Verfügbarkeit: Child psychology

Child psychology: a contemporary viewpoint

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Parke, Ross D. (VerfasserIn), Gauvain, Mary (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Boston [u.a.] McGraw-Hill 2009
Ausgabe:	7. ed., internat. student ed.
Schriftenreihe:	McGraw Hill higher education
Schlagworte:	Duševni razvoj - Psihologija otroka Entwicklungspsychologie Kinderpsychologie Einführung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Bis 6. Aufl. u.d.T.: Hetherington, Eileen Mavis: Child psychology
Beschreibung:	Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780071269896 9780071283281 0071283285

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Brief Contents Preface XVI 10. Child Development: Themes, Theories, and Methods 2 Intelligence and Achievement 352 The Family 390 Heredity and the Environment Prenatal Development and Birth 72 Infancy: Sensation, Perception, and Learning 104 The Child s Growth: Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and Sexual Maturation wo Emotional Development and Attachment m Language and Communication 230 Cognitive Development: Piaget and Vygotsky 272 Cognitive Development: The Information-Processing Approach 312 Expanding the Social World: Peers and Friends 436 13, Gender Roles and Gender Differences 474 і / Morality, Altruism, and Aggression 506 ĹD, Developmental Psychopathology 546 Epilogue 578 Glossary g References R-l Credits c-i Name Index 1-1 Subject Index 1-13 VII Contents Preface XVI Child Development: Themes, Theories, and Methods з THEMES OF DEVELOPMENT 4 Origins of Behavior: Biological Versus Environmental Influences 5 Pattern of Developmental Change: Continuity Versus Discontinuity 5 Forces That Affect Developmental Change: Individual Characteristics Versus Contextual Influences 6 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT 7 Structural-Organismic Perspectives 8 Learning Perspectives 10 Dynamic Systems Perspectives 11 Contextual Perspectives 12 Box 1-1 Risk and Resilience: Children of the Great Depression 15 Ethological and Evolutionary Approaches 16 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 1-1 18 THEMES AND THEORIES: A FINAL COMMENT 18 RESEARCH METHODS IN CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 19 Selecting a Sample 19 Methods of Gathering Data About Children 20 Research Design: Establishing Patterns and Causes 22 Box 1-2 Child Psychology in Action: How Can We Make Better Use of Research on Children and Television and Internet Use? 26 Studying Change Over Time 27 THE ETHICS OF RESEARCH WITH CHILDREN MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 1-2 32 SUMMARY 32 30 Heredity and the Environment 37 THE PROCESS OF GENETIC TRANSMISSION 38 Chromosomes and Genes 38 Genes, DNA, and Proteins 39 GENETIC INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT 41 The Transmission of Traits: A Basic Model 41 Genes on the Sex Chromosomes: Exceptions to the Rule 42 Interactions Among Genes 43 Genetic Disorders 44 Box 2-1 Risk and Resilience: Sickle-Cell Anemia: A Double-Edged Sword 48 GENETIC COUNSELING AND GENETIC ENGINEERING 51 Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques 51 Box 2-2 Child Psychology in Action: The New Reproductive Technologies 52 Gene Therapy 54 HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 55 Box 2-3 Child Psychology in Action: The Human Genome Project 56 How the Environment Influences the Expression of Genes 56 How Genetic Makeup Helps to Shape Environment 60 HEREDITY, ENVIRONMENT, AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 60 Methods of Studying Individual Differences 62 Some Individual Differences and Their Contributors 63 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 2 68 SUMMARY 68 viii Contents їх Prenatal Development and Birth /з STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT 74 The Zygote 74 The Embryo 74 The Fetus 75 RISKS IN THE PRENATAL ENVIRONMENT 78 Environmental Dangers 79 TÜRKING POINTS: ån Overview of Prenatal Development 80 Maternal Factors 85 Box 3-1 Child Psychology in Action: Prenatal Health Care and Infant Mortality 87 BIRTH AND THE BEGINNINGS OF LIFE 91 Labor and Delivery 91 Prematurity and Low Birthweight 94 Box 3-2 Child Psychology in Action: Of Babies and Bears and Postnatal Care 96 Box 3-3 Risk and Resilience: What Factors Help Children Overcome Early Adversity? 98 VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE IN CHILDREN AT RISK 99 Making the Connections 3 100 SUMMARY 101 Infancy: Sensation, Perception, and Learning 105 THE NEWBORN 106 A New Baby s Reflexes 106 Infant States 108 Box 4-1 Child Psychology in Action: Preventing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SWS) 110 How to Soothe an Infant 112 Evaluating the Newborn s Health and Capabilities 114 THE INFANT S SENSORY AND PERCEPTUAL CAPACITIES 114 Unlocking the Secrets of Babies Sensory Capabilities 115 TURNING POINTS: The Development of Sensation, Perception, and Early Learning 116 Hearing: Babies Are Good Listeners 119 Box 4-2 Child Psychology in Action: Can Infants Learn Even before They re Born? 120 Vision: How Babies See Their Worlds 121 Smell, Taste, and Touch 129 Intermodal Perception: How Infants Coordinate Sensory Information 130 EARLY LEARNING AND MEMORY 132 Classical and Operant Conditioning 133 Learning Through Imitation 134 Memory in Babies 135 Making the Connections 4 136 SUMMARY 137 The Child s Growth: Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and Sexual Maturation ш BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY 142 Neurons and Synapses 142 TURNING POINTS: Growth of the Child s Brain, Body, and Motor Skills 144 Sequential Development of the Brain 146 Hemispheric Specialization 147 The Brain s Plasticity: Experience and Brain Development 150 MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 152 Hand Skills 152 Locomotion 154 How Locomotion Affects Other Aspects of Development 155 The Role of Experience and Culture 155 Box 5-1 Risk and Resilience: Blind Infants Struggle to See 156 PHYSICAL GROWTH 158 Do Genes Affect Height and Weight? 158 The Influence of Environmental Factors 159 Contents People Are Growing Taller 162 Are We Growing Heavier? Obesity and Eating Disorders 164 Box 5-2 Child Psychology in Action: Learning Not to Clean Your Plate 166 SEXUAL MATURATION 170 The Onset of Sexual Maturity 170 What Determines the Timing of Puberty? 172 The Effects of Early and Late Maturation 173 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 5 174 SUMMARY 175 6. Emotional Development and Attachment 179 EARLY EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 180 Why Are Emotions Important? 180 Primary and Secondary Emotions 180 Perspectives on Emotional Development 181 The Development of Emotional Expressions 182 DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY EMOTIONS 183 Positive Primary Emotions: Smiling and Laughter 183 TURNING POINTS: The Evolution of Emotional Expression and the Sense of Self 184 Negative Primary Emotions: Fear, Anger, and Sadness 187 DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY EMOTIONS 191 Box 6-1 Child Psychology in Action: Coping with Homesickness 192 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONS 194 RECOGNIZING EMOTIONS IN OTHERS 195 EMOTIONAL REGULATION AND EMOTIONAL DISPLAY RULES 196 HOW CHILDREN THINK ABOUT EMOTIONS 197 Matching Emotions to Situations: Emotional Scripts 197 Multiple Emotions, Multiple Causes 198 THE FAMILY S ROLE IN EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 198 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATTACHMENT 201 Theories of Attachment 201 How Attachment Evolves 203 Attachment to Fathers 204 Other Objects of Attachment 206 THE NATURE AND QUALITY OF ATTACHMENT 206 Methods of Assessing Attachment Relationships 206 Box 6-2 Risk and Resilience: Peers as Attachment Figures 207 The Parents Role in the Quality of Attachment 210 Box 6-3 Perspectives on Diversity: Attachment Types in Different Cultures 212 The Effect of Infant Temperament 216 Stability in the Quality of Attachment 217 The Consequences of Attachment Quality 218 MULTIPLE CAREGIVERS AND ATTACHMENT: THE EFFECTS OF CHILD CARE 222 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 6 226 SUMMARY 227 Language and Communication 231 THE COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: PHONOLOGY, SEMANTICS, GRAMMAR, AND PRAGMATICS 233 THEORIES OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 234 The Learning View: Claims and Limitations 234 The Nativist View: Claims and Limitations 235 Box 7-1 Child Psychology in Action: Can Children Create New Languages? 236 The Interactionist View 238 FACILITATING CHILDREN S LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 239 THE ANTECEDENTS OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 241 Preverbal Communication 242 Early Language Comprehension 243 Babbling and Other Early Sounds 245 Contents Xl SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT: THE POWER OF WORDS 246 How Children Acquire Words 247 Box 7-2 Risk and Resilience: Children at Risk for Failure to Develop Language 248 What Kinds of Words Do Children Learn First? 250 Errors in Early Word Use 252 THE ACQUISITION OF GRAMMAR: FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES 253 TURNING POINTS: Language Milestones from Infancy to Middle Childhood 254 Can One Word Express a Complete Thought? 254 Two-Word Sentences 256 Learning the Rules 257 Box 7-3 Child Psychology in Action: Language Learning in the Deaf 258 Approaching Formal Grammar 259 How Children Make Sense of What They Hear 261 LEARNING THE SOCIAL USES OF LANGUAGE 262 The Rules of Pragmatics 263 Learning to Adjust Speech to Audience 263 Learning to Listen Critically 264 METALINGUISTIC AWARENESS: KNOWING ABOUT LANGUAGE 265 BILINGUALISM AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 266 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS ? 268 SUMMARY 268 Cognitive Development: Piaget and Vygotsky 273 PIAGET S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 274 PIAGET S MAIN TENET: THE CHILD ACTIVELY SEEKS KNOWLEDGE 274 Cognitive Organization 275 Cognitive Adaptation 275 TURNING POINTS; The Child s Cognitive Development from Infancy throngh Late Childhood 276 THE STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 276 The Sensorimotor Stage 277 The Preoperational Stage 284 The Stage of Concrete Operations 289 The Stage of Formal Operations 290 PIAGETIAN CONCEPTS AND SOCIAL COGNITION 292 The Self as Distinct From Others 292 Role Taking: Understanding Others Perspectives 293 Theory of Mind 293 Do Sociocultural Experiences Influence the Development of Social Cognition? 295 EVALUATION OF PIAGET S THEORY 296 Strengths of the Theory 296 Limitations of the Theory 296 Overall Assessment 298 VYGOTSKY S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 298 Elementary and Higher Mental Functions 299 The Zone of Proximal Development 300 The Role of Culture 301 Box 8-1 Child Psychology in Action: Who Is Better at Helping Children Develop Efficient Plans: Adult or Peer Partners? 302 Box 8-2 Risk and Resilience: Street Math and School Math in Brazil 304 The Role of Language 305 EVALUATION OF VYGOTSKY S THEORY 306 Strengths of the Theory 306 Does Vygotsky s Theory Describe Developmental Change? 306 MAKING THE CONNECTION S 8 307 Overall Assessment 307 SUMMARY 307 Cognitive Development: The Information-Processing Approach зіз INFORMATION-PROCESSING THEORY 314 Basic Assumptions of the Information-Processing Approach 314 Xli Contents Information-Processing Models 315 Cognitive Processes: What Are They? How Do They Contribute to Development? 317 The Roles of the Executive Control Process and the Knowledge Base in Information Processing 319 DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN SOME SIGNIFICANT COGNITIVE ABILITIES 320 Attention 321 TURKING POINTS: Some Cognitive achievements as Seen from the Information-Processing View 323 Memory 325 Box 9-1 Child Psychology in Action: Should Young Children Testify in Court? 332 Problem Solving and Reasoning 334 Box 9-2 Child Psychology in Action: It s Easier to Count in Chinese Than in English 344 METACOGNITION 346 Knowledge About the Task 347 Knowledge About Strategies 348 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 9 349 SUMMARY 349 Intelligence and Achievement 353 THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE 354 The Factor Analytic Approach 354 The Information-Processing Approach: Sternberg s Triarchic Theory 354 Gardner s Theory of Multiple Intelligences 356 TESTING INTELLIGENCE 357 Measuring Infant Intelligence 358 The Stanford-Binet Test 359 The Wechsler Scales 359 The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 360 Constructing Measures of Intelligence 360 Stability of Measured Intelligence 362 WHY DO PEOPLE DIFFER IN MEASURED INTELLIGENCE? 364 How Much of Intelligence Is Inherited? 364 Environmental Factors 366 ETHNICITY, SOCIAL CLASS, AND INTELLECTUAL PERFORMANCE 368 Are Intelligence Tests Biased Against Minority Groups? 368 The Effect of Context and Cultural Background on Intellectual Performance 370 Box 10-1 Psychology in Action: Making the Grade in Japan, Taiwan, and the United States 371 Social-Class Influences on Intellectual Performance 372 ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AND INTELLECTUAL PERFORMANCE 376 COGNITIVE INTERVENTION STUDIES 378 Head Start and Similar Programs 378 Characteristics of Successful Intervention Programs 379 BEYOND THE NORMS: GIFTEDNESS AND MENTAL RETARDATION 380 The Intellectually Gifted 381 Children With Intellectual Deficits 381 Box 10-2 Risk and Resilience: Early Intervention with Children at Risk 382 Children With Learning Disabilities 383 CREATIVITY 384 Definitions and Theories 384 Relationship Between Creativity and Intelligence 384 Are Children Creative? 385 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 10 386 SUMMARY 386 The Family 391 THE FAMILY SYSTEM 392 The Ecological Systems Perspective 392 The Marital System 393 The Parent-Child System 396 Box 11-1 Child Psychology in Action: Helping New Couples Cope with Becoming Parents 397 Box 11-2 Perspectives on Diversity: Parental Child- Rearing Styles Carry Different Meanings in Different Cultures 403 Contents хш The Coparenting System 404 The Sibling System 404 The Family Unit as an Agent of Children s Socialization: Family Stories and Rituals 407 SOCIAL CLASS, ETHNICITY, AND SOCIALIZATION 408 Poverty and Powerlessness 409 Cultural Patterns in Child-Rearing 412 THE CHANGING AMERICAN FAMILY 413 Parental Employment and Child Development 415 Marital Transitions 417 Adoption: Another Route to Parenthood 422 Gay and Lesbian Parents 423 Teen Pregnancy: Children Having Children 424 CHILD ABUSE WITHIN THE FAMILY 426 Abused Children and Their Parents AZI The Ecology of Child Abuse 428 Consequences of Abuse 429 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 11 430 Prevention of Child Abuse 430 SUMMARY 430 Expanding the Social World: Peers and Friends 437 HOW PEER INTERACTIONS BEGIN: DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS 438 Infancy: First Social Encounters 438 Social Exchange Among Toddlers 438 TURNING POINTS; Peer Relationships and the Development of Friendships 439 Preschool and Elementary School Society 440 HOW DO PEERS HELP TO SOCIALIZE CHILDREN? 441 Modeling Behaviors 441 Teaching and Reinforcing 442 Social Comparison and the Developing Self 443 PEER ACCEPTANCE 444 How Do We Study Peer Acceptance? Factors That Affect Peer Status 445 444 BOX 12-1 Risk and Resilience: Victimization by Peers: It Helps to Have Friends 450 Consequences of Being Unpopular 452 PROMOTERS OF PEER ACCEPTANCE: PARENTS AND TEACHERS 454 Parents Are Coaches 455 Parents Are Social Arrangers 456 Teachers Can Facilitate Healthy Social Interaction 457 WHEN PEERS BECOME FRIENDS 458 Expectations and Obligations of Friendship 458 Making Friends 459 BOX 12-2 Child Psychology in action: When Love Thy Neighbor Fails: Peers as Mutual Enemies 460 Friendships Change Over Time 460 Losing Friends 461 The Pros and Cons of Friendship 462 The Romantic Relationship: A Developmental Milestone 463 PARENTS OR PEERS? WHO ARE MOST INFLUENTIAL? 464 BEYOND DYADIC FRIENDSHIPS: THE FORMATION OF GROUPS 465 Dominance Hierarchies 466 Cliques and Crowds 466 PEER GROUPS IN DIFFERENT CULTURES 467 BOX 12-3 Perspectives on Diversity: Cross- Cultural Variations in Children s Peer Relationships 468 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 12 469 SUMMARY 469 Gender Roles and Gender Differences 475 DEFINING SEX AND GENDER 476 GENDER-ROLE STANDARDS AND STEREOTYPES 476 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT 478 Developmental Patterns of Gender Typing 478 Stability of Gender Typing 481 Box 13-1 Child Psychology in Action: Will We Let Computers Widen the Gender Gap? 482 xiv Contents Gender Differences in Abilities 483 BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN GENDER DIFFERENCES 483 Hormones and Social Behavior 484 Hormones and Cognitive Skills 484 Brain Lateralization and Gender Differences 485 Biological Programming and Cultural Expectations 485 COGNITIVE FACTORS IN GENDER TYPING 485 TURNING POINTS: Development of Gender Roles and Gender Typing 486 Kohiberg s Cognitive Developmental Theory 486 Gender-Schema Theory: An Information-Processing Approach 488 INFLUENCE OF THE FAMILY ON GENDER TYPING 489 Parents Influence on Children s Gender-Typed Choices 490 Parents Behavior Toward Girls and Boys 490 When One Parent Is Absent 493 Gender Roles in Children of Gay and Lesbian Parents 494 Siblings as Gender Socialization Agents 494 EXTRAFAMILIAL INFLUENCES ON GENDER ROLES 495 Books and Television 495 Peers, Gender Roles, and Gender Segregation 496 Schools and Teachers 497 SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND IDENTITY 499 ANDROGYNY 500 Box 13-2 Risk and Resilience: Child-Rearing in Countercultural Families 501 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 13 502 SUMMARY 503 Morality, Altruism, and Aggression 507 COGNITIVE THEORIES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT 508 Jean Piaget s Cognitive Theory of Moral Development 508 Lawrence Kohiberg s Cognitive Theory of Moral Development 511 Box 14-1 Perspectives on Diversity: Justice Versus Interpersonal Obligations: India and the United States 514 Distinguishing Moral Judgments from Other Social Rules 517 Do Moral Judgments Always Lead to Moral Behavior? 519 THE BEHAVIORAL SIDE OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT 519 Self-Regulation and the Delay of Gratification 519 The Affective Side of Morality 520 Consistency Across Situations 521 THE EVOLUTION OF PROSOCIAL AND ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIORS 521 TURNING POINTS: Prosocial and Altruistic Behavior 522 How Prosocial Behavior Evolves 523 Are Girls More Prosocial Than Boys? 524 Determinants of Prosocial Development 524 Box 14-2 Child Psychology in Action: How Parents Can Teach Children Prosocial Behavior 526 Prosocial Reasoning 527 THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGGRESSION 529 How Aggressive Behavior Develops in Children 529 TURNING POINTS: The Development of Aggressive Behavior 530 Gender Differences in Aggression 531 Origins of Aggressive Behavior 533 Control of Aggression 539 Box 14-3 Child Psychology in Action: Reducing Bullying in Schools 541 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 14 542 SUMMARY 542 AN OVERVIEW OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT 508 Contents XV Developmental Psychopathology 547 THE DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 548 What Is Abnormal? 550 The Medical Model 550 Abnormality as Deviation from the Average 550 Box 15-1 Perspectives on Diversity: Thai and American Views on Child Behavior Problems 551 Abnormality as Deviation from the Ideal 552 The Social Judgment of Child Psychopathology Continuity over Time 554 CLASSIFYING CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY The Diagnostic Approach 556 The Empirical Method 557 SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS THAT AFFECT CHILDREN 557 Conduct Disorders 559 Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 563 552 555 Box 15-2 Child Psychology in Action: Treating Serious Multiproblem Juvenile Offenders 564 Depression in Childhood 567 Box 15-3 Risk and Resilience: Does a Culture of Affluence Protect Children and Youth from the Risk of Psychopathology? 570 Autism Spectrum Disorders 572 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS Î5 575 SUMMARY 575 Epilogue 578 Glossary g References R-i Credits c-i Name Index м Subject Index ¡-із
adam_txt	Brief Contents Preface XVI 10. Child Development: Themes, Theories, and Methods 2 Intelligence and Achievement 352 The Family 390 Heredity and the Environment Prenatal Development and Birth 72 Infancy: Sensation, Perception, and Learning 104 The Child's Growth: Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and Sexual Maturation wo Emotional Development and Attachment m Language and Communication 230 Cognitive Development: Piaget and Vygotsky 272 Cognitive Development: The Information-Processing Approach 312 Expanding the Social World: Peers and Friends 436 13, Gender Roles and Gender Differences 474 і / Morality, Altruism, and Aggression 506 ĹD, Developmental Psychopathology 546 Epilogue 578 Glossary g References R-l Credits c-i Name Index 1-1 Subject Index 1-13 VII Contents Preface XVI Child Development: Themes, Theories, and Methods з THEMES OF DEVELOPMENT 4 Origins of Behavior: Biological Versus Environmental Influences 5 Pattern of Developmental Change: Continuity Versus Discontinuity 5 Forces That Affect Developmental Change: Individual Characteristics Versus Contextual Influences 6 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT 7 Structural-Organismic Perspectives 8 Learning Perspectives 10 Dynamic Systems Perspectives 11 Contextual Perspectives 12 Box 1-1 Risk and Resilience: Children of the Great Depression 15 Ethological and Evolutionary Approaches 16 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 1-1 18 THEMES AND THEORIES: A FINAL COMMENT 18 RESEARCH METHODS IN CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 19 Selecting a Sample 19 Methods of Gathering Data About Children 20 Research Design: Establishing Patterns and Causes 22 Box 1-2 Child Psychology in Action: How Can We Make Better Use of Research on Children and Television and Internet Use? 26 Studying Change Over Time 27 THE ETHICS OF RESEARCH WITH CHILDREN MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 1-2 32 SUMMARY 32 30 Heredity and the Environment 37 THE PROCESS OF GENETIC TRANSMISSION 38 Chromosomes and Genes 38 Genes, DNA, and Proteins 39 GENETIC INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT 41 The Transmission of Traits: A Basic Model 41 Genes on the Sex Chromosomes: Exceptions to the Rule 42 Interactions Among Genes 43 Genetic Disorders 44 Box 2-1 Risk and Resilience: Sickle-Cell Anemia: A Double-Edged Sword 48 GENETIC COUNSELING AND GENETIC ENGINEERING 51 Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques 51 Box 2-2 Child Psychology in Action: The New Reproductive Technologies 52 Gene Therapy 54 HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 55 Box 2-3 Child Psychology in Action: The Human Genome Project 56 How the Environment Influences the Expression of Genes 56 How Genetic Makeup Helps to Shape Environment 60 HEREDITY, ENVIRONMENT, AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 60 Methods of Studying Individual Differences 62 Some Individual Differences and Their Contributors 63 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 2 68 SUMMARY 68 viii Contents їх Prenatal Development and Birth /з STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT 74 The Zygote 74 The Embryo 74 The Fetus 75 RISKS IN THE PRENATAL ENVIRONMENT 78 Environmental Dangers 79 TÜRKING POINTS: ån Overview of Prenatal Development 80 Maternal Factors 85 Box 3-1 Child Psychology in Action: Prenatal Health Care and Infant Mortality 87 BIRTH AND THE BEGINNINGS OF LIFE 91 Labor and Delivery 91 Prematurity and Low Birthweight 94 Box 3-2 Child Psychology in Action: Of Babies and Bears and Postnatal Care 96 Box 3-3 Risk and Resilience: What Factors Help Children Overcome Early Adversity? 98 VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE IN CHILDREN AT RISK 99 Making the Connections 3 100 SUMMARY 101 Infancy: Sensation, Perception, and Learning 105 THE NEWBORN 106 A New Baby's Reflexes 106 Infant States 108 Box 4-1 Child Psychology in Action: Preventing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SWS) 110 How to Soothe an Infant 112 Evaluating the Newborn's Health and Capabilities 114 THE INFANT'S SENSORY AND PERCEPTUAL CAPACITIES 114 Unlocking the Secrets of Babies' Sensory Capabilities 115 TURNING POINTS: The Development of Sensation, Perception, and Early Learning 116 Hearing: Babies Are Good Listeners 119 Box 4-2 Child Psychology in Action: Can Infants Learn Even before They're Born? 120 Vision: How Babies See Their Worlds 121 Smell, Taste, and Touch 129 Intermodal Perception: How Infants Coordinate Sensory Information 130 EARLY LEARNING AND MEMORY 132 Classical and Operant Conditioning 133 Learning Through Imitation 134 Memory in Babies 135 Making the Connections 4 136 SUMMARY 137 The Child's Growth: Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and Sexual Maturation ш BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY 142 Neurons and Synapses 142 TURNING POINTS: Growth of the Child's Brain, Body, and Motor Skills 144 Sequential Development of the Brain 146 Hemispheric Specialization 147 The Brain's Plasticity: Experience and Brain Development 150 MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 152 Hand Skills 152 Locomotion 154 How Locomotion Affects Other Aspects of Development 155 The Role of Experience and Culture 155 Box 5-1 Risk and Resilience: Blind Infants Struggle to "See" 156 PHYSICAL GROWTH 158 Do Genes Affect Height and Weight? 158 The Influence of Environmental Factors 159 Contents People Are Growing Taller 162 Are We Growing Heavier? Obesity and Eating Disorders 164 Box 5-2 Child Psychology in Action: Learning Not to "Clean Your Plate" 166 SEXUAL MATURATION 170 The Onset of Sexual Maturity 170 What Determines the Timing of Puberty? 172 The Effects of Early and Late Maturation 173 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 5 174 SUMMARY 175 6. Emotional Development and Attachment 179 EARLY EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 180 Why Are Emotions Important? 180 Primary and Secondary Emotions 180 Perspectives on Emotional Development 181 The Development of Emotional Expressions 182 DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY EMOTIONS 183 Positive Primary Emotions: Smiling and Laughter 183 TURNING POINTS: The Evolution of Emotional Expression and the Sense of Self 184 Negative Primary Emotions: Fear, Anger, and Sadness 187 DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY EMOTIONS 191 Box 6-1 Child Psychology in Action: Coping with Homesickness 192 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONS 194 RECOGNIZING EMOTIONS IN OTHERS 195 EMOTIONAL REGULATION AND EMOTIONAL DISPLAY RULES 196 HOW CHILDREN THINK ABOUT EMOTIONS 197 Matching Emotions to Situations: Emotional Scripts 197 Multiple Emotions, Multiple Causes 198 THE FAMILY'S ROLE IN EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 198 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATTACHMENT 201 Theories of Attachment 201 How Attachment Evolves 203 Attachment to Fathers 204 Other Objects of Attachment 206 THE NATURE AND QUALITY OF ATTACHMENT 206 Methods of Assessing Attachment Relationships 206 Box 6-2 Risk and Resilience: Peers as Attachment Figures 207 The Parents' Role in the Quality of Attachment 210 Box 6-3 Perspectives on Diversity: Attachment Types in Different Cultures 212 The Effect of Infant Temperament 216 Stability in the Quality of Attachment 217 The Consequences of Attachment Quality 218 MULTIPLE CAREGIVERS AND ATTACHMENT: THE EFFECTS OF CHILD CARE 222 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 6 226 SUMMARY 227 Language and Communication 231 THE COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: PHONOLOGY, SEMANTICS, GRAMMAR, AND PRAGMATICS 233 THEORIES OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 234 The Learning View: Claims and Limitations 234 The Nativist View: Claims and Limitations 235 Box 7-1 Child Psychology in Action: Can Children Create New Languages? 236 The Interactionist View 238 FACILITATING CHILDREN'S LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 239 THE ANTECEDENTS OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 241 Preverbal Communication 242 Early Language Comprehension 243 Babbling and Other Early Sounds 245 Contents Xl SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT: THE POWER OF WORDS 246 How Children Acquire Words 247 Box 7-2 Risk and Resilience: Children at Risk for Failure to Develop Language 248 What Kinds of Words Do Children Learn First? 250 Errors in Early Word Use 252 THE ACQUISITION OF GRAMMAR: FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES 253 TURNING POINTS: Language Milestones from Infancy to Middle Childhood 254 Can One Word Express a Complete Thought? 254 Two-Word Sentences 256 Learning the Rules 257 Box 7-3 Child Psychology in Action: Language Learning in the Deaf 258 Approaching Formal Grammar 259 How Children Make Sense of What They Hear 261 LEARNING THE SOCIAL USES OF LANGUAGE 262 The Rules of Pragmatics 263 Learning to Adjust Speech to Audience 263 Learning to Listen Critically 264 METALINGUISTIC AWARENESS: KNOWING ABOUT LANGUAGE 265 BILINGUALISM AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 266 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS ? 268 SUMMARY 268 Cognitive Development: Piaget and Vygotsky 273 PIAGET'S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 274 PIAGET'S MAIN TENET: THE CHILD ACTIVELY SEEKS KNOWLEDGE 274 Cognitive Organization 275 Cognitive Adaptation 275 TURNING POINTS; The Child's Cognitive Development from Infancy throngh Late Childhood 276 THE STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 276 The Sensorimotor Stage 277 The Preoperational Stage 284 The Stage of Concrete Operations 289 The Stage of Formal Operations 290 PIAGETIAN CONCEPTS AND SOCIAL COGNITION 292 The Self as Distinct From Others 292 Role Taking: Understanding Others' Perspectives 293 Theory of Mind 293 Do Sociocultural Experiences Influence the Development of Social Cognition? 295 EVALUATION OF PIAGET'S THEORY 296 Strengths of the Theory 296 Limitations of the Theory 296 Overall Assessment 298 VYGOTSKY'S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 298 Elementary and Higher Mental Functions 299 The Zone of Proximal Development 300 The Role of Culture 301 Box 8-1 Child Psychology in Action: Who Is Better at Helping Children Develop Efficient Plans: Adult or Peer Partners? 302 Box 8-2 Risk and Resilience: Street Math and School Math in Brazil 304 The Role of Language 305 EVALUATION OF VYGOTSKY'S THEORY 306 Strengths of the Theory 306 Does Vygotsky's Theory Describe Developmental Change? 306 MAKING THE CONNECTION'S 8 307 Overall Assessment 307 SUMMARY 307 Cognitive Development: The Information-Processing Approach зіз INFORMATION-PROCESSING THEORY 314 Basic Assumptions of the Information-Processing Approach 314 Xli Contents Information-Processing Models 315 Cognitive Processes: What Are They? How Do They Contribute to Development? 317 The Roles of the Executive Control Process and the Knowledge Base in Information Processing 319 DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN SOME SIGNIFICANT COGNITIVE ABILITIES 320 Attention 321 TURKING POINTS: Some Cognitive achievements as Seen from the Information-Processing View 323 Memory 325 Box 9-1 Child Psychology in Action: Should Young Children Testify in Court? 332 Problem Solving and Reasoning 334 Box 9-2 Child Psychology in Action: It's Easier to Count in Chinese Than in English 344 METACOGNITION 346 Knowledge About the Task 347 Knowledge About Strategies 348 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 9 349 SUMMARY 349 Intelligence and Achievement 353 THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE 354 The Factor Analytic Approach 354 The Information-Processing Approach: Sternberg's Triarchic Theory 354 Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences 356 TESTING INTELLIGENCE 357 Measuring Infant Intelligence 358 The Stanford-Binet Test 359 The Wechsler Scales 359 The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 360 Constructing Measures of Intelligence 360 Stability of Measured Intelligence 362 WHY DO PEOPLE DIFFER IN MEASURED INTELLIGENCE? 364 How Much of Intelligence Is Inherited? 364 Environmental Factors 366 ETHNICITY, SOCIAL CLASS, AND INTELLECTUAL PERFORMANCE 368 Are Intelligence Tests Biased Against Minority Groups? 368 The Effect of Context and Cultural Background on Intellectual Performance 370 Box 10-1 Psychology in Action: Making the Grade in Japan, Taiwan, and the United States 371 Social-Class Influences on Intellectual Performance 372 ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AND INTELLECTUAL PERFORMANCE 376 COGNITIVE INTERVENTION STUDIES 378 Head Start and Similar Programs 378 Characteristics of Successful Intervention Programs 379 BEYOND THE NORMS: GIFTEDNESS AND MENTAL RETARDATION 380 The Intellectually Gifted 381 Children With Intellectual Deficits 381 Box 10-2 Risk and Resilience: Early Intervention with Children at Risk 382 Children With Learning Disabilities 383 CREATIVITY 384 Definitions and Theories 384 Relationship Between Creativity and Intelligence 384 Are Children Creative? 385 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 10 386 SUMMARY 386 The Family 391 THE FAMILY SYSTEM 392 The Ecological Systems Perspective 392 The Marital System 393 The Parent-Child System 396 Box 11-1 Child Psychology in Action: Helping New Couples Cope with Becoming Parents 397 Box 11-2 Perspectives on Diversity: Parental Child- Rearing Styles Carry Different Meanings in Different Cultures 403 Contents хш The Coparenting System 404 The Sibling System 404 The Family Unit as an Agent of Children's Socialization: Family Stories and Rituals 407 SOCIAL CLASS, ETHNICITY, AND SOCIALIZATION 408 Poverty and Powerlessness 409 Cultural Patterns in Child-Rearing 412 THE CHANGING AMERICAN FAMILY 413 Parental Employment and Child Development 415 Marital Transitions 417 Adoption: Another Route to Parenthood 422 Gay and Lesbian Parents 423 Teen Pregnancy: Children Having Children 424 CHILD ABUSE WITHIN THE FAMILY 426 Abused Children and Their Parents AZI The Ecology of Child Abuse 428 Consequences of Abuse 429 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 11 430 Prevention of Child Abuse 430 SUMMARY 430 Expanding the Social World: Peers and Friends 437 HOW PEER INTERACTIONS BEGIN: DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS 438 Infancy: First Social Encounters 438 Social Exchange Among Toddlers 438 TURNING POINTS; Peer Relationships and the Development of Friendships 439 Preschool and Elementary School Society 440 HOW DO PEERS HELP TO SOCIALIZE CHILDREN? 441 Modeling Behaviors 441 Teaching and Reinforcing 442 Social Comparison and the Developing Self 443 PEER ACCEPTANCE 444 How Do We Study Peer Acceptance? Factors That Affect Peer Status 445 444 BOX 12-1 Risk and Resilience: Victimization by Peers: It Helps to Have Friends 450 Consequences of Being Unpopular 452 PROMOTERS OF PEER ACCEPTANCE: PARENTS AND TEACHERS 454 Parents Are Coaches 455 Parents Are Social Arrangers 456 Teachers Can Facilitate Healthy Social Interaction 457 WHEN PEERS BECOME FRIENDS 458 Expectations and Obligations of Friendship 458 Making Friends 459 BOX 12-2 Child Psychology in action: When "Love Thy Neighbor" Fails: Peers as Mutual Enemies 460 Friendships Change Over Time 460 Losing Friends 461 The Pros and Cons of Friendship 462 The Romantic Relationship: A Developmental Milestone 463 PARENTS OR PEERS? WHO ARE MOST INFLUENTIAL? 464 BEYOND DYADIC FRIENDSHIPS: THE FORMATION OF GROUPS 465 Dominance Hierarchies 466 Cliques and Crowds 466 PEER GROUPS IN DIFFERENT CULTURES 467 BOX 12-3 Perspectives on Diversity: Cross- Cultural Variations in Children's Peer Relationships 468 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 12 469 SUMMARY 469 Gender Roles and Gender Differences 475 DEFINING SEX AND GENDER 476 GENDER-ROLE STANDARDS AND STEREOTYPES 476 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT 478 Developmental Patterns of Gender Typing 478 Stability of Gender Typing 481 Box 13-1 Child Psychology in Action: Will We Let Computers Widen the Gender Gap? 482 xiv Contents Gender Differences in Abilities 483 BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN GENDER DIFFERENCES 483 Hormones and Social Behavior 484 Hormones and Cognitive Skills 484 Brain Lateralization and Gender Differences 485 Biological Programming and Cultural Expectations 485 COGNITIVE FACTORS IN GENDER TYPING 485 TURNING POINTS: Development of Gender Roles and Gender Typing 486 Kohiberg's Cognitive Developmental Theory 486 Gender-Schema Theory: An Information-Processing Approach 488 INFLUENCE OF THE FAMILY ON GENDER TYPING 489 Parents' Influence on Children's Gender-Typed Choices 490 Parents' Behavior Toward Girls and Boys 490 When One Parent Is Absent 493 Gender Roles in Children of Gay and Lesbian Parents 494 Siblings as Gender Socialization Agents 494 EXTRAFAMILIAL INFLUENCES ON GENDER ROLES 495 Books and Television 495 Peers, Gender Roles, and Gender Segregation 496 Schools and Teachers 497 SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND IDENTITY 499 ANDROGYNY 500 Box 13-2 Risk and Resilience: Child-Rearing in Countercultural Families 501 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 13 502 SUMMARY 503 Morality, Altruism, and Aggression 507 COGNITIVE THEORIES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT 508 Jean Piaget's Cognitive Theory of Moral Development 508 Lawrence Kohiberg's Cognitive Theory of Moral Development 511 Box 14-1 Perspectives on Diversity: Justice Versus Interpersonal Obligations: India and the United States 514 Distinguishing Moral Judgments from Other Social Rules 517 Do Moral Judgments Always Lead to Moral Behavior? 519 THE BEHAVIORAL SIDE OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT 519 Self-Regulation and the Delay of Gratification 519 The Affective Side of Morality 520 Consistency Across Situations 521 THE EVOLUTION OF PROSOCIAL AND ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIORS 521 TURNING POINTS: Prosocial and Altruistic Behavior 522 How Prosocial Behavior Evolves 523 Are Girls More Prosocial Than Boys? 524 Determinants of Prosocial Development 524 Box 14-2 Child Psychology in Action: How Parents Can Teach Children Prosocial Behavior 526 Prosocial Reasoning 527 THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGGRESSION 529 How Aggressive Behavior Develops in Children 529 TURNING POINTS: The Development of Aggressive Behavior 530 Gender Differences in Aggression 531 Origins of Aggressive Behavior 533 Control of Aggression 539 Box 14-3 Child Psychology in Action: Reducing Bullying in Schools 541 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 14 542 SUMMARY 542 AN OVERVIEW OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT 508 Contents XV Developmental Psychopathology 547 THE DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 548 What Is Abnormal? 550 The Medical Model 550 Abnormality as Deviation from the Average 550 Box 15-1 Perspectives on Diversity: Thai and American Views on Child Behavior Problems 551 Abnormality as Deviation from the Ideal 552 The Social Judgment of Child Psychopathology Continuity over Time 554 CLASSIFYING CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY The Diagnostic Approach 556 The Empirical Method 557 SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS THAT AFFECT CHILDREN 557 Conduct Disorders 559 Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 563 552 555 Box 15-2 Child Psychology in Action: Treating Serious Multiproblem Juvenile Offenders 564 Depression in Childhood 567 Box 15-3 Risk and Resilience: Does a Culture of Affluence Protect Children and Youth from the Risk of Psychopathology? 570 Autism Spectrum Disorders 572 MAKING THE CONNECTIONS Î5 575 SUMMARY 575 Epilogue 578 Glossary g References R-i Credits c-i Name Index м Subject Index ¡-із
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spelling	Parke, Ross D. Verfasser aut Child psychology a contemporary viewpoint Ross D. Parke ; Mary Gauvain 7. ed., internat. student ed. Boston [u.a.] McGraw-Hill 2009 Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier McGraw Hill higher education Bis 6. Aufl. u.d.T.: Hetherington, Eileen Mavis: Child psychology Duševni razvoj - Psihologija otroka Entwicklungspsychologie (DE-588)4014963-8 gnd rswk-swf Kinderpsychologie (DE-588)4073410-9 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Kinderpsychologie (DE-588)4073410-9 s Entwicklungspsychologie (DE-588)4014963-8 s DE-604 Gauvain, Mary Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016430172&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Child psychology Hetherington, Eileen Mavis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Parke, Ross D. Gauvain, Mary Child psychology a contemporary viewpoint Duševni razvoj - Psihologija otroka Entwicklungspsychologie (DE-588)4014963-8 gnd Kinderpsychologie (DE-588)4073410-9 gnd
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title	Child psychology a contemporary viewpoint
title_auth	Child psychology a contemporary viewpoint
title_exact_search	Child psychology a contemporary viewpoint
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title_full	Child psychology a contemporary viewpoint Ross D. Parke ; Mary Gauvain
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title_full_unstemmed	Child psychology a contemporary viewpoint Ross D. Parke ; Mary Gauvain
title_short	Child psychology
title_sort	child psychology a contemporary viewpoint
title_sub	a contemporary viewpoint
topic	Duševni razvoj - Psihologija otroka Entwicklungspsychologie (DE-588)4014963-8 gnd Kinderpsychologie (DE-588)4073410-9 gnd
topic_facet	Duševni razvoj - Psihologija otroka Entwicklungspsychologie Kinderpsychologie Einführung
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