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Noli: jeta në Amerikë

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Spahiu, Avni 1953- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Albanian
Veröffentlicht:	Tiranë Botimet Toena 2007
Schlagworte:	Noli, Fan > 1882-1965 USA
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract
Beschreibung:	Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
Beschreibung:	294 S.
ISBN:	9789994312443

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	PASQYRA ELENDES PARATHËNIE ...........................................................................7 PJESAEPARË Përtretja ..............,.................■................................................23 Rrëfimet autobiografike ......................................................37 Fan Noli në Amerike ..........................................................50 Noli dhe Dielli .................................................................56 Vatra e shqiptarëve të Amerikës dhe Noli...................... 63 Themelimi і Kishës Autoqefale Ortodokse Shqiptare .....71 Lărgimi dhe kthimi në Amerikë ......................................... 80 PJESAEDYTË Fan Noli dhe Faik Konica...................................................85 Noli kundër Zogut dhe aludimet për Konicën ............92 Ca njerëz të lodhur, ca të tjerë të trashë .....................95 Lista duhet plotësuar ......................................................97 DakoII ............................................................................98 Karriera politike dhe diplomatike ....................................107 Fan Noli si orator ..............................................................126 Publicistika e Nolit ...........................................................135 Letërkëmbimi ....................................................................140 Fan Noli dhe Norbert Jokli ..............................................145 Noli dhe Miss Edith Durhami.........................................149 Avni Spahiu Noli - jeta në Amerikë PJESAETRETË Koleksioni fonografik: Ligjërimi Nolian .........................153 Izraelite dhe Filistine .....................................................167 Historia e Skënderbeut ..................................................172 Bethoveni dhe Revolucioni Frëng ................................181 Noli si poet dhe Albumi ................................................189 Noli si përkthyes letrar .....................................................192 Fan Noli dhe vepra e Shekspirit .......................................201 Othelloja në gjuhën shqipe ...........................................205 Noli dhe Don Kishoti ...................................................208 Librai fetarë në shqip e anglisht .......................................211 Noli si njeri kontradiktor .................................................220 Një jetë e tërë në mërgim: Vitet e fundit ........................226 Noli dhe bashkëkohësit.................................................... 239 Konklúzión ........................................................................254 Summary ...........................................................................259 Kronologji biografike e Fan Nolit- 1882-1965..............273 Kronologji e shqiptarëve të Amerikës ..............................278 Burimetdhe literatura...................................................... 285 Avni Spahiu ___________ Noli- jeta në Amerike KONKLÚZIÓN Pas përzgjedhjes dhe paraqitjes se fakteve dhe ideve, e njëherazi edhe të mbarështrimit, shqyrtimit analizues dhe sistemit të tyre, arritëm të konstatojmë se veprimtaria e Nolit ne SHBA përbën një ndër periudhat tejet të rëndësishme të jetës dhe të veprës se tij. Ai krijoi si poet, dramaturg, përkthyes, prozator, diplomat, publicist, kritik letrar e muzikor, historian, prift reformator, kompozitor dhe gojëtar, duke ushtruar një ndikim të dukshëm si në gjuhësi, letërsi dhe kulturë, ashtu edhe në mendimin demokratikkombëtar dhe shoqëror. Si personalitet і artit, і kulturës, і fesë dhe і diturisë, Noli u bë një ndërlidhës і denjë і Rilindjes sonë Kombëtare me epokën tonë, і antikes me modernen, і traditës me novatoren, i vieres estetike dhe etike, i universales me vlerat kombëtare. Si i tille, ai u shndërrua në një nga ata krijues, veprat e shquara të të cilit janë jo vetëm pjesë e thesarit tonë kombëtar, por edhe pjesë përbërëse e kulturës së përbotshme. Emri і Theofan Stilian Nolit është і lidhur ngushtë me historinë dhe kulturen shqiptare të shekullit njëzet. Ai lindi, jetoi dhe vdiq larg atdheut. Por, që nga mërgimi ai punoi vetëm për Shqipërinë, ai krijoi gjëra madhështore që e lartësuan dinjitetin e shqiptarit, kurse në veprimtarinë e papushuar të përditshme iu përkushtua pavarësisë dhe konsolidimit të shtetit shqiptar dhe demokratizimit të jetës shqiptare. Si njeri që pati një jetë relativisht të gjatë (arriti moshën 85- vjeçare), jeta e tij e begatë, tronditëse dhe me përvojë të thellë, і -j.. Avni Spahiu ______________ ___________ Noli- jeta në Amerike dha mundësi, nga një anë që të vihej në shërbimin e popullit të vet të përvuajtur, e nga ana tjetër, i takoi të bëhej edhe dëshmitar і kulminacionit të Rilindjes Kombëtare shqiptare, i shpalljes së pavarësisë, і Luftërave Ballkanike, і paragjykimeve dhe і padrejtësive politike dhe diplomatike, i dy Luftërave Botërore, і fillimit të Luftës së Ftohtë, і shpartallim.it të fashizmit dhe nazizmit, і demaskimit të komunizmit, і luftës së Koresë dhe і konsolidimit të demokracisë amerikáne. Që nga rinia, atij i ka takuar të njohë një pjesë të madhe të Evropës, të Azisë, të Afrikës dhe, në fund, të Amerikës, ku i mbaroi udhëtimet e tij pesëdhjetëvjeçare. Noli u dërgua në Amerike nga patriote dhe veprimtarë të Rilindjes së vonë Kombëtare për organizimin e lëvizjes kombëtare të shqiptarëve në Amerikë. Atje, brenda një kohe të shkurtër Noli krijoi shoqërinë Besa-besë , që më pas u shkri në federatën Vatra , si dhe gazetën Dielli . Në Amerikë ai u detyrua të bëjë një punë të rëndë që të siguronte jetesën. Nga gjithë veprimtaritë e kësaj periudhe të jetës politike të Nolit, më e rëndësishmja është shkëputja e kishës ortodokse shqiptare dhe lufta kundër propagandes shoviniste greke. Për këtë qëllim më 1908 ai u dorëzua prift dhe, duke vazhduar traditën e nisur nga Kristoforidhi, përktheu shumë libra të ndryshëm të kishës në gjuhën shqipe. Bir fshatari, і etshëm për arsim dhe dituri, porsa arriti në SHBA і vazhdoi studimet në moshën 30-vjeçare, u diplomua në muzikë në Konservatorium, në moshën 50- vjeçare dhe doktoroi në moshën 63-vjeçare me tezën mbi Skënderbeun. Fan Noli përdori kishën si tribune për forcimin e shqiptarizmit. Përkrahës і luftës për çlirim nga sundimi osman (1910-1912), pas shpalljes së Pavarësisë, u vu në shërbim të qeverisë kombëtare të Vlorës. Pikëpamjet mbi organizimin e shtetit, politiken e brendshme e të jashtme, і shtjelloi në shkrime e fjalime në vitet 1921-1924. Luftoi që shteti të vinte në jetë Avni Spahiu „r- Noli - jeta në Amerikë parimét e demokracisë së përparuar. Në krye të qeverisë, Fan Noli і shpalli këto paríme demokratike, por ai dhe bashkëpunëtorët e tij nuk treguan vendosmërinë e duhur për ťi zbatuar deri në fund. Ai shprehu aspiratën e shqiptarëve për liri dhe për shoqëri demokratike, për drej tësi e përparim. Idetë noliane u zhvilluan e u poqën dhe arritën kulme të mendimit shqiptar. Ndonëse і mërguar, ai ishte për shumë kohë tribun i demokracisë shqiptare. Ai prodhoi një varg krijimesh me nivel të lartë artistik, ku rrihen disa nga problemet kryesore të kohës. Kontributi më і madh і Fan Nolit në letërsinë shqipe ishin shqipërimet e tij, por edhe puna e tij si stilist po edhe si poet і rebelimit dhe i ndryshimit. Bashkë me Faik Konicën, Noli mund të konsiderohet si stilisti më і madh në gjuhën shqipe. Njohja e shumë gjuhëve të rëndësishme botërore і bëri atij të mundur të zhvillonte shqipen në një gjuhë të përpunuar dhe të rrjedhshme, në një gjuhë me potencial të madh letrar dhe krijues. Ndonëse ai shkroi pak në aspektin krijues letrar, Fan Noli megjithatë mbetet një nga viganët e letërsisë shqipe. Ai ishte ndër mjeshtrit e poezisë shqiptare, kurse lirikat e tij ngërthejnë përgjithësime të rëndësishme artistike dhe shquhen nga fuqia e shprehjeve poetike emociónale. Fan Noli u kushtoi vëmendje të posaçme edhe studimeve historike. Në këtë fushë interesimi і tij u përqendrua rreth jetës dhe bëmave të Gjergj Kastriotit Skënderbeut. Monografitë Historia e Skënderbeut, botimi і dytë і plotësuar dhe і ripunuar doli më 1947, dhe Historia e Skënderbeut (1949) në gjuhën angleze, shënojnë një etapë më të lartë në studimet për heroin kombëtar. Fan Noli u mor edhe me muzikologji. Monografía e tij, Bethoveni dhe Revolucioni Frëng (1947) në gjuhën angleze u çmua lart nga specialiste dhe personalitete të shquara evropiane të kohës. Ai është autor edhe і një vargu kompozimesh muzikore, nga të cilat vlen të përmendet një rapsodi për Skënderbeun, etj. Fan Noli la përkthime mjeshtërore të disa veprave të shkrimtarëve -_. Avni Spahiu Noli- jeta në Amerikë të shquar botërorë, si Shekspiri, Ibseni, Servantesi, Khajami, etj. Vepra e tij poetike, publicistike dhe përkthimet luajtën rol të rëndësishëm për formimin shpirtëror të intelektualëve demokrate të viteve njëzet dhe e ruajnë edhe sot vieren e tyre. Nuk ka pikë dyshimi se Noli, qoftë si shqipërues dhe poet, qoftë si themelues і kishës ortodokse shqiptare dhe publicist e historian, ka sjellë nxitje, ide, pikëpamje, koncepte, tendenca dhe lëvizje të reja, si për letërsinë dhe diturinë shqiptare, ashtu edhe për ndërgjegjësimin kulturor, civilizues dhe kombëtar të shqiptarëve. Njëherazi, ai ka pasuruar kombin shqiptar me frymëzime, aspirata, ideale dhe sisteme vlerash që ende nuk ishin të pranishme në mjediset shqiptare. Me një fjalë, dalja e tij në skenën kombëtare dhe historike, herë si luftëtar për zgjimin, bashkimin dhe vëllazërinë kombëtare, herë si emancipues kulturor dhe herë si prijatar і lirisë dhe і pavarësisë kombëtare, ka shënuar një lloj kthese të vërtetë në zhvillimin e mendimit demokratik shqiptar. Në këtë punim është bërë përpjekje për të hedhur dritë përgjithësisht mbi personalitetin e tij poliedrik, duke e zbuluar atë si udhëheqës të lëvizjes kombëtare e demokratike, klerik dhe shtetar, artist dhe dijetar, i cili jetoi e veproi në SHBA. Përmes mendimeve të bashkëkohësve të tij, është bërë edhe një përshkrim і Nolit për ta njohur atë edhe si njeri. Edhe pse ai jetoi gjatë dhe qe protagonist dhe pjesëmarrës në ngjarje që vendosën fatin e Shqipërisë dhe të shoqërisë shqiptare, edhe pse bashkëpunoi duke u lidhur me qindra njerëz në atdhe e në diaspore, kujtimet e njerëzve për të merren kryesisht me rolet që ai ka lozur, por vazhdojnë të mos shterin kundërthëniet e tij si njeri. Në fakt, się del nga të gjithë ata që e kanë njohur njeriun me personalitet te Noli, emri і tij vazhdon të jetë sfidues, ndonëse ai vazhdon të jetë personifikim jo vetëm për atdhetarin dhe demokratin, jo vetëm për poetin dhe shkrimtarin, jo vetëm për Avni Spahiu „__ ~ ¿01 Noli - jeta në Amerike një nga etërit e qytetërimit shqiptar, por edhe për njeriun si njeri dhe si një prej shëmbëlltyrave më të ndritura të botës shqiptare. Për Nolin, ashtu sic ndodh me shumë njerëz të shquar, janë krijuar mite dhe mitet e errësojnë të vërtetën. Vete ai është shndërruar në mit dhe vazhdon të qëndrojë i tille, madje edhe në përshkrimet që i běhen nga të tjerët dhe hije të së cilës gjenden edhe në veprën dhe jetën e tij. Figura e tij duhet pare pa këto hije të krijimit të mitit, duke e vënë atë në kontekstin e përgjithshëm social e psikologjik. Përpjekjet për të mbledhur kujtime nga bashkëkohësit që hedhin dritë mbi Nolin si njeri, nuk kanë munguar. Ato i gjejmë në komunitetin shqiptar në SHBA, ku studiues dhe njerëz të zellshëm, sado të pakte, kanë kryer hulumtime, të cilat і kanë botuar dhe vazhdojnë t i botojnë, ngaqë figura e Nolit vazhdon të jetë një gurrë e pashtershme për studiues të fushave të ndryshme. Avni Spahiu Noli- jeta në Amerike SUMMARY Essentially, the motivation for research on Theofan Stilian Noli is multifaceted: his grandeur and multidimensional figure, being an Albanian and American dignitary, an intellectual, author, religious man, translator, historian, musician, poet, statesman, and diplomat. He contributed to the Albanian-American friendship and to the Albanian national cause, together with another great man of letters, Faik Konica. Both of them left behind a legacy of great works of culture, literature, history, diplomacy and letters. In working on this book I attempted to collect, systemize and present the topics and problems dealing with Fan Noli, his work and his time in the United States of America from 1906 to 1965. I began with the time he first arrived to the Promised Land and continued through to the last days of his life before his passing away in March 1965 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. I dealt in particular with Noli s research work and his cultural and publication activities in English. After confining my focus to Noli s stay in Europe, I then continued with his second and final trip to the USA in the capacity of the archbishop of Albanian Orthodox Church in Boston, and the becoming of an uncrowned leader of Albanian-American community. The first part of the book includes a history and chronology of Albanian immigration in America - settlement and adoption Avni Spahiu „_„ Noli - jeta ne Amerike to the new life of the first Albanian arrivals in the new world - focus on the reasons and motivations for Noli s arrival to America as a result of an overall patriotic activity by the late representatives of the Albanian Awakening in the beginning of the 20th century. In particular, Noli s humanitarian, cultural and patriotic engagement, inspired and forged by the ideologists of the National Awakening are described. The second part focused on the political and diplomatic career of Noli; the third part involves a continued creative activity by Noli as author, translator of Shakespeare, Edgar Alan Poe, Cervantes, Hugo, etc., translation of religious books and psalms and other works by him, which include both original and translated poems. Led by scientific conviction and objectivity in observing and discussing the activity and character of this notable Albanian of the last century, and being convinced that Nolian studies have not been concluded yet, I concentrated mainly on fifty years of Noli s activities in the United States. Although the subject scope seemed wide and unexhausted, it needed a sophisticated concentration, rather than an extended generalization and undetermined assessment of the past. The result was a critical and analytical approach to Noli s activities in the USA, including reasons why interest was taken on him by historians, scholars, translators, literary critics, diplomats, etc. The wide and diverse amount of studies dealing with Theofan Stilian Noli remains a source of valuable information for major and critical periods of Albanian national history of modern times, and this book is an attempt at shedding new light on the subject. I found to be of particular interest the background of the first Albanian arrivals in America, their organization, . f{. Avni Spahiu ______________ ______________ Noli- jeta ne Amerike establishment of first colonies and societies, and the arrival of Fan Noli to this community. His arrival and his first activities at the beginning of his career among Albanian-Americans marked a particular date of importance in the development of Albanian Diaspora in the States. Based not only on data from his Autobiography but from other recollections of his contemporaries and materials gathered in the United States, it has been made clear that Noli, began as a journalist and over time he achieved growth and success, including becoming: the editor for the Kombi newspaper in Boston, founder of the first societies of Albanian- Americans, founder of the periodical Dielli , the first preacher of an Albanian church, and a talented speaker in the meetings held and organized by Albanian-Americans during 1910-11,12, in support of galvanization of the Albanian cause. Later on, working together with other Albanian-American community notable names in Massachusetts, particularly with his life-long companion Faik. Konica, Noli was enthusiastically involved in developing his Pan-Albanian Society Vatra. This society played an extraordinary role in the overall Albanian national movement, and it assisted in Albania achieving its independence in 1912. Noli gave an undeniable contribution to Vatra in its educational, illuminating, publicizing and diplomatic efforts. It had turned, for a certain period of time prior to the declaration of Albania s independence, into a government in exile. Vatra also supported the first Government of Ismail Qemali and that of the German Prince Wied at a later stage during the Balkan wars and World War One. It published a number of important books and articles deploring the massacres, persecution and reprisals against Albanians by the Greek, Serb and Montenegrin armies during World War One. Vatra also renounced and condemned the secret Treaty of London of 1915 regarding further partitioning of Albania, doing what it could on the internationalization of Avni Spahiu - ,1 ~ /01 Noli - jeta ne Amerike the Albanian national issue. It sent its leader, Fan Noli to meet US President Wilson and ask him for US support at the Peace Conference in Paris (1918) to prevent Albania s dismemberment, and to become the protectorate over Albania. Vatra also sent Fan Noli to the Lushnja Congress, to the Paris Peace Conference, and to Geneva to represent Albania to the League of Nations (1921). Noli was sent to represent Albanian- Americans to the newly formed Albanian Parliament (1921-24), where he tried to introduce Albania of the 20 s to the ideas, principles and concepts of American democracy. According to Noli s deep convictions, American principles and values were meant to save Albania considering the fact that Anglo-Saxon culture would suit best to the puritan spirit of the Albanian race. Finally, in June 1924 Vatra gave to Albania the Prime Minister of the Republic. In brief, Noli was sure that without Vatra there would be no Albania today. This part also includes the history of Noli founding the Albanian Orthodox Church in Boston (1908) as a response to the Greek anti-Albanian plots and the Hellenizing attempts by the Greek Church. In a drive to raise educational and national awareness among Albanian- Americans, Noli translated into Albanian, almost at once, a selected number of liturgical books for the church services. Importantly, very often a mass held by Noli turned into a nationalist propagandist movement aimed at friendship, tolerance, brotherhood, and the eliciting of feelings of national unity. Of particular weight were Noli s 1908 articles on future emancipation of the Albanian people, published in Kombi and other periodicals. Noli authentically and genuinely treats the question of religion among Albanians. He complains that the world refuses to recognize the tradition of Albanian religious tolerance, reiterating time and again that religions represent an obstacle to their unity and progress. Noli was aware of the fact Avni Spahiu Noli- jeta ne Amerike that religions were a historical heritage left to Albanians. Albanian National Revival representatives made attempts to either put religion aside or they tried to forge a new faith that, according to them, would unite Albanians. However, both the people and religious leaders opposed such attempts. On his part, Noli was convinced that Albanians needed no religious leaders, seeing them as causing unnecessary religious and national divisions, becoming blind instruments of anti-Albanian politics. Noli was deeply convinced that what Albanians needed were true priests and bishops, as well as imams and muftis; God-fearing and ready to spread in zeal and justice God s commandments. He pays great attention to the fact that religious leaders should be servants to God and to Albanians as well; he realizes that they must make it clear to the people that one may have a particular religion inherited from his predecessors, but he may not choose another ethnicity and fight against his own without staining his forehead with of big seal of treason. Noli s message is that when God sent down His prophets He did not send them to make Albanians kill each other, but to live in friendship and love with each other and live in happiness in peace and freedom. In the conclusion of this part, the book describes several trips made by Noli from America to Europe (1911-1918), going on various missions relevant to the national cause, having been sent either by Vatra, or the Albanian Government. Following the collapse of his Republican Government by the end of 1924, Noli was trapped for 9 years as an immigrant in Europe, and in 1933 his journeys outside America finally came to an end, and he returned with mixed emotions, feeling the bitter despair of having to live forever on a foreign soil. Further on in the second part, relations between Noli and F. Konica have been presented and discussed, as well as Noli Avni Spahiu Noli - jeta ne Amerike 263 relations with the famous Albanian scholar N. Jokl and Miss Durham, a well-known friend of the Albanians. Here the political career, journalistic work, speech making and correspondence of Fan Noli are discussed. A considerable number of facts, explanations and ideas on the relationships between Noli and Konica have been brought forward. This section includes conclusions on Konica s role and relevance for the Albanian world of culture and literature, as well as his friendship with Noli, their co-operation, polemics, and debates involving the two most remarkable figures of the contemporary Albanian culture. The reader is exposed to a presentation of the chronology of co-operation between the two, starting with their initial relationship in the beginning of the 20th when they were involved in polemics. Their interactive relationship was from time to time fierce, exaggerated and inciting, and it has presented an interesting and extraordinary richness for the Albanian culture in general, as they bear an insignia of a high level and beautiful style, intellectual insight and a rare polemics vocabulary. Both Konica and Noli remained close and inseparable friends as they were joined by many ideas, points of view, qualities, culture, aspirations and common values. Despite their polemics they were able to preserve in their souls a deep respect for each other, an intellectual tolerance and friendship, full of reverence for each other. A brief description of Noli s friendship with the well-known German-born Albanian scholar Norbert Jokl is also provided. Jokl highly appreciated Noli s talent as a translator, especially after reading his translation of Khayam s Rubaiyats. Aware of Jokl s high culture, knowledge and authority in the science of linguistics in general and Albanian studies in particular, Noli wrote a letter to the German authorities in order to spare the life of this great scholar of Albanian culture of Jewish origin - however, unfortunately, he never received a positive reply. .,. Avni Spahiu ______________ ¿04: Noli- jeta ne Amerike Continuing on, the friendship between Noli and Miss Edith Durham, a much-esteemed British author among Albanians, is presented. In this part, particular attention has been paid to the diplomatic activities of Fan Noli on his important missions to the League of Nations, before and after Albania s membership. Noli had manifested a great talent for diplomacy, especially on the occasion of presentation of his memorandum of unprecedented historical and diplomatic importance to the Versailles Conference in 1918. It should be pointed out that this was one of the Albanian masterpieces of diplomatic memorandum ever written. Noli also demonstrated his diplomatic potential during WorldWar Two, collaborating with Konica, Zog, Zavalani, and others in protecting the rights of the Albanian people to its subsistence and independence. In addition, speaking of Noli as a speech-maker, it should be pointed out that Noli s speech-making covered various topics over time, and falls into three categories: patriotic, ecclesiastical, and political- cultural. As the Albanian National Movement developed, Noli s speech-making ability grew in its variety. Noli had a rare speech- making ability, as he possessed the power of presentation, unfolding of argument, eloquence, sweet voice, power of word and fact, and an efficient way of reasoning of concept. He was able to not only to grab the attention of the listener, but he entirely captivate him. In the meantime, Noli s works as publicist have turned out to be a chronicle of the Albanian political, national and social life of the time. Noli s journalistic works developed over a long span of time, and it may be divided into four main periods; the same, as his correspondence with his friends and various dignitaries. The third part, containing 13 various chapters, is the most extensive. It presents two groups of topics and the issues are analyzed in detail. This contains Noli s contribution as a Avni Spahiu Noli - jeta ne Amerike 265 playwright, poet, religious man, historian, translator, artist and scientist with a critical approach. This section throws light on unknown facts from Noli s activities; analyzing Noli as a man of contradiction, his character, education, outlook, principles, stances, values, virtues, impressions, his communication skills, his friends and well-wishers; Noli s relations with dignitaries and ordinary folk, ideologies, and finally his relations with his detractors and enemies, including opinions of some of Noli s contemporaries. Noli s first original work, Israelites and Philistines, a topic borrowed from the Old Testament, points out an idea that believing in truth and commitment toward a cause, one should be ready to sacrifice at the altar of the fatherland. Samson has been portrayed in this play as a superhuman figure who, on one side, has no wish of using power or violence in spreading out his truth, and on the other, to defend his truth and the sublime ideal Samson is ready for any kind of sacrifice. Samson s drama is a clear allusion to an approaching uprising by Albanians, while the colossal figure of Samson not only represents the Albanian hero and his philosophical dilemma, but also the author himself Noli, had an affinity to identify himself with heroic figures, as he had previously identified himself with Christ and Scanderbeg, two of his lifetime revered figures. Many pay respect and attention to Noli as a historian, particularly as author of the History of Scanderbeg (George Kastrioti) - King of Albania (1921), with which Noli reached his peak as a historian. But he is also an artistic writer, as this historical work of his was also a true artistic work and masterpiece of writing. In writing his book, Fan Noli researched the earliest and best books on Scanderbeg (Barleti, Biemm, Tivarius, G. Buzaka, D. Frangu, etc), and in using his rich imagination, he embodied „ f . Avni Spahiu ¿60 Noli- jeta ne Amerike once again with the legendary and national figure of Scanderbeg. In this way, Noli s work on Scanderbeg became a very popular and widely read book, admired overwhelmingly by readers who took pride with Noli s Scanderbeg s figure. This first work by Noli on Scanderbeg had been written not only a historical book, but also as a work written by a true fiction writer. In addition, by passing of time, incited and enchanted by the great figure of the national hero, Noli began his dedicated work of scholarly research through archives and old sources in order to write yet another study volume on Scanderbeg. Hence, in 1945 at the age of 64, his persistent and self-sacrificing work resulted in defending his PhD thesis in English in Boston, entitled: George Kastrioti - Scanderbeg. This time Noli wrote based on primary documents and most important studies on Scanderbeg that was starting forth from the principle that every hero in history had to pass through three stages - glorification, denunciation and réévaluation. Noli not only distinguishes tradition from legend, primary document from the secondary one, but he also presents and unfolds arguments that contributed to the resistance and successful battle waged by Scanderbeg against the invading Ottomans. In Noli s assessment of Scanderbeg s resistance and fighting, he points out that there are four views of particular importance: (1.) that his war was a Christian crusade against the Turks; (2.) that it was a long war of resistance against the two greatest Sultans of Turkey; (3.) that it represents an important chapter of the history of Balkans, and (4.) that it was a war of classes of free Albanian peasantry against Turkish feudalism on one hand and Venetian capitalism on the other. Some of these viewpoints led T. Zavalani to describe Noli s book as a work wearing Marxist ideas. In 1947 Noli published in New York an improved and updated version of his 1921 History of Scanderbeg - King of Albania. Avni Spahiu Noli - jeta ne Amerike 267 Noli also published in English, an important study called Beethoven and the French Revolution, bringing an excellent portrayal of Beethoven as a revolutionary in his efforts to turn his music into a powerful means of rising up the masses and transforming the traditional society into a more humane one. This scholarly book had been highly evaluated by famous authors such as Bernard Shaw and Thomas Mann. Further, details of Album 1 and 2 have been presented in the book with chapters on Noli as a translator, not only of religious texts and service books, but also his earlier and later translations done in the USA. In the period between 1906 and 1918, Noli translated a total of 21 novels, short stories, fragments, poems, and plays from 7 various languages and literatures. Among the authors he translated were Heraclites, Molier, Shakespeare, V. Irwin, Ε. Α. Poe, Η. W. Longfellow, Gi De Mopasan, Stendhal, R Edges, Tolstoy, Björnson, A, Pescev, M. Gorky, etc. His second phase of translations took place mainly in Europe, and in his third phase, Noli appears with his Don Quixote of Cervantes and a number of poems - true jewels of poetic art, published in his Albums. Both in the first and other phases of his activity as translator, Noli shows certain relevant motives for the translations. Hence, it may be concluded that while the religious texts were written by Fan Noli for church reasons and for reason of individual and national dignity, some of his earlier translations make one believe that the motive behind them was raising the conscience for national feeling of freedom, resistance against the occupation and in favor of independence, and we find such as for example P. Edges story Two kinds of force , Gi De Mopasan story Two Friends , Stendhal s novel Vanina Vanini , etc. Another time, he switches the motive. By translating into Albanian the poem Scanderbeg by the American poet H. W -,0 Avni Spahiu ______________ ____________ Nou. jeta ne Amerike Longfellow, Noli claims that absence of works in the Albanian language had been compelling to him to set a popular library in order to give my fellow compatriots some selected works from world literature. Noli continues saying that Scanderbeg by the American author is perhaps the most beautiful one ever written about our national hero, and the American poet, he says, has used all his skill in order to present the qualities and virtues of the Albanian hero. Almost all of Noli s translations have a motive behind them. This is also true for the translations of Shakespeare s works; thus, by translating Othello he not only wanted to enrich Albanian literature with one of the works of the world-famous author, but he also wanted to pass a message on ethical and philosophical experience to his Albanian readers. Also, through the translation of Macbeth , Noli tried to stigmatize and tarnish the usurpers and culprits of the throne. By translating Julius Caesar he was referring to the adventure of revolutionary liberators, both humane and inhumane, and by translating Hamlet he brought forth sick ambition, disloyalty, hypocrisy, crime, dilemma, faced by a disappointed mind, injustice, and Hamlet s revenge. However, with the translation of Khayam s Rubaiyats he not only brought to the Albanian literature one of the pearls of world literature, but he also raised up to the sky the freedom of thought of livelihood, joy, life s pleasure, principle of optimism, noble aim of life, magic power of love, the right to life s pleasures, expansion of living horizon, and courage to cope with death. It is not strange, therefore, that his translations were received with an unusually positive evaluation by A. Xhuvani, who called it the most beautiful and valued work done by Noli, an invaluable stone of our literature. And, finally, with the translation of Cervantes Don Quixote , Noli gave a powerful blow to the follies, wrongdoings, and foolishness of outdated notables of modern Avni Spahiu .¿n Noli - jeta ne Amerike times. Identifying a literary and artistic work belonging to foreign literature, of a different time and space, with the bitter reality of his own time and country, Noli goes further in drawing a parallel between the Spain of Don Quixote s time and Albanian of his living time, equating Don Quixote and Sancho Pancha with the beys and rascals of Albania, and their attempts to hinder the surge of history. Here are some of Noli s thoughts on Don Quixote: Don Quixote died the way he lived, as a medieval knight who escaped in modern times. Will Albanians die in that fashion too? Here is the tragedy of Albania with backward Albanians. One of the most striking and interesting topics on Noli s contradictions is treated in the Chapter named Noli as a contradictory man. This chapter offers a dense analytical and critical observation on Noli s contradictions, inconsistencies and antagonisms. Noli has most often been portrayed as a man full of contradictions with internal conflicts of soul. He is often seen as a person with inscrutable psychology, never calm, occasionally isolated, sometimes in opposition to others and sometimes even in disagreement with his own self. Noli is a genius of multiple values who stands alone, cut off from his surroundings, pulled apart from the mediocrity of masses; a person who never finds the peace of mind. Noli is a dissatisfied rebel, with a fury of revenge, and a display of anger for having lost the battle, but he is never-ending in his ideal of freedom and the emancipation of his own nation. As there are many opposing persons in Noli s persona, and as Noli also possesses spiritual contradictions, the entire life of Noli seems to be a clashing of opposites, a mixture of internal conflicts. We can clearly see his tendencies appearing through a spiritual battle, the idealistic against the materialistic, democrat ._- Avni Spahiu « Noli- jeta në Amerike against dictatorial ideologies, revolutionary against peaceful and vice-versa, and so on. One should also ad here some other contradictions when God s servant appears to be a supporter of Bolshevism, the true intellectual expressing understanding for Albania s partisans, etc. For such reasons, Noli was accused of being a red priest, having nothing in common with the dogma. However, Noli, before all, was an Albanian, a late Revivalist, a patriot, democrat, an erudite intellectual of wide culture, who, like Konica, any time he liked, approved or embraced an idea, point of view, or new principle or idea, and was always ready to reason and bring proof to his arguments. In the concluding chapter entitled, Noli and Contemporaries, testimonies by people who knew Noli are presented, and they are divided in two groups: those who value Noli so highly as to glorify and turn him into a myth, and those who attack and stigmatize him. This also includes those of our present-day time who try to re-evaluate him through objectivity and arguments. In conclusion, one may say that a number of facts and accounts show that for over a half a centuiy Noli certainly lived and worked in America. However, America was his second homeland, whom he loved both for making it possible for him to develop his intellectual, human, and national talents, abilities, and ideals, and for being able to carry out his extensive cultural and political duties and tasks. Noli loved America; especially because of the support America gave to Albanians in decisive moments in their history. This is also reflected in the words of an eloquent speech Noli held before Albanian-Americans: Albanians began arriving to America when their fatherland was still a Turkish province. They were fleeing from Turkish bad government, hunger, persecution, religious obstruction and want. They were received here, at these hospitable, coasts open- Avni Spahiu ._.. Noli - jeta ne Amerike handed; they were given the opportunity to earn for their own selves and for the relatives they left behind; they were treated as equal, they enjoyed the blessing of religious tolerance, freedom of press and assembly; they saw the sweet light of freedom and democracy, and for more, they rose the torch that led them in their old country in their fierce struggle for national independence. In yet another example of Noli s excellent speech-making he presents the question of liberty and civilization on one side, and the struggle against barbarity and autocracy, on the other. He argues that America s war for democracy is but a crusade similar to that waged by our national hero, George Kastrioti - Scanderbeg. On this occasion, Noli s words come to mind: Scanderbeg fought at his time against barbarity and paganism, like America and its allies are fighting today to save civilization. His soul would take joy if he saw we are carrying out our duty in this big cause, which after all is also an Albanian cause. This study of Noli is concluded with a synthesizing conclusion, a biographical chronology and bibliographical literature used. The Author »„л Avni Spahiu Noli- jeta ne Amerike
adam_txt	PASQYRA ELENDES PARATHËNIE .7 PJESAEPARË Përtretja .,.■.23 Rrëfimet autobiografike .37 Fan Noli në Amerike .50 Noli dhe "Dielli" .56 "Vatra" e shqiptarëve të Amerikës dhe Noli. 63 Themelimi і Kishës Autoqefale Ortodokse Shqiptare .71 Lărgimi dhe kthimi në Amerikë . 80 PJESAEDYTË Fan Noli dhe Faik Konica.85 Noli kundër Zogut dhe aludimet për Konicën .92 "Ca njerëz të lodhur, ca të tjerë të trashë .95 Lista duhet plotësuar .97 DakoII .98 Karriera politike dhe diplomatike .107 Fan Noli si orator .126 Publicistika e Nolit .135 Letërkëmbimi .140 Fan Noli dhe Norbert Jokli .145 Noli dhe Miss Edith Durhami.149 Avni Spahiu Noli - jeta në Amerikë PJESAETRETË Koleksioni fonografik: Ligjërimi Nolian .153 "Izraelite dhe Filistine" .167 "Historia e Skënderbeut" .172 "Bethoveni dhe Revolucioni Frëng" .181 Noli si poet dhe "Albumi" .189 Noli si përkthyes letrar .192 Fan Noli dhe vepra e Shekspirit .201 "Othelloja" në gjuhën shqipe .205 Noli dhe "Don Kishoti" .208 Librai fetarë në shqip e anglisht .211 Noli si njeri kontradiktor .220 Një jetë e tërë në mërgim: Vitet e fundit .226 Noli dhe bashkëkohësit. 239 Konklúzión .254 Summary .259 Kronologji biografike e Fan Nolit- 1882-1965.273 Kronologji e shqiptarëve të Amerikës .278 Burimetdhe literatura. 285 Avni Spahiu _ Noli- jeta në Amerike KONKLÚZIÓN ' Pas përzgjedhjes dhe paraqitjes se fakteve dhe ideve, e njëherazi edhe të mbarështrimit, shqyrtimit analizues dhe sistemit të tyre, arritëm të konstatojmë se veprimtaria e Nolit ne SHBA përbën një ndër periudhat tejet të rëndësishme të jetës dhe të veprës se tij. Ai krijoi si poet, dramaturg, përkthyes, prozator, diplomat, publicist, kritik letrar e muzikor, historian, prift reformator, kompozitor dhe gojëtar, duke ushtruar një ndikim të dukshëm si në gjuhësi, letërsi dhe kulturë, ashtu edhe në mendimin demokratikkombëtar dhe shoqëror. Si personalitet і artit, і kulturës, і fesë dhe і diturisë, Noli u bë një ndërlidhës і denjë і Rilindjes sonë Kombëtare me epokën tonë, і antikes me modernen, і traditës me novatoren, i vieres estetike dhe etike, i universales me vlerat kombëtare. Si i tille, ai u shndërrua në një nga ata krijues, veprat e shquara të të cilit janë jo vetëm pjesë e thesarit tonë kombëtar, por edhe pjesë përbërëse e kulturës së përbotshme. Emri і Theofan Stilian Nolit është і lidhur ngushtë me historinë dhe kulturen shqiptare të shekullit njëzet. Ai lindi, jetoi dhe vdiq larg atdheut. Por, që nga mërgimi ai punoi vetëm për Shqipërinë, ai krijoi gjëra madhështore që e lartësuan dinjitetin e shqiptarit, kurse në veprimtarinë e papushuar të përditshme iu përkushtua pavarësisë dhe konsolidimit të shtetit shqiptar dhe demokratizimit të jetës shqiptare. Si njeri që pati një jetë relativisht të gjatë (arriti moshën 85- vjeçare), jeta e tij e begatë, tronditëse dhe me përvojë të thellë, і -j. Avni Spahiu _ _ Noli- jeta në Amerike dha mundësi, nga një anë që të vihej në shërbimin e popullit të vet të përvuajtur, e nga ana tjetër, i takoi të bëhej edhe dëshmitar і kulminacionit të Rilindjes Kombëtare shqiptare, i shpalljes së pavarësisë, і Luftërave Ballkanike, і paragjykimeve dhe і padrejtësive politike dhe diplomatike, i dy Luftërave Botërore, і fillimit të Luftës së Ftohtë, і shpartallim.it të fashizmit dhe nazizmit, і demaskimit të komunizmit, і luftës së Koresë dhe і konsolidimit të demokracisë amerikáne. Që nga rinia, atij i ka takuar të njohë një pjesë të madhe të Evropës, të Azisë, të Afrikës dhe, në fund, të Amerikës, ku i mbaroi udhëtimet e tij pesëdhjetëvjeçare. Noli u dërgua në Amerike nga patriote dhe veprimtarë të Rilindjes së vonë Kombëtare për organizimin e lëvizjes kombëtare të shqiptarëve në Amerikë. Atje, brenda një kohe të shkurtër Noli krijoi shoqërinë "Besa-besë", që më pas u shkri në federatën "Vatra", si dhe gazetën "Dielli". Në Amerikë ai u detyrua të bëjë një punë të rëndë që të siguronte jetesën. Nga gjithë veprimtaritë e kësaj periudhe të jetës politike të Nolit, më e rëndësishmja është shkëputja e kishës ortodokse shqiptare dhe lufta kundër propagandes shoviniste greke. Për këtë qëllim më 1908 ai u dorëzua prift dhe, duke vazhduar traditën e nisur nga Kristoforidhi, përktheu shumë libra të ndryshëm të kishës në gjuhën shqipe. Bir fshatari, і etshëm për arsim dhe dituri, porsa arriti në SHBA і vazhdoi studimet në moshën 30-vjeçare, u diplomua në muzikë në Konservatorium, në moshën 50- vjeçare dhe doktoroi në moshën 63-vjeçare me tezën mbi Skënderbeun. Fan Noli përdori kishën si tribune për forcimin e shqiptarizmit. Përkrahës і luftës për çlirim nga sundimi osman (1910-1912), pas shpalljes së Pavarësisë, u vu në shërbim të qeverisë kombëtare të Vlorës. Pikëpamjet mbi organizimin e shtetit, politiken e brendshme e të jashtme, і shtjelloi në shkrime e fjalime në vitet 1921-1924. Luftoi që shteti të vinte në jetë Avni Spahiu „r- Noli - jeta në Amerikë parimét e demokracisë së përparuar. Në krye të qeverisë, Fan Noli і shpalli këto paríme demokratike, por ai dhe bashkëpunëtorët e tij nuk treguan vendosmërinë e duhur për ťi zbatuar deri në fund. Ai shprehu aspiratën e shqiptarëve për liri dhe për shoqëri demokratike, për drej'tësi e përparim. Idetë noliane u zhvilluan e u poqën dhe arritën kulme të mendimit shqiptar. Ndonëse і mërguar, ai ishte për shumë kohë tribun i demokracisë shqiptare. Ai prodhoi një varg krijimesh me nivel të lartë artistik, ku rrihen disa nga problemet kryesore të kohës. Kontributi më і madh і Fan Nolit në letërsinë shqipe ishin shqipërimet e tij, por edhe puna e tij si stilist po edhe si poet і rebelimit dhe i ndryshimit. Bashkë me Faik Konicën, Noli mund të konsiderohet si stilisti më і madh në gjuhën shqipe. Njohja e shumë gjuhëve të rëndësishme botërore і bëri atij të mundur të zhvillonte shqipen në një gjuhë të përpunuar dhe të rrjedhshme, në një gjuhë me potencial të madh letrar dhe krijues. Ndonëse ai shkroi pak në aspektin krijues letrar, Fan Noli megjithatë mbetet një nga viganët e letërsisë shqipe. Ai ishte ndër mjeshtrit e poezisë shqiptare, kurse lirikat e tij ngërthejnë përgjithësime të rëndësishme artistike dhe shquhen nga fuqia e shprehjeve poetike emociónale. Fan Noli u kushtoi vëmendje të posaçme edhe studimeve historike. Në këtë fushë interesimi і tij u përqendrua rreth jetës dhe bëmave të Gjergj Kastriotit Skënderbeut. Monografitë Historia e Skënderbeut, botimi і dytë і plotësuar dhe і ripunuar doli më 1947, dhe Historia e Skënderbeut (1949) në gjuhën angleze, shënojnë një etapë më të lartë në studimet për heroin kombëtar. Fan Noli u mor edhe me muzikologji. Monografía e tij, Bethoveni dhe Revolucioni Frëng (1947) në gjuhën angleze u çmua lart nga specialiste dhe personalitete të shquara evropiane të kohës. Ai është autor edhe і një vargu kompozimesh muzikore, nga të cilat vlen të përmendet një rapsodi për Skënderbeun, etj. Fan Noli la përkthime mjeshtërore të disa veprave të shkrimtarëve -_. Avni Spahiu Noli- jeta në Amerikë të shquar botërorë, si Shekspiri, Ibseni, Servantesi, Khajami, etj. Vepra e tij poetike, publicistike dhe përkthimet luajtën rol të rëndësishëm për formimin shpirtëror të intelektualëve demokrate të viteve njëzet dhe e ruajnë edhe sot vieren e tyre. Nuk ka pikë dyshimi se Noli, qoftë si shqipërues dhe poet, qoftë si themelues і kishës ortodokse shqiptare dhe publicist e historian, ka sjellë nxitje, ide, pikëpamje, koncepte, tendenca dhe lëvizje të reja, si për letërsinë dhe diturinë shqiptare, ashtu edhe për ndërgjegjësimin kulturor, civilizues dhe kombëtar të shqiptarëve. Njëherazi, ai ka pasuruar kombin shqiptar me frymëzime, aspirata, ideale dhe sisteme vlerash që ende nuk ishin të pranishme në mjediset shqiptare. Me një fjalë, dalja e tij në skenën kombëtare dhe historike, herë si luftëtar për zgjimin, bashkimin dhe vëllazërinë kombëtare, herë si emancipues kulturor dhe herë si prijatar і lirisë dhe і pavarësisë kombëtare, ka shënuar një lloj kthese të vërtetë në zhvillimin e mendimit demokratik shqiptar. Në këtë punim është bërë përpjekje për të hedhur dritë përgjithësisht mbi personalitetin e tij poliedrik, duke e zbuluar atë si udhëheqës të lëvizjes kombëtare e demokratike, klerik dhe shtetar, artist dhe dijetar, i cili jetoi e veproi në SHBA. Përmes mendimeve të bashkëkohësve të tij, është bërë edhe një përshkrim і Nolit për ta njohur atë edhe si njeri. Edhe pse ai jetoi gjatë dhe qe protagonist dhe pjesëmarrës në ngjarje që vendosën fatin e Shqipërisë dhe të shoqërisë shqiptare, edhe pse bashkëpunoi duke u lidhur me qindra njerëz në atdhe e në diaspore, kujtimet e njerëzve për të merren kryesisht me rolet që ai ka lozur, por vazhdojnë të mos shterin kundërthëniet e tij si njeri. Në fakt, się del nga të gjithë ata që e kanë njohur njeriun me personalitet te Noli, emri і tij vazhdon të jetë sfidues, ndonëse ai vazhdon të jetë personifikim jo vetëm për atdhetarin dhe demokratin, jo vetëm për poetin dhe shkrimtarin, jo vetëm për Avni Spahiu „_ ~ ¿01 Noli - jeta në Amerike një nga etërit e qytetërimit shqiptar, por edhe për njeriun si njeri dhe si një prej shëmbëlltyrave më të ndritura të botës shqiptare. Për Nolin, ashtu sic ndodh me shumë njerëz të shquar, janë krijuar mite dhe mitet e errësojnë të vërtetën. Vete ai është shndërruar në mit dhe vazhdon të qëndrojë i tille, madje edhe në përshkrimet që i běhen nga të tjerët dhe hije të së cilës gjenden edhe në veprën dhe jetën e tij. Figura e tij duhet pare pa këto hije të krijimit të mitit, duke e vënë atë në kontekstin e përgjithshëm social e psikologjik. Përpjekjet për të mbledhur kujtime nga bashkëkohësit që hedhin dritë mbi Nolin si njeri, nuk kanë munguar. Ato i gjejmë në komunitetin shqiptar në SHBA, ku studiues dhe njerëz të zellshëm, sado të pakte, kanë kryer hulumtime, të cilat і kanë botuar dhe vazhdojnë t'i botojnë, ngaqë figura e Nolit vazhdon të jetë një gurrë e pashtershme për studiues të fushave të ndryshme. Avni Spahiu Noli- jeta në Amerike SUMMARY Essentially, the motivation for research on Theofan Stilian Noli is multifaceted: his grandeur and multidimensional figure, being an Albanian and American dignitary, an intellectual, author, religious man, translator, historian, musician, poet, statesman, and diplomat. He contributed to the Albanian-American friendship and to the Albanian national cause, together with another great man of letters, Faik Konica. Both of them left behind a legacy of great works of culture, literature, history, diplomacy and letters. In working on this book I attempted to collect, systemize and present the topics and problems dealing with Fan Noli, his work and his time in the United States of America from 1906 to 1965. I began with the time he first arrived to the Promised Land and continued through to the last days of his life before his passing away in March 1965 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. I dealt in particular with Noli's research work and his cultural and publication activities in English. After confining my focus to Noli's stay in Europe, I then continued with his second and final trip to the USA in the capacity of the archbishop of Albanian Orthodox Church in Boston, and the becoming of an uncrowned leader of Albanian-American community. The first part of the book includes a history and chronology of Albanian immigration in America - settlement and adoption Avni Spahiu „_„ Noli - jeta ne Amerike to the new life of the first Albanian arrivals in the new world - focus on the reasons and motivations for Noli's arrival to America as a result of an overall patriotic activity by the late representatives of the Albanian Awakening in the beginning of the 20th century. In particular, Noli's humanitarian, cultural and patriotic engagement, inspired and forged by the ideologists of the National Awakening are described. The second part focused on the political and diplomatic career of Noli; the third part involves a continued creative activity by Noli as author, translator of Shakespeare, Edgar Alan Poe, Cervantes, Hugo, etc., translation of religious books and psalms and other works by him, which include both original and translated poems. Led by scientific conviction and objectivity in observing and discussing the activity and character of this notable Albanian of the last century, and being convinced that Nolian studies have not been concluded yet, I concentrated mainly on fifty years of Noli's activities in the United States. Although the subject scope seemed wide and unexhausted, it needed a sophisticated concentration, rather than an extended generalization and undetermined assessment of the past. The result was a critical and analytical approach to Noli's activities in the USA, including reasons why interest was taken on him by historians, scholars, translators, literary critics, diplomats, etc. The wide and diverse amount of studies dealing with Theofan Stilian Noli remains a source of valuable information for major and critical periods of Albanian national history of modern times, and this book is an attempt at shedding new light on the subject. I found to be of particular interest the background of the first Albanian arrivals in America, their organization, . f{. Avni Spahiu _ _ Noli- jeta ne Amerike establishment of first colonies and societies, and the arrival of Fan Noli to this community. His arrival and his first activities at the beginning of his career among Albanian-Americans marked a particular date of importance in the development of Albanian Diaspora in the States. Based not only on data from his Autobiography' but from other recollections of his contemporaries and materials gathered in the United States, it has been made clear that Noli, began as a journalist and over time he achieved growth and success, including becoming: the editor for the 'Kombi' newspaper in Boston, founder of the first societies of Albanian- Americans, founder of the periodical 'Dielli', the first preacher of an Albanian church, and a talented speaker in the meetings held and organized by Albanian-Americans during 1910-11,12, in support of galvanization of the Albanian cause. Later on, working together with other Albanian-American community notable names in Massachusetts, particularly with his life-long companion Faik. Konica, Noli was enthusiastically involved in developing his Pan-Albanian Society 'Vatra.' This society played an extraordinary role in the overall Albanian national movement, and it assisted in Albania achieving its independence in 1912. Noli gave an undeniable contribution to 'Vatra' in its educational, illuminating, publicizing and diplomatic efforts. It had turned, for a certain period of time prior to the declaration of Albania's independence, into a government in exile. 'Vatra' also supported the first Government of Ismail Qemali and that of the German Prince Wied at a later stage during the Balkan wars and World War One. It published a number of important books and articles deploring the massacres, persecution and reprisals against Albanians by the Greek, Serb and Montenegrin armies during World War One. 'Vatra' also renounced and condemned the secret Treaty of London of 1915 regarding further partitioning of Albania, doing what it could on the internationalization of Avni Spahiu - ,1 ~ /01 Noli - jeta ne Amerike the Albanian national issue. It sent its leader, Fan Noli to meet US President Wilson and ask him for US support at the Peace Conference in Paris (1918) to prevent Albania's dismemberment, and to become the protectorate over Albania. 'Vatra' also sent Fan Noli to the Lushnja Congress, to the Paris Peace Conference, and to Geneva to represent Albania to the League of "Nations (1921). Noli was sent to represent Albanian- Americans to the newly formed Albanian Parliament (1921-24), where he tried to introduce Albania of the 20's to the ideas, principles and concepts of American democracy. According to Noli's deep convictions, American principles and values "were meant to save Albania considering the fact that Anglo-Saxon culture would suit best to the puritan spirit of the Albanian race." Finally, in June 1924 'Vatra' gave to Albania the Prime Minister of the Republic. In brief, Noli was sure that "without 'Vatra' there would be no Albania today." This part also includes the history of Noli founding the Albanian Orthodox Church in Boston (1908) as a response to the Greek anti-Albanian plots and the Hellenizing attempts by the Greek Church. In a drive to raise educational and national awareness among Albanian- Americans, Noli translated into Albanian, almost at once, a selected number of liturgical books for the church services. Importantly, very often a mass held by Noli turned into a nationalist propagandist movement aimed at friendship, tolerance, brotherhood, and the eliciting of feelings of national unity. Of particular weight were Noli's 1908 articles on future emancipation of the Albanian people, published in 'Kombi' and other periodicals. Noli authentically and genuinely treats the question of religion among Albanians. He complains that the world refuses to recognize the tradition of Albanian religious tolerance, reiterating time and again that religions represent an obstacle to their unity and progress. Noli was aware of the fact Avni Spahiu Noli- jeta ne Amerike that religions were a historical heritage left to Albanians. Albanian National Revival representatives made attempts to either put religion aside or they tried to forge a new faith that, according to them, would unite Albanians. However, both the people and religious leaders opposed such attempts. On his part, Noli was convinced that Albanians needed no religious leaders, seeing them as causing unnecessary religious and national divisions, becoming blind instruments of anti-Albanian politics. Noli was deeply convinced that what Albanians needed were true priests and bishops, as well as imams and muftis; "God-fearing and ready to spread in zeal and justice God's commandments." He pays great attention to the fact that religious leaders should be servants to God and to Albanians as well; he realizes that they must make it clear to the people that one may have a particular religion inherited from his predecessors, but he may not choose another ethnicity and fight against his own 'without staining his forehead with of big seal of treason.' Noli's message is that when God sent down His prophets He did not send them to make Albanians kill each other, but to live in friendship and love with each other and "live in happiness" in peace and freedom. In the conclusion of this part, the book describes several trips made by Noli from America to Europe (1911-1918), going on various missions relevant to the national cause, having been sent either by "Vatra," or the Albanian Government. Following the collapse of his Republican Government by the end of 1924, Noli was trapped for 9 years as an immigrant in Europe, and in 1933 his journeys outside America finally came to an end, and he returned with mixed emotions, feeling the bitter despair of having to live "forever on a foreign soil." Further on in the second part, relations between Noli and F. Konica have been presented and discussed, as well as Noli Avni Spahiu Noli - jeta ne Amerike 263 relations with the famous Albanian scholar N. Jokl and Miss Durham, a well-known friend of the Albanians. Here the political career, journalistic work, speech making and correspondence of Fan Noli are discussed. A considerable number of facts, explanations and ideas on the relationships between Noli and Konica have been brought forward. This section includes conclusions on Konica's role and relevance for the Albanian world of culture and literature, as well as his friendship with Noli, their co-operation, polemics, and debates involving the two most remarkable figures of the contemporary Albanian culture. The reader is exposed to a presentation of the chronology of co-operation between the two, starting with their initial relationship in the beginning of the 20th when they were involved in polemics. Their interactive relationship was from time to time fierce, exaggerated and inciting, and it has presented an interesting and extraordinary richness for the Albanian culture in general, as they bear an insignia of a high level and beautiful style, intellectual insight and a rare polemics vocabulary. Both Konica and Noli remained close and inseparable friends as they were joined by many ideas, points of view, qualities, culture, aspirations and common values. Despite their polemics they were able to preserve in their souls a deep respect for each other, an intellectual tolerance and friendship, full of reverence for each other. A brief description of Noli's friendship with the well-known German-born Albanian scholar Norbert Jokl is also provided. Jokl highly appreciated Noli's talent as a translator, especially after reading his translation of Khayam's "Rubaiyats." Aware of Jokl's high culture, knowledge and authority in the science of linguistics in general and Albanian studies in particular, Noli wrote a letter to the German authorities in order to spare the life of this great scholar of Albanian culture of Jewish origin - however, unfortunately, he never received a positive reply. .,. Avni Spahiu _ ¿04: Noli- jeta ne Amerike Continuing on, the friendship between Noli and Miss Edith Durham, a much-esteemed British author among Albanians, is presented. In this part, particular attention has been paid to the diplomatic activities of Fan Noli on his important missions to the League of Nations, before and after Albania's membership. Noli had manifested a great talent for diplomacy, especially on the occasion of presentation of his memorandum of unprecedented historical and diplomatic importance to the Versailles Conference in 1918. It should be pointed out that this was one of the Albanian masterpieces of diplomatic memorandum ever written. Noli also demonstrated his diplomatic potential during WorldWar Two, collaborating with Konica, Zog, Zavalani, and others in protecting the rights of the Albanian people to its subsistence and independence. In addition, speaking of Noli as a speech-maker, it should be pointed out that Noli's speech-making covered various topics over time, and falls into three categories: patriotic, ecclesiastical, and political- cultural. As the Albanian National Movement developed, Noli's speech-making ability grew in its variety. Noli had a rare speech- making ability, as he possessed the power of presentation, unfolding of argument, eloquence, sweet voice, power of word and fact, and an efficient way of reasoning of concept. He was able to not only to grab the attention of the listener, but he entirely captivate him. In the meantime, Noli's works as publicist have turned out to be a chronicle of the Albanian political, national and social life of the time. Noli's journalistic works developed over a long span of time, and it may be divided into four main periods; the same, as his correspondence with his friends and various dignitaries. The third part, containing 13 various chapters, is the most extensive. It presents two groups of topics and the issues are analyzed in detail. This contains Noli's contribution as a Avni Spahiu Noli - jeta ne Amerike 265 playwright, poet, religious man, historian, translator, artist and scientist with a critical approach. This section throws light on unknown facts from Noli's activities; analyzing Noli as a man of contradiction, his character, education, outlook, principles, stances, values, virtues, impressions, his communication skills, his friends and well-wishers; Noli's relations with dignitaries and ordinary folk, ideologies, and finally his relations with his detractors and enemies, including opinions of some of Noli's contemporaries. Noli's first original work, 'Israelites and Philistines,' a topic borrowed from the Old Testament, points out an idea that believing in truth and commitment toward a cause, one should be ready to sacrifice at the altar of the fatherland. Samson has been portrayed in this play as a superhuman figure who, on one side, has no wish of using power or violence in spreading out his truth, and on the other, to defend his truth and the sublime ideal Samson is ready for any kind of sacrifice. Samson's drama is a clear allusion to an approaching uprising by Albanians, while the colossal figure of Samson not only represents the Albanian hero and his philosophical dilemma, but also the author himself Noli, had an affinity to identify himself with heroic figures, as he had previously identified himself with Christ and Scanderbeg, two of his lifetime revered figures. Many pay respect and attention to Noli as a historian, particularly as author of the "History of Scanderbeg (George Kastrioti) - King of Albania" (1921), with which Noli reached his peak as a historian. But he is also an artistic writer, as this historical work of his was also a true artistic work and masterpiece of writing. In writing his book, Fan Noli researched the earliest and best books on Scanderbeg (Barleti, Biemm, Tivarius, G. Buzaka, D. Frangu, etc), and in using his rich imagination, he embodied „ f . Avni Spahiu ¿60 Noli- jeta ne Amerike once again with the legendary and national figure of Scanderbeg. In this way, Noli's work on Scanderbeg became a very popular and widely read book, admired overwhelmingly by readers who took pride with Noli's Scanderbeg's figure. This first work by Noli on Scanderbeg had been written not only a historical book, but also as a work written by a true fiction writer. In addition, by passing of time, incited and enchanted by the great figure of the national hero, Noli began his dedicated work of scholarly research through archives and old sources in order to write yet another study volume on Scanderbeg. Hence, in 1945 at the age of 64, his persistent and self-sacrificing work resulted in defending his PhD thesis in English in Boston, entitled: 'George Kastrioti - Scanderbeg.' This time Noli wrote based on primary documents and most important studies on Scanderbeg that was starting forth from the principle that 'every hero in history had to pass through three stages - glorification, denunciation and réévaluation.' Noli not only distinguishes tradition from legend, primary document from the secondary one, but he also presents and unfolds arguments that contributed to the resistance and successful battle waged by Scanderbeg against the invading Ottomans. In Noli's assessment of Scanderbeg's resistance and fighting, he points out that there are four views of particular importance: (1.) that his war was a Christian crusade against the Turks; (2.) that it was a long war of resistance against the two greatest Sultans of Turkey; (3.) that it represents an important chapter of the history of Balkans, and (4.) that it was a war of classes of free Albanian peasantry against Turkish feudalism on one hand and Venetian capitalism on the other. Some of these viewpoints led T. Zavalani to describe Noli's book as "a work wearing Marxist ideas." In 1947 Noli published in New York an improved and updated version of his 1921 "History of Scanderbeg - King of Albania." Avni Spahiu Noli - jeta ne Amerike 267 Noli also published in English, an important study called "Beethoven and the French Revolution," bringing an excellent portrayal of Beethoven as a revolutionary in his efforts to turn his music into a powerful means of rising up the masses and transforming the traditional society into a more humane one. This scholarly book had been highly evaluated by famous authors such as Bernard Shaw and Thomas Mann. Further, details of Album 1 and 2' have been presented in the book with chapters on Noli as a translator, not only of religious texts and service books, but also his earlier and later translations done in the USA. In the period between 1906 and 1918, Noli translated a total of 21 novels, short stories, fragments, poems, and plays from 7 various languages and literatures. Among the authors he translated were Heraclites, Molier, Shakespeare, V. Irwin, Ε. Α. Poe, Η. W. Longfellow, Gi De Mopasan, Stendhal, R Edges, Tolstoy, Björnson, A, Pescev, M. Gorky, etc. His second phase of translations took place mainly in Europe, and in his third phase, Noli appears with his "Don Quixote" of Cervantes and a number of poems - true jewels of poetic art, published in his "Albums." Both in the first and other phases of his activity as translator, Noli shows certain relevant motives for the translations. Hence, it may be concluded that while the religious texts were written by Fan Noli for church reasons and for reason of individual and national dignity, some of his earlier translations make one believe that the motive behind them was raising the conscience for national feeling of freedom, resistance against the occupation and in favor of independence, and we find such as for example P. Edges' story "Two kinds of force", Gi De Mopasan story "Two Friends", Stendhal's novel "Vanina Vanini", etc. Another time, he switches the motive. By translating into Albanian the poem "Scanderbeg" by the American poet H. W -,0 Avni Spahiu _ _ Nou. jeta ne Amerike Longfellow, Noli claims that absence of works in the Albanian language had been compelling to him to set a "popular library" in order "to give my fellow compatriots some selected works from world literature." Noli continues saying that Scanderbeg by the American author "is perhaps the most beautiful one ever written about our national hero," and the American poet, he says, has used all his skill in order to present the qualities and virtues of the Albanian hero. Almost all of Noli's translations have a motive behind them. This is also true for the translations of Shakespeare's works; thus, by translating "Othello" he not only wanted to enrich Albanian literature with one of the works of the world-famous author, but he also wanted to pass a message on ethical and philosophical experience to his Albanian readers. Also, through the translation of "Macbeth", Noli tried to stigmatize and tarnish the usurpers and culprits of the throne. By translating "Julius Caesar" he was referring to the adventure of revolutionary liberators, both humane and inhumane, and by translating "Hamlet" he brought forth sick ambition, disloyalty, hypocrisy, crime, dilemma, faced by a disappointed mind, injustice, and Hamlet's revenge. However, with the translation of Khayam's "Rubaiyats" he not only brought to the Albanian literature one of the pearls of world literature, but he also raised up to the sky the freedom of thought of livelihood, joy, life's pleasure, principle of optimism, noble aim of life, magic power of love, the right to life's pleasures, expansion of living horizon, and courage to cope with death. It is not strange, therefore, that his translations were received with an unusually positive evaluation by A. Xhuvani, who called it "the most beautiful and valued work done by Noli, an invaluable stone of our literature." And, finally, with the translation of Cervantes' "Don Quixote", Noli gave a powerful blow to the follies, wrongdoings, and foolishness of outdated notables of modern Avni Spahiu .¿n Noli - jeta ne Amerike times. Identifying a literary and artistic work belonging to foreign literature, of a different time and space, with the bitter reality of his own time and country, Noli goes further in drawing a parallel between the Spain of Don Quixote's time and Albanian of his living time, equating Don Quixote and Sancho Pancha with the beys and rascals of Albania, and their attempts to hinder the surge of history. Here are some of Noli's thoughts on Don Quixote: "Don Quixote died the way he lived, as a medieval knight who escaped in modern times. Will Albanians die in that fashion too? Here is the tragedy of Albania with backward Albanians." One of the most striking and interesting topics on Noli's contradictions is treated in the Chapter named "Noli as a contradictory man." This chapter offers a dense analytical and critical observation on Noli's contradictions, inconsistencies and antagonisms. Noli has most often been portrayed as a man full of contradictions with internal conflicts of soul. He is often seen as a person with inscrutable psychology, never calm, occasionally isolated, sometimes in opposition to others and sometimes even in disagreement with his own self. Noli is a genius of multiple values who stands alone, cut off from his surroundings, pulled apart from the mediocrity of masses; a person who never finds the peace of mind. Noli is a dissatisfied rebel, with a fury of revenge, and a display of anger for having lost the battle, but he is never-ending in his ideal of freedom and the emancipation of his own nation. As there are many opposing persons in Noli's persona, and as Noli also possesses spiritual contradictions, the entire life of Noli seems to be a clashing of opposites, a mixture of internal conflicts. We can clearly see his tendencies appearing through a spiritual battle, the idealistic against the materialistic, democrat ._- Avni Spahiu " « Noli- jeta në Amerike against dictatorial ideologies, revolutionary against peaceful and vice-versa, and so on. One should also ad here some other contradictions when God's servant appears to be a supporter of Bolshevism, the true intellectual expressing understanding for Albania's partisans, etc. For such reasons, Noli was accused of being a "red priest," having nothing in common with the dogma. However, Noli, before all, was an Albanian, a late Revivalist, a patriot, democrat, an erudite intellectual of wide culture, who, like Konica, any time he liked, approved or embraced an idea, point of view, or new principle or idea, and was always ready to reason and bring proof to his arguments. In the concluding chapter entitled, "Noli and Contemporaries," testimonies by people who knew Noli are presented, and they are divided in two groups: those who value Noli so highly as to glorify and turn him into a myth, and those who attack and stigmatize him. This also includes those of our present-day time who try to re-evaluate him through objectivity and arguments. In conclusion, one may say that a number of facts and accounts show that for over a half a centuiy Noli certainly lived and worked in America. However, America was his second homeland, whom he loved both for making it possible for him to develop his intellectual, human, and national talents, abilities, and ideals, and for being able to carry out his extensive cultural and political duties and tasks. Noli loved America; especially because of the support America gave to Albanians in decisive moments in their history. This is also reflected in the words of an eloquent speech Noli held before Albanian-Americans: "Albanians began arriving to America when their fatherland was still a Turkish province. They were fleeing from Turkish bad government, hunger, persecution, religious obstruction and want. They were received here, at these hospitable, coasts open- Avni Spahiu ._. Noli - jeta ne Amerike handed; they were given the opportunity to earn for their own selves and for the relatives they left behind; they were treated as equal, they enjoyed the blessing of religious tolerance, freedom of press and assembly; they saw the sweet light of freedom and democracy, and for more, they rose the torch that led them in their old country in their fierce struggle for national independence." In yet another example of Noli's excellent speech-making he presents the question of liberty and civilization on one side, and the struggle against barbarity and autocracy, on the other. He argues that America's war for democracy is but a crusade similar to that waged by our national hero, George Kastrioti - Scanderbeg. On this occasion, Noli's words come to mind: "Scanderbeg fought at his time against barbarity and paganism, like America and its allies are fighting today to save civilization. His soul would take joy if he saw we are carrying out our duty in this big cause, which after all is also an Albanian cause." This study of Noli is concluded with a synthesizing conclusion, a biographical chronology and bibliographical literature used. The Author »„л Avni Spahiu Noli- jeta ne Amerike
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geographic	USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd
geographic_facet	USA
id	DE-604.BV023216117
illustrated	Not Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T20:14:02Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T21:13:17Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9789994312443
language	Albanian
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016402103
oclc_num	237236803
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-12
owner_facet	DE-12
physical	294 S.
publishDate	2007
publishDateSearch	2007
publishDateSort	2007
publisher	Botimet Toena
record_format	marc
spelling	Spahiu, Avni 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)1082522775 aut Noli jeta në Amerikë Avni Spahiu Tiranë Botimet Toena 2007 294 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Noli, Fan 1882-1965 (DE-588)11907656X gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Noli, Fan 1882-1965 (DE-588)11907656X p USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016402103&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016402103&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Spahiu, Avni 1953- Noli jeta në Amerikë Noli, Fan 1882-1965 (DE-588)11907656X gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)11907656X (DE-588)4078704-7
title	Noli jeta në Amerikë
title_auth	Noli jeta në Amerikë
title_exact_search	Noli jeta në Amerikë
title_exact_search_txtP	Noli jeta në Amerikë
title_full	Noli jeta në Amerikë Avni Spahiu
title_fullStr	Noli jeta në Amerikë Avni Spahiu
title_full_unstemmed	Noli jeta në Amerikë Avni Spahiu
title_short	Noli
title_sort	noli jeta ne amerike
title_sub	jeta në Amerikë
topic	Noli, Fan 1882-1965 (DE-588)11907656X gnd
topic_facet	Noli, Fan 1882-1965 USA
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016402103&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016402103&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT spahiuavni nolijetaneamerike

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Fernleihe Bestellen Achtung: Nicht im THWS-Bestand! Inhaltsverzeichnis

MARC

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