Odesos: prinosi kăm proučvane monetosečeneto na grada IV - I v. pr. n. e.
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
"Nasko-1701"
1999
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| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Odessos ... |
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| ISBN: | 9548556103 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Предговор
................................................................................................7
Исторически сведения за Одесос
в периода
VI-I
в. пр. н. е
...................................................................11
Преглед на проучванията, свързани
с монетосеченето
на Одесос
.............................................................................................30
Периодизация на
монетосеченето
на западнопонтийските градове
VII—
I
в. пр. н. е.
Периодизация на
монетосеченето на Одесос
...............................33
Възникване на бронзовото монетосечене, номинали,
наименования на номиналите й теоретични тегла на
бронзовите монети на западнопонтийските
градове
IV-I
в. пр. н. е.
....................................................................35
Изображения, символи, надписи и
монограми
върху монетите на Одесос
IV-I
в. пр. н. е
.....................................50
Монетното обръщение на територията на Одесос през
VI-IV
в.
пр. н. е., до началото на собственото му монетосечене
..............79
Монетосеченето на Одесос
IV-I
в. пр. н. е.
Хронология, типове, номинали
.......................................................85
2.0
Класически период на монетосеченето на Одесос
(4801478-3411323
г. пр. н. е
........................................................86
2.2
Класически период на монетосеченето
на Одесос. Втори етап
410/404-341/323
г. пр. н. е.
... 87
3.0
Елинистически период на монетосеченето на
Одесос
(3411323-31
г. пр. н. е.)
...............................................105
3.1.
Елинистически период на монетосеченето на
Одесос. Прекъсване монетосеченето
341/323-281
г.
пр. н. е. Първи етап
281-196/188
г. пр. н. е
..............105
3.2.
Елинистически период на монетосеченето на
Одесос. Втори етап
196/188-115/105
г. пр. н. е
.......185
1
В раздела са включени допълнения, свързани
с
публикувани проучвания след
1995
г.
Контрамаркирането на монети
на
западнопонтийските градове от наместниците на
понтийския владетел Митридат
VI
в района на
западнопонтийското крайбрежие
.............................200
3.3.
Елинистически период на монетосеченето на
Одесос. Трети етап
115/105-72/71
г. пр. н. е
............210
3.4.
Елинистически период на монетосеченето на
Одесос. Четвърти етап около
72/71
г. пр. н. е.
до края на
I
в. пр. н. е
..................................................255
Несъществуващи монети на Одесос, описвани в досегашни
проучвания
........................................................................................275
Каталог на монетите на Одесос
IV-I
в. пр. н. е
.........................279
Резюмета на английски език
........................................................314
Списък на използваната литература
..........................................333
Географски, именен и предметен показалец
.............................338
4
CONTENTS
Preface
......................................................................................................7
Historical information about Odessos
in the period Vth-lst
с
B.C...............................................................
11
Review of the studies connected with
the coinage of Odessos
........................................................................30
Periodization of the coinage of the West
Pontic
cities 7th-
1st
с
B.C. Periodization
of the coinage of Odessos
....................................................................33
Emergence of bronze coinage,
denominations, names of the denominations
and theoretical weights of the bronze coins
of the West
Pontic
cities 4th-
1st
с
B.C.1
...........................................35
Images, symbols, inscriptions and monograms
on the coins of Odessos 4th-lst
с
B.C..............................................
50
Monetary circulation in the territory of
Odessos in the 6th-5th
с
B.C
............................................................79
The coinage of Odessos 4th-
1st
с
B.C.
Chronology, types, denominations
.....................................................85
2.0
Classical period in the coinage
of Odessos
(4801478-341/323
B.C.)
............................................86
2.2
Classical Period of the Coinage of Odessos.
Second Stage
410/404-341/323
B.C
................................87
3.0
Hellenistic period of the Odessos coinage
(341/323-31
B.C.)
......................................................................105
3.1.
Hellenistic Period of the Odessos
Coinage. Interruption of the Coinage
341/323-281
В. С
First Stage
281-196/188
B.C
..........105
3.2.
Hellenistic Period of the Odessos
Coinage. Second Stage
196/188-115/105
B.C
............185
1
There are some additions in this chapter connected with some researches made after
1995.
The countermarking of Coins of
the West
Pontic
Cities
by the Deputies of Mithridates VI
in the Area of the West
Pontic
Coast
...........................200
3.3.
Hellenistic Period in the Coinage
of Odessos. Third Stage
115/105-72/71
B.C
................210
3.4.
Hellenistic Period of the Odessos
Coinage. Fourth Stage circa
63
B.C.
to the End of the
1st
с
B.C
...........................................255
Non-existent coins of Odessos described
in studies so far
..................................................................................275
Catalogue of the coins of Odessos
fth-lst
с.
B.C.
(in Bulgarian and English)..
.............................................................279
Summaries in English
.......................................................................314
List of the used Literature
..................................................;.............333
Index of Names of Geographic Places,
Persons and Objects
....................................................................;.....338
ODESSOS.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY
OF THE COIN MINTING OF THE CITY
4TH-1ST
с
B.C.
HISTORICAL INFORMATION ABOUT ODESSOS
IN THE PERIOD 7TH-1ST
с
B.C.
Summary
The earliest written pieces of information connected with the his¬
torical development of the West-Pontic lands have reached our days
through part of the preserved works of Old Greek authors who on vari¬
ous occasions noted individual events of interest to them. In the study
they are examined but with their help can be outlined only part of the
historical picture sought. For this reason they are supplemented with
information from the archaeological finds and the studies carried out on
their basis which have made possible the elucidation of a number of
events preceding the emergence of the Greek colonists and events asso¬
ciated with the foundation and development of the West
Pontic
cities
during the period examined.
It is pointed out that in the area of Odessos in the 5th millennium
B.C. appeared one of the earliest organized societies in the European
lands, connected besides farming and livestock breeding also with the
mastering of the processing of gold and copper. This led to changes in a
social development, noticeable in the settlements created in the area of
Varna Lake. The new settlements appeared as a result of the develop¬
ment of metal working and trade in the commodities made
(Ivanov,
1997.
17-24).
The archaeological investigations undertaken cannot yet give a suf¬
ficiently accurate reply in what way was effected the transition of this
society to the society inhabiting these same lands at the end of the
2nd
millennium B.C. It is known that the West
Pontic
lands already since the
end of the 15th
с
B.C. were inhabited by compact groups of Thracians
who held also the coastal line. Grounds for this conclusion, in addition to
the archaeological investigations, offers also the old Hellenic legend as¬
cribing to the Thracians the thalassocracy (naval supremacy) in the pe¬
riod 12th—11th
с
B.C. Indicated are the existing serious grounds to as¬
sume that the West-Pontic cities and their smaller settlements prior to
314
the Hellenic colonization were inhabited and fortified by the Thracians.
Intensive economic and political life existed in the area, as well as con¬
tacts between the local Thracian population and the principal centres of
the East Mediterranean world (Danov,
1947;
Blavatskaya,
1952;
Fol,
1982).
A brief examination of the three stages of the establishment of the
Hellenic cities in the period 7th-5th
с
B.C. has been made with a view to
elucidating the events connected with the foundation of Odessos.
According to the legends Odessos was founded by colonists from
Miletus during the time of the Midian ruler Astiag between
593
and
558
B.C. (Psudo-Skimnos,
748;
Strabo, ML
6;
Plinius,
N.
H.
45).
A survey
has been made of the different views voiced on the early development of
Odessos for which concrete information is lacking in the sources. The
early history of Odessos is presented by combining the study of the ar¬
chaeological material and the data known from the sources about the
better researched West-Pontic cities.
Comparatively more concrete data on Odessos exist from the be¬
ginning of the Hellenistic age. In the study are collected and considered
the pieces of information from the sources, the epigraphic monuments,
as well as certain new data of a numismatic nature, providing an oppor¬
tunity to clarify individual moments in the history of the West-Pontic
cities. These historical events are examined in a comparatively more de¬
tailed fashion and in the separate stages in the coinage of Odessos. Here
we will point out that on the basis of the countermarking of coins in
Odessos are fixed more accurately the start of the coinage of the city, the
policy pursued by Lysimachus with respect to the cities under his control,
expressed in the restamping of the urban types of coins and turning them
into regal ones, the use of the city mints and their transformation into
regal establishments and the activity of the urban government of Odessos
for destroying the coins of the already nonexisting rulers of the area like
Lysimachus and turning them into coins of the city. The dating of the
commemorative issues of Odessos coins allows a more accurate determi¬
nation of the years of striking the mass types of coins and finding links
between certain political events and the old minted and the introduced
new types of coins. The examination of the countermarking of coins from
the area of the end of the
2nd
and the beginning of the
1st
с
B.C. has
created opportunities for clarifying a number of elements of the coinage
and the history of the West-Pontic cities for which concrete information
is missing in the sources. By linking historical events with the striking of
the various types of Odessos coins, in the study a possibility has been
created for restoring the relative chronology of the urban minting and in
315
many cases a dating has been achieved within comparatively narrow lim¬
its for individual issues of one-type coins and some singly struck coins.
In the study are examined also the so-called „barbarized imita¬
tions of Odessos coins and the causes for their minting are indicated. It is
suggested that probably the most important imitated type of Odessos
„bearded male head
-
bearded hoseman with cornucopiae in point of
fact represented a Thraco-Odessos type of coins, minted chiefly for com¬
merce with the local Thracian population.
On the basis of the study made of the last autonomous issues of
coins it has been established that its striking of coins was not discontin¬
ued in
72/21
B.C. but went on until the end of the
1st
с
B.C.
REVIEW OF THE STUDIES CONNECTED WITH
THE COINAGE OF ODESSOS
Summary
The minting of Odessos coins began comparatively late when were
introduced and observed certain requirements concerning the choice of
the basic images, symbols and inscriptions of the coins struck by each
mint. As principal images in the coinage of the city were introduced those
of deities revered there, probably images of certain statues in the city
temples. The putting of an inscription or monogram.... determining on
behalf of whom was effected the minting, owing to the specific name of
the city has helped the faultless defining to whom these coins belonged.
For this reason, already in the initial studies the coins of Odessos, includ¬
ing those marked only with monograms, were determined without diffi¬
culties by the researchers.
In the principal generalizing works on numismatics are noted mainly
the most frequently encountered types of autonomous coins of Odessos
(Head,
1911, 276;
Moushmov,
1912, 84-86;
Sear,
1978, 167).
At the end
of the past century was also made the first examination of the coins of
precious metals struck in Odessos
(Muller,
1855;
Muller,
1858).
In
1910
was published the first specialized study of the coinage of
Odessos (Pick under Regling,
1910, 519-552).
In it were presented the
coins kept in the museum collections at that time, but illustrated mainly
by a single specimen of each type.
Later, in a number of studies, dedicated to the West-Pontic cities,
were given also pieces of information connected with the coinage of
Odessos (Danov,
1947;
Blavatskaya,
1952;
Stoyanov,
1998).
316
The countermarking of coins in the mint of Odessos has been com¬
paratively well studied despite its comparatively late examination
(Gerassimov,
1946, 51-85;
Mirchev,
1961,321-322;
Draganov,
1990,19-25;
Topalov,
1997, 15-32, 117-120, 122-135).
Particular aspects of the minting and circulation of coins of Odessos
have been considered in a number of specialised studies {Gerassimov,
1951, 65-73;
Gerassimov,
1953, 53-59;
Gerassimov,
1957, 65-72;
Gerassimov,
1960, 59-69;
Rogalski,
1975, 54-60;
Rogalski,
1982, 11-13).
The coins of precious metals of Odessos have been examined in
detail comparatively recently {Rogalski,
1978, 3-14;
Rogalski,
1979, 1-16;
Pace,
1968, 1-12;
Price,
1991. 191-196).
PERIODIZATION OF THE COINAGE OF THE WEST
PONTIC
CITIES 7TH-1ST
с
B.C. PERIODIZATION OF
THE COINAGE OF ODESSOS
Summary
The following periodization of the coinage of the West-Pontic cit¬
ies is suggested:
1.0.
ARCHAIC PERIOD
(700-480/478
B.C.)
1.1.
First stage
(700-530
B.C.)
1.2.
Second stage
(530-512/500
B.C.)
Interrupted minting
512/500-480/478
B.C.
2.0.
CLASSICAL PERIOD
(480/478-323
B.C.)
2.1.
First stage
(480/478-424
B.C.)
Interrupted minting
424-410/404
B.C.
2.2.
Second stage
(410/404-341/323
B.C.)
3.0.
HELLENISTIC PERIOD
(323-31
B.C.)
3.1.
Interrupted minting
341/323-281
B.C.
First stage
(281-196/188
B.C.)
3.2.
Second stage
(196/188-115/105
B.C.)
3.3.
Third stage
(115/105-72/71
B.C.)
3.4.
Fourth stage
(72/71 -
end of 1st
с
B.C.)
The indicated dates are not absolute, they determine the initial or
final boundary of concrete historical events and in most cases the stages
marked by them in minting belong with a delay varying from a few years
317
to a decade. We think that the method offered for determining the stages
in the historical process is more suitable than the dates fixed by subjec¬
tive evaluation, differing by several years from the event which, in point
of fact, was actual cause for changes occurring later.
The periodization of the coinage of Odessos coincides almost fully
with the periodization, indicated in this way, of the coinage of the West-
Pontic cities. Owing to its later founding, however, Odessos did not strike
coins during the archaic epoch and in the first stage of the classical peri¬
od of coinage.
EMERGENCE OF BRONZE COINAGE, DENOMINATIONS,
NAMES OF THE DENOMINATIONS AND THEORETICAL
WEIGHTS OF THE BRONZE COINS OF THE WEST
PONTIC
CITIES 4TH-1ST
с
B.C.
Summary
A short survey is made of the development of coin minting in the 7111
-
5th
с. В. С,
and the difficulties arising in the making and use of the coins
of precious metals of small denominations are indicated. These difficul¬
ties, as well as the financial hardships of a general character of two op¬
posing groupings in the Peloponesian War, reflected in the Athenian
Decree of
424
B.C. whereby the participants in the Sea League were
prohibited to strike their own coins of precious metals (Parshikov,
1972,
73),
are singled out as the main causes for the minting of the first coins of
base metals. It is assumed that in minting bronze coins the ratio between
the price of precious and base metals was not observed since they would
have been too large, heavy and again inconvenient in retail trade. It is
believed that for this reason it was accepted for the weight of the minted
bronze coins, replacing the small denominations of silver coins, not to
correspond to the actually necessary one, i. e. the bronze coins to have an
obligatory rate with respect to the silver ones. The view is expressed that
this made it possible to release economic advantages in realising the re¬
spective issues, and created an opportunity in the event of a shortage of
precious metal resources to solve the problems of retail trade by bronze
coins, using precious metals for the needs of big-scale trade relations usu¬
ally with other countries which resulted also in easing to a large extent the
minting of coins since in this way was avoided the destruction of bronze
coins with a view to their use for other purposes, for instance as metal.
On the grounds of the information up to
1988
gathered about the
weights of the different types and denominations of bronze coins of the
318
West Pontic
cities from private collections in Bulgaria, the inference is
drawn that these coins were minted in four principal denominations with
average weights
0.9
g.,
1.8
g.,
3.6
g. and
7.2
g. (see the data, appended to
the study, on the weights of
294
coins in a very good state of preservation
of
24
different types and denominations of
Apollónia,
Messambria
and
Odessos).
On the basis of the depiction of the denomination
ΔΙΗΑ/ΛΚΙΗ
on
the first bronze coins struck in
Apollónia,
it has been established that the
average weight of the chalk is
0.9
g., of the dichalk
1.8
g., of the tetrachalk
- 3.6
g. and of the octochalk
- 7.2
g. Since in the trade of
Apollónia
was
used the Attic
mina
weighing
436.6
g., the theoretical weight of the four
minted denominations has been calculated as follows: chalk
- 0.91
g.,
dichalk
- 1.82
g., tetrachalk
- 3.64
g. and octochalk
- 7.28
g.
In the next sections of this research study, when dealing with the
various denominations of the bronze coins, the following terminology is
accepted: chalk, dichalk, tetrachalk and octochalk. When describing the
coin types a question mark
(?)
appears after each specified denomina¬
tion, stating that this terminology is under review and open to contro¬
versy.
Proceeding from the collected numismatic material the conclusion
is drawn that almost throughout the whole period of their autonomous
minting of coins the West-Pontic cities retained the thus indicated aver¬
age weights of their different denominations of bronze coins. Deviations
from the weight are noticed only in the largest denomination which was
struck usually weighing
20%
less. It is believed that this was done delib¬
erately since the large size and weight of these coins did not allow mis¬
takes in their daily use, and the savings of metal were the most consider¬
able precisely with the coins of the largest denomination.
Continuing the studies connected with the coinage of the West
Pontic
cities up to
1999,
the author had an opportunity to examined a further
over
1000
bronze coins of
Apollónia,
Messambria
and
Odessos
of the
four denominations studied. Their average weights confirm their theo¬
retically calculated weights, particularly of the coins minted in the period
4th-3rd
с
B.C.
319
IMAGES,
SYMBOLS, INSCRIPTIONS AND MONOGRAMS
ON THE COINS OFODES SO
S
4TH-1ST
с.
B.C.
Summary
The images seen on the coins of Odessos struck in the ^h-lst
с. В.
С
are first, the images of the principal deity worshipped in the city and
symbols associated with it, second, images and symbols of other deities
worshipped in the city, and third, images borrowed from the staters of
Alexander III and Lysimachus and the tetradrachms of Alexander III for
the numerous issues of imitative coins of precious metals.
An extensive examination is made in the study of the images and
symbols used in the coinage of Odessos. First are considered the inter¬
pretations made so far of the images and are presented the opinions of
the various researchers, special attention being paid to the images and
symbols defined in different ways. In most of these cases the interpreta¬
tions hitherto made lack arguments sufficient for the reliable determina¬
tion of the images.
On the basis of the combined examination of the images, symbols
and inscriptions of the known types of Odessos coins and chiefly of the
three types of commemorative coins, the tetradrachms „bearded male
head
-
bearded man standing, holding a cornucopiae and a patera , the
octochalk „bearded male head, a cornucopiae in the background- a
bearded man brandishing a spear, riding a galloping horse and the
octochalks „bearded male head, next to it a female head
-
reclining
1.
man with cornucopiae are put forward a number of arguments and the
conclusions made for the accurate determination of the images seen on
the coins of Odessos, namely:
-
the depicted bearded male head, chiefly laureate and sometimes
with a ribbon, is the image of the head of the Great God Darzalas be¬
cause on some issues behind the head is shown a horn of plenty defining
this deity;
-
the depicted bearded male figure, holding a cornucopiae and a
patera, is the image of the Great God Darzalas with his principal at¬
tributes;
-
the depicted female head without additional elements to define it,
owing to the combination with the head of the Great God Darzalas,
constitutes the image of the Great Goddess;
-
the bearded man with a cornucopiae, riding an ambling horse, is
the image of the Great God Darzalas;
320
-
the bearded man brandishing a spear on a galloping horse is the
image of the great God Darzalas as defender and protector of the citi¬
zens of Odessos;
-
the image of the reclining bearded man with a cornucopiae (some¬
times holding a patera) and next to him an amphora turned down with
flowing liquid, constitutes the image of the Great God Darzalas, most
probably presenting a well-known statue of his from the temple of the
deity;
-
the image of the standing bearded man with a cornucopiae and a
patera is that of the Great God Darzalas, most probably an image bor¬
rowed from a more recent statue from the temple of the deity.
A review is made of the different ways of rendering the head of the
Great God, of his figure and his principal attributes over the nearly three
centuries long period during which the coins with his image were struck.
On the basis of a new interpretation of the inscriptions on the com¬
memorative tetradrachms struck during the
3rd
с
B.C. by the Greek
cities and that the two inscriptions differing with and supplementing each
other in meaning oh the commemorative tetradrachms of Odessos, a
new understanding of the meaning embodied in these inscriptions has
been suggested, even the position of the inscriptions indicating that by
them are transmitted three different pieces of written information. The
part of the inscription
ΟΔΗΣΙΤΩΝ
or
ΟΔΗ
meaning „(coin) of Odessos
people ,
ΚΥΡΣΑ
is taken to mean „(magistrate or at the time of magis¬
trate)
Kursa
and
ΘΕΥ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ
indicating „(image of statue) of the
Great God .
On account of the wide popularity of the Great God and the famil¬
iarity with his temple status presenting him reclining with a cornucopiae,
this image was put on the reverse of the first types of coinage of Odessos,
where the other cities already minting money usually put the urban sym¬
bol chosen for the mintage. Since the Great God was a chthonian deity;
he was depicted with a cornucopiae, a patera, and in some cases next to
him was placed an amphora turned upside down with a stream of liquid
running from it. During the Hellenistic age, when for the coins of pre¬
cious metal of the types of Alexander III and Lysimachus in Odessos it
was necessary to add some small symbol connected with the images from
the preceding urban coinage, like the recumbent Great God or the cor¬
nucopiae, this turned out to be impractical. Since Odessos was compara¬
tively late in starting its coinage and a number of cities already used
images of a recumbent in a similar manner river god and a cornucopiae,
these symbols would not allow the identification only of Odessos as the
321
author of the coin issue. Notwithstanding several attempts to use the
picture of an amphora turned upside down for indicating the mint of
Odessos. it was preferred this to be done by monograms and initials of
the name of the city. In the order of their introduction during the years
are listed the so far known monograms and initials used in the mintage of
Odessos: @,A,m, ®H,
ÔH,
Δ,
И,
H, H,
И и
Bl and their
variaties:
Δ,
Ж,
Η
In the various late types of Odessos bronze coins of small denomi¬
nation on the obverse were put the images also of other deities wor¬
shipped in the city, on the reverse being shown chiefly the attributes
connected with them. Such were the types of coins „head of Hermes
-
caduceus ,
„head of
Demeter
and Persephone
-
two ears, „head of
Demeter-
an ear and „head of Artemis
-
a quiver . There existed an¬
other group of similar coins on the obverse of which were presented the
heads of Hermes, Athens and probably Appllo (or the Great Goddess?),
and on the reverse the picture of the cornucopiae not connected with
these deities. In connection with that is put forward the interpretation
that in these late issues, instead of the image, difficult for engraving, of
the reclining Great God of the early types of bronze coins of small de¬
nominations, it was preferred to put his symbol, the horn of plenty, easier
for engraving. This interpretation is supported also by the way of intro¬
ducing the countermarks used by Odessos. At first they were with images
of the reclining Great God, later with the presentation of a cornucopiae
with the supplementing inscription
ΘΕΟ
and finally the countermarks
were only with the image of a cornucopiae.
On the coins struck in Odessos in most cases were put additional
symbols, monograms, initials and seldom also magistrates names writ¬
ten in full. The general conclusion is drawn that in the initial issues were
put mainly monograms, later mainly initials and finally mainly initials
and seldom magistrates names written in full.
322
MONETARY CIRCULATION IN THE TERRITORY
OF ODESSOS IN THE 6TH-5TH
с
B.C.
Summary
In the area of the West-Pontic cities around Odessos have been
found the characteristically shaped metal Ingots used from the end of the
first millennium B.C., such as the ingot of gold, silver and copper
(Toncheva,
1973,17-24)
and the ingot of copper (Kamyotov,
1978, 13-14),
ingots obviously designed for effecting some bigger commercial opera¬
tions. Particularly often encountered are certain other types of pre-mon-
etary forms of exchange, designed mainly for retail trade like the arrow-
coins and the dolphin-coins (Gerassimov,
1938, 424;
Gerassimov,
1959,
85-87;
Dimitrov,
1975, 43-47;
Balabanov,
1986, 3-14;
Karishkovski,
1988,
27-40;
Topalov,
1993).
The study offers new information about the dis¬
covery as single specimens of nearly
200
arrow-coins in the area of
Odessos, including about
50
of the until recently not published one-sided
arrow-coins of
Apollónia
Pontica.
Reviewed are also other pre-monetary
forms, found in the area, such as bronze ringlets with or without charac¬
teristic thickenings, bronze articles in the shape of small bells and
triskelions with openings in the middle, discovered together with the ar¬
row-coins and probably like them used in small trade.
Data are provided on the finding in the area of Odessos of the early
electrum and silver coins, as well as information about such coins held by
collectors. In greater detail is submitted the information about the early coins
of
Apollónia
which obviously dominated the monetary circulation around
Odessos (about
700,
chiefly singly found coins), as well as about the com¬
paratively more seldom discovered early coins of
Istria
and Messambria.
Noted are the pieces of information known to the author about the finding
of limited numbers of early coins of many Greek cities, as well as the unex¬
pectedly large amounts of the early types of bronze coins of Maroneia, in¬
cluding their barbarized imitations. Probably these Maroneian coins were
used without countermarking by the local Thracian tribes, at that time under
the control of the Odrysian rulers (Topalov,
1998, 250-265).
Since in the period
óth-oth c.
B.C. the most frequently used means
of exchange in the area of Odessos belonged to
Apollónia,
the causes for
their great distribution in these lands are examined in detailed. It is be¬
lieved that this was due to the early beginning of the making of means of
exchange in
Apollónia,
probably ,to the early agreement on using the
Apollonian means of exchange by the neighboring Ionian settlements to
Odessos and even to Dionysopolis and the great importance of the com¬
merce with the neighboring Thracian lands of
Apollónia
which was domi¬
nant in the area at that time.
323
THE COINAGE OF ODESSOS 4TH-1ST
с
B.C.
CHRONOLOGY, TYPES, DENOMINATIONS
2.0.
CLASSICAL PERIOD IN THE COINAGE OF ODESSOS
(480/478-341/323
B.C.)
Summary
For the theoretically possible first stage of this period which would
include
480/478-410/404
there are still, no direct pieces of information
about autonomous coins struck by Odessos. It is quite logical to expect
that in the city were cast and used the widespread in the area pre-mon-
etary forms of exchange, e. g. the two-side arrow-coins (about the pre-
monetary forms of exchange along the North-West-Pontic coast Topalov,
1993).
If such are discovered with symbols belonging to Odessos, in a
future new research they will be considered in the missing in this study
Section
2.1.
Classical Period of the Coinage of Odessos. First Stage
480/478-410/404
B.C.
2.2.
Classical Period of the Coinage of Odessos.
Second Stage
410/404-341/323
B.C.
Summary
According to the late dating supported by the majority of researcher,
the striking of bronze coins of Odessos started in the
3rd
and even in the
second
с
B.C. (Head,
1911, 276 -
after
200
B.C.; Moushmov,
1912, 86-
circa
200
B.C.; Gerassimov,
1975, 54-59 - 3rd
c, B.C.; Draganov,
1990,
19-24 -
immediately after
271
B.C.).
Those supporting the early dating for the start of the striking of
bronze coins of Odessos believe that this minting began prior to
341
B.
С
(Pick
und Regiing,
1910, 154;
Rogalski,
1982,11).
In the study are advanced a number of arguments that the begin¬
ning of the bronze coinage of Odessos began prior to the year
341
B.C.,
the more essential of them being:
-
arguments from presented results obtained by comparisons of the
early bronze coin minting of the West-Pontic cities;
-
the earliest bronze coins of
Apollónia,
Messambria
and Odessos
were stamped on flans prepared in the same manner, characteristic of
the early 4th
с
B.C., in three identical denominations at the ratio
1:2:4
and observing for each city complete similarity of the images on the
324
obverse and the reverse of all the three denominations which was not
their common practice after
281
B.C.;
-
the formulation that Philip II and Alexander III did not take away
the independence of the Greek cities placed under control, and there are no
grounds to suppose that after
341
B.C. Odessos was deprived of the possibil¬
ity to begin its autonomous coin minting if it had not existed up to then;
-
the presented numerous conclusions from the early countermarking
of coins from the West
Pontic
cities and from the examination of the
striking of the early issues of Odessos coins of precious metals;
-
the presented results from the information collected about the
places of discovering mixed finds of bronze coins of the three cities.
At the present stage of research it cannot be indicated with cer¬
tainty by which of the three denominations of the early type of coins of
Odessos began its coinage, and for this reason they are examined in the
order from the large to the small denomination. These are bronze coins
of the type „female head (the Great Goddess) r.
-
reclining bearded man
(the Greet God Darzalas) without a cornucopiae
1.
struck on the de¬
nominations tetrachalk, dichalk and chalk with average weights about
4,
2
and
1
grammes (catalogue
Nos
1, 2
and
3).
About this time was prob¬
ably minted the hitherto unpublished issue „female head with hair in a
bun (the Great Goddess) r.
- 1.
reclining bearded man (the Great God
Darzalas) without a cornucopiae on the smallest chalk denomination
(catalogue No.
4).
It may be assumed that the city administration of
Odessos tried to impose as a symbol of the city coinage the image of the
reclining Great God Darzalas, probably an image of his well-known statue
in his city temple. As a symbol of the Odessos mint in these issues on the
reverse was put also the additional symbol of an amphora turned upside
down, with liquid flowing from its neck. It is supposed that the earliest
issues of these denominations were without magistrates markings. A new
argument that these coins were struck prior to the consolidation of
Lysimachus in the area are the hitherto not published barbarized imita¬
tions of them (catalogue No.
5),
cut by the local tribes after the discon¬
tinuance of the flow of original coins between
323
and
281
B.C. when the
Odessos mint did not cut autonomous coins.
325
3.0.
HELLENISTIC PERIOD
OF THE ODESSOS COINAGE
(34Ц323-31
B.C.)
3.1.
Hellenistic Period of the Odessos Coinage. Interruption of
the Coinage
341/323-281
B.C. First Stage
281-196/188
B.C.
Summary
After the death of Alexander III the West
Pontic
cities were placed
under the control of Lysimachus who installed his garrisons in them.
In the study is examined new numismatic material demonstrating that
Lysimachus discontinued the autonomous minting of these cities
and
restruck
their coins, turning them into his own types of coins.
After the death of Lysimachus in
271
B.C. Odessos, like the other
West
Pontic
cities, restored the cutting of its previous types of coins.
Simultaneously with that began the withdrawal from urban circulation of
the bronze coins of Lysimachus by a countermarking on a considerably
big scale. At first for an informative purpose on the Odessos tetrachalks
of the type „female head
-
reclining god were put the just introduced at
that time countermarks „reclining god and „monogram @ (catalogue
Nos
7
and
11).
The putting of these countermarks only on Odessos
tetrachalk coins showed with which denominations would be equalized
the countermarked foreign coins. With the countermark „reclining god
were over-struck bronze coins of Philip II and Alexander III (Cataloque
Nos
9
and
10).
With the countermark „reclining god, below monogram
@ were overstruck large quantities of bronze coins of Lysimachus (cata¬
logue No.
12).
In a later period was introduced a new city countermark
„cornucopiae
ΘΕΟ
again put for an informative purpose only on
tetrachalks of Odessos (catalogue No.
14).
With a simplified countermark
of Odessos
(?)
„cornucopiae were over-struck coins of Sestos and Eleunt
(catalogue
Nos.
15
and
16)
and after that with the hitherto unknown
round countermark of Odessos
(?)
„cornucopiae and coins of Odessos,
Adeus
and Antioch II/Lysimach (catalogue
Nos
17
and
19).
A very strong
argument in favour of the idea that the round countermark „coruncopiae
belongs to Odessos, is the discovery of a bronze coin of Odessos „female
head
-
reclining god holding coruncopiae with this so far unknown
countermark (cataloque No
18).
It is pointed out that at this stage of
research in the coinage of Odessos, it is still insufficiently clarified to
whom belonged the simplified countermark „cornucopiae and other pos¬
sible issuers are indicated. The study made of the countermarks of Odessos
permits the elucidation of many points concerning the reasons for
326
countermarking
coins of the West-Pontic cities (details in Topalov,
1997)
and the clarification of particular features of the resumption of their au¬
tonomous striking in the
3rd
с
B.C.
On the basis of the studies made so far the striking of coins of pre¬
cious metals in Odessos is examined in detail. In Table
1
are presented,
arranged in the supposed chronological order of their striking, the known
symbols, monograms and initials of the staters and tetradrachms cut in
Odessos in the Srd-lst
с
B.C. Based on the all-round investigation of
the coinage of Odessos an attempt is made to suggest not only the rela¬
tive but also the annual (or within the framework of a few consecutive
years) chronology of the cut issues of precious metals, proceeding also
from the determination made of the mandates of the persons in charge
of minting. Notwithstanding the advanced arguments, with a view to stress¬
ing the controversial character of the dating suggested by years, in the
necessary places by the symbol
(?)
attention is paid to the need for a
critical approach in the use of the annual dating indicated in this way.
Simultaneously with the resumption of the early bronze coin mint¬
ing in Odessos were struck at first mainly a few annual issues of staters of
an Alexandrian type (catalogue No.
21
and table
1),
followed by a num¬
ber of issues of tetradrachms of an Alexandrian type (catalogue
Nos
22
and
23
and table
1).
A little later, at the same time with the minting of
considerable amounts of tetradrachms, were released also a compara¬
tively large number of issues of staters of a Lysimachian type (catalogue
No.
23
and table
1).
A review is made of the arguments justifying the view that the first
issues of bronze coins minted similar to the early bronze coins of Odessos
were the tetrachalks and dichalks, differing in that the reclining god held
a cornucopiae (catalogue No
6).
Almost at the same time with them
were struck also the first issues of the new octachalk bronze coins of
large denomination of the type „bearded laureate male head (the Great
God Darzalas) r.
-
bearded man (the Great God) with a cornucopiae,
riding a pacing horse r. (catalogue No.
21).
A little later was introduced
also the other new type of bronze coins „head of Apollo r.
-
reclining
god
1.
(the Great God Darzalas) holding a cornucopiae and a patera
(catalogue No.
24).
For these three types most popular bronze coins of
Odessos are shown the so far known monograms and initials. With a
view to almost dating of the activity of the magistrates from these bronze
coins in tables
2,3
and
4
is made a comparison of the magistrates mark¬
ings on the bronze coins and the comparatively well-dated issues of coins
of precious metals.
327
3.2.
Hellenistic Period of the Odessos Coinage. Second Stage
196Ц88
-1151105
B.C.
Summary
Unlike the other periods, the second stage of the Hellenistic coin¬
age of Odessos began and ended without clearly expressed interruptions
associated with concrete historical events.
The years
196/188
B.C. marked the period of time when after the
victories over Philip V Rome proclaimed the freedom of the Greek cit¬
ies, until the acceptance of this decision by Antioch III which ended with
the signing in
188
В. С
of the peace treaty imposed on him. Marking this
event, the Greek cities that had again obtained autonomy, within a short
period of time struck commemorative issues of coins. Although the West
Pontic
cities had not lost their autonomy at that time, in them also were
cut similar commemorative issues of silver and bronze coins, the reasons
for that being examined.
In the study are advanced arguments that precisely in the period
190/
188 - 183/180
B.C. Odessos struck the commemorative issues of
tetradrachms of the type „bearded male head (the Great God Darzalas)
r.
-
a statuary image of the Great God standing, holding a cornucopiae
and a patera (catalogue
Nos
26
and
27
and table
1).
Listed are also the
causes for which during this stage in the Odessos coinage were stamped
only a few issues of tetradrachms of an Alexandrian type (catalogue No.
25,
table
1).
The presence of the additional symbol of a cornucopiae is one of
the essential grounds to determine to whom belonged the bearded male
head depicted on the coins of Odessos.
The basic amounts of bronze coins struck in this period were the
octochalks „bearded laureate male head (the Great God Darzalas)
-
bearded man (the Great God) with a cornucopiae riding a pacing horse
r. and the tetrachalks „head of Apollo
-
reclining bearded man (the
Great God Darzalas) with cornucopiae and patera . Their description is
not given in the catalogue, since it coincides with the description of the
coins of this type stamped in the previous period of time (catalogue
Nos
24
and
25).
On tables
3
and
4
are given in the assumed chronological
order of striking some issues of these coins, determined by their city and
magistrates symbols, monograms and initials.
328
The countermarking of Coins of the West
Pontic
Cities
by the Deputies of Mithridates VI
in the Area of the West
Pontic
Coast
Of great importance for elucidating the coinage of the West
Pontic
cities in the late
2nd
and early
1st
с
B.C. is the examination of the ex¬
tremely intensive countermarking of the urban coins of the area. It has
recently been established that by the deputies of the
Pontic
ruler at that
time certain issues of urban coins were countermarked with the
Pontic
dynastic symbol „star
(·&-).
Judging by their distribution in the area it
may be assumed that they were accepted without restrictions on the mar¬
kets of all the West
Pontic
cities. On the basis of the research made the
conclusion may be drawn that by this
Pontic
countermark it was indi¬
cated which were the types of urban coins, struck by the
Pontic
deputies
after the types of urban coins in the area, types which had to be accepted
for use in the lands in Thrace that were under the control of the
Pontic
ruler. The newly struck „urban coins differed from the issues so far by
their larger flans (diameter and weight), and for an indicative purpose
some were also countermarked by the symbol „star
(Ф).
After the expulsion by Rome of Mithridates VI from these lands
the city administrations undertook the overstriking with their own urban
countermark of a large portion of coins carrying the countermark „star .
The purpose of this new countermarking was to demonstrate be¬
fore Rome the discontinuation of the commitment to that point of the
West
Pontic
cities to Mithridates VI, as well as the giving of instructions
for these issues to be accepted as urban coins. The determination whose
was the countermark „star
(Ф),
put on coins of the West
Pontic
cities in
the late
2nd
and early
1st
с
B.C., provides an opportunity to clarify a
number of historical events and a more precise determination of the bronze
coins struck during this period of the cities in the area (detailed examina¬
tion in Topalov,
1997).
329
3.3.
Hellenistic Period in the Coinage of Odessos. Third Stage
1151105-72/71
B.C.
Summary
In the late
2nd
and early
1st
с
B.C. Odessos, like the other West
Pontic
cities, fell under the strong influence of the
Pontic
Kingdom. Part
of this area, together with the neighboring tribes, was incorporated in the
alliance set up by Mithridates VI and was turned into the starting base
for his military operations against Rome in the Balkans.
For financing the forces stationed in the area, Mithridates VI prob¬
ably assisted the work of the local mints which in that period cut consid¬
erable quantities of gold, silver and bronze coins, at the same time
countermarking separate types of bronze coins of large denominations
with the
Pontic
dynastic symbol „star
(-&).
The cities situated in the
north stamped chiefly staters, and Odessos and Messambria
-
numerous
issues of tetradrachms of an Alexandrian type.
In the study are examined the tetradrachms cut in Odessos during
this period, their relative chronology being suggested on the basis of the
known additional symbols, monograms, magistrates marking and the
various combinations of these additional markings. Since the known ini¬
tials of magistrates were written chiefly in four different ways or were
combined with additional monograms and initials also in four different
ways, the possibility is considered of the persons in charge of minting to
have had probably a four-year mandated In the study are suggested two
principal variants of annual chronology for the tetradrachms struck at
that time, assuming four
-
and one-year mandates of the magistrates (table
1;
variants A and B). In both variants there is a concurrence of addi¬
tional symbols and ways of execution of the images of the issues struck in
the years of the greatest successes of the
Pontic
Kingdom against Rome.
Besides the issues of tetradrachms of an Alexandrian type minted
in Odessos, distinguished by the presentation of Heracles with some por¬
trait features of Mithridates VI or of his sons Ariarat and Pharnak (cata¬
logue No.
31
and table
1),
as a separate type of tetradrachms are indi¬
cated those with the malgstrates initials
ΛΑΚΩΝ, ΛΑΚΩ,
ЛАК
and
ЛА.
On account of presenting the head of Heracles as-the head of Mithridates
VI, and the lion s mane as the hair of the ruler on his own prestigious
types of coins, it has been suggested these coins to be designated as mon¬
etary type „head of Mithridates VI with a helmet of lion s skin
-
Zeus
enthroned with eagle and sceptre (catalogue No.
32
and table
1).
330
Immediately after that, in the period
178-168
B.C. were struck the
commemorative bronze coins of large denomination, oktochalks of the
type „bearded male head (the Great God Darzalas), in the background a
cornucopiae
-
a bearded man (the Great. God) brandishing a spear, riding
a galloping horse r. (catalogue No.
28).
During the same period in Odessos were minted tetrachalks (or
dichalks?) „head of Apollo r.
-
reclining
1.
a god (the Great God Darzalas)
with a cornucopiae and a patera and octochalks „bearded laureate male
head (the Great God Darzalas) r.
-
bearded man (the Great God) with a
cornucopiae riding a horse pacing r. Their determination was made on
the basis of the concurrence of magistrates indications of these coins
with those on the tetradrachms stamped during the same period (tables
3
and
4).
The catalogue does not give their description because it coincides
with the description of the coins of the same type struck during the pre¬
vious period (catalogue
Nos
24
and
25).
Due to the popularity of the bronze coins of large denominations in
Odessos began the stamping of coins of the same type but of the tetrachalk
denomination (catalogue No.
49)
and tetrachalk „head of Apollo
-
cornu¬
copiae (catalogue No.
34),
some specimens of which were afterwards
countermarked.
For meeting the needs for bronze coins of small denominations in
Odessos within a short period of time were minted eight new types of
bronze coins. These were the dichalks „head of Hermes
-
cornucopiae
(catalogue No.
36),
the dichalks „head of Hermes
-
caduceus
(cata¬
logue No.
37),
the dichalks „heads of
Demeter
and Persephone
-
two
ears (catalogue No.
38),
the dichalks „head of Athena
-
cornucopiae
(catalogue No.
40).
the chalks „head of
Demeter
-
ear (catalogue No.
41),
the chalks „head of Artemis
-
quiver (catalogue No.
42),
and the so far
not published, probably belonging to Odessos
(?)
chalks „head of Apollo?
(or the Great Goddess?)
-
cornucopiae (catalogue No.
43).
The dating
of these coins has been effected chiefly on the basis of the coincidence of
the magistrates markings
ΔΗ, ΘΕΟ
and
ΑΓΑ
with those of the issues of
Odessos tetradrachms minted during the same period.
In the study are advanced arguments that during the period under
examination were struck the commemorative bronze coins of the
octochalk denomination „heads of the Great God and the Great God¬
dess r.
-
the Great God reclining
1.
on a pedestal with a cornucopiae
(catalogue No.
44).
331
3.4.
Hellenistic Period of the Odessos Coinage. Fourth Stage
circa
63
B. C. to the End of the
1st
e. B.C.
Summary
Researchers have believed that after
72/71
B.C. the West-Pontic
cities discontinued their autonomous minting of coins. The information
collected about the coins of these cities that has reached collectors in
Bulgaria shows, however, that their autonomous coinage continued with
limited amounts of bronze coins stamped and their own and foreign bronze
coins countermarked and restamped, chiefly of the issues cut by the depu¬
ties of the
Pontic
ruler. At the same time were minted large quantities of
imitative (barbarized) coins of an urban type, their issuers having so far
not been ascertained.
A survey is made of the opportunities in Odessos during this period
of time to have been cut the few last issues of Odessos tetradrachms of
an Alexandrian type (catalogue No.
45
and table
1).
The bronze coins
minted at that time in the city were octochalks, tetrachalks and tetra-
chalk(?)/dichalks
(?)
of the type „bearded laureate male head (the Great
God Darzalas) r. -bearded man (the Great God) with cornucopiae riding
a pacing horse r. (catalogue
Nos
46, 47
and
48).
What is characteristic
of these issues is the „barbarization of the images and inscriptions and
the deterioration of the quality of execution of the flans of the coins.
After the invasion of the
Getic
ruler Burebista
с
45/44
B.C. when
the citizens of Odessos left the city temporarily, a sharp deterioration of
the quality of the ordinary types of coins of Odessos was noted. Barba¬
rized imitations appeared of the type „bearded male head
-
bearded horse¬
man sometimes with a cornucopiae of the denomination tetrachalk(?)/
dichalk(?) (catalogue No.
50)
with lead flans. At the present stage of
research it is not possible to point out with certainty whether part of
these coins were regular output of the Odessos mint or were struck by
local tribes.
As last autonomous coins of Odessos are regarded the so far not
published commemorative tetrachalks „bearded male head with unusual
hair-style (the Great God Darzalas) r.
-
bearded man (the Great God)
with spear on a galloping horse r. (catalogue No.
51).
One of the rea¬
sons for their late dating is the unusual writing of the inscription, pre¬
sented as
ОДНССІ/ТНШ.
332
|
| adam_txt |
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Предговор
.7
Исторически сведения за Одесос
в периода
VI-I
в. пр. н. е
.11
Преглед на проучванията, свързани
с монетосеченето
на Одесос
.30
Периодизация на
монетосеченето
на западнопонтийските градове
VII—
I
в. пр. н. е.
Периодизация на
монетосеченето на Одесос
.33
Възникване на бронзовото монетосечене, номинали,
наименования на номиналите й теоретични тегла на
бронзовите монети на западнопонтийските
градове
IV-I
в. пр. н. е.
'.35
Изображения, символи, надписи и
монограми
върху монетите на Одесос
IV-I
в. пр. н. е
.50
Монетното обръщение на територията на Одесос през
VI-IV
в.
пр. н. е., до началото на собственото му монетосечене
.79
Монетосеченето на Одесос
IV-I
в. пр. н. е.
Хронология, типове, номинали
.85
2.0
Класически период на монетосеченето на Одесос
(4801478-3411323
г. пр. н. е
.86
2.2
Класически период на монетосеченето
на Одесос. Втори етап
410/404-341/323
г. пр. н. е.
. 87
3.0
Елинистически период на монетосеченето на
Одесос
(3411323-31
г. пр. н. е.)
.105
3.1.
Елинистически период на монетосеченето на
Одесос. Прекъсване монетосеченето
341/323-281
г.
пр. н. е. Първи етап
281-196/188
г. пр. н. е
.105
3.2.
Елинистически период на монетосеченето на
Одесос. Втори етап
196/188-115/105
г. пр. н. е
.185
1
В раздела са включени допълнения, свързани
с
публикувани проучвания след
1995
г.
Контрамаркирането на монети
на
западнопонтийските градове от наместниците на
понтийския владетел Митридат
VI
в района на
западнопонтийското крайбрежие
.200
3.3.
Елинистически период на монетосеченето на
Одесос. Трети етап
115/105-72/71
г. пр. н. е
.210
3.4.
Елинистически период на монетосеченето на
Одесос. Четвърти етап около
72/71
г. пр. н. е.
до края на
I
в. пр. н. е
.255
Несъществуващи монети на Одесос, описвани в досегашни
проучвания
.275
Каталог на монетите на Одесос
IV-I
в. пр. н. е
.279
Резюмета на английски език
.314
Списък на използваната литература
.333
Географски, именен и предметен показалец
.338
4
CONTENTS
Preface
.7
Historical information about Odessos
in the period Vth-lst
с
B.C.
11
Review of the studies connected with
the coinage of Odessos
.30
Periodization of the coinage of the West
Pontic
cities 7th-
1st
с
B.C. Periodization
of the coinage of Odessos
.33
Emergence of bronze coinage,
denominations, names of the denominations
and theoretical weights of the bronze coins
of the West
Pontic
cities 4th-
1st
с
B.C.1
.35
Images, symbols, inscriptions and monograms
on the coins of Odessos 4th-lst
с
B.C.
50
Monetary circulation in the territory of
Odessos in the 6th-5th
с
B.C
.79
The coinage of Odessos 4th-
1st
с
B.C.
Chronology, types, denominations
.85
2.0
Classical period in the coinage
of Odessos
(4801478-341/323
B.C.)
.86
2.2
Classical Period of the Coinage of Odessos.
Second Stage
410/404-341/323
B.C
.87
3.0
Hellenistic period of the Odessos coinage
(341/323-31
B.C.)
.105
3.1.
Hellenistic Period of the Odessos
Coinage. Interruption of the Coinage
341/323-281
В. С
First Stage
281-196/188
B.C
.105
3.2.
Hellenistic Period of the Odessos
Coinage. Second Stage
196/188-115/105
B.C
.185
1
There are some additions in this chapter connected with some researches made after
1995.
The countermarking of Coins of
the West
Pontic
Cities
by the Deputies of Mithridates VI
in the Area of the West
Pontic
Coast
.200
3.3.
Hellenistic Period in the Coinage
of Odessos. Third Stage
115/105-72/71
B.C
.210
3.4.
Hellenistic Period of the Odessos
Coinage. Fourth Stage circa
63
B.C.
to the End of the
1st
с
B.C
.255
Non-existent coins of Odessos described
in studies so far
.275
Catalogue of the coins of Odessos
fth-lst
с.
B.C.
(in Bulgarian and English).
.279
Summaries in English
.314
List of the used Literature
.;.333
Index of Names of Geographic Places,
Persons and Objects
.;.338
ODESSOS.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY
OF THE COIN MINTING OF THE CITY
4TH-1ST
с
B.C.
HISTORICAL INFORMATION ABOUT ODESSOS
IN THE PERIOD 7TH-1ST
с
B.C.
Summary
The earliest written pieces of information connected with the his¬
torical development of the West-Pontic lands have reached our days
through part of the preserved works of Old Greek authors who on vari¬
ous occasions noted individual events of interest to them. In the study
they are examined but with their help can be outlined only part of the
historical picture sought. For this reason they are supplemented with
information from the archaeological finds and the studies carried out on
their basis which have made possible the elucidation of a number of
events preceding the emergence of the Greek colonists and events asso¬
ciated with the foundation and development of the West
Pontic
cities
during the period examined.
It is pointed out that in the area of Odessos in the 5th millennium
B.C. appeared one of the earliest organized societies in the European
lands, connected besides farming and livestock breeding also with the
mastering of the processing of gold and copper. This led to changes in a
social development, noticeable in the settlements created in the area of
Varna Lake. The new settlements appeared as a result of the develop¬
ment of metal working and trade in the commodities made
(Ivanov,
1997.
17-24).
The archaeological investigations undertaken cannot yet give a suf¬
ficiently accurate reply in what way was effected the transition of this
society to the society inhabiting these same lands at the end of the
2nd
millennium B.C. It is known that the West
Pontic
lands already since the
end of the 15th
с
B.C. were inhabited by compact groups of Thracians
who held also the coastal line. Grounds for this conclusion, in addition to
the archaeological investigations, offers also the old Hellenic legend as¬
cribing to the Thracians the thalassocracy (naval supremacy) in the pe¬
riod 12th—11th
с
B.C. Indicated are the existing serious grounds to as¬
sume that the West-Pontic cities and their smaller settlements prior to
314
the Hellenic colonization were inhabited and fortified by the Thracians.
Intensive economic and political life existed in the area, as well as con¬
tacts between the local Thracian population and the principal centres of
the East Mediterranean world (Danov,
1947;
Blavatskaya,
1952;
Fol,
1982).
A brief examination of the three stages of the establishment of the
Hellenic cities in the period 7th-5th
с
B.C. has been made with a view to
elucidating the events connected with the foundation of Odessos.
According to the legends Odessos was founded by colonists from
Miletus during the time of the Midian ruler Astiag between
593
and
558
B.C. (Psudo-Skimnos,
748;
Strabo, ML
6;
Plinius,
N.
H.
45).
A survey
has been made of the different views voiced on the early development of
Odessos for which concrete information is lacking in the sources. The
early history of Odessos is presented by combining the study of the ar¬
chaeological material and the data known from the sources about the
better researched West-Pontic cities.
Comparatively more concrete data on Odessos exist from the be¬
ginning of the Hellenistic age. In the study are collected and considered
the pieces of information from the sources, the epigraphic monuments,
as well as certain new data of a numismatic nature, providing an oppor¬
tunity to clarify individual moments in the history of the West-Pontic
cities. These historical events are examined in a comparatively more de¬
tailed fashion and in the separate stages in the coinage of Odessos. Here
we will point out that on the basis of the countermarking of coins in
Odessos are fixed more accurately the start of the coinage of the city, the
policy pursued by Lysimachus with respect to the cities under his control,
expressed in the restamping of the urban types of coins and turning them
into regal ones, the use of the city mints and their transformation into
regal establishments and the activity of the urban government of Odessos
for destroying the coins of the already nonexisting rulers of the area like
Lysimachus and turning them into coins of the city. The dating of the
commemorative issues of Odessos coins allows a more accurate determi¬
nation of the years of striking the mass types of coins and finding links
between certain political events and the old minted and the introduced
new types of coins. The examination of the countermarking of coins from
the area of the end of the
2nd
and the beginning of the
1st
с
B.C. has
created opportunities for clarifying a number of elements of the coinage
and the history of the West-Pontic cities for which concrete information
is missing in the sources. By linking historical events with the striking of
the various types of Odessos coins, in the study a possibility has been
created for restoring the relative chronology of the urban minting and in
315
many cases a dating has been achieved within comparatively narrow lim¬
its for individual issues of one-type coins and some singly struck coins.
In the study are examined also the so-called „barbarized" imita¬
tions of Odessos coins and the causes for their minting are indicated. It is
suggested that probably the most important imitated type of Odessos
„bearded male head
-
bearded hoseman with cornucopiae" in point of
fact represented a Thraco-Odessos type of coins, minted chiefly for com¬
merce with the local Thracian population.
On the basis of the study made of the last autonomous issues of
coins it has been established that its striking of coins was not discontin¬
ued in
72/21
B.C. but went on until the end of the
1st
с
B.C.
REVIEW OF THE STUDIES CONNECTED WITH
THE COINAGE OF ODESSOS
Summary
The minting of Odessos coins began comparatively late when were
introduced and observed certain requirements concerning the choice of
the basic images, symbols and inscriptions of the coins struck by each
mint. As principal images in the coinage of the city were introduced those
of deities revered there, probably images of certain statues in the city
temples. The putting of an inscription or monogram. determining on
behalf of whom was effected the minting, owing to the specific name of
the city has helped the faultless defining to whom these coins belonged.
For this reason, already in the initial studies the coins of Odessos, includ¬
ing those marked only with monograms, were determined without diffi¬
culties by the researchers.
In the principal generalizing works on numismatics are noted mainly
the most frequently encountered types of autonomous coins of Odessos
(Head,
1911, 276;
Moushmov,
1912, 84-86;
Sear,
1978, 167).
At the end
of the past century was also made the first examination of the coins of
precious metals struck in Odessos
(Muller,
1855;
Muller,
1858).
In
1910
was published the first specialized study of the coinage of
Odessos (Pick under Regling,
1910, 519-552).
In it were presented the
coins kept in the museum collections at that time, but illustrated mainly
by a single specimen of each type.
Later, in a number of studies, dedicated to the West-Pontic cities,
were given also pieces of information connected with the coinage of
Odessos (Danov,
1947;
Blavatskaya,
1952;
Stoyanov,
1998).
316
The countermarking of coins in the mint of Odessos has been com¬
paratively well studied despite its comparatively late examination
(Gerassimov,
1946, 51-85;
Mirchev,
1961,321-322;
Draganov,
1990,19-25;
Topalov,
1997, 15-32, 117-120, 122-135).
Particular aspects of the minting and circulation of coins of Odessos
have been considered in a number of specialised studies {Gerassimov,
1951, 65-73;
Gerassimov,
1953, 53-59;
Gerassimov,
1957, 65-72;
Gerassimov,
1960, 59-69;
Rogalski,
1975, 54-60;
Rogalski,
1982, 11-13).
The coins of precious metals of Odessos have been examined in
detail comparatively recently {Rogalski,
1978, 3-14;
Rogalski,
1979, 1-16;
Pace,
1968, 1-12;
Price,
1991. 191-196).
PERIODIZATION OF THE COINAGE OF THE WEST
PONTIC
CITIES 7TH-1ST
с
B.C. PERIODIZATION OF
THE COINAGE OF ODESSOS
Summary
The following periodization of the coinage of the West-Pontic cit¬
ies is suggested:
1.0.
ARCHAIC PERIOD
(700-480/478
B.C.)
1.1.
First stage
(700-530
B.C.)
1.2.
Second stage
(530-512/500
B.C.)
Interrupted minting
512/500-480/478
B.C.
2.0.
CLASSICAL PERIOD
(480/478-323
B.C.)
2.1.
First stage
(480/478-424
B.C.)
Interrupted minting
424-410/404
B.C.
2.2.
Second stage
(410/404-341/323
B.C.)
3.0.
HELLENISTIC PERIOD
(323-31
B.C.)
3.1.
Interrupted minting
341/323-281
B.C.
First stage
(281-196/188
B.C.)
3.2.
Second stage
(196/188-115/105
B.C.)
3.3.
Third stage
(115/105-72/71
B.C.)
3.4.
Fourth stage
(72/71 -
end of 1st
с
B.C.)
The indicated dates are not absolute, they determine the initial or
final boundary of concrete historical events and in most cases the stages
marked by them in minting belong with a delay varying from a few years
317
to a decade. We think that the method offered for determining the stages
in the historical process is more suitable than the dates fixed by subjec¬
tive evaluation, differing by several years from the event which, in point
of fact, was actual cause for changes occurring later.
The periodization of the coinage of Odessos coincides almost fully
with the periodization, indicated in this way, of the coinage of the West-
Pontic cities. Owing to its later founding, however, Odessos did not strike
coins during the archaic epoch and in the first stage of the classical peri¬
od of coinage.
EMERGENCE OF BRONZE COINAGE, DENOMINATIONS,
NAMES OF THE DENOMINATIONS AND THEORETICAL
WEIGHTS OF THE BRONZE COINS OF THE WEST
PONTIC
CITIES 4TH-1ST
с
B.C.
Summary
A short survey is made of the development of coin minting in the 7111
-
5th
с. В. С,
and the difficulties arising in the making and use of the coins
of precious metals of small denominations are indicated. These difficul¬
ties, as well as the financial hardships of a general character of two op¬
posing groupings in the Peloponesian War, reflected in the Athenian
Decree of
424
B.C. whereby the participants in the Sea League were
prohibited to strike their own coins of precious metals (Parshikov,
1972,
73),
are singled out as the main causes for the minting of the first coins of
base metals. It is assumed that in minting bronze coins the ratio between
the price of precious and base metals was not observed since they would
have been too large, heavy and again inconvenient in retail trade. It is
believed that for this reason it was accepted for the weight of the minted
bronze coins, replacing the small denominations of silver coins, not to
correspond to the actually necessary one, i. e. the bronze coins to have an
obligatory rate with respect to the silver ones. The view is expressed that
this made it possible to release economic advantages in realising the re¬
spective issues, and created an opportunity in the event of a shortage of
precious metal resources to solve the problems of retail trade by bronze
coins, using precious metals for the needs of big-scale trade relations usu¬
ally with other countries which resulted also in easing to a large extent the
minting of coins since in this way was avoided the destruction of bronze
coins with a view to their use for other purposes, for instance as metal.
On the grounds of the information up to
1988
gathered about the
weights of the different types and denominations of bronze coins of the
318
West Pontic
cities from private collections in Bulgaria, the inference is
drawn that these coins were minted in four principal denominations with
average weights
0.9
g.,
1.8
g.,
3.6
g. and
7.2
g. (see the data, appended to
the study, on the weights of
294
coins in a very good state of preservation
of
24
different types and denominations of
Apollónia,
Messambria
and
Odessos).
On the basis of the depiction of the denomination
ΔΙΗΑ/ΛΚΙΗ
on
the first bronze coins struck in
Apollónia,
it has been established that the
average weight of the chalk is
0.9
g., of the dichalk
1.8
g., of the tetrachalk
- 3.6
g. and of the octochalk
- 7.2
g. Since in the trade of
Apollónia
was
used the Attic
mina
weighing
436.6
g., the theoretical weight of the four
minted denominations has been calculated as follows: chalk
- 0.91
g.,
dichalk
- 1.82
g., tetrachalk
- 3.64
g. and octochalk
- 7.28
g.
In the next sections of this research study, when dealing with the
various denominations of the bronze coins, the following terminology is
accepted: chalk, dichalk, tetrachalk and octochalk. When describing the
coin types a question mark
(?)
appears after each specified denomina¬
tion, stating that this terminology is under review and open to contro¬
versy.
Proceeding from the collected numismatic material the conclusion
is drawn that almost throughout the whole period of their autonomous
minting of coins the West-Pontic cities retained the thus indicated aver¬
age weights of their different denominations of bronze coins. Deviations
from the weight are noticed only in the largest denomination which was
struck usually weighing
20%
less. It is believed that this was done delib¬
erately since the large size and weight of these coins did not allow mis¬
takes in their daily use, and the savings of metal were the most consider¬
able precisely with the coins of the largest denomination.
Continuing the studies connected with the coinage of the West
Pontic
cities up to
1999,
the author had an opportunity to examined a further
over
1000
bronze coins of
Apollónia,
Messambria
and
Odessos
of the
four denominations studied. Their average weights confirm their theo¬
retically calculated weights, particularly of the coins minted in the period
4th-3rd
с
B.C.
319
IMAGES,
SYMBOLS, INSCRIPTIONS AND MONOGRAMS
ON THE COINS OFODES SO
S
4TH-1ST
с.
B.C.
Summary
The images seen on the coins of Odessos struck in the ^h-lst
с. В.
С
are first, the images of the principal deity worshipped in the city and
symbols associated with it, second, images and symbols of other deities
worshipped in the city, and third, images borrowed from the staters of
Alexander III and Lysimachus and the tetradrachms of Alexander III for
the numerous issues of imitative coins of precious metals.
An extensive examination is made in the study of the images and
symbols used in the coinage of Odessos. First are considered the inter¬
pretations made so far of the images and are presented the opinions of
the various researchers, special attention being paid to the images and
symbols defined in different ways. In most of these cases the interpreta¬
tions hitherto made lack arguments sufficient for the reliable determina¬
tion of the images.
On the basis of the combined examination of the images, symbols
and inscriptions of the known types of Odessos coins and chiefly of the
three types of commemorative coins, the tetradrachms „bearded male
head
-
bearded man standing, holding a cornucopiae and a patera", the
octochalk „bearded male head, a cornucopiae in the background- a
bearded man brandishing a spear, riding a galloping horse" and the
octochalks „bearded male head, next to it a female head
-
reclining
1.
man with cornucopiae" are put forward a number of arguments and the
conclusions made for the accurate determination of the images seen on
the coins of Odessos, namely:
-
the depicted bearded male head, chiefly laureate and sometimes
with a ribbon, is the image of the head of the Great God Darzalas be¬
cause on some issues behind the head is shown a horn of plenty defining
this deity;
-
the depicted bearded male figure, holding a cornucopiae and a
patera, is the image of the Great God Darzalas with his principal at¬
tributes;
-
the depicted female head without additional elements to define it,
owing to the combination with the head of the Great God Darzalas,
constitutes the image of the Great Goddess;
-
the bearded man with a cornucopiae, riding an ambling horse, is
the image of the Great God Darzalas;
320
-
the bearded man brandishing a spear on a galloping horse is the
image of the great God Darzalas as defender and protector of the citi¬
zens of Odessos;
-
the image of the reclining bearded man with a cornucopiae (some¬
times holding a patera) and next to him an amphora turned down with
flowing liquid, constitutes the image of the Great God Darzalas, most
probably presenting a well-known statue of his from the temple of the
deity;
-
the image of the standing bearded man with a cornucopiae and a
patera is that of the Great God Darzalas, most probably an image bor¬
rowed from a more recent statue from the temple of the deity.
A review is made of the different ways of rendering the head of the
Great God, of his figure and his principal attributes over the nearly three
centuries long period during which the coins with his image were struck.
On the basis of a new interpretation of the inscriptions on the com¬
memorative tetradrachms struck during the
3rd
с
B.C. by the Greek
cities and that the two inscriptions differing with and supplementing each
other in meaning oh the commemorative tetradrachms of Odessos, a
new understanding of the meaning embodied in these inscriptions has
been suggested, even the position of the inscriptions indicating that by
them are transmitted three different pieces of written information. The
part of the inscription
ΟΔΗΣΙΤΩΝ
or
ΟΔΗ
meaning „(coin) of Odessos
people",
ΚΥΡΣΑ
is taken to mean „(magistrate or at the time of magis¬
trate)
Kursa"
and
ΘΕΥ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ
indicating „(image of statue) of the
Great God".
On account of the wide popularity of the Great God and the famil¬
iarity with his temple status presenting him reclining with a cornucopiae,
this image was put on the reverse of the first types of coinage of Odessos,
where the other cities already minting money usually put the urban sym¬
bol chosen for the mintage. Since the Great God was a chthonian deity;
he was depicted with a cornucopiae, a patera, and in some cases next to
him was placed an amphora turned upside down with a stream of liquid
running from it. During the Hellenistic age, when for the coins of pre¬
cious metal of the types of Alexander III and Lysimachus in Odessos it
was necessary to add some small symbol connected with the images from
the preceding urban coinage, like the recumbent Great God or the cor¬
nucopiae, this turned out to be impractical. Since Odessos was compara¬
tively late in starting its coinage and a number of cities already used
images of a recumbent in a similar manner river god and a cornucopiae,
these symbols would not allow the identification only of Odessos as the
321
author of the coin issue. Notwithstanding several attempts to use the
picture of an amphora turned upside down for indicating the mint of
Odessos. it was preferred this to be done by monograms and initials of
the name of the city. In the order of their introduction during the years
are listed the so far known monograms and initials used in the mintage of
Odessos: @,A,m, ®H,
ÔH,
Δ,
И,
H, H,
И и
Bl and their
variaties:
Δ,
Ж,
Η
In the various late types of Odessos bronze coins of small denomi¬
nation on the obverse were put the images also of other deities wor¬
shipped in the city, on the reverse being shown chiefly the attributes
connected with them. Such were the types of coins „head of Hermes
-
caduceus",
„head of
Demeter
and Persephone
-
two ears, „head of
Demeter-
an ear" and „head of Artemis
-
a quiver". There existed an¬
other group of similar coins on the obverse of which were presented the
heads of Hermes, Athens and probably Appllo (or the Great Goddess?),
and on the reverse the picture of the cornucopiae not connected with
these deities. In connection with that is put forward the interpretation
that in these late issues, instead of the image, difficult for engraving, of
the reclining Great God of the early types of bronze coins of small de¬
nominations, it was preferred to put his symbol, the horn of plenty, easier
for engraving. This interpretation is supported also by the way of intro¬
ducing the countermarks used by Odessos. At first they were with images
of the reclining Great God, later with the presentation of a cornucopiae
with the supplementing inscription
ΘΕΟ
and finally the countermarks
were only with the image of a cornucopiae.
On the coins struck in Odessos in most cases were put additional
symbols, monograms, initials and seldom also magistrates' names writ¬
ten in full. The general conclusion is drawn that in the initial issues were
put mainly monograms, later mainly initials and finally mainly initials
and seldom magistrates' names written in full.
322
MONETARY CIRCULATION IN THE TERRITORY
OF ODESSOS IN THE 6TH-5TH
с
B.C.
Summary
In the area of the West-Pontic cities around Odessos have been
found the characteristically shaped metal Ingots used from the end of the
first millennium B.C., such as the ingot of gold, silver and copper
(Toncheva,
1973,17-24)
and the ingot of copper (Kamyotov,
1978, 13-14),
ingots obviously designed for effecting some bigger commercial opera¬
tions. Particularly often encountered are certain other types of pre-mon-
etary forms of exchange, designed mainly for retail trade like the arrow-
coins and the dolphin-coins (Gerassimov,
1938, 424;
Gerassimov,
1959,
85-87;
Dimitrov,
1975, 43-47;
Balabanov,
1986, 3-14;
Karishkovski,
1988,
27-40;
Topalov,
1993).
The study offers new information about the dis¬
covery as single specimens of nearly
200
arrow-coins in the area of
Odessos, including about
50
of the until recently not published one-sided
arrow-coins of
Apollónia
Pontica.
Reviewed are also other pre-monetary
forms, found in the area, such as bronze ringlets with or without charac¬
teristic thickenings, bronze articles in the shape of small bells and
triskelions with openings in the middle, discovered together with the ar¬
row-coins and probably like them used in small trade.
Data are provided on the finding in the area of Odessos of the early
electrum and silver coins, as well as information about such coins held by
collectors. In greater detail is submitted the information about the early coins
of
Apollónia
which obviously dominated the monetary circulation around
Odessos (about
700,
chiefly singly found coins), as well as about the com¬
paratively more seldom discovered early coins of
Istria
and Messambria.
Noted are the pieces of information known to the author about the finding
of limited numbers of early coins of many Greek cities, as well as the unex¬
pectedly large amounts of the early types of bronze coins of Maroneia, in¬
cluding their barbarized imitations. Probably these Maroneian coins were
used without countermarking by the local Thracian tribes, at that time under
the control of the Odrysian rulers (Topalov,
1998, 250-265).
Since in the period
óth-oth c.
B.C. the most frequently used means
of exchange in the area of Odessos belonged to
Apollónia,
the causes for
their great distribution in these lands are examined in detailed. It is be¬
lieved that this was due to the early beginning of the making of means of
exchange in
Apollónia,
probably ,to the early agreement on using the
Apollonian means of exchange by the neighboring Ionian settlements to
Odessos and even to Dionysopolis and the great importance of the com¬
merce with the neighboring Thracian lands of
Apollónia
which was domi¬
nant in the area at that time.
323
THE COINAGE OF ODESSOS 4TH-1ST
с
B.C.
CHRONOLOGY, TYPES, DENOMINATIONS
2.0.
CLASSICAL PERIOD IN THE COINAGE OF ODESSOS
(480/478-341/323
B.C.)
Summary
For the theoretically possible first stage of this period which would
include
480/478-410/404
there are still, no direct pieces of information
about autonomous coins struck by Odessos. It is quite logical to expect
that in the city were cast and used the widespread in the area pre-mon-
etary forms of exchange, e. g. the two-side arrow-coins (about the pre-
monetary forms of exchange along the North-West-Pontic coast Topalov,
1993).
If such are discovered with symbols belonging to Odessos, in a
future new research they will be considered in the missing in this study
Section
2.1.
Classical Period of the Coinage of Odessos. First Stage
480/478-410/404
B.C.
2.2.
Classical Period of the Coinage of Odessos.
Second Stage
410/404-341/323
B.C.
Summary
According to the late dating supported by the majority of researcher,
the striking of bronze coins of Odessos started in the
3rd
and even in the
second
с
B.C. (Head,
1911, 276 -
after
200
B.C.; Moushmov,
1912, 86-
circa
200
B.C.; Gerassimov,
1975, 54-59 - 3rd
c, B.C.; Draganov,
1990,
19-24 -
immediately after
271
B.C.).
Those supporting the early dating for the start of the striking of
bronze coins of Odessos believe that this minting began prior to
341
B.
С
(Pick
und Regiing,
1910, 154;
Rogalski,
1982,11).
In the study are advanced a number of arguments that the begin¬
ning of the bronze coinage of Odessos began prior to the year
341
B.C.,
the more essential of them being:
-
arguments from presented results obtained by comparisons of the
early bronze coin minting of the West-Pontic cities;
-
the earliest bronze coins of
Apollónia,
Messambria
and Odessos
were stamped on flans prepared in the same manner, characteristic of
the early 4th
с
B.C., in three identical denominations at the ratio
1:2:4
and observing for each city complete similarity of the images on the
324
obverse and the reverse of all the three denominations which was not
their common practice after
281
B.C.;
-
the formulation that Philip II and Alexander III did not take away
the independence of the Greek cities placed under control, and there are no
grounds to suppose that after
341
B.C. Odessos was deprived of the possibil¬
ity to begin its autonomous coin minting if it had not existed up to then;
-
the presented numerous conclusions from the early countermarking
of coins from the West
Pontic
cities and from the examination of the
striking of the early issues of Odessos coins of precious metals;
-
the presented results from the information collected about the
places of discovering mixed finds of bronze coins of the three cities.
At the present stage of research it cannot be indicated with cer¬
tainty by which of the three denominations of the early type of coins of
Odessos began its coinage, and for this reason they are examined in the
order from the large to the small denomination. These are bronze coins
of the type „female head (the Great Goddess) r.
-
reclining bearded man
(the Greet God Darzalas) without a cornucopiae"
1.
struck on the de¬
nominations tetrachalk, dichalk and chalk with average weights about
4,
2
and
1
grammes (catalogue
Nos
1, 2
and
3).
About this time was prob¬
ably minted the hitherto unpublished issue „female head with hair in a
bun (the Great Goddess) r.
- 1.
reclining bearded man (the Great God
Darzalas) without a cornucopiae" on the smallest chalk denomination
(catalogue No.
4).
It may be assumed that the city administration of
Odessos tried to impose as a symbol of the city coinage the image of the
reclining Great God Darzalas, probably an image of his well-known statue
in his city temple. As a symbol of the Odessos mint in these issues on the
reverse was put also the additional symbol of an amphora turned upside
down, with liquid flowing from its neck. It is supposed that the earliest
issues of these denominations were without magistrates' markings. A new
argument that these coins were struck prior to the consolidation of
Lysimachus in the area are the hitherto not published barbarized imita¬
tions of them (catalogue No.
5),
cut by the local tribes after the discon¬
tinuance of the flow of original coins between
323
and
281
B.C. when the
Odessos mint did not cut autonomous coins.
325
3.0.
HELLENISTIC PERIOD
OF THE ODESSOS COINAGE
(34Ц323-31
B.C.)
3.1.
Hellenistic Period of the Odessos Coinage. Interruption of
the Coinage
341/323-281
B.C. First Stage
281-196/188
B.C.
Summary
After the death of Alexander III the West
Pontic
cities were placed
under the control of Lysimachus who installed his garrisons in them.
In the study is examined new numismatic material demonstrating that
Lysimachus discontinued the autonomous minting of these cities
and
restruck
their coins, turning them into his own types of coins.
After the death of Lysimachus in
271
B.C. Odessos, like the other
West
Pontic
cities, restored the cutting of its previous types of coins.
Simultaneously with that began the withdrawal from urban circulation of
the bronze coins of Lysimachus by a countermarking on a considerably
big scale. At first for an informative purpose on the Odessos tetrachalks
of the type „female head
-
reclining god" were put the just introduced at
that time countermarks „reclining god" and „monogram @" (catalogue
Nos
7
and
11).
The putting of these countermarks only on Odessos
tetrachalk coins showed with which denominations would be equalized
the countermarked foreign coins. With the countermark „reclining god"
were over-struck bronze coins of Philip II and Alexander III (Cataloque
Nos
9
and
10).
With the countermark „reclining god, below monogram
@" were overstruck large quantities of bronze coins of Lysimachus (cata¬
logue No.
12).
In a later period was introduced a new city countermark
„cornucopiae
ΘΕΟ"
again put for an informative purpose only on
tetrachalks of Odessos (catalogue No.
14).
With a simplified countermark
of Odessos
(?)
„cornucopiae" were over-struck coins of Sestos and Eleunt
(catalogue
Nos.
15
and
16)
and after that with the hitherto unknown
round countermark of Odessos
(?)
„cornucopiae" and coins of Odessos,
Adeus
and Antioch II/Lysimach (catalogue
Nos
17
and
19).
A very strong
argument in favour of the idea that the round countermark „coruncopiae"
belongs to Odessos, is the discovery of a bronze coin of Odessos „female
head
-
reclining god holding coruncopiae" with this so far unknown
countermark (cataloque No
18).
It is pointed out that at this stage of
research in the coinage of Odessos, it is still insufficiently clarified to
whom belonged the simplified countermark „cornucopiae" and other pos¬
sible issuers are indicated. The study made of the countermarks of Odessos
permits the elucidation of many points concerning the reasons for
326
countermarking
coins of the West-Pontic cities (details in Topalov,
1997)
and the clarification of particular features of the resumption of their au¬
tonomous striking in the
3rd
с
B.C.
On the basis of the studies made so far the striking of coins of pre¬
cious metals in Odessos is examined in detail. In Table
1
are presented,
arranged in the supposed chronological order of their striking, the known
symbols, monograms and initials of the staters and tetradrachms cut in
Odessos in the Srd-lst
с
B.C. Based on the all-round investigation of
the coinage of Odessos an attempt is made to suggest not only the rela¬
tive but also the annual (or within the framework of a few consecutive
years) chronology of the cut issues of precious metals, proceeding also
from the determination made of the mandates of the persons in charge
of minting. Notwithstanding the advanced arguments, with a view to stress¬
ing the controversial character of the dating suggested by years, in the
necessary places by the symbol
(?)
attention is paid to the need for a
critical approach in the use of the annual dating indicated in this way.
Simultaneously with the resumption of the early bronze coin mint¬
ing in Odessos were struck at first mainly a few annual issues of staters of
an Alexandrian type (catalogue No.
21
and table
1),
followed by a num¬
ber of issues of tetradrachms of an Alexandrian type (catalogue
Nos
22
and
23
and table
1).
A little later, at the same time with the minting of
considerable amounts of tetradrachms, were released also a compara¬
tively large number of issues of staters of a Lysimachian type (catalogue
No.
23
and table
1).
A review is made of the arguments justifying the view that the first
issues of bronze coins minted similar to the early bronze coins of Odessos
were the tetrachalks and dichalks, differing in that the reclining god held
a cornucopiae (catalogue No
6).
Almost at the same time with them
were struck also the first issues of the new octachalk bronze coins of
large denomination of the type „bearded laureate male head (the Great
God Darzalas) r.
-
bearded man (the Great God) with a cornucopiae,
riding a pacing horse r." (catalogue No.
21).
A little later was introduced
also the other new type of bronze coins „head of Apollo r.
-
reclining
god
1.
(the Great God Darzalas) holding a cornucopiae and a patera"
(catalogue No.
24).
For these three types most popular bronze coins of
Odessos are shown the so far known monograms and initials. With a
view to almost dating of the activity of the magistrates from these bronze
coins in tables
2,3
and
4
is made a comparison of the magistrates mark¬
ings on the bronze coins and the comparatively well-dated issues of coins
of precious metals.
327
3.2.
Hellenistic Period of the Odessos Coinage. Second Stage
196Ц88
-1151105
B.C.
Summary
Unlike the other periods, the second stage of the Hellenistic coin¬
age of Odessos began and ended without clearly expressed interruptions
associated with concrete historical events.
The years
196/188
B.C. marked the period of time when after the
victories over Philip V Rome proclaimed the freedom of the Greek cit¬
ies, until the acceptance of this decision by Antioch III which ended with
the signing in
188
В. С
of the peace treaty imposed on him. Marking this
event, the Greek cities that had again obtained autonomy, within a short
period of time struck commemorative issues of coins. Although the West
Pontic
cities had not lost their autonomy at that time, in them also were
cut similar commemorative issues of silver and bronze coins, the reasons
for that being examined.
In the study are advanced arguments that precisely in the period
190/
188 - 183/180
B.C. Odessos struck the commemorative issues of
tetradrachms of the type „bearded male head (the Great God Darzalas)
r.
-
a statuary image of the Great God standing, holding a cornucopiae
and a patera" (catalogue
Nos
26
and
27
and table
1).
Listed are also the
causes for which during this stage in the Odessos coinage were stamped
only a few issues of tetradrachms of an Alexandrian type (catalogue No.
25,
table
1).
The presence of the additional symbol of a cornucopiae is one of
the essential grounds to determine to whom belonged the bearded male
head depicted on the coins of Odessos.
The basic amounts of bronze coins struck in this period were the
octochalks „bearded laureate male head (the Great God Darzalas)
-
bearded man (the Great God) with a cornucopiae riding a pacing horse
r." and the tetrachalks „head of Apollo
-
reclining bearded man (the
Great God Darzalas) with cornucopiae and patera". Their description is
not given in the catalogue, since it coincides with the description of the
coins of this type stamped in the previous period of time (catalogue
Nos
24
and
25).
On tables
3
and
4
are given in the assumed chronological
order of striking some issues of these coins, determined by their city and
magistrates' symbols, monograms and initials.
328
The countermarking of Coins of the West
Pontic
Cities
by the Deputies of Mithridates VI
in the Area of the West
Pontic
Coast
Of great importance for elucidating the coinage of the West
Pontic
cities in the late
2nd
and early
1st
с
B.C. is the examination of the ex¬
tremely intensive countermarking of the urban coins of the area. It has
recently been established that by the deputies of the
Pontic
ruler at that
time certain issues of urban coins were countermarked with the
Pontic
dynastic symbol „star"
(·&-).
Judging by their distribution in the area it
may be assumed that they were accepted without restrictions on the mar¬
kets of all the West
Pontic
cities. On the basis of the research made the
conclusion may be drawn that by this
Pontic
countermark it was indi¬
cated which were the types of urban coins, struck by the
Pontic
deputies
after the types of urban coins in the area, types which had to be accepted
for use in the lands in Thrace that were under the control of the
Pontic
ruler. The newly struck „urban" coins differed from the issues so far by
their larger flans (diameter and weight), and for an indicative purpose
some were also countermarked by the symbol „star"
(Ф).
After the expulsion by Rome of Mithridates VI from these lands
the city administrations undertook the overstriking with their own urban
countermark of a large portion of coins carrying the countermark „star".
The purpose of this new countermarking was to demonstrate be¬
fore Rome the discontinuation of the commitment to that point of the
West
Pontic
cities to Mithridates VI, as well as the giving of instructions
for these issues to be accepted as urban coins. The determination whose
was the countermark „star"
(Ф),
put on coins of the West
Pontic
cities in
the late
2nd
and early
1st
с
B.C., provides an opportunity to clarify a
number of historical events and a more precise determination of the bronze
coins struck during this period of the cities in the area (detailed examina¬
tion in Topalov,
1997).
329
3.3.
Hellenistic Period in the Coinage of Odessos. Third Stage
1151105-72/71
B.C.
Summary
In the late
2nd
and early
1st
с
B.C. Odessos, like the other West
Pontic
cities, fell under the strong influence of the
Pontic
Kingdom. Part
of this area, together with the neighboring tribes, was incorporated in the
alliance set up by Mithridates VI and was turned into the starting base
for his military operations against Rome in the Balkans.
For financing the forces stationed in the area, Mithridates VI prob¬
ably assisted the work of the local mints which in that period cut consid¬
erable quantities of gold, silver and bronze coins, at the same time
countermarking separate types of bronze coins of large denominations
with the
Pontic
dynastic symbol „star"
(-&).
The cities situated in the
north stamped chiefly staters, and Odessos and Messambria
-
numerous
issues of tetradrachms of an Alexandrian type.
In the study are examined the tetradrachms cut in Odessos during
this period, their relative chronology being suggested on the basis of the
known additional symbols, monograms, magistrates' marking and the
various combinations of these additional markings. Since the known ini¬
tials of magistrates were written chiefly in four different ways or were
combined with additional monograms and initials also in four different
ways, the possibility is considered of the persons in charge of minting to
have had probably a four-year mandated In the study are suggested two
principal variants of annual chronology for the tetradrachms struck at
that time, assuming four
-
and one-year mandates of the magistrates (table
1;
variants A and B). In both variants there is a concurrence of addi¬
tional symbols and ways of execution of the images of the issues struck in
the years of the greatest successes of the
Pontic
Kingdom against Rome.
Besides the issues of tetradrachms of an Alexandrian type minted
in Odessos, distinguished by the presentation of Heracles with some por¬
trait features of Mithridates VI or of his sons Ariarat and Pharnak (cata¬
logue No.
31
and table
1),
as a separate type of tetradrachms are indi¬
cated those with the malgstrates' initials
ΛΑΚΩΝ, ΛΑΚΩ,
ЛАК
and
ЛА.
On account of presenting the head of Heracles as-the head of Mithridates
VI, and the lion's mane as the hair of the ruler on his own prestigious
types of coins, it has been suggested these coins to be designated as mon¬
etary type „head of Mithridates VI with a helmet of lion's skin
-
Zeus
enthroned with eagle and sceptre" (catalogue No.
32
and table
1).
330
Immediately after that, in the period
178-168
B.C. were struck the
commemorative bronze coins of large denomination, oktochalks of the
type „bearded male head (the Great God Darzalas), in the background a
cornucopiae
-
a bearded man (the Great. God) brandishing a spear, riding
a galloping horse r." (catalogue No.
28).
During the same period in Odessos were minted tetrachalks (or
dichalks?) „head of Apollo r.
-
reclining
1.
a god (the Great God Darzalas)
with a cornucopiae and a patera" and octochalks „bearded laureate male
head (the Great God Darzalas) r.
-
bearded man (the Great God) with a
cornucopiae riding a horse pacing r." Their determination was made on
the basis of the concurrence of magistrates' indications of these coins
with those on the tetradrachms stamped during the same period (tables
3
and
4).
The catalogue does not give their description because it coincides
with the description of the coins of the same type struck during the pre¬
vious period (catalogue
Nos
24
and
25).
Due to the popularity of the bronze coins of large denominations in
Odessos began the stamping of coins of the same type but of the tetrachalk
denomination (catalogue No.
49)
and tetrachalk „head of Apollo
-
cornu¬
copiae" (catalogue No.
34),
some specimens of which were afterwards
countermarked.
For meeting the needs for bronze coins of small denominations in
Odessos within a short period of time were minted eight new types of
bronze coins. These were the dichalks „head of Hermes
-
cornucopiae"
(catalogue No.
36),'
the dichalks „head of Hermes
-
caduceus"
(cata¬
logue No.
37),
the dichalks „heads of
Demeter
and Persephone
-
two
ears" (catalogue No.
38),
the dichalks „head of Athena
-
cornucopiae"
(catalogue No.
40).
the chalks „head of
Demeter
-
ear" (catalogue No.
41),
the chalks „head of Artemis
-
quiver" (catalogue No.
42),
and the so far
not published, probably belonging to Odessos
(?)
chalks „head of Apollo?
(or the Great Goddess?)
-
cornucopiae" (catalogue No.
43).
The dating
of these coins has been effected chiefly on the basis of the coincidence of
the magistrates' markings
ΔΗ, ΘΕΟ
and
ΑΓΑ
with those of the issues of
Odessos tetradrachms minted during the same period.
In the study are advanced arguments that during the period under
examination were struck the commemorative bronze coins of the
octochalk denomination „heads of the Great God and the Great God¬
dess r.
-
the Great God reclining
1.
on a pedestal with a cornucopiae"
(catalogue No.
44).
331
3.4.
Hellenistic Period of the Odessos Coinage. Fourth Stage
circa
63
B. C. to the End of the
1st
e. B.C.
Summary
Researchers have believed that after
72/71
B.C. the West-Pontic
cities discontinued their autonomous minting of coins. The information
collected about the coins of these cities that has reached collectors in
Bulgaria shows, however, that their autonomous coinage continued with
limited amounts of bronze coins stamped and their own and foreign bronze
coins countermarked and restamped, chiefly of the issues cut by the depu¬
ties of the
Pontic
ruler. At the same time were minted large quantities of
imitative (barbarized) coins of an urban type, their issuers having so far
not been ascertained.
A survey is made of the opportunities in Odessos during this period
of time to have been cut the few last issues of Odessos tetradrachms of
an Alexandrian type (catalogue No.
45
and table
1).
The bronze coins
minted at that time in the city were octochalks, tetrachalks and tetra-
chalk(?)/dichalks
(?)
of the type „bearded laureate male head (the Great
God Darzalas) r. -bearded man (the Great God) with cornucopiae riding
a pacing horse r." (catalogue
Nos
46, 47
and
48).
What is characteristic
of these issues is the „barbarization" of the images and inscriptions and
the deterioration of the quality of execution of the flans of the coins.
After the invasion of the
Getic
ruler Burebista
с
45/44
B.C. when
the citizens of Odessos left the city temporarily, a sharp deterioration of
the quality of the ordinary types of coins of Odessos was noted. Barba¬
rized imitations appeared of the type „bearded male head
-
bearded horse¬
man sometimes with a cornucopiae" of the denomination tetrachalk(?)/
dichalk(?) (catalogue No.
50)
with lead flans. At the present stage of
research it is not possible to point out with certainty whether part of
these coins were regular output of the Odessos mint or were struck by
local tribes.
As last autonomous coins of Odessos are regarded the so far not
published commemorative tetrachalks „bearded male head with unusual
hair-style (the Great God Darzalas) r.
-
bearded man (the Great God)
with spear on a galloping horse r." (catalogue No.
51).
One of the rea¬
sons for their late dating is the unusual writing of the inscription, pre¬
sented as
ОДНССІ/ТНШ.
332 |
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| author | Topalov, Stavri 1939- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13633542X |
| author_facet | Topalov, Stavri 1939- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Topalov, Stavri 1939- |
| author_variant | s t st |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023245148 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)644265195 (DE-599)BVBBV023245148 |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| era | Geschichte 400 v. Chr.-1 v. Chr. gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 400 v. Chr.-1 v. Chr. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Warna (DE-588)4107573-0 gnd |
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| id | DE-604.BV023245148 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:25:28Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:13:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9548556103 |
| language | Bulgarian English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016430617 |
| oclc_num | 644265195 |
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| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 342 S. zahlr. Ill. |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
| publishDateSort | 1999 |
| publisher | "Nasko-1701" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Topalov, Stavri 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)13633542X aut Odesos prinosi kăm proučvane monetosečeneto na grada IV - I v. pr. n. e. Stavri Topalov 1. izd. Sofija "Nasko-1701" 1999 342 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Odessos ... Geschichte 400 v. Chr.-1 v. Chr. gnd rswk-swf Münze (DE-588)4040629-5 gnd rswk-swf Münzprägung (DE-588)4123803-5 gnd rswk-swf Warna (DE-588)4107573-0 gnd rswk-swf Warna (DE-588)4107573-0 g Münzprägung (DE-588)4123803-5 s Geschichte 400 v. Chr.-1 v. Chr. z DE-604 Münze (DE-588)4040629-5 s Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016430617&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016430617&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Topalov, Stavri 1939- Odesos prinosi kăm proučvane monetosečeneto na grada IV - I v. pr. n. e. Münze (DE-588)4040629-5 gnd Münzprägung (DE-588)4123803-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4040629-5 (DE-588)4123803-5 (DE-588)4107573-0 |
| title | Odesos prinosi kăm proučvane monetosečeneto na grada IV - I v. pr. n. e. |
| title_auth | Odesos prinosi kăm proučvane monetosečeneto na grada IV - I v. pr. n. e. |
| title_exact_search | Odesos prinosi kăm proučvane monetosečeneto na grada IV - I v. pr. n. e. |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Odesos prinosi kăm proučvane monetosečeneto na grada IV - I v. pr. n. e. |
| title_full | Odesos prinosi kăm proučvane monetosečeneto na grada IV - I v. pr. n. e. Stavri Topalov |
| title_fullStr | Odesos prinosi kăm proučvane monetosečeneto na grada IV - I v. pr. n. e. Stavri Topalov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Odesos prinosi kăm proučvane monetosečeneto na grada IV - I v. pr. n. e. Stavri Topalov |
| title_short | Odesos |
| title_sort | odesos prinosi kam proucvane monetoseceneto na grada iv i v pr n e |
| title_sub | prinosi kăm proučvane monetosečeneto na grada IV - I v. pr. n. e. |
| topic | Münze (DE-588)4040629-5 gnd Münzprägung (DE-588)4123803-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Münze Münzprägung Warna |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016430617&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016430617&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT topalovstavri odesosprinosikamproucvanemonetosecenetonagradaivivprne |