), for example,
Traimi
(:
tråkas
a
place in a forest that has been cut down or burned
ouf), Mëdininkai
(:
mëdininkas
a resident of a forest, a forester ).
The names of settlements (towns) of Slavonic origin, which were
annexed to the Lithuanian State early, were Lithuanianised by the
Lithuaniansinthelongrun. This happened, for example, to thetowns
founded by the Slavs in the Yotvingian land of their Lithuanian rela¬
tives, which were and still are called by the Lithuanians
Gardinas
(from old Russian
Городьпь
with the Lithuanian ar instead of
oro)
and Naugardukas, or Naugardas (from
Новогрудок
with the Li¬
thuanian ar and the beginning of the word nauQ)- instead of the
Slavonic now)
№tfex of
fîrDU
er N am es
of
Дп
cfenl Utftua
nía
83
Similar
is the case with the hydronyms of the nucleus of the State.
They are of Lithuanian origin. These
areNëmunas
(etymology is
unclear but the name is most likely to be derived from the substantivi¬
sed adjective *nemunas
(upis),
which has not remained and which
meant a forest river ); Neris
(:
nérti,
which means to dive into water
suddenly, to swim downstream , earlier most probably it had a more
general meaning of flowing ), the name of this river
Vüija
used by the
Slavs is secondary, derived from Velija, that is, the great (river) as
compared with the smaller 0lnia;Merkys
(:
mërkti
to make wet, mois¬
ten ), with which people speaking the Slavonic language had to beco¬
me acquainted before the soft
к
turned into the affricate
č
and
er >
ere,
because now they say
Ме рєчь
(from
*Merčb
<
*Мегкь);
BerìTma
(ber¬
zas), Slavified
to
Березина
(cf.
берёза,
berzas ).
The names of the creators of the state are also Lithuanian. This is
testified to by their writing: a combination of letters
кг
marking the
Lithuanian
g
(rather than Byelorussian h) is used. These names are
typical pre-Christian double-stemmed personal names both compo¬
nents of which are inherited from very distant old times often going
back to the times of the parent language of the Baits or Indo-Europe-
ans, however, in many cases they retained their etymological link with
the corresponding Lithuanian appellatives. Part of the names came
from double-stemmed abbreviations of the proper names extended by
means of Lithuanian suffixes.
The founder of the Lithuanian State, its first king Mindaugas had a
double-stemmed old Lithuanian name: Mk-daugas. The names of ot¬
her dukes are also of the same origin:
Bàti-geidas, Gedì-mìnas,
AÏ-
фааѕ,
Jo-gáik
(the
varìantJo-géla
became established in Poland later
when
JogailabecamelUngofPolandjCf./flgi eùùo),
Vý-tautas
(<
*Výd-
lautas), Skir-gáila,
Švitti-gáila, Žygl-mantas.
The names of
Grand
Dukes came from the abbreviated Lithuanian
double-stemmed proper names that were extended by means of the
Lithuanian suffixes:
Kesťůíís, Vmďenis,
fyt-ênk
The name of Algir-
das youngest son Jaun- ¿ids, which has a nickname origin,
ctjóimas
(young), is also attributed to them.
8ft
2ìgmas
Zinkavičius
SenűsíűsUctuvos
valsiybŕs
varornas
Tlie
same is to be said about the names of other important men of
the state. All these names are old Lithuanian double-stemmed perso¬
nal names or their clippings or
suffixal
derivatives.
Names of Dukes. Old Lithuanian double-stemmed perso¬
nal names: Dau-mantas
{ Daãg-mantas), Kãri-butas, Kari-gâUa, Kã-
rì-jotas
{Kãriotas),
Kes-gâïla, Ltù-bartas,
Mañt(i)-vydas>
Noń-mantas
(Narímantas),
Tàùî-vilas
and others. Clippings of double-stemmed per¬
sonal names extended by the suffixes:
Gerdrëms (Gird-ënisl),
Vâid-
otos and others.
Names of influential nob
lemen.
Old Lithuanian
double-stemmed personal names: Dau-gahs
( <
Daug-galas), Dau-
gèla
(^Daug-géla^Dau-girdas (<*Daüg-gÍrdas),Dó Vaina$ (Dovai-
nà),Eï~mantas, Gëd-gaudas,
Gìn-tautas,
Gïn-vilas,
Gós-tautas
(GóŠ-
tautas),Jó-mantas> Man(tl)-girdas, Mant(l)-vilas, Mini-gáila, Min(i)-
vydas, Nór-butas (Nár-butas)
and others. Clippings of double-stem¬
med proper names are often extended by the suffixes
Маѓ
-éika,
Vainýs
(Vaina)
and others.
Dialectalformsof Lithuanian personal names are also found in the
sources. For example, alongside
Kqstùtìs
(written o&Kenstutte) there
is the form of eastern Aukshtaitchiai Kfoutis (Kymtutte,
cf.
lasti
east¬
ern Aukshtaitchiai
Лју/ѓ)»
also
compromission
form
Keistùtis (Keis-
tutt); alongside
Lengvënis
there are dialectal forms of eastern Lithua¬
nia
Lengvënis
(written as Langwene,
Лонъкгвени,
cf.
dialectal
lang-
vas lengvas flight))
anàLingvënis (Ltngwen, cf.
dialectal
Uñgyas Ieng-
vas ; written even as
Лы[н]кгвени,
cf.
the dialectal pronunciation
ùyngvas
lengvas with
ìy-
like the Russian
лы-);
alongside
Tremata
there exist the dialectal forms
Tranióta
(Raniât,
Тронята)
and
Trìnìó-
ia
(remade according to
trinù, trìn-ti
(En. to rub )). Also
cf. Sun-gâila
from
San-gáila
(with the eastern Aukshtaitchiai dialect sun-
<
san-
su (En. with ). Most probably
DaÜ-spmngas
is from
*Daüg-sprangas
(:
sprängas
En. hard to swallow ,
spriñgti
En. to choke ).
Scribes of the Byelorussian ancestors did not always understand
the Lithuanian proper names and created hypernormalisms. They star¬
ted writing and pronouncing the forms of the sources
Витовтъ
Vy-
tautas ,
Кгедкговдъ
Gedgaudas ,
Кгаштовтъ
GoŠtautas ,
which
Index
лі
Proper Names of Ancient Utttianla
65
were pronounced Vitout, Gedgoud,
Gaštout
pronounced by relation
vouk, written
волкъ
vilkas
as
Витолтъ, Кгедкголдъ, Кгаштолдъ.
Variants of the personal names Vitoldas
(cf.
Polish
Witold
Vytautas ),
Gëdgoldas,
Góštoldas
and others,
Tlie
old Lithuanian proper names were confused with similar chris¬
tening names, for example,
Žygimantas
with Zigmantas. Lithuanians
usually wrote and said
Žyglmantas,
people speaking foreign languages
said Zigmantas.
Cf.
the Byelorussian christening name
Жыгмонт
Zigmantas with
Ž
-
from Zyglmantas.
Vertè
Aldona
Matulytê
|
| adam_txt |
Turlnys
Pralarmô
7
tvaúas
I:
Anie
varüyna
9
Jo ištyrimas
9,
pseudomoksliné
rašliava
9,
senovćs Iietuviif đvikamieniai
asmenvardžiai
10,
јц
trumpíníai ír pravardínés kilmés vardai
10,
pavardžiu
atsiradimas
10,
pavcldèti
vardai
ir
atneštiniai
krikštavardžiai
11,
atspindèjimas svetimkalbìuose istorijos
šaltiniuose
12,
šh| tyrimo
sunkumai
12,
аріє
pseudomokslinę vard4 analizę
12
(vadas
II;
Seriell
lletiivlu (haltij)
Ir
дшіц
(stava) santyklal
15
Lietuviq vardyno
raidos
sąsaja
su
baltq
slavèjímo vyksmu
15,
slava
skverbimasis ¡' balti|
žemes
15,
varágai Ír
Rusios valsíybé
17,
Rytą
apeigij krikščionybes vaidmuo, baltij
substraías
18,
Uetuviu.
protèvìq
sąlytis
su slavais
19,
Lictuvos valstybé
19,
slavakalbiai
ir lietuviakalbiai
gyventojaí
20,
Rytq krikŠčíonybés atspindžiai šu[ dienq Iietuvíq kalboje
ir
vardyne
22,
gudai
ir Lietuvos valstybé
23,
istorijos
iškraipymai
24
Geografima!
vardai
25
Einonlmas Llstuva
25
Ankstyvieji paminéjimai
25,
vardo lictuviakoji
(su
ie),
latviSkoji
(d)
ir
slaviškoji (i)
tradicijos
26,
etimologiniai samprotavimai: anks^vieji
28,
hidroniminć hipoteze
(Lietauka-Lietava)
28,
etnonimo senumas
33,
pirmykštěs
lietuviu
materialinès
kultüros lokalizavimas
ir
Lietuvos vardo
piètra
33,
slavakalbiai
gyventojai
ir
gudi^
tautos
kilmè
33,
Lietuvos
valstybés užuomazgos
37,
valstybés
kürèjai (lietuviakalbiai) ir
slavakalbiij indèlis
37
Miesto
tipo Ir hilos
svarbloslos
gyvenvlelâs
39
Vilnius
39,
Irakai
40,
Kernavè
41,
Aămena
41,
Deltuva
41,
EiSiSkès
42,
Kaunas 42,
Kèdamiai
42,
Krevas (Krèva)
42,
Lyda
43,
Maiăiagala
43,
Medininkai
43,
Minskas
44,
Šalčininkai
44,
Vievis
44, Gardinas 44,
Naugardukas
44
Vanđsnvardžlal
45
Nemunas
45,
Neris-Vitija
45,
Merkys
45, Beriüna-Berezina 46
Islorltilal asmenvardžlal
47
ĐldleJI kunlgalkiičlal
47
Mindaugas
ir jo
sünüs
47,
Traidems
49,
Butigeidas (Butigeidis),
Budivydas
ir
Pukaveras
49,
Vyteiiis
49,
Gediminas
50,
Jaunutis
50,
Algirdas
50,
Kçstutis
51, Jogaila 51,
Vytautas
52,
Skirgaila
53,
Švítrígaila
53,
Žygimantas
53
КипІваікШаі
54
Daumantas
54,
Dausprungas
55,
Gcrdenis
55,
Kaributas
55,
Karigaila
55,
Kari(j)otas
56,
Kęsgaila
56,
Lengvenis
56,
Liubattas
56,
Man(t)ivydas
57,
Norimantas
(Marimantas)
57,
Skirmantas
57,
Tautvilas
58,
Treniota 5S, Vaidotas
58
Dldikal
58
Daugalas
58,
Daugèla
59,
Daugirdas
59,
Dovamas
59,
Eimantas
59,
Gedgaudas
60,
Gintautas
60,
Ginvilas
60,
Gostautas (GoStautas)
61,
Jomantas
61,
Man(ti)girdas
61,
Mant(i)vilas
62,
Mažeíka
62,
Man(i)gaila
62,
Man(i)vydas
62,
Norbutas
(Narbutas) 62,
Rad(i)vilas (Radvila)
63,
Sangaila (Sungaila)
63,
Vainys
(Vaina)
63
Baigiamosios pastabos
65
Sutrumpinimai
66
Cituojamos
literaturas ir
äaltiniii
sarasas
68
Имена собственные древнего литовского государства
Резюме
71
Index of Proper Names of Ancient Lithuania
Summary
79
Visq
nagrinéjamq
varda
(vietovardžiij
ir asmenvardziiţ)
radyklè
Index
of
Proper
Names of Ancient Lithuania
Summcuy
Historians of Lithuania and Belarus are constantly arguing over
the origin of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Who created this state?
Lithuanians or Byelorussians? It is quite often that during these
discussions the index of proper names is referred to
-
place names and
persons' proper names of that time are used as arguments. However,
the data of the index of proper names are often distorted and misinter¬
preted by non-linguists. This leads to false conclusions when histori¬
cal issues are beingsolved. The objective of the book presented to the
reader is to investigate the index of proper names from the linguistic
point of view, to distinguish its Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian ele¬
ments. Only the more significant proper names over which historians
have argued the most were discussed.
. .
The book consists of the preface, two introductory chapters (obli¬
gatory to readers who are not linguists, however, which
migli
.also
come in handy to linguists), followed by the main parts of the book
devoted to the explanation of historical place names ^udingthe
nameofLithuania^aswellaspropernames.Shortfmalnotesl.stsof
abbreviations and references, the alphabetic index of names
ш
dered
arepresentedattheendofbook-Thesew^lhelpthereaderto
orient himself better in the issues under discussion.
the real creators of the Grand Duchy of Lit
hua
ma were people
speaking the Lithuanian language, and people who
^poke
Slavomc
larly during the late period of the
shouldbring their
contribution
to ^^^b^
Thescientificin^^
separatedfromamateurCpseudo-hngmsticjwor
,
80
Zlgmas Zinkeviuius Senftslos Uetuvos
valstybôs vardynas
mings
of the „analysis" of the latter are revealed: ignoring the distor¬
tions of Lithuanian names in the sources of other languages, the names
written by the people speaking foreign languages are taken as they
were written (with all their inaccuracies), conclusions are made on the
basis of phonetic similarities with the appellatives (laws of the deve¬
lopment of sounds are ignored), words are divided into parts wilfully,
etc.
When investigating the old proper names, apart from etymological
mattets,
it is necessary to take into consideration various other linguis¬
tic and extra-linguistic factors.
The important thing is that in the sources the names can be easily
derived from their original Lithuanian equivalents rather than other¬
wise. For example, we derive the ethnonym
Litva
used by the Slavs
from the LithuanianLtefwva (the Baltic *ei
>
Lithuanian ie turns into
і
in Slavonic languages), however, the
mmtUetuva
cannot be derived
from
Litva.
The fact that during the period of the creation of the state the Lithu¬
anians were not yet baptised pagans, used the old pre-Christian proper
names, must not be left out of consideration. Eastern Slavs (ancestors
of Byelorussians) had already been baptised at that time and had Chris¬
tian proper names brought from abroad. Among the early creators of
the state, as well as its rulers, there were none who had Christian na¬
mes. This thing alone testifies to the fact that people speaking the
Lithuanian language had to ultimately prevail in the creation of the
state.
By no means and never is it possible to investigate the old Lithua¬
nian proper names on the basis of the distorted forms of the names
presented in the sources alone, without comparing them with the Lit¬
huanian originals. In the past this behaviour led the famous Russian
linguist Aleksei Shakhmatov to the wrong theory that the Celts had
once lived in Lithuania
(!).'
At the present time linguists do not do this
but it is especially characteristic of amateur linguists.
In studying proper names the role of Christianity of eastern rites in
Lithuania of that time should notbe left out of consideration. It brought
the Slavonic writing, manifestations of Byzantine culture, at the same
Index of Proper
Kamesot
Ancient
Шиз
ліз
81
time speeded up the process of Slavirying the land and created condi¬
tions for mixing the old Lithuanian proper names with the Christian
ones, It is very important to take this fact into consideration.
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania had a significant role in the forma¬
tion of the present ethno-linguistic situation of the Baltic States. It
determined the origin of the Byelorussian nation because the people
who spoke the Slavonic language and lived in that state and were sepa¬
rated from the same people residing beyond the borders of the state,
developed peculiar ethno-cultural features, which determined the
ethnogeny of the Byelorussians.
As has already been mentioned, the people speaking the Lithua¬
nian language formed the basis for the creation of the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania, however, people speaking the Slavonic language, the majo¬
rity of whom
vere
of Lithuanian origin, also became involved in this
activity quite early. A great number of people speaking the Lithuanian
language, and perhaps people of other kindred Baltic tribes, participa¬
ted in the process of the creation of the state. Furthermore, they lived
not only in the compact territory of land of the Lithuanian language
but also beyond its borders where people speaking the Slavonic lan¬
guage prevailed.
The name of Lithuania entered the historical sources much later
than the names of the other tribes of the Baits. Undoubtedly it was
mentioned for the first time in
Annales
Quedîmburgenses,
when spea¬
king about events in
1009.
Three variants of this name are available:
the Lithuanian (containing the root diphthong ie), the Latvian (with efy
and the Slavonic (with
ť).
In the long run this name was used to refer,
apart from the primitive ethnic Lithuania, to the entire large state
-
the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania the area of which constantly changed. The
use of the term Hetuvis (litvin) (a Lithuanian) changed accordingly: at
first only the ethnic Lithuanians were called by this name, later it was
used when speaking about the inhabitants of the large state.
The origin of this ethnonym is interpreted differently. Recently the
hypothesis has become popular, explaining that hydronyms were the
source of it was the name of Lithuania, as was the case with the names
of almost all Baltic tribes. Hydronyms with the root
Het-
<
*Uet-
are
82 Zigmas
Zinkevičlus
SenöslDS Uetiivos
valstybôs
rardynas
being searched for and found. Attempts of amateur „linguists" to pro¬
ve the Slavonic origin of this ethnonym are absolutely unreliable.
At first the name oiLietuva (Lithuania) was used to call not the
entire area in which people spoke Lithuanian (it has not been finally
established yet, its eastern boundary is especially unclear), but only
that part, which formed the primary nucleus of the Lithuanian State,
which is to be searched for in the Nemunas and the Neris basins, most
probably where the important centres of that time
-
Kernavè,
Trakai,
Vilnius,
Ašmena
and others -were located. With the state increasing
in size, the name of Lithuania
(resp. Litva)
also spread.
It is not only the name of Lithuania but also the main settlements
(towns) of the nucleus of the state that undoubtedly bear Lithuanian
names. The old Lithuanian (Baltic) hydronyms gave rise to most of
them such as Vilnius (the older form is Vilnia, from the name of the
river Vilnia),
Kernavè
(from the river name
Kernavë),
Ašmena
(from
the river name
Ašmena),
Lydà
(from the river name
Lydà),
Šaíčinin-
kai (from the river's name
Salcio),
Vlevis (the name of the lake
Vîevis),
perhaps Krevas also (the original name, because
Krèva
comes from the
Polish language;
cf.
the name of the stream Krevas or
Kréva).
Other
names of the old settlements came from Lithuanian anthroponyms.
These are,
forexample,£Äá
(ЕІЩ,
Kaunas
(Kaunas),
Kêdáiniai
(Kèdáinis)
,
Lithuanian physiographic and other terms gave rise to
other names of settlements (towns), for example,
Traimi
(:
tråkas
'a
place in a forest that has been cut down or burned
ouf), Mëdininkai
(:
mëdininkas
'a resident of a forest, a forester').
The names of settlements (towns) of Slavonic origin, which were
annexed to the Lithuanian State early, were Lithuanianised by the
Lithuaniansinthelongrun. This happened, for example, to thetowns
founded by the Slavs in the Yotvingian land of their Lithuanian rela¬
tives, which were and still are called by the Lithuanians
Gardinas
(from old Russian
Городьпь
with the Lithuanian ar instead of
oro)
and Naugardukas, or Naugardas (from
Новогрудок
with the Li¬
thuanian ar and the beginning of the word nauQ)- instead of the
Slavonic now)
№tfex of
fîrDU
er N am es
of
Дп
cfenl Utftua
nía
83
Similar
is the case with the hydronyms of the nucleus of the State.
They are of Lithuanian origin. These
areNëmunas
(etymology is
unclear but the name is most likely to be derived from the substantivi¬
sed adjective *nemunas
(upis),
which has not remained and which
meant 'a forest river'); Neris
(:
nérti,
which means 'to dive into water
suddenly, to swim downstream', earlier most probably it had a more
general meaning of 'flowing'), the name of this river
Vüija
used by the
Slavs is secondary, derived from Velija, that is, 'the great (river) as
compared with the smaller 0lnia;Merkys
(:
mërkti
'to make wet, mois¬
ten'), with which people speaking the Slavonic language had to beco¬
me acquainted before the soft
к
turned into the affricate
č
and
er >
ere,
because now they say
Ме'рєчь
(from
*Merčb
<
*Мегкь);
BerìTma
(ber¬
zas), Slavified
to
Березина
(cf.
берёза,
'berzas').
The names of the creators of the state are also Lithuanian. This is
testified to by their writing: a combination of letters
кг
marking the
Lithuanian
g
(rather than Byelorussian h) is used. These names are
typical pre-Christian double-stemmed personal names both compo¬
nents of which are inherited from very distant old times often going
back to the times of the parent language of the Baits or Indo-Europe-
ans, however, in many cases they retained their etymological link with
the corresponding Lithuanian appellatives. Part of the names came
from double-stemmed abbreviations of the proper names extended by
means of Lithuanian suffixes.
The founder of the Lithuanian State, its first king Mindaugas had a
double-stemmed old Lithuanian name: Mk-daugas. The names of ot¬
her dukes are also of the same origin:
Bàti-geidas, Gedì-mìnas,
AÏ-
фааѕ,
Jo-gáik
(the
varìantJo-géla
became established in Poland later
when
JogailabecamelUngofPolandjCf./flgi'eùùo),
Vý-tautas
(<
*Výd-
lautas), Skir-gáila,
Švitti-gáila, Žygl-mantas.
The names of
Grand
Dukes came from the abbreviated Lithuanian
double-stemmed proper names that were extended by means of the
Lithuanian suffixes:
Kesťůíís, Vmďenis,
fyt-ênk
The name of Algir-
das' youngest son Jaun- ¿ids, which has a nickname origin,
ctjóimas
(young), is also attributed to them.
8ft
2ìgmas
Zinkavičius
SenűsíűsUctuvos
valsiybŕs
varornas
Tlie
same is to be said about the names of other important men of
the state. All these names are old Lithuanian double-stemmed perso¬
nal names or their clippings or
suffixal
derivatives.
Names of Dukes. Old Lithuanian double-stemmed perso¬
nal names: Dau-mantas
{"Daãg-mantas), Kãri-butas, Kari-gâUa, Kã-
rì-jotas
{Kãriotas),
Kes-gâïla, Ltù-bartas,
Mañt(i)-vydas>
Noń-mantas
(Narímantas),
Tàùî-vilas
and others. Clippings of double-stemmed per¬
sonal names extended by the suffixes:
Gerdrëms (Gird-ënisl),
Vâid-
otos and others.
Names of influential nob
lemen.
Old Lithuanian
double-stemmed personal names: Dau-gahs
( <
"Daug-galas), Dau-
gèla
(^Daug-géla^Dau-girdas (<*Daüg-gÍrdas),Dó'Vaina$ (Dovai-
nà),Eï~mantas, Gëd-gaudas,
Gìn-tautas,
Gïn-vilas,
Gós-tautas
(GóŠ-
tautas),Jó-mantas> Man(tl)-girdas, Mant(l)-vilas, Mini-gáila, Min(i)-
vydas, Nór-butas (Nár-butas)
and others. Clippings of double-stem¬
med proper names are often extended by the suffixes
Маѓ
-éika,
Vainýs
(Vaina)
and others.
Dialectalformsof Lithuanian personal names are also found in the
sources. For example, alongside
Kqstùtìs
(written o&Kenstutte) there
is the form of eastern Aukshtaitchiai Kfoutis (Kymtutte,
cf.
lasti
east¬
ern Aukshtaitchiai
Лју/ѓ)»
also
compromission
form
Keistùtis (Keis-
tutt); alongside
Lengvënis
there are dialectal forms of eastern Lithua¬
nia
Lengvënis
(written as Langwene,
Лонъкгвени,
cf.
dialectal
lang-
vas 'lengvas'flight))
anàLingvënis (Ltngwen, cf.
dialectal
Uñgyas 'Ieng-
vas'; written even as
Лы[н]кгвени,
cf.
the dialectal pronunciation
ùyngvas
'lengvas' with
ìy-
like the Russian
лы-);
alongside
Tremata
there exist the dialectal forms
Tranióta
(Raniât,
Тронята)
and
Trìnìó-
ia
(remade according to
trinù, trìn-ti
(En. 'to rub')). Also
cf. Sun-gâila
from
San-gáila
(with the eastern Aukshtaitchiai dialect sun-
<
san-
'su' (En. 'with'). Most probably
DaÜ-spmngas
is from
*Daüg-sprangas
(:
sprängas
En. 'hard to swallow',
spriñgti
En. 'to choke').
Scribes of the Byelorussian ancestors did not always understand
the Lithuanian proper names and created hypernormalisms. They star¬
ted writing and pronouncing the forms of the sources
Витовтъ
'
Vy-
tautas',
Кгедкговдъ
'Gedgaudas',
Кгаштовтъ
'GoŠtautas',
which
Index
лі
Proper Names of Ancient Utttianla
65
were pronounced Vitout, Gedgoud,
Gaštout
pronounced by relation
vouk, written
волкъ
'vilkas'
as
Витолтъ, Кгедкголдъ, Кгаштолдъ.
Variants of the personal names Vitoldas
(cf.
Polish
Witold
'Vytautas'),
Gëdgoldas,
Góštoldas
and others,
Tlie
old Lithuanian proper names were confused with similar chris¬
tening names, for example,
Žygimantas
with Zigmantas. Lithuanians
usually wrote and said
Žyglmantas,
people speaking foreign languages
said Zigmantas.
Cf.
the Byelorussian christening name
Жыгмонт
'Zigmantas' with
Ž
-
from Zyglmantas.
Vertè
Aldona
Matulytê |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Zinkevičius, Zigmas 1925-2018 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)120873893 |
| author_facet | Zinkevičius, Zigmas 1925-2018 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Zinkevičius, Zigmas 1925-2018 |
| author_variant | z z zz |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023251879 |
| callnumber-first | P - Language and Literature |
| callnumber-label | PG8662 |
| callnumber-raw | PG8662 |
| callnumber-search | PG8662 |
| callnumber-sort | PG 48662 |
| callnumber-subject | PG - Slavic, Baltic, Abanian Languages |
| classification_rvk | EZ 1990 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)218367883 (DE-599)GBV532185560 |
| discipline | Baltistik Literaturwissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Baltistik Literaturwissenschaft |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4173536-5 Patentschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Patentschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV023251879 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:28:21Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:14:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 5420016060 |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016437240 |
| oclc_num | 218367883 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 |
| physical | 87 S. Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Mokslo ir Enciklopedijų Leidybos Inst. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Zinkevičius, Zigmas 1925-2018 Verfasser (DE-588)120873893 aut Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas Zigmas Zinkevičius Vilnius Mokslo ir Enciklopedijų Leidybos Inst. 2007 87 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in russ. und engl. Sprache. - Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: Index of proper names of ancient Lithuania Lithuanian language Etymology Names Etymologie (DE-588)4015640-0 gnd rswk-swf Vorname (DE-588)4063994-0 gnd rswk-swf Ortsname (DE-588)4043950-1 gnd rswk-swf Litauisch (DE-588)4133373-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4173536-5 Patentschrift gnd-content Litauisch (DE-588)4133373-1 s Ortsname (DE-588)4043950-1 s Etymologie (DE-588)4015640-0 s DE-604 Vorname (DE-588)4063994-0 s Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016437240&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016437240&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Zinkevičius, Zigmas 1925-2018 Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas Lithuanian language Etymology Names Etymologie (DE-588)4015640-0 gnd Vorname (DE-588)4063994-0 gnd Ortsname (DE-588)4043950-1 gnd Litauisch (DE-588)4133373-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4015640-0 (DE-588)4063994-0 (DE-588)4043950-1 (DE-588)4133373-1 (DE-588)4173536-5 |
| title | Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas |
| title_auth | Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas |
| title_exact_search | Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas |
| title_full | Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas Zigmas Zinkevičius |
| title_fullStr | Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas Zigmas Zinkevičius |
| title_full_unstemmed | Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas Zigmas Zinkevičius |
| title_short | Senosios Lietuvos valstybės vardynas |
| title_sort | senosios lietuvos valstybes vardynas |
| topic | Lithuanian language Etymology Names Etymologie (DE-588)4015640-0 gnd Vorname (DE-588)4063994-0 gnd Ortsname (DE-588)4043950-1 gnd Litauisch (DE-588)4133373-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lithuanian language Etymology Names Etymologie Vorname Ortsname Litauisch Patentschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016437240&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016437240&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zinkeviciuszigmas senosioslietuvosvalstybesvardynas |