A grammar of Mantauran (Rukai): = Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Taipai
Inst. of Linguistics, Acad. Sinica
2007
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| Schriftenreihe: | Language and linguistics monograph series
A ; 4-2 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 551 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789860112191 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Zeitoun, Elizabeth |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A grammar of Mantauran (Rukai) |b = Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa |c by Elizabeth Zeitoun |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |6 880-01 |a Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa |
| 264 | 1 | |a Taipai |b Inst. of Linguistics, Acad. Sinica |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 551 S. |b Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Language and linguistics monograph series : A |v 4-2 | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Rukai-Sprache |0 (DE-588)4807707-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Rukai-Sprache |0 (DE-588)4807707-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |D s |
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| 830 | 0 | |a Language and linguistics monograph series |v A ; 4-2 |w (DE-604)BV022497397 |9 4,2 | |
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| 880 | 1 | 1 | |6 246-01/$1 |a 萬山魯凱語語法 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137510051250176 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
Acknowledgements................................................................i
List of Maps, tables, and figures..............................................xv
Glossing conventions and abbreviations.......................................xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction..........................................................1
1.1 The Formosan languages..................................................1
1.2 Geographical distribution and setting................................. 2
1.3 Internal and external relationships of Rukai............................5
1.3.1 Position of Mantauran within Rukai.............................5
1.3.2 Position of Rukai within Austronesian..........................5
1.4 Language use............................................................6
1.4.1 Loss of special registers......................................7
1.4.2 Doublets..................................................... 8
1.4.3 Loan words.....................................................9
1.5 Previous studies of Mantauran......................................... 10
1.6 Data gathering procedures and theoretical orientations.................12
1.6.1 Data gathering procedures.................................... 12
1.6.2 Theoretical orientations......................................12
1.7 Aims of the present study and brief outline........................... 13
Chapter 2 Phonology and Morphophonemics....................................... 17
2.1 Phoneme inventory......................................................17
2.1.1 Description of the phonemes.................................. 17
2.1.2 Distribution............................................ 21
2.1.3 Sound changes.................................................24
2.1.4 Loan phonemes.................................................26
2.2 Syllable-level processes...............................................26
2.3 Major morphophonemic alternations......................................27
2.3.1 Vowel deletion................................................28
2.3.2 Anticipatory (leftward) copying process.......................29
2.3.3 Alternation between i/o and .................................29
2.3.4 Coalescence...................................................30
2.3.5 Haplology.....................................................31
2.3.6 Glottal hopping...............................................31
2.3.6.1 More on the phonemic status of the glottal stop.....31
iii
2.3.6.2 Prefixation triggering apparent rightward glottal
hopping in word-initial position....................32
2.3.6.3 Prefixation triggering apparent leftward glottal
hopping in word-initial position....................33
2.3.6.4 Circumfixation triggering apparent rightward glottal
hopping in word-final position......................34
2.3.6.5 Change of verb stem triggering apparent rightward
glottal hopping in word-final position..............35
2.3.6.6 Absence of glottal hopping............................36
2.3.6.7 Generalizations and explanations......................38
2.4 Remaining problems........................................................39
2.4.1 The epenthetic vowel -a-........................................39
2.4.2 Irregular forms.................................................40
2.5 Orthographic system.......................................................40
2.5.1 Brief retrospective.............................................40
2.5.2 Orthographic system adopted in this book........................41
Chapter 3 Morphological Units and Morphological Processes........................43
3.1 Theoretical assumptions...................................................43
3.1.1 A bird’ s-eye view of the history of morphological approaches..43
3.1.2 Morphological approach to Mantauran grammatical description.... 44
3.1.3 Agglutinative vs. fusional properties...........................45
3.2 Morphological units..................................................... 46
3.2.1 Morphemes and allomorphs........................................46
3.2.2 Roots...........................................................48
3.2.3 Stems...........................................................50
3.2.4 Affixes.........................................................51
3.2.5 Clitics.........................................................52
3.2.6 Words...........................................................53
3.3 Morphological processes...................................................54
3.3.1 Affixation......................................................54
3.3.2 Stem modification...............................................56
3.3.3 Reduplication...................................................57
3.3.3.1 Lexicalized reduplication.............................57
3.3.3.2 CV-reduplication......................................58
3.3.3.3 Ca-reduplication......................................59
3.3.3.4 CVCV-reduplication....................................59
3.3.3.5 CV.V-reduplication....................................61
IV
3.3.3.6 Rightward reduplication.............................61
3.3.3.7 Triplication........................................61
3.3.4 Compounding...................................................62
3.3.4.1 Simplex and complex compounds.......................62
3.3.4.2 Nominal head in compounds...........................65
Chapter 4 Word Classes...........................................................67
4.1 Morphological distinction between nouns and verbs and functional overlap.67
4.1.1 Morphosyntactic criteria that distinguish verbs from nouns....68
4.1.2 Color terms as precategorial roots............................70
4.2 Nouns and noun classes.................................................73
4.2.1 Nouns and nomináis............................................73
4.2.2 Absence of case markers.......................................73
4.3 Verbs and verb classes.................................................75
4.3.1 Absence of adjectives.........................................76
4.3.1.1 Morphological properties of stative verbs as opposed
to dynamic verbs..................................76
4.3.1.2 Syntactic distribution of stative verbs as opposed to
dynamic verbs.....................................80
4.3.2 Absence of prepositions.......................................81
4.3.2.1 From verbs to prepositions in Tanan (Rukai).........82
4.3.2.2 Mantauran equivalents of English ‘at’, ‘to’, ‘from’
and ‘for’.........................................85
4.3.3 Absence of auxiliary verbs....................................90
4.3.4 Quantifiers...................................................91
4.3.5 Manner and temporal adverbial expressions.....................92
4.4 The adverb toramoro ‘very’.............................................93
4.5 Pronouns...............................................................94
4.6 Adnominal demonstratives...............................................95
4.7 Interrogative words....................................................95
4.8 Numerals...............................................................96
4.9 Phrasal and clausal elements...........................................97
4.10 Intcrclausal elements..................................................97
4.11 Exclamations and interjections.........................................99
Chapter 5 Nominal Morphology.....................................................101
5.1 Common nouns..........................................................101
5.2 Locative and temporal nouns...........................................103
5.2.1 Locative nouns................................................103
5.2.2 Temporal nouns................................................105
5.3 Non-common nouns........................................................105
5.3.1 Kinship terms and related words...............................106
5.3.1.1 Nearest older relatives..............................106
5.3.1.2 The morphosyntactic behavior of ’adhi ‘younger
sibling’..........................................108
5.3.1.3 Spouse and friends...................................109
5.3.1.4 Lexicalized root forms...............................Ill
5.3.1.5 The terms for ‘ child’ and their derivations.........Ill
5.3.2 Personal names................................................112
5.3.3 Household names...............................................113
5.3.4 Insult nominals...............................................114
5.4 Marking of plurality....................................................115
5.4.1 Rules for plural marking......................................115
5.4.2 Common nouns referring to a human participant.................118
5.4.3 Vocative and non-vocative kinship terms.......................119
5.4.4 Nouns referring to a person or a household....................120
5.4.5 Insults.......................................................121
5.4.6 Summary.......................................................122
5.5 Quantification..........................................................122
5.6 Dual/plural nominal reciprocals.........................................124
5.6.1 pa’a-+kinship*(-ProGen).......................................125
5.6.2 Ia-ma’a-+kinship(*-ProGen)....................................122
5.7 Summary.................................................................128
5.8 Other nominal affixes...................................................128
Chapter 6 Verbal Morphology.....................................................131
6.1 Verb classification and verbal alternations.............................131
6.1.1 Verb classification...........................................131
6.1.1.1 Dynamic verbs........................................132
6.1.1.2 Stative verbs........................................134
6.1.2 Verbal alternations...........................................135
6.1.2.1 Finite verb form.....................................135
6.1.2.2 Non-finite verb form.................................136
6.1.2.3 Subjunctive verb form................................138
6.1.2.4 Summary..............................................140
6.1.3 Dynamicization and stativization..............................141
VI
6.2 Voice......................................................................143
6.2.1 The active/passive voice dichotomy...............................143
6.2.2 Occurrence of the passive with dynamic and stative verbs ........144
6.2.3 Discrepancies between Mantauran and the other Rukai dialects.... 148
6.2.4 Interaction between voice and mood...............................149
6.3 Mood and aspect............................................................150
6.3.1 Marking of realis vs. irrealis...................................151
6.3.1.1 Marking of realis......................................151
6.3.1.2 Marking of irrealis....................................152
6.3.2 Aspect...........................................................154
6.3.2.1 Aspectual notions expressed through verbal
morphology..........................................155
6.3.2.2 Aspectual notions expressed through affixes and verbs.... 155
6.3.3 Interaction between mood and aspect..............................158
6.4 Imperative.................................................................159
6.4.1 The imperative suffix -a.........................................160
6.4.2 “Mild” vs. “strong” requests.....................................161
6.4.3 Hortative........................................................162
6.5 Negation...................................................................162
6.5.1 -ka and the marking of predicative negation......................163
6.5.2 ki- and the marking of modal negation............................167
6.5.3 (a-)...-ac and the marking of imperative negation................169
6.6 Marking of plurality, distributivity and quantification....................170
6.6.1 The marking of plurality................................170
6.6.1.1 Number agreement on nominal/nominalized
predicates co-indexing with a human referent........171
6.6.1.2 Number agreement on stative verbs co-indexing with
a non-human referent................................171
6.6.1.3 Quantification of stative verbs co-indexing with a
human referent......................................172
6.6.1A Marking of the plurality of participants in reciprocal
constructions.......................................172
6.6.2 maaraka- (-paaraka-) ‘both/caclT and the marking of
distributivity...............................................173
6.6.3 makini-...-ae (-~pakini-...-ae) ‘all’ and the marking of
quantification...............................................174
6.7 Equative, comparative and superlative constructions.......................176
6.7.1 Equative construction.................................176
vii
6.7.2 Comparative constructions......................................179
6.7.2.1 more than (before)’..................................179
6.7.2.2 ‘more and more’.......................................180
6.7.2.3 ‘more than (Y)’................................... 182
6.7.3 Superlative constructions......................................183
6.8 Other verbal affixes....................................................184
6.8.1 Affixes conveying adverbial notions............................184
6.8.2 Desiderative prefixes..........................................185
6.8.3 The suffix -ane................................................187
Chapter 7 Transcategorial Operations.............................................189
7.1 Nominalization ..........................................................189
7.1.1 Action/state nominals..........................................193
7.1.2 Gerunds........................................................196
7.1.3 Argument nominals..............................................196
7.1.3.1 Subjective nominals...................................197
7.1.3.2 Objective nominals....................................199
7.1.3.3 Instrumental, manner and result nominals..............201
7.1.3.4 Reason nominals.......................................203
7.1.3.5 Locative nominals.....................................204
7.1.3.6 Temporal nominals.....................................207
7.1.4 Nouns turning into other (more abstract) nouns..................208
7.1.4.1 Locative nominals.....................................208
7.1.4.2 Temporal nominals.....................................210
7.1.4.3 Reason nominals.......................................211
7.1.5 Clausal nominalization.........................................212
7.1.6 Summary........................................................215
7.1.7 Distinction between syntactically and lexically derived nominals....217
7.1.8 Constructions triggering syntactic nominalization..............222
7.2 Verbalization............................................................223
7.2.1 Verbalization of locative nouns................................224
7.2.1.1 Verbalization of location, orientation and directional
nouns..............................................225
7.2.1.2 Verbalization of place names..........................227
7.2.2 Verbalization of temporal nouns................................228
7.2.3 Verbalization of nouns referring to human beings...............229
7.2.3.1 Verbalization of human common nouns................. 229
7.2.3.2 Verbalization of human non-common nouns...............230
7.2.4 Verbalization of common nouns referring to body parts..........231
vin
7.2.5 Verbalization of common nouns referring to nature..............232
7.2.6 Other verbalizing affixes......................................233
Chapter 8 Valence Adjusting Operations...........................................235
8.1 Causativization.........................................................235
8.1.1 An overview of the three mechanisms for marking causatives....235
8.1.2 The causative pa-..............................................238
8.1.3 The causatives pi- and po-.....................................240
8.1.4 The reciprocal causatives apaa-/apa’a- and related forms.......242
8.2 Anticausativization.....................................................244
8.3 Reflexivization.........................................................246
8.4 Reciprocity.............................................................247
8.4.1 ma-Ca- (~pa-Ca-) + dynamic verbs...............................248
8.4.2 ma(a)- (~pa(a)-) + dynamic verbs...............................248
8.4.3 ma’a- (~pa’a-) + stative verbs and kinship terms...............249
8.4.4 ma’a-pa- (-pa’a-pa-) + dynamic verbs...........................250
Chapter 9 Numerals, Composite Numerals and Quantifiers...........................251
9.1 Numerals in serial counting: free vs. bound forms.......................252
9.1.1 Free forms used in serial counting from 1 to 10................252
9.1.2 Bound forms used for the formation of numerals above 11........254
9.2 Composite numerals......................................................259
9.2.1 Verbal affixes.................................................259
9.2.2 Affixes referring to time, frequency and measure...............262
9.2.2.1 Affixes referring to time and frequency..............263
9.2.2.2 Affixes referring to measure.........................267
9.2.3 Ordinal affixes................................................268
9.2.4 Sortal classifiers.............................................270
9.2.4.1 Counting human beings................................270
9.2.4.2 Counting referents being takcn/caught................274
9.2.4.3 Counting containers..................................274
9.2.4.4 Counting floors......................................275
9.2.5 Corresponding vh- words of composite numerals.................276
9.2.6 Addition and substruction......................................278
9.3 Quantifiers.............................................................278
Chapter 10 Pronouns and Adnominal Demonstratives.................................283
10.1 Pronouns................................................................283
ix
10.1.1 Personal pronouns..........................................283
10.1.1.1 Major morphosyntactic characteristics...........284
10.1.1.2 Occurrence of pronominal variants...............286
10.1.1.2.1 -mo’o vs. -mi’ ‘2S.Nom’.............286
10.1.1.2.2 -lrao vs. nao- IS.Nom’, -mita vs. ta-
lPI.Nom’ and -nai vs. nai-
‘lPE.Nom’..........................286
10.1.1.2.3 -’o vs.-ko 62S.Gen’.................288
10.1.1.2.4 imite vs. ita ‘lPI.Top’.............288
10.1.1.2.5 -ni vs.-i 3S.Gen’...................289
10.1.1.3 The free” vs. bound” status of Mantauran
pronominal forms...............................289
10.1.1.4 Distribution and function ......................297
10.1.2 Impersonal pronouns........................................301
10.1.3 Demonstrative pronouns.....................................302
10.2 Adnominal demonstratives............................................303
Chapter 11 Noun and Verb Phrase Structures.................................305
11.1 Structure of the noun phrase........................................305
11.1.1 Simple noun phrases........................................305
11.1.2 Complex noun phrases.......................................308
11.1.2.1 Verbal modifiers................................308
11.1.2.2 Nominal modifiers...............................311
11.1.2.3 Compounds...................................... 316
11.1.2.4 Coordinated NPs.................................318
11.2 Structure of the verb phrase........................................318
11.2.1 Simple verb phrases........................................319
11.2.2 Complex verb phrases.......................................323
11.2.2.1 toramoro very’.................................323
11.2.2.2 Verbal coordination.............................324
Chapter 12 Clause Types......................................................327
12.1 Verbal clause types.................................................328
12.2 Nominal clause types................................................330
12.3 Semi-verbal clauses................................................ 333
12.4 Comparison between verbal and nominal clauses.......................334
12.4.1 Similarities between verbal and nominal clauses............334
X
12.4.1.1 Ordering of nouns and pronouns after and before
the verbal/nominal predicate.......................334
12.4.1.2 Negation of verbal and nominal clauses.............339
12.4.1.3 Subject-predicate agreement.........................340
12.4.2 Dissimilarities between verbal and nominal clauscs/sentcnces ....341
12.5 Temporal and locative expressions........................................342
12.6 Existential, possessive and locative clauses.............................344
12.6.1 Affirmative existential, possessive and locative clauses.......344
12.6.2 Negative existential, possessive and locative clauses..........349
12.6.3 Two possessive clauses.........................................351
12.6.4 Numerals and quantifiers as existential predicates.............353
Chapter 13 Interrogative and Exclamatory Sentences.................................355
13.1 Interrogative sentences..................................................355
13.1.1 Polar (‘yes-no’) questions.....................................355
13.1.2 Information (‘u7?-’) questions.................................357
13.1.2.1 aanga-ProGon ‘who?’ and related forms..............357
13.1.2.2 kana-Proocn ‘what?’.................................364
13.1.2.3 omi-Proocn-Proobi (N) ‘what is your name?’.........365
13.1.2.4 pi- and saino ‘how much, how many?’.................366
13.1.2.5 amokoa, apokoa and pikoa how?1.....................375
13.1.2.6 ama-ProGcn ‘how come?’..............................376
13.1.2.7 kani ‘why?’.........................................377
13.1.2.8 ‘where?’............................................378
13.1.2.9 (lo) idhae ‘when?’..................................379
13.1.3 Alternative (or disjunctive) questions.........................380
13.1.4 Indefinite usage of question words.............................382
13.2 Exclamatory sentences....................................................383
13.3 Greetings and related formulaic expressions.............................384
Chapter 14 Coding of Grammatical Relations.........................................387
14.1 Coding and behavioral properties of subjects and objects in active
sentences............................................................387
14.1.1 Covcrt/ovcrt morphological marking of subjects and objects....387
14.1.2 Syntactic functions, semantic roles and semantic properties...392
14.1.3 Summary........................................................395
14.2 Coding and behavioral properties of subjects and objects in passive
sentences............................................................395
xi
14.3
Mantauran as an accusative language and the validity of the notion of
subject..........................................................396
14.4 Split intransitivity.................................................399
Chapter 15 Serialization and Complementation................................403
15.1 Serial verb constructions............................................403
15.1.1 Definition and illustration................................403
15.1.2 Morphosyntactic tests used to detect verbal serialization..404
15.1.3 Types of verbs followed by another subjunctive verb in an
SVC......................................................407
15.1.3.1 Phasal verbs.....................................407
15.1.3.2 Modal verbs......................................408
15.1.3.3 Verbs expressing adverbial concepts..............409
15.1.3.4 Directional verbs................................412
15.1.3.5 Purposive verbs..................................413
15.2 Complementation......................................................414
15.2.1 Complementation strategies.................................415
15.2.1.1 Zero strategy or paratactic complements..........416
15.2.1.2 Serial verb constructions as a complementation
strategy........................................418
15.2.1.3 Nominalization as a complementation strategy.....419
15.2.1.4 Causativization as a complementation strategy....421
15.2.1.5 Summary..........................................422
15.2.2 Types of complement-taking verbs...........................422
15.2.2.1 Perception verbs.................................422
15.2.2.2 Knowledge verbs..................................424
15.2.2.3 Commentative verbs...............................426
15.2.2.4 Manipulative verbs...............................427
15.2.2.5 The modal verb kai...............................428
15.2.2.6 Summary..........................................429
15.2.3 Utterance clauses and related discourse markers............430
Chapter 16 Subordination and Coordination...................................437
16.1 Adverbial clauses....................................................438
16.1.1 Temporal clauses: ‘before’, ‘when’ and ‘after’.............439
16.1.2 Conditional/hypothetical clauses ‘if.......................444
16.1.3 Counterfactual clauses.....................................447
16.1.4 Concessive clauses.........................................450
16.1.5 Summary....................................................451
16.2 Clausal juxtaposition and coordination...............................451
16.2.1 Juxtaposed clauses: no overt conjunction...................452
16.2.2 Coordinated clauses: occurrence of an overt conjunction....452
16.2.2.1 Coordination with la ‘and’......................452
16.2.2.2 Coordination with mani ‘then’...................454
16.2.2.3 Reason and result clauses.......................457
16.2.2.4 Contrast clauses................................460
16.2.2.5 Purpose clauses.................................461
16.2.3 Summary....................................................462
Chapter 17 Conclusion........................................................463
Appendix 1 List of Affixes in Mantauran (Rukai)..............................465
Appendix 2 Mantauran (Rukai) Texts...........................................491
References...................................................................525
Index........................................................................543
xiii
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| adam_txt |
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements.i
List of Maps, tables, and figures.xv
Glossing conventions and abbreviations.xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction.1
1.1 The Formosan languages.1
1.2 Geographical distribution and setting. 2
1.3 Internal and external relationships of Rukai.5
1.3.1 Position of Mantauran within Rukai.5
1.3.2 Position of Rukai within Austronesian.5
1.4 Language use.6
1.4.1 Loss of special registers.7
1.4.2 Doublets. 8
1.4.3 Loan words.9
1.5 Previous studies of Mantauran. 10
1.6 Data gathering procedures and theoretical orientations.12
1.6.1 Data gathering procedures. 12
1.6.2 Theoretical orientations.12
1.7 Aims of the present study and brief outline. 13
Chapter 2 Phonology and Morphophonemics. 17
2.1 Phoneme inventory.17
2.1.1 Description of the phonemes. 17
2.1.2 Distribution. 21
2.1.3 Sound changes.24
2.1.4 Loan phonemes.26
2.2 Syllable-level processes.26
2.3 Major morphophonemic alternations.27
2.3.1 Vowel deletion.28
2.3.2 Anticipatory (leftward) copying process.29
2.3.3 Alternation between i/o and \.29
2.3.4 Coalescence.30
2.3.5 Haplology.31
2.3.6 Glottal hopping.31
2.3.6.1 More on the phonemic status of the glottal stop.31
iii
2.3.6.2 Prefixation triggering apparent rightward glottal
hopping in word-initial position.32
2.3.6.3 Prefixation triggering apparent leftward glottal
hopping in word-initial position.33
2.3.6.4 Circumfixation triggering apparent rightward glottal
hopping in word-final position.34
2.3.6.5 Change of verb stem triggering apparent rightward
glottal hopping in word-final position.35
2.3.6.6 Absence of glottal hopping.36
2.3.6.7 Generalizations and explanations.38
2.4 Remaining problems.39
2.4.1 The epenthetic vowel -a-.39
2.4.2 Irregular forms.40
2.5 Orthographic system.40
2.5.1 Brief retrospective.40
2.5.2 Orthographic system adopted in this book.41
Chapter 3 Morphological Units and Morphological Processes.43
3.1 Theoretical assumptions.43
3.1.1 A bird’ s-eye view of the history of morphological approaches.43
3.1.2 Morphological approach to Mantauran grammatical description. 44
3.1.3 Agglutinative vs. fusional properties.45
3.2 Morphological units. 46
3.2.1 Morphemes and allomorphs.46
3.2.2 Roots.48
3.2.3 Stems.50
3.2.4 Affixes.51
3.2.5 Clitics.52
3.2.6 Words.53
3.3 Morphological processes.54
3.3.1 Affixation.54
3.3.2 Stem modification.56
3.3.3 Reduplication.57
3.3.3.1 Lexicalized reduplication.57
3.3.3.2 CV-reduplication.58
3.3.3.3 Ca-reduplication.59
3.3.3.4 CVCV-reduplication.59
3.3.3.5 CV.V-reduplication.61
IV
3.3.3.6 Rightward reduplication.61
3.3.3.7 Triplication.61
3.3.4 Compounding.62
3.3.4.1 Simplex and complex compounds.62
3.3.4.2 Nominal head in compounds.65
Chapter 4 Word Classes.67
4.1 Morphological distinction between nouns and verbs and functional overlap.67
4.1.1 Morphosyntactic criteria that distinguish verbs from nouns.68
4.1.2 Color terms as precategorial roots.70
4.2 Nouns and noun classes.73
4.2.1 Nouns and nomináis.73
4.2.2 Absence of case markers.73
4.3 Verbs and verb classes.75
4.3.1 Absence of adjectives.76
4.3.1.1 Morphological properties of stative verbs as opposed
to dynamic verbs.76
4.3.1.2 Syntactic distribution of stative verbs as opposed to
dynamic verbs.80
4.3.2 Absence of prepositions.81
4.3.2.1 From verbs to prepositions in Tanan (Rukai).82
4.3.2.2 Mantauran equivalents of English ‘at’, ‘to’, ‘from’
and ‘for’.85
4.3.3 Absence of auxiliary verbs.90
4.3.4 Quantifiers.91
4.3.5 Manner and temporal adverbial expressions.92
4.4 The adverb toramoro ‘very’.93
4.5 Pronouns.94
4.6 Adnominal demonstratives.95
4.7 Interrogative words.95
4.8 Numerals.96
4.9 Phrasal and clausal elements.97
4.10 Intcrclausal elements.97
4.11 Exclamations and interjections.99
Chapter 5 Nominal Morphology.101
5.1 Common nouns.101
5.2 Locative and temporal nouns.103
5.2.1 Locative nouns.103
5.2.2 Temporal nouns.105
5.3 Non-common nouns.105
5.3.1 Kinship terms and related words.106
5.3.1.1 Nearest older relatives.106
5.3.1.2 The morphosyntactic behavior of ’adhi ‘younger
sibling’.108
5.3.1.3 Spouse and friends.109
5.3.1.4 Lexicalized root forms.Ill
5.3.1.5 The terms for ‘ child’ and their derivations.Ill
5.3.2 Personal names.112
5.3.3 Household names.113
5.3.4 Insult nominals.114
5.4 Marking of plurality.115
5.4.1 Rules for plural marking.115
5.4.2 Common nouns referring to a human participant.118
5.4.3 Vocative and non-vocative kinship terms.119
5.4.4 Nouns referring to a person or a household.120
5.4.5 Insults.121
5.4.6 Summary.122
5.5 Quantification.122
5.6 Dual/plural nominal reciprocals.124
5.6.1 pa’a-+kinship*(-ProGen).125
5.6.2 Ia-ma’a-+kinship(*-ProGen).122
5.7 Summary.128
5.8 Other nominal affixes.128
Chapter 6 Verbal Morphology.131
6.1 Verb classification and verbal alternations.131
6.1.1 Verb classification.131
6.1.1.1 Dynamic verbs.132
6.1.1.2 Stative verbs.134
6.1.2 Verbal alternations.135
6.1.2.1 Finite verb form.135
6.1.2.2 Non-finite verb form.136
6.1.2.3 Subjunctive verb form.138
6.1.2.4 Summary.140
6.1.3 Dynamicization and stativization.141
VI
6.2 Voice.143
6.2.1 The active/passive voice dichotomy.143
6.2.2 Occurrence of the passive with dynamic and stative verbs .144
6.2.3 Discrepancies between Mantauran and the other Rukai dialects. 148
6.2.4 Interaction between voice and mood.149
6.3 Mood and aspect.150
6.3.1 Marking of realis vs. irrealis.151
6.3.1.1 Marking of realis.151
6.3.1.2 Marking of irrealis.152
6.3.2 Aspect.154
6.3.2.1 Aspectual notions expressed through verbal
morphology.155
6.3.2.2 Aspectual notions expressed through affixes and verbs. 155
6.3.3 Interaction between mood and aspect.158
6.4 Imperative.159
6.4.1 The imperative suffix -a.160
6.4.2 “Mild” vs. “strong” requests.161
6.4.3 Hortative.162
6.5 Negation.162
6.5.1 -ka and the marking of predicative negation.163
6.5.2 ki- and the marking of modal negation.167
6.5.3 (a-).-ac and the marking of imperative negation.169
6.6 Marking of plurality, distributivity and quantification.170
6.6.1 The marking of plurality.170
6.6.1.1 Number agreement on nominal/nominalized
predicates co-indexing with a human referent.171
6.6.1.2 Number agreement on stative verbs co-indexing with
a non-human referent.171
6.6.1.3 Quantification of stative verbs co-indexing with a
human referent.172
6.6.1A Marking of the plurality of participants in reciprocal
constructions.172
6.6.2 maaraka- (-paaraka-) ‘both/caclT and the marking of
distributivity.173
6.6.3 makini-.-ae (-~pakini-.-ae) ‘all’ and the marking of
quantification.174
6.7 Equative, comparative and superlative constructions.176
6.7.1 Equative construction.176
vii
6.7.2 Comparative constructions.179
6.7.2.1 'more than (before)’.179
6.7.2.2 ‘more and more’.180
6.7.2.3 ‘more than (Y)’. 182
6.7.3 Superlative constructions.183
6.8 Other verbal affixes.184
6.8.1 Affixes conveying adverbial notions.184
6.8.2 Desiderative prefixes.185
6.8.3 The suffix -ane.187
Chapter 7 Transcategorial Operations.189
7.1 Nominalization .189
7.1.1 Action/state nominals.193
7.1.2 Gerunds.196
7.1.3 Argument nominals.196
7.1.3.1 Subjective nominals.197
7.1.3.2 Objective nominals.199
7.1.3.3 Instrumental, manner and result nominals.201
7.1.3.4 Reason nominals.203
7.1.3.5 Locative nominals.204
7.1.3.6 Temporal nominals.207
7.1.4 Nouns turning into other (more abstract) nouns.208
7.1.4.1 Locative nominals.208
7.1.4.2 Temporal nominals.210
7.1.4.3 Reason nominals.211
7.1.5 Clausal nominalization.212
7.1.6 Summary.215
7.1.7 Distinction between syntactically and lexically derived nominals.217
7.1.8 Constructions triggering syntactic nominalization.222
7.2 Verbalization.223
7.2.1 Verbalization of locative nouns.224
7.2.1.1 Verbalization of location, orientation and directional
nouns.225
7.2.1.2 Verbalization of place names.227
7.2.2 Verbalization of temporal nouns.228
7.2.3 Verbalization of nouns referring to human beings.229
7.2.3.1 Verbalization of human common nouns. 229
7.2.3.2 Verbalization of human non-common nouns.230
7.2.4 Verbalization of common nouns referring to body parts.231
vin
7.2.5 Verbalization of common nouns referring to nature.232
7.2.6 Other verbalizing affixes.233
Chapter 8 Valence Adjusting Operations.235
8.1 Causativization.235
8.1.1 An overview of the three mechanisms for marking causatives.235
8.1.2 The causative pa-.238
8.1.3 The causatives pi- and po-.240
8.1.4 The reciprocal causatives apaa-/apa’a- and related forms.242
8.2 Anticausativization.244
8.3 Reflexivization.246
8.4 Reciprocity.247
8.4.1 ma-Ca- (~pa-Ca-) + dynamic verbs.248
8.4.2 ma(a)- (~pa(a)-) + dynamic verbs.248
8.4.3 ma’a- (~pa’a-) + stative verbs and kinship terms.249
8.4.4 ma’a-pa- (-pa’a-pa-) + dynamic verbs.250
Chapter 9 Numerals, Composite Numerals and Quantifiers.251
9.1 Numerals in serial counting: free vs. bound forms.252
9.1.1 Free forms used in serial counting from 1 to 10.252
9.1.2 Bound forms used for the formation of numerals above 11.254
9.2 Composite numerals.259
9.2.1 Verbal affixes.259
9.2.2 Affixes referring to time, frequency and measure.262
9.2.2.1 Affixes referring to time and frequency.263
9.2.2.2 Affixes referring to measure.267
9.2.3 Ordinal affixes.268
9.2.4 Sortal classifiers.270
9.2.4.1 Counting human beings.270
9.2.4.2 Counting referents being takcn/caught.274
9.2.4.3 Counting containers.274
9.2.4.4 Counting floors.275
9.2.5 Corresponding \vh- words of composite numerals.276
9.2.6 Addition and substruction.278
9.3 Quantifiers.278
Chapter 10 Pronouns and Adnominal Demonstratives.283
10.1 Pronouns.283
ix
10.1.1 Personal pronouns.283
10.1.1.1 Major morphosyntactic characteristics.284
10.1.1.2 Occurrence of pronominal variants.286
10.1.1.2.1 -mo’o vs. -mi’ ‘2S.Nom’.286
10.1.1.2.2 -lrao vs. nao- 'IS.Nom’, -mita vs. ta-
'lPI.Nom’ and -nai vs. nai-
‘lPE.Nom’.286
10.1.1.2.3 -’o vs.-ko 62S.Gen’.288
10.1.1.2.4 imite vs. ita ‘lPI.Top’.288
10.1.1.2.5 -ni vs.-i'3S.Gen’.289
10.1.1.3 The "free” vs. "bound” status of Mantauran
pronominal forms.289
10.1.1.4 Distribution and function .297
10.1.2 Impersonal pronouns.301
10.1.3 Demonstrative pronouns.302
10.2 Adnominal demonstratives.303
Chapter 11 Noun and Verb Phrase Structures.305
11.1 Structure of the noun phrase.305
11.1.1 Simple noun phrases.305
11.1.2 Complex noun phrases.308
11.1.2.1 Verbal modifiers.308
11.1.2.2 Nominal modifiers.311
11.1.2.3 Compounds. 316
11.1.2.4 Coordinated NPs.318
11.2 Structure of the verb phrase.318
11.2.1 Simple verb phrases.319
11.2.2 Complex verb phrases.323
11.2.2.1 toramoro 'very’.323
11.2.2.2 Verbal coordination.324
Chapter 12 Clause Types.327
12.1 Verbal clause types.328
12.2 Nominal clause types.330
12.3 Semi-verbal clauses. 333
12.4 Comparison between verbal and nominal clauses.334
12.4.1 Similarities between verbal and nominal clauses.334
X
12.4.1.1 Ordering of nouns and pronouns after and before
the verbal/nominal predicate.334
12.4.1.2 Negation of verbal and nominal clauses.339
12.4.1.3 Subject-predicate agreement.340
12.4.2 Dissimilarities between verbal and nominal clauscs/sentcnces .341
12.5 Temporal and locative expressions.342
12.6 Existential, possessive and locative clauses.344
12.6.1 Affirmative existential, possessive and locative clauses.344
12.6.2 Negative existential, possessive and locative clauses.349
12.6.3 Two possessive clauses.351
12.6.4 Numerals and quantifiers as existential predicates.353
Chapter 13 Interrogative and Exclamatory Sentences.355
13.1 Interrogative sentences.355
13.1.1 Polar (‘yes-no’) questions.355
13.1.2 Information (‘u7?-’) questions.357
13.1.2.1 aanga-ProGon ‘who?’ and related forms.357
13.1.2.2 kana-Proocn ‘what?’.364
13.1.2.3 omi-Proocn-Proobi (N) ‘what is your name?’.365
13.1.2.4 pi- and saino ‘how much, how many?’.366
13.1.2.5 amokoa, apokoa and pikoa "how?1.375
13.1.2.6 ama-ProGcn ‘how come?’.376
13.1.2.7 kani ‘why?’.377
13.1.2.8 ‘where?’.378
13.1.2.9 (lo) idhae ‘when?’.379
13.1.3 Alternative (or disjunctive) questions.380
13.1.4 Indefinite usage of question words.382
13.2 Exclamatory sentences.383
13.3 Greetings and related formulaic expressions.384
Chapter 14 Coding of Grammatical Relations.387
14.1 Coding and behavioral properties of subjects and objects in active
sentences.387
14.1.1 Covcrt/ovcrt morphological marking of subjects and objects.387
14.1.2 Syntactic functions, semantic roles and semantic properties.392
14.1.3 Summary.395
14.2 Coding and behavioral properties of subjects and objects in passive
sentences.395
xi
14.3
Mantauran as an accusative language and the validity of the notion of
subject.396
14.4 Split intransitivity.399
Chapter 15 Serialization and Complementation.403
15.1 Serial verb constructions.403
15.1.1 Definition and illustration.403
15.1.2 Morphosyntactic tests used to detect verbal serialization.404
15.1.3 Types of verbs followed by another subjunctive verb in an
SVC.407
15.1.3.1 Phasal verbs.407
15.1.3.2 Modal verbs.408
15.1.3.3 Verbs expressing adverbial concepts.409
15.1.3.4 Directional verbs.412
15.1.3.5 Purposive verbs.413
15.2 Complementation.414
15.2.1 Complementation strategies.415
15.2.1.1 Zero strategy or paratactic complements.416
15.2.1.2 Serial verb constructions as a complementation
strategy.418
15.2.1.3 Nominalization as a complementation strategy.419
15.2.1.4 Causativization as a complementation strategy.421
15.2.1.5 Summary.422
15.2.2 Types of complement-taking verbs.422
15.2.2.1 Perception verbs.422
15.2.2.2 Knowledge verbs.424
15.2.2.3 Commentative verbs.426
15.2.2.4 Manipulative verbs.427
15.2.2.5 The modal verb kai.428
15.2.2.6 Summary.429
15.2.3 Utterance clauses and related discourse markers.430
Chapter 16 Subordination and Coordination.437
16.1 Adverbial clauses.438
16.1.1 Temporal clauses: ‘before’, ‘when’ and ‘after’.439
16.1.2 Conditional/hypothetical clauses ‘if.444
16.1.3 Counterfactual clauses.447
16.1.4 Concessive clauses.450
16.1.5 Summary.451
16.2 Clausal juxtaposition and coordination.451
16.2.1 Juxtaposed clauses: no overt conjunction.452
16.2.2 Coordinated clauses: occurrence of an overt conjunction.452
16.2.2.1 Coordination with la ‘and’.452
16.2.2.2 Coordination with mani ‘then’.454
16.2.2.3 Reason and result clauses.457
16.2.2.4 Contrast clauses.460
16.2.2.5 Purpose clauses.461
16.2.3 Summary.462
Chapter 17 Conclusion.463
Appendix 1 List of Affixes in Mantauran (Rukai).465
Appendix 2 Mantauran (Rukai) Texts.491
References.525
Index.543
xiii |
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| spelling | Zeitoun, Elizabeth Verfasser aut A grammar of Mantauran (Rukai) = Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa by Elizabeth Zeitoun 880-01 Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa Taipai Inst. of Linguistics, Acad. Sinica 2007 XVIII, 551 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Language and linguistics monograph series : A 4-2 Rukai-Sprache (DE-588)4807707-0 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Rukai-Sprache (DE-588)4807707-0 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Language and linguistics monograph series A ; 4-2 (DE-604)BV022497397 4,2 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016407954&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 246-01/$1 萬山魯凱語語法 |
| spellingShingle | Zeitoun, Elizabeth A grammar of Mantauran (Rukai) = Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa Language and linguistics monograph series Rukai-Sprache (DE-588)4807707-0 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
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| title | A grammar of Mantauran (Rukai) = Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa |
| title_alt | Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa |
| title_auth | A grammar of Mantauran (Rukai) = Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa |
| title_exact_search | A grammar of Mantauran (Rukai) = Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa |
| title_exact_search_txtP | A grammar of Mantauran (Rukai) = Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa |
| title_full | A grammar of Mantauran (Rukai) = Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa by Elizabeth Zeitoun |
| title_fullStr | A grammar of Mantauran (Rukai) = Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa by Elizabeth Zeitoun |
| title_full_unstemmed | A grammar of Mantauran (Rukai) = Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa by Elizabeth Zeitoun |
| title_short | A grammar of Mantauran (Rukai) |
| title_sort | a grammar of mantauran rukai wan shan lukai yu yu fa |
| title_sub | = Wan shan Lukai yu yu fa |
| topic | Rukai-Sprache (DE-588)4807707-0 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Rukai-Sprache Grammatik |
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