The GmbH: a guide to the German limited liability company
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
München
Beck
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 234 S. |
| ISBN: | 9783406569562 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 008 | 080317s2009 |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9783406569562 |9 978-3-406-56956-2 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)299587147 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Müller, Klaus Johannes |d 1972- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1226888674 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The GmbH |b a guide to the German limited liability company |c by Klaus J. Müller |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a München |b Beck |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 234 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Private companies |z Germany | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a GmbH |0 (DE-588)4021365-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Deutschland | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1805072039739916288 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
I Overview of contents
i Preface to the second edition V
; Preface to the first edition V
! Overview of Contents VII
i Table of Contents DC
j Abbreviations XIX
I Introduction 1
j I. Legal nature of the GmbH 2
| H. History 3
| HI. Importance 5
I Chapter 1: Formation 9
I. Overview 10
II. Formation by contributions in cash 12
III. Formation by contributions in kind 12
IV. Confirmation of payment by managing director 13
I V. No prepayments of share capital 14
I VI. Articles of Association 15
| VII. Execution of the formation deed and the articles of association 22
VHI. Application and registration 24
I IX. Subsequent amendments of the articles 25
J X. "Formation" by acquisition of shares in a shelf GmbH 26
-' Chapter 2: Managing Director 30
i I. Corporate body 30
II. Legal prerequisites for being eligible as managing director 31
* HI. Representation of the GmbH 32
IV. Management of the GmbH 36
V. Appointment and revocation of appointment 36
VI. Tasks and Obligations 38
VH. Instructions from the shareholders 44
; VIII. Liability 45
Chapter 3: Shareholders' meeting 49
; I. Principal corporate body 49
• II. Competencies of the shareholders' meeting 50
HI. Calling shareholders'meetings 52
' IV. Voting rights 54
I V. Majority requirements for resolutions 57
~ VI. Form requirements for resolutions 59
VII. Deficiencies of resolutions 59
Chapter 4: Supervisory Board 63
I. The traditional structure of a German GmbH 63
D. The impact of employee co-determination acts 64
HI. Installation of the supervisory board 66
IV. Rights and responsibilities of the members of the supervisory board 69
V. Meetings and resolutions of the supervisory board 72
VI. Avoiding co-determination 73
VIII The GmbH - Overview of Contents
Chapter 5: Financial Regime 75
I. Payment of share capital 78
II. Maintenance of share capital 85
III. Changes of the registered share capital 95
IV. Shareholder loans (downstream loans) 101
V. Piercing the corporate veil 103
VI. Financial statements 107
Chapter 6: Changes in Shareholdership Ill
I. Assignment of shares 113
II. Redemption of shares 124
III. Forfeiture of shares 127
IV. Abandonment of shares 127
V. Expulsion of a shareholder 128
VI. Withdrawal of a shareholder 130
Chapter 7: Transformations 133
I. Introduction to the Transformation Act 136
II. Merger 143
III. Conversion 155
IV Splitting 161
Chapter 8: Groups of Companies 171
I. General 172
II. Groups of companies based on the existence of control 173
in. Groups of companies based on contract 174
IV. Domination and profit and loss absorption agreements 174
Chapter 9: Liquidation 181
I. General 181
II. Overview of the liquidation proceedings 181
ffl. Shareholders' resolution 182
IV. Registration and publication 182
V. liquidation process 183
VI. End of liquidation 184
Chapter 10: The GmbH Co. KG 187
I. General 187
H. Legal nature of the GmbH Co. KG 188
III. Reasons for choosing a GmbH Co. KG 192
Chapter 11: Use of foreign legal forms in Germany 195
I. The "Inspire Art" judgment of the European Court of Justice 196
D. Consequences in practice: the English Ltd 198
ID. The Ltd: a viable alternative legal form for doing business in Germany? 198
Literature 207
About the Author 227
Index 229
Table of Contents
Preface to the second edition V
Preface to the first edition V
Overview of Contents VII
Table of Contents IX
Abbreviations XIX
Introduction 1
I. Legal nature of the GmbH 2
D. History 3
III. Importance 5
1. German corporate landscape 5
2. Statistics 6
3. Reason for the popularity of the GmbH 6
Chapter 1: Formation 9
I. Overview 10
1. Summary outline of formation process 10
2. Pre-registration and pre-formation phases 11
II. Formation by contributions in cash 12
1. Share contributions to be set forth in the articles 12
2. Minimum payment requirements for registration purposes 12
HI. Formation by contributions in kind 12
1. Contributions in kind to be set forth in the articles 12
2. Report on the formation by contributions in kind 13
3. Liability of shareholders for shortfall in value (Differenzhaftung) 13
IV. Confirmation of payment by managing director 13
V. No prepayments of share capital 14
VI. Articles of Association 15
1. Contents 15
a) Mandatory provisions 15
aa) Share capital 15
bb) Shares 15
cc) Shareholders 16
dd) Firm name 16
ee) Domicile 17
ff) Business purpose 17
gg) Authorized capital (genehmigtes Kapital) 17
b) Desireable additional provisions 18
aa) Fiscal year 18
bb) Company's journals 18
cc) Signing authority of managing directors 19
dd) Formation costs 20
ee) Address of shareholders 20
c) Further provisions 21
2. Rules of Interpretation 21
VII. Execution of the formation deed and the articles of association 22
1. Procedure of notarial recording 22
2. Language of the articles 22
3. Authority of signatories „ 22
X The GmbH-Table of Contents
4. Power of attorney 23
a) Form requirement 23
b) Execution abroad 23
c) Powers of attorney from non-German legal entities 23
VIII. Application and registration 24
1. Application 24
2. Notarial certification of the application letter to the commercial register 24
3. Registration 24
4. Publication 25
IX. Subsequent amendments of the articles 25
1. Shareholders' resolution 25
2. Application for registration 26
3. Registration and publication „ 26
X. "Formation" by acquisition of shares in a shelf GmbH 26
1. Shelf companies 27
2. Observance of formation rules 29
Chapter 2: Managing Director 30
I. Corporate body 30
II. Legal prerequisites for being eligible as managing director 31
1. Natural person 31
2. No criminal record 31
3. Nationality 31
a) Appointment of foreign nationals 31
b) Execution of application letter abroad 32
4. No conflicting other offices 32
m. Representation of the GmbH 32
1. Scope of authority 33
a) Statutory scope of authority 33
b) Limitation of the scope of authority 33
2. Statutory regime of signing authority 34
a) Statutory signing authority 34
b) Extension of signing authority 34
3. Prohibition of self-contracting and multiple representation 35
a) Section 181 Civil Code 35
b) Release from the restrictions of section 181 Civil Code 35
IV. Management of the GmbH 36
V. Appointment and revocation of appointment 36
1. Appointment 36
2. Service Contract 37
3. Revocation of appointment 37
4. Registration in the commercial register 38
VI. Tasks and Obligations 38
1. Ensuring compliance with applicable laws 38
2. Ensuring maintenance of the share capital 38
3. Bookkeeping/Accounts/Taxes 39
a) Bookkeeping and accounts 39
b) Taxes/Social security payments 39
c) Storage of books and records 39
4. Preparing and calling shareholders' meetings 40
5. Obligation not to compete 40
a) Statutory obligation for term of office 40
b) Post-contractual non-compete clauses 40
6. Filings with the commercial register _ 42
7. Business letters „ „. 43
8. Application for the opening of insolvency proceedings. 43
VII. Instructions from the shareholders _._.,._.„.,»„».; 44
The GmbH -Table of Contents XI
! VIH. liability 45
1. General 45
2. D O liability insurance 46
. Chapter 3: Shareholders'meeting 49
\ I. Principal corporate body 49
: II. Competencies of the shareholders' meeting 50
' 1. Competencies 50
. 2. Shifting of competencies to other corporate bodies 51
; III. Calling shareholders' meetings 52
1. Frequency of and reasons for calling shareholders' meetings 52
; 2. Notice requirements 52
j 3. Right of participation 53
j 4. Chairman 53
5. Single member company 53
IV. Voting rights 54
1. Exercising voting rights 54
2. Different classes of shares 54
3. Voting another's shares 54
a) Form requirements 54
b) Scope and duration 55
4. Prohibition of voting 55
5. Voting commitments/voting pool agreements 56
6. Fiduciary duty to vote in good faith 57
V. Majority requirements for resolutions 57
1. Simple majority 57
: 2. Majority of three quarters of the votes cast 57
I 3. Consent of all shareholders 58
I VI. Form requirements for resolutions 59
J VII. Deficiencies of resolutions 59
] 1. General 59
S 2. Resolutions that are null and void 59
I 3. Resolutions subject to avoidance 60
j a) Reasons for avoidance 60
j b) Time limit for avoidance : 61
» c) Avoidance only by shareholders 62
I
; Chapter 4: Supervisory Board 63
; I. The traditional structure of a German GmbH 63
i 1. Corporate bodies 64
2. Competencies of corporate bodies 64
II. The impact of employee co-determination acts 64
1. Establishment of a supervisory board with employee representation 64
2. Co-determination acts of practical relevance 65
a) Co-Determination Act 65
b) One Third Participation Act 65
3. Competence to appoint managing directors 66
¦ a) One Third Participation Act 66
: b) Co-Determination Act 66
in. Installation of the supervisory board 66
1. Number and election of members 66
a) One Third Participation Act 66
• b) Co-Determination Act 66
; 2. Persons eligible - 67
;- 3. Notification and publication requirements 68
f IV. Rights and responsibilities of the members of the supervisory board 69
! 1. Management supervision - - 69
a) Monitoring function . ~ 69
I
XII The GmbH -Table of Contents
b) Catalogue of transactions requiring the consent of supervisory board 69
c) Additional functions 69
2. Right of inspection and examination/reports 70
3. Call of shareholders' meetings 70
4. Review of annual financial statements by the supervisory board 70
a) Review of annual financial statements 70
b) Report on results of review 71
c) Appointment of the auditor 71
5. Duty of care/liability 71
6. Right of participation in shareholders' meetings 72
V. Meetings and resolutions of the supervisory board 72
1. Meetings 72
2. Resolutions by way of written proceedings 72
3. Frequency of meetings 72
VI. Avoiding co-determination 73
1. One Third Participation Act 73
a) Conversion into a GmbH Co. KG 73
b) Groups of companies 73
2. Co-Determination Act 74
Chapter 5: Financial Regime 75
I. Payment of share capital 78
1. General 78
2. Contributions in cash 78
3. Contributions in kind 79
4. Hidden contributions in kind (verdeckte Sacheinlagen) 79
a) Basic concept 80
b) Legal consequences 80
c) Curing hidden contributions in kind 82
5. Forfeiture (Kaduzierung) of shares 83
a) Forfeiture 83
b) Liability of predecessors in title 83
c) Secondary liability of co-shareholders 83
6. Liability for deficit balance at registration (Unterbihmzhaftung) 84
II. Maintenance of share capital 85
1. No payments to shareholders that result in a deficit balance situation 85
a) Forbidden payments to shareholders 85
b) Deficit balance (Unterbilanz) 86
c) Future shareholder 87
2. Legal consequences of violation of capital maintenance rules 87
a) Claim of the company for repayment 87
b) No set-off 87
c) Settlement 88
d) Secondary liability of co-shareholders 88
e) liability of managing directors 89
f) Statute of limitation 89
3. Loans to shareholders (upstream loans) 89
a) Ann's length terms 89
b) No violation of capital maintenance rules 89
c) Cash pooling 90
d) Upstream securities 92
e) Impact of domination agreements 93
4. Loans to managing directors and senior officers — 94
5. Treasury Stock 94
a) Observance of capital maintenance rules — 94
b) Reserve „ 95
c) No exenisec^ rights attaching to treasury stock—»._.-._._^.^._»,«_. 95
The GmbH -Table of Contents XIII
\ HI. Changes of the registered share capital 95
| 1. Capital increase 95
¦ a) Ordinary capital increase 95
aa) No obligation to inject additional equity funds 95
bb) Amendment of the articles 96
¦ cc) Subscription to new shares 96
I dd) Application for registration 96
] ee) Registration 96
I b) Capital increase by capitalization of reserves 97
j aa) liming 97
bb) Balance sheet 97
cc) Audit 98
dd) Capital or profit reserves 98
ee) Effects on shares 98
ff) Application for registration 98
c) Authorized capital 99
2. Capital decrease 99
a) Ordinary capital decrease 99
aa) General 99
bb) Protection of creditors 99
b) Simplified capital decrease 100
IV. Shareholder loans (downstream loans) 101
1. General 101
2. Interest 101
3. Terms of the loan agreement 101
4. Repayment 101
a) Abolition of the concept of loans substituting equity 101
b) Repayment in insolvency proceedings 102
j c) Repayment outside insolvency proceedings 102
V. Piercing the corporate veil 103
1. Basic principle of limited liability 103
2. Exception to the basic principle: Piercing the corporate veil 103
a) Overview 103
I b) Substantial undercapitalizirion 103
{ c) Mingling of assets 104
• d) Blurring shareholder and company spheres 104
I e) Destructive intervention (existenzgefiihrdender Eingriff) 104
f) Abuse of legal form 106
g) Liability of the ultimate parent 107
VI. Financial statements 107
1. Size of the company 107
2. Preparation of the financial statements 108
3. Appropriation of profits 108
4. Publication of the financial statements in the electronic Federal Gazette 109
a) Publication requirements 109
b) Consequences of failure to comply with publication duties 109
: Chapter 6: Changes in shareholdership Ill
I. Assignment of shares 113
1. Assignability of shares 113
2. Restrictions ~ 113
a) Restriction clauses in the articles of association 113
b) No share certificates - - 113
c) Pre-emptive rights 114
d) Requirement to obtain the consent of spouses -. 114
e) Unwritten requirement of consent {Holzmuller doctrine) _ _ 114
i aa) Applicability 114
i
XIV The GmbH -Table of Contents
bb) The HolzmiiUer decision 115
cc) The Gelatine decisions 116
3. Notarial form 116
a) Notarial recording of deed of assignment and purchase or sale obligation . 116
b) Notifications to authorities by the notary 117
c) Notarial recording abroad by a foreign notary 117
4. Effectiveness vis-a-vis the company pursuant to section 16 LLCA 119
a) Shareholders' list 119
b) Effects of entry in shareholders'list 120
c) Knowledge otherwise obtained 120
d) Liability of assignee and assignor 120
e) Defective assignment 121
5. Assignment of a portion of a share 122
6. Revised shareholders' list 123
7. Assignment of shares in a shelf company 123
8. Bona fide acquisition of shares 124
II- Redemption of shares 124
1. Prerequisites 124
a) Permission clause in the articles 124
aa) Redemption against the will of the shareholder 124
bb) Redemption with the consent of the shareholder 125
b) Fully paid up share 125
c) No payment of compensation in violation of capital maintenance rules 125
d) Shareholders' resolution 125
e) Declaration of redemption 126
2. Consequences 126
a) Redeemed share ceases to exist 126
b) Effects on registered share capital and nominal amounts of remaining
shares 126
aa) Registered share capital 126
bb) Rights and obligations of remaining shareholders 126
cc) Nominal amounts of remaining shares 127
m. Forfeiture of shares 127
IV. Abandonment of shares 127
V. Expulsion of a shareholder 128
1. General 128
2. Prerequisites 128
a) Good cause 128
b) Shareholders' resolution 129
c) Action for expulsion 129
d) Compensation 129
3. Legal consequences 129
VI. Withdrawal of a shareholder 130
1. General 130
2. Prerequisites 130
a) Good cause 130
b) Declaration of withdrawal 131
c) Decision of the company with respect to the share 131
Chapter 7: Transformations 133
I. Introduction to the Transformation Act 136
1. Particular importance for changing group structures „ 136
2. Reasons for changes to corporate structures 136
3. Transformation Act 136
a) Types of transformation most commonly occurring 136
b) Some advantages of transformation pursuant to the Transformation Act 136
c) Primary purpose of the Transformation Act «w«.,™_., 137
!
; The GmbH -Table of Contents XV
'; 4. Cross-border mergers 137
f a) Transformation Act/Community law 137
J b) European Directive on cross-border mergers 139
c) Implementation of the European Directive in Germany/How to do cross-
border mergers 140
d) Societas Europaea 142
I D. Merger 143
1. Purpose of a merger 143
2. Legal forms eligible for merger 143
3. General outline of merger proceedings 143
4. Merger agreement 144
a) Contents of the merger agreement 144
b) Submission of the merger agreement to the works councils 145
¦ c) Execution of the merger agreement 147
5. Merger report 147
i a) Contents of merger report 147
! b) Execution of merger report 148
c) Waiver of merger report 148
6. Audit of the merger 148
I 7. Shareholders' resolutions 149
I a) Majority and form requirements 149
I b) Timing 149
I c) Capital increase 149
I aa) Upstream merger 149
1 bb) Downstream merger 149
cc) Sidestream merger 150
8. Application for registration in the commercial register 151
a) Form requirements of application letter 151
b) Contents of application letter 152
c) Attachments to application letter 152
9. Registration/publication/effects 153
10. Rights of creditors 153
| 11. Managing and supervisory bodies of the predecessor entity 154
[ 12. Domination and profit and loss absorption agreements 154
i HI. Conversion 155
! 1. Purpose of a conversion 155
2. Legal forms eligible for conversion 155
3. General outline of conversion proceedings 155
4. Draft conversion resolution 156
5. Submission of the draft conversion resolution to the works council 157
6. Conversion report 157
7. Adoption of the conversion resolution 157
8. Application for registration in the commercial register 158
9. Registration/publication/effects 158
10. Rights of creditors 159
11. Conversion from a GmbH to a GmbH Co. KG 159
12. Domination and profit and loss absorption agreements 160
IV. Splitting 161
1. Purpose of a splitting 161
2. Available types of splittings 161
3. Legal forms eligible for splitting 161
4. General outline of splitting proceedings 162
5. Splitting and transfer agreement 162
a) Contents of the splitting and transfer agreement 162
b) Submission of the splitting and transfer agreement to the works coun¬
cil 163
c) Execution of the splitting and transfer agreement 164
XVI The GmbH -Table of Contents
6. Splitting report 164
7. Audit of the splitting 164
8. Shareholders' resolutions 165
a) Majority/form 165
b) Timing 165
c) Capital increase 165
d) Capital decrease 165
9. Application for registration in the commercial register 166
10. Registration/publication/effects 167
11. Rights/protection of creditors 167
a) Right to claim security 167
b) Joint and several liability of entities involved in the splitting 167
12. Spin-off or hive-out of contracts containing restriction of assignment clau¬
ses 168
13. Domination and profit and loss absorption agreements 169
Chapter 8: Groups of Companies 171
I. General 171
n. Groups of companies based on the existence of control 172
m. Groups of companies based on contract 173
IV. Domination and profit and loss absorption agreements 174
1. Object 174
2. Motives 174
a) Tax unity 174
b) Impact on co-determination 175
3. Entering into of the agreement 175
a) Execution of the agreement by managing directors 175
b) Form requirements 175
c) Shareholders' consent 176
d) Registration in commercial register 176
4. Termination of the agreement 176
a) Termination with notice 176
b) Termination by operation of law 176
aa) Merger 177
bb) Conversion 177
cc) Splitting 177
c) Termination without notice for good cause 177
aa) Merger 178
byconversion 178
cc) Splitting 178
d) Cancellation by mutual consent 179
e) Termination in the event of the disposal of the dominated entity 179
f) Registration in the commercial register 180
Chapter 9: Liquidation 181
I. General 181
D. Overview of the liquidation proceedings 181
in. Shareholders' resolution 182
IV. Registration and publication 182
1. Application for registration 182
2. Publication of the dissolution by the company 183
V. Liquidation process 183
1. Sale of assets/discharge of liabilities/collection of receivables 183
2. Corporate structure left intact 183
3. Shareholder receivables and payables 184
VI. End of liquidation 184
The GmbH -Table of Contents XVII
Chapter 10: The GmbH Co. KG 187
I. General 187
H. Legal nature of the GmbH Co. KG 188
1. The basic structure of a KG 188
a) Two different classes of partners 188
b) Liability of the partners of a KG 189
aa) General partner 189
bb) Limited partner 189
c) Resolutions/amendments of the partnership agreement 190
aa) Unanimity/no filing of partnership agreement 190
bb) Core elements rule (Kernbereicte/eJireVspecification rule (Bestimmtheits-
grundsatz) 190
d) Applications to the commercial register 190
e) Assignment of partnership interests 190
f) Treatment for tax purposes 191
2. Effects of a GmbH being the general partner of a KG 191
a) Limited liability 191
b) Possible structures of a GmbH Co. KG 191
III. Reasons for choosing a GmbH Co. KG 192
1. Flexibility combined with limited liability 192
2. Outside management personnel 192
3. Avoiding co-determination 193
a) One Third Participation Act 193
b) Co-Determination Act 193
Chapter 11: Use at foreign legal forms in Germany 195
I. The "Inspire Art" judgment of the European Court of Justice 196
H. Consequences in practice: the English Ltd 198
HI. The Ltd: a viable alternative legal form for doing business in Germany? 198
1. No minimum share capital requirement 199
2. Liability of shareholders and directors 199
3. Registration of a branch in Germany 200
4. Increased administrative expenses 202
5. Conclusion 204
Literature 207
About the Author 227
Index 229 |
| adam_txt |
I Overview of contents
i Preface to the second edition V
; Preface to the first edition V
! Overview of Contents VII
i Table of Contents DC
j Abbreviations XIX
I Introduction 1
j I. Legal nature of the GmbH 2
| H. History 3
| HI. Importance 5
I Chapter 1: Formation 9
I. Overview 10
II. Formation by contributions in cash 12
III. Formation by contributions in kind 12
IV. Confirmation of payment by managing director 13
I V. No prepayments of share capital 14
I VI. Articles of Association 15
| VII. Execution of the formation deed and the articles of association 22
VHI. Application and registration 24
I IX. Subsequent amendments of the articles 25
J X. "Formation" by acquisition of shares in a shelf GmbH 26
-' Chapter 2: Managing Director 30
i I. Corporate body 30
II. Legal prerequisites for being eligible as managing director 31
* HI. Representation of the GmbH 32
IV. Management of the GmbH 36
V. Appointment and revocation of appointment 36
VI. Tasks and Obligations 38
VH. Instructions from the shareholders 44
; VIII. Liability 45
Chapter 3: Shareholders' meeting 49
; I. Principal corporate body 49
• II. Competencies of the shareholders' meeting 50
HI. Calling shareholders'meetings 52
' IV. Voting rights 54
I V. Majority requirements for resolutions 57
~ VI. Form requirements for resolutions 59
VII. Deficiencies of resolutions 59
Chapter 4: Supervisory Board 63
I. The traditional structure of a German GmbH 63
D. The impact of employee co-determination acts 64
HI. Installation of the supervisory board 66
IV. Rights and responsibilities of the members of the supervisory board 69
V. Meetings and resolutions of the supervisory board 72
VI. Avoiding co-determination 73
VIII The GmbH - Overview of Contents
Chapter 5: Financial Regime 75
I. Payment of share capital 78
II. Maintenance of share capital 85
III. Changes of the registered share capital 95
IV. Shareholder loans (downstream loans) 101
V. Piercing the corporate veil 103
VI. Financial statements 107
Chapter 6: Changes in Shareholdership Ill
I. Assignment of shares 113
II. Redemption of shares 124
III. Forfeiture of shares 127
IV. Abandonment of shares 127
V. Expulsion of a shareholder 128
VI. Withdrawal of a shareholder 130
Chapter 7: Transformations 133
I. Introduction to the Transformation Act 136
II. Merger 143
III. Conversion 155
IV Splitting 161
Chapter 8: Groups of Companies 171
I. General 172
II. Groups of companies based on the existence of control 173
in. Groups of companies based on contract 174
IV. Domination and profit and loss absorption agreements 174
Chapter 9: Liquidation 181
I. General 181
II. Overview of the liquidation proceedings 181
ffl. Shareholders' resolution 182
IV. Registration and publication 182
V. liquidation process 183
VI. End of liquidation 184
Chapter 10: The GmbH Co. KG 187
I. General 187
H. Legal nature of the GmbH Co. KG 188
III. Reasons for choosing a GmbH Co. KG 192
Chapter 11: Use of foreign legal forms in Germany 195
I. The "Inspire Art" judgment of the European Court of Justice 196
D. Consequences in practice: the English Ltd 198
ID. The Ltd: a viable alternative legal form for doing business in Germany? 198
Literature 207
About the Author 227
Index 229
Table of Contents
Preface to the second edition V
Preface to the first edition V
Overview of Contents VII
Table of Contents IX
Abbreviations XIX
Introduction 1
I. Legal nature of the GmbH 2
D. History 3
III. Importance 5
1. German corporate landscape 5
2. Statistics 6
3. Reason for the popularity of the GmbH 6
Chapter 1: Formation 9
I. Overview 10
1. Summary outline of formation process 10
2. Pre-registration and pre-formation phases 11
II. Formation by contributions in cash 12
1. Share contributions to be set forth in the articles 12
2. Minimum payment requirements for registration purposes 12
HI. Formation by contributions in kind 12
1. Contributions in kind to be set forth in the articles 12
2. Report on the formation by contributions in kind 13
3. Liability of shareholders for shortfall in value (Differenzhaftung) 13
IV. Confirmation of payment by managing director 13
V. No prepayments of share capital 14
VI. Articles of Association 15
1. Contents 15
a) Mandatory provisions 15
aa) Share capital 15
bb) Shares 15
cc) Shareholders 16
dd) Firm name 16
ee) Domicile 17
ff) Business purpose 17
gg) Authorized capital (genehmigtes Kapital) 17
b) Desireable additional provisions 18
aa) Fiscal year 18
bb) Company's journals 18
cc) Signing authority of managing directors 19
dd) Formation costs 20
ee) Address of shareholders 20
c) Further provisions 21
2. Rules of Interpretation 21
VII. Execution of the formation deed and the articles of association 22
1. Procedure of notarial recording 22
2. Language of the articles 22
3. Authority of signatories „ 22
X The GmbH-Table of Contents
4. Power of attorney 23
a) Form requirement 23
b) Execution abroad 23
c) Powers of attorney from non-German legal entities 23
VIII. Application and registration 24
1. Application 24
2. Notarial certification of the application letter to the commercial register 24
3. Registration 24
4. Publication 25
IX. Subsequent amendments of the articles 25
1. Shareholders' resolution 25
2. Application for registration 26
3. Registration and publication „ 26
X. "Formation" by acquisition of shares in a shelf GmbH 26
1. Shelf companies 27
2. Observance of formation rules 29
Chapter 2: Managing Director 30
I. Corporate body 30
II. Legal prerequisites for being eligible as managing director 31
1. Natural person 31
2. No criminal record 31
3. Nationality 31
a) Appointment of foreign nationals 31
b) Execution of application letter abroad 32
4. No conflicting other offices 32
m. Representation of the GmbH 32
1. Scope of authority 33
a) Statutory scope of authority 33
b) Limitation of the scope of authority 33
2. Statutory regime of signing authority 34
a) Statutory signing authority 34
b) Extension of signing authority 34
3. Prohibition of self-contracting and multiple representation 35
a) Section 181 Civil Code 35
b) Release from the restrictions of section 181 Civil Code 35
IV. Management of the GmbH 36
V. Appointment and revocation of appointment 36
1. Appointment 36
2. Service Contract 37
3. Revocation of appointment 37
4. Registration in the commercial register 38
VI. Tasks and Obligations 38
1. Ensuring compliance with applicable laws 38
2. Ensuring maintenance of the share capital 38
3. Bookkeeping/Accounts/Taxes 39
a) Bookkeeping and accounts 39
b) Taxes/Social security payments 39
c) Storage of books and records 39
4. Preparing and calling shareholders' meetings 40
5. Obligation not to compete 40
a) Statutory obligation for term of office 40
b) Post-contractual non-compete clauses 40
6. Filings with the commercial register _ 42
7. Business letters „ „. 43
8. Application for the opening of insolvency proceedings. 43
VII. Instructions from the shareholders _._.,._.„.,»„».; 44
The GmbH -Table of Contents XI
! VIH. liability 45
1. General 45
2. D O liability insurance 46
. Chapter 3: Shareholders'meeting 49
\ I. Principal corporate body 49
: II. Competencies of the shareholders' meeting 50
' 1. Competencies 50
. 2. Shifting of competencies to other corporate bodies 51
; III. Calling shareholders' meetings 52
1. Frequency of and reasons for calling shareholders' meetings 52
; 2. Notice requirements 52
j 3. Right of participation 53
j 4. Chairman 53
5. Single member company 53
IV. Voting rights 54
1. Exercising voting rights 54
2. Different classes of shares 54
3. Voting another's shares 54
a) Form requirements 54
b) Scope and duration 55
4. Prohibition of voting 55
5. Voting commitments/voting pool agreements 56
6. Fiduciary duty to vote in good faith 57
V. Majority requirements for resolutions 57
1. Simple majority 57
: 2. Majority of three quarters of the votes cast 57
I 3. Consent of all shareholders 58
I VI. Form requirements for resolutions 59
J VII. Deficiencies of resolutions 59
] 1. General 59
S 2. Resolutions that are null and void 59
I 3. Resolutions subject to avoidance 60
j a) Reasons for avoidance 60
j b) Time limit for avoidance : 61
» c) Avoidance only by shareholders 62
I
; Chapter 4: Supervisory Board 63
; I. The traditional structure of a German GmbH 63
i 1. Corporate bodies 64
2. Competencies of corporate bodies 64
II. The impact of employee co-determination acts 64
1. Establishment of a supervisory board with employee representation 64
2. Co-determination acts of practical relevance 65
a) Co-Determination Act 65
b) One Third Participation Act 65
3. Competence to appoint managing directors 66
¦ a) One Third Participation Act 66
: b) Co-Determination Act 66
in. Installation of the supervisory board 66
1. Number and election of members 66
a) One Third Participation Act 66
• b) Co-Determination Act 66
; 2. Persons eligible - 67
;- 3. Notification and publication requirements 68
f IV. Rights and responsibilities of the members of the supervisory board 69
! 1. Management supervision - - 69
a) Monitoring function . ~ 69
I
XII The GmbH -Table of Contents
b) Catalogue of transactions requiring the consent of supervisory board 69
c) Additional functions 69
2. Right of inspection and examination/reports 70
3. Call of shareholders' meetings 70
4. Review of annual financial statements by the supervisory board 70
a) Review of annual financial statements 70
b) Report on results of review 71
c) Appointment of the auditor 71
5. Duty of care/liability 71
6. Right of participation in shareholders' meetings 72
V. Meetings and resolutions of the supervisory board 72
1. Meetings 72
2. Resolutions by way of written proceedings 72
3. Frequency of meetings 72
VI. Avoiding co-determination 73
1. One Third Participation Act 73
a) Conversion into a GmbH Co. KG 73
b) Groups of companies 73
2. Co-Determination Act 74
Chapter 5: Financial Regime 75
I. Payment of share capital 78
1. General 78
2. Contributions in cash 78
3. Contributions in kind 79
4. Hidden contributions in kind (verdeckte Sacheinlagen) 79
a) Basic concept 80
b) Legal consequences 80
c) Curing hidden contributions in kind 82
5. Forfeiture (Kaduzierung) of shares 83
a) Forfeiture 83
b) Liability of predecessors in title 83
c) Secondary liability of co-shareholders 83
6. Liability for deficit balance at registration (Unterbihmzhaftung) 84
II. Maintenance of share capital 85
1. No payments to shareholders that result in a deficit balance situation 85
a) Forbidden payments to shareholders 85
b) Deficit balance (Unterbilanz) 86
c) Future shareholder 87
2. Legal consequences of violation of capital maintenance rules 87
a) Claim of the company for repayment 87
b) No set-off 87
c) Settlement 88
d) Secondary liability of co-shareholders 88
e) liability of managing directors 89
f) Statute of limitation 89
3. Loans to shareholders (upstream loans) 89
a) Ann's length terms 89
b) No violation of capital maintenance rules 89
c) Cash pooling 90
d) Upstream securities 92
e) Impact of domination agreements 93
4. Loans to managing directors and senior officers — 94
5. Treasury Stock 94
a) Observance of capital maintenance rules — 94
b) Reserve „ 95
c) No exenisec^ rights attaching to treasury stock—»._.-._._^.^._»,«_. 95
The GmbH -Table of Contents XIII
\ HI. Changes of the registered share capital 95
| 1. Capital increase 95
¦ a) Ordinary capital increase 95
aa) No obligation to inject additional equity funds 95
bb) Amendment of the articles 96
¦ cc) Subscription to new shares 96
I dd) Application for registration 96
] ee) Registration 96
I b) Capital increase by capitalization of reserves 97
j aa) liming 97
bb) Balance sheet 97
cc) Audit 98
dd) Capital or profit reserves 98
ee) Effects on shares 98
ff) Application for registration 98
c) Authorized capital 99
2. Capital decrease 99
a) Ordinary capital decrease 99
aa) General 99
bb) Protection of creditors 99
b) Simplified capital decrease 100
IV. Shareholder loans (downstream loans) 101
1. General 101
2. Interest 101
3. Terms of the loan agreement 101
4. Repayment 101
a) Abolition of the concept of loans substituting equity 101
b) Repayment in insolvency proceedings 102
j c) Repayment outside insolvency proceedings 102
V. Piercing the corporate veil 103
1. Basic principle of limited liability 103
2. Exception to the basic principle: Piercing the corporate veil 103
a) Overview 103
I b) Substantial undercapitalizirion 103
{ c) Mingling of assets 104
• d) Blurring shareholder and company spheres 104
I e) Destructive intervention (existenzgefiihrdender Eingriff) 104
f) Abuse of legal form 106
g) Liability of the ultimate parent 107
VI. Financial statements 107
1. Size of the company 107
2. Preparation of the financial statements 108
3. Appropriation of profits 108
4. Publication of the financial statements in the electronic Federal Gazette 109
a) Publication requirements 109
b) Consequences of failure to comply with publication duties 109
: Chapter 6: Changes in shareholdership Ill
I. Assignment of shares 113
1. Assignability of shares 113
2. Restrictions ~ 113
a) Restriction clauses in the articles of association 113
b) No share certificates - - 113
c) Pre-emptive rights 114
d) Requirement to obtain the consent of spouses -. 114
e) Unwritten requirement of consent {Holzmuller doctrine) _ _ 114
i aa) Applicability 114
i
XIV The GmbH -Table of Contents
bb) The HolzmiiUer decision 115
cc) The Gelatine decisions 116
3. Notarial form 116
a) Notarial recording of deed of assignment and purchase or sale obligation . 116
b) Notifications to authorities by the notary 117
c) Notarial recording abroad by a foreign notary 117
4. Effectiveness vis-a-vis the company pursuant to section 16 LLCA 119
a) Shareholders' list 119
b) Effects of entry in shareholders'list 120
c) Knowledge otherwise obtained 120
d) Liability of assignee and assignor 120
e) Defective assignment 121
5. Assignment of a portion of a share 122
6. Revised shareholders' list 123
7. Assignment of shares in a shelf company 123
8. Bona fide acquisition of shares 124
II- Redemption of shares 124
1. Prerequisites 124
a) Permission clause in the articles 124
aa) Redemption against the will of the shareholder 124
bb) Redemption with the consent of the shareholder 125
b) Fully paid up share 125
c) No payment of compensation in violation of capital maintenance rules 125
d) Shareholders' resolution 125
e) Declaration of redemption 126
2. Consequences 126
a) Redeemed share ceases to exist 126
b) Effects on registered share capital and nominal amounts of remaining
shares 126
aa) Registered share capital 126
bb) Rights and obligations of remaining shareholders 126
cc) Nominal amounts of remaining shares 127
m. Forfeiture of shares 127
IV. Abandonment of shares 127
V. Expulsion of a shareholder 128
1. General 128
2. Prerequisites 128
a) Good cause 128
b) Shareholders' resolution 129
c) Action for expulsion 129
d) Compensation 129
3. Legal consequences 129
VI. Withdrawal of a shareholder 130
1. General 130
2. Prerequisites 130
a) Good cause 130
b) Declaration of withdrawal 131
c) Decision of the company with respect to the share 131
Chapter 7: Transformations 133
I. Introduction to the Transformation Act 136
1. Particular importance for changing group structures „ 136
2. Reasons for changes to corporate structures 136
3. Transformation Act 136
a) Types of transformation most commonly occurring 136
b) Some advantages of transformation pursuant to the Transformation Act 136
c) Primary purpose of the Transformation Act «w«.,™_., 137
!
; The GmbH -Table of Contents XV
'; 4. Cross-border mergers 137
f a) Transformation Act/Community law 137
J b) European Directive on cross-border mergers 139
c) Implementation of the European Directive in Germany/How to do cross-
border mergers 140
d) Societas Europaea 142
I D. Merger 143
1. Purpose of a merger 143
2. Legal forms eligible for merger 143
3. General outline of merger proceedings 143
4. Merger agreement 144
a) Contents of the merger agreement 144
b) Submission of the merger agreement to the works councils 145
¦ c) Execution of the merger agreement 147
5. Merger report 147
i a) Contents of merger report 147
! b) Execution of merger report 148
c) Waiver of merger report 148
6. Audit of the merger 148
I 7. Shareholders' resolutions 149
I a) Majority and form requirements 149
I b) Timing 149
I c) Capital increase 149
I aa) Upstream merger 149
1 bb) Downstream merger 149
cc) Sidestream merger 150
8. Application for registration in the commercial register 151
a) Form requirements of application letter 151
b) Contents of application letter 152
c) Attachments to application letter 152
9. Registration/publication/effects 153
10. Rights of creditors 153
| 11. Managing and supervisory bodies of the predecessor entity 154
[ 12. Domination and profit and loss absorption agreements 154
i HI. Conversion 155
! 1. Purpose of a conversion 155
2. Legal forms eligible for conversion 155
3. General outline of conversion proceedings 155
4. Draft conversion resolution 156
5. Submission of the draft conversion resolution to the works council 157
6. Conversion report 157
7. Adoption of the conversion resolution 157
8. Application for registration in the commercial register 158
9. Registration/publication/effects 158
10. Rights of creditors 159
11. Conversion from a GmbH to a GmbH Co. KG 159
12. Domination and profit and loss absorption agreements 160
IV. Splitting 161
1. Purpose of a splitting 161
2. Available types of splittings 161
3. Legal forms eligible for splitting 161
4. General outline of splitting proceedings 162
5. Splitting and transfer agreement 162
a) Contents of the splitting and transfer agreement 162
b) Submission of the splitting and transfer agreement to the works coun¬
cil 163
c) Execution of the splitting and transfer agreement 164
XVI The GmbH -Table of Contents
6. Splitting report 164
7. Audit of the splitting 164
8. Shareholders' resolutions 165
a) Majority/form 165
b) Timing 165
c) Capital increase 165
d) Capital decrease 165
9. Application for registration in the commercial register 166
10. Registration/publication/effects 167
11. Rights/protection of creditors 167
a) Right to claim security 167
b) Joint and several liability of entities involved in the splitting 167
12. Spin-off or hive-out of contracts containing restriction of assignment clau¬
ses 168
13. Domination and profit and loss absorption agreements 169
Chapter 8: Groups of Companies 171
I. General 171
n. Groups of companies based on the existence of control 172
m. Groups of companies based on contract 173
IV. Domination and profit and loss absorption agreements 174
1. Object 174
2. Motives 174
a) Tax unity 174
b) Impact on co-determination 175
3. Entering into of the agreement 175
a) Execution of the agreement by managing directors 175
b) Form requirements 175
c) Shareholders' consent 176
d) Registration in commercial register 176
4. Termination of the agreement 176
a) Termination with notice 176
b) Termination by operation of law 176
aa) Merger 177
bb) Conversion 177
cc) Splitting 177
c) Termination without notice for good cause 177
aa) Merger 178
byconversion 178
cc) Splitting 178
d) Cancellation by mutual consent 179
e) Termination in the event of the disposal of the dominated entity 179
f) Registration in the commercial register 180
Chapter 9: Liquidation 181
I. General 181
D. Overview of the liquidation proceedings 181
in. Shareholders' resolution 182
IV. Registration and publication 182
1. Application for registration 182
2. Publication of the dissolution by the company 183
V. Liquidation process 183
1. Sale of assets/discharge of liabilities/collection of receivables 183
2. Corporate structure left intact 183
3. Shareholder receivables and payables 184
VI. End of liquidation 184
The GmbH -Table of Contents XVII
Chapter 10: The GmbH Co. KG 187
I. General 187
H. Legal nature of the GmbH Co. KG 188
1. The basic structure of a KG 188
a) Two different classes of partners 188
b) Liability of the partners of a KG 189
aa) General partner 189
bb) Limited partner 189
c) Resolutions/amendments of the partnership agreement 190
aa) Unanimity/no filing of partnership agreement 190
bb) Core elements rule (Kernbereicte/eJireVspecification rule (Bestimmtheits-
grundsatz) 190
d) Applications to the commercial register 190
e) Assignment of partnership interests 190
f) Treatment for tax purposes 191
2. Effects of a GmbH being the general partner of a KG 191
a) Limited liability 191
b) Possible structures of a GmbH Co. KG 191
III. Reasons for choosing a GmbH Co. KG 192
1. Flexibility combined with limited liability 192
2. Outside management personnel 192
3. Avoiding co-determination 193
a) One Third Participation Act 193
b) Co-Determination Act 193
Chapter 11: Use at foreign legal forms in Germany 195
I. The "Inspire Art" judgment of the European Court of Justice 196
H. Consequences in practice: the English Ltd 198
HI. The Ltd: a viable alternative legal form for doing business in Germany? 198
1. No minimum share capital requirement 199
2. Liability of shareholders and directors 199
3. Registration of a branch in Germany 200
4. Increased administrative expenses 202
5. Conclusion 204
Literature 207
About the Author 227
Index 229 |
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| author | Müller, Klaus Johannes 1972- |
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| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023217826 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:14:47Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:47:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783406569562 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Müller, Klaus Johannes 1972- Verfasser (DE-588)1226888674 aut The GmbH a guide to the German limited liability company by Klaus J. Müller 2. ed. München Beck 2009 XX, 234 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Private companies Germany GmbH (DE-588)4021365-1 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g GmbH (DE-588)4021365-1 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016403777&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Müller, Klaus Johannes 1972- The GmbH a guide to the German limited liability company Private companies Germany GmbH (DE-588)4021365-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4021365-1 (DE-588)4011882-4 |
| title | The GmbH a guide to the German limited liability company |
| title_auth | The GmbH a guide to the German limited liability company |
| title_exact_search | The GmbH a guide to the German limited liability company |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The GmbH a guide to the German limited liability company |
| title_full | The GmbH a guide to the German limited liability company by Klaus J. Müller |
| title_fullStr | The GmbH a guide to the German limited liability company by Klaus J. Müller |
| title_full_unstemmed | The GmbH a guide to the German limited liability company by Klaus J. Müller |
| title_short | The GmbH |
| title_sort | the gmbh a guide to the german limited liability company |
| title_sub | a guide to the German limited liability company |
| topic | Private companies Germany GmbH (DE-588)4021365-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Private companies Germany GmbH Deutschland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016403777&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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