Satellite communications systems: systems, techniques, and technology
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English French |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester
Wiley
2008
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| Ausgabe: | 4. ed., reprinted |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXV, , 757 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Maral, Gérard |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Systèmes de télecommunications par satellites |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Satellite communications systems |b systems, techniques, and technology |c Gérard Maral, Michel Bousquet |
| 250 | |a 4. ed., reprinted | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester |b Wiley |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXV, , 757 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Bousquet, Michel |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS SYSTEMS, TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGY
FOURTH EDITION GERARD MARAL ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DES
TELECOMMUNICATIONS, SITE DE TOULOUSE, FRANCE MICHEL BOUSQUET ECOLE
NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DE I AERONAUTIQUE ET DE I ESPACE (SUPAERO),
TOULOUSE, FRANCE JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT XIII
ACRONYMS XV NOTATION XIX 1 INTRODUCTION L 1.1 THE BIRTH OF SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS 1 1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 1 1.3 THE
CONFIGURATION OF A SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM 3 1.3.1
COMMUNICATIONS LINKS 5 1.3.2 THE SPACE SEGMENT 6 1.3.3 THE GROUND
SEGMENT 9 1.4 TYPES OF ORBIT 11 1.5 RADIO REGULATIONS 14 1.5.1 THE ITU
ORGANISATION 14 1.5.2 SPACE RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES 15 1.5.3
FREQUENCY ALLOCATION 15 1.6 TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 17 1.7 SERVICES 18 1.8 THE
WAY FORWARD 20 REFERENCES 21 2 ORBITS AND RELATED ISSUES 23 2.1
KEPLERIAN ORBITS 23 2.1.1 KEPLER S LAWS 23 2.1.2 NEWTON S LAW 23 2.1.3
RELATIVE MOVEMENT OF TWO POINT BODIES 24 2.1.4 ORBITAL PARAMETERS 28
2.1.5 THE EARTH S ORBIT 33 2.1.6 EARTH-SATELLITE GEOMETRY 41 2.1.7
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN 48 2.1.8 SUN-SATELLITE CONJUNCTION 49 2.2 USEFUL
ORBITS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATION 49 2.2.1 ELLIPTICAL ORBITS WITH
NON-ZERO INCLINATION 50 2.2.2 GEOSYNCHRONOUS ELLIPTIC ORBITS WITH ZERO
INCLINATION 63 2.2.3 CIRCULAR GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBITS WITH NON-ZERO
INCLINATION 65 2.2.4 SUB-SYNCHRONOUS CIRCULAR ORBITS WITH ZERO
INCLINATION 68 2.2.5 GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE ORBITS 68 VI CONTENTS 2.3
PERTURBATIONS OF THE ORBIT 79 2.3.1 THE NATURE OF THE PERTURBATIONS 80
2.3.2 THE EFFECT OF PERTURBATIONS; ORBIT PERTURBATION 83 2.3.3
PERTURBATIONS OF THE ORBIT OF GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES 85 2.3.4 ORBIT
CORRECTIONS: STATION KEEPING OF GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES 94 2.4
CONCLUSION 112 REFERENCES 112 115 115 116 123 128 128 129 129 130 131
131 131 132 132 132 133 133 133 135 135 COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES 137
4.1 ANALOGUE TRANSMISSION 137 4.1.1 BASEBAND PROCESSING 139 4.1.2
FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM) 141 4.1.3 DEMODULATION OF A FREQUENCY
MODULATED WAVE 141 4.1.4 TELEPHONE TRANSMISSION ON SCPC/FM 143 4.1.5
TELEPHONE TRANSMISSION ON FDM/FM 144 4.1.6 TELEVISION TRANSMISSION IN
SCPC/FM 146 4.1.7 ENERGY DISPERSION 148 4.2 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 149
4.2.1 ENCRYPTION 149 4.2.2 CHANNEL ENCODING 150 4.2.3 SCRAMBLING 153
4.2.4 DIGITAL MODULATION 155 4.2.5 DEMODULATION 162 4.2.6 MODULATION
SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY 168 4.2.7 CHANNEL DECODING 169 4.2.8 CODED
MODULATION 175 4.2.9 END-TO-END ERROR CONTROL 183 4.3 CONCLUSION:
COMPARISON BETWEEN ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 184 4.3.1
TRANSMISSION OF TELEPHONY 184 4.3.2 BROADCASTING OF TELEVISION 188
REFERENCES 189 BASEBAND SIGNALS AND QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) 3.1 3.2 3.3
3.4 3.5 BASEBAND SIGNALS 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 TELEPHONE SIGNAL
TELEVISION SIGNALS SOUND SIGNALS DATA AND MULTIMEDIA SIGNALS PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 TELEPHONE TELEVISION SOUND DATA
AVAILABILITY OBJECTIVES DELAY 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 DELAY IN
TERRESTRIAL NETWORK PROPAGATION DELAY OVER SATELLITE LINKS BASEBAND
SIGNAL PROCESSING TIME PROTOCOL-INDUCED DELAY ECHO ON TELEPHONE CIRCUITS
CONCLUSION REFERENCES CONTENTS VIT 5 UP/DOWN LINK, INTERSATELLITE LINK
AND OVERALL LINK PERFORMANCE 191 5.1 CONFIGURATION OF A LINK 192 5.2
ANTENNA PARAMETERS 192 5.2.1 GAIN 192 5.2.2 RADIATION PATTERN AND
ANGULAR BEAMWIDTH 194 5.2.3 POLARISATION 197 5.3 RADIATED POWER 199
5.3.1 EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER (EIRP) 199 5.3.2 POWER FLUX
DENSITY 199 5.4 RECEIVED SIGNAL POWER 200 5.4.1 POWER CAPTURED BY THE
RECEIVING ANTENNA AND FREE SPACE LOSS 200 5.4.2 EXAMPLE 1: UPLINK
RECEIVED POWER 202 5.4.3 EXAMPLE 2: DOWNLINK RECEIVED POWER 202 5.4.4
ADDITIONAL LOSSES 203 5.4.5 CONCLUSION 205 5.5 NOISE POWER SPECTRAL
DENSITY AT THE RECEIVER INPUT 206 5.5.1 THE ORIGINS OF NOISE 206 5.5.2
NOISE CHARACTERISATION 206 5.5.3 NOISE TEMPERATURE OF AN ANTENNA 210
5.5.4 SYSTEM NOISE TEMPERATURE 214 5.5.5 SYSTEM NOISE TEMPERATURE:
EXAMPLE 215 5.5.6 CONCLUSION 216 5.6 INDIVIDUAL LINK PERFORMANCE 216
5.6.1 CARRIER POWER TO NOISE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY RATIO AT RECEIVER
INPUT 217 5.6.2 CLEAR SKY UPLINK PERFORMANCE 217 5.6.3 CLEAR SKY
DOWNLINK PERFORMANCE 220 5.7 INFLUENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE 223 5.7.1
IMPAIRMENTS CAUSED BY RAIN 224 5.7.2 OTHER IMPAIRMENTS 237 5.7.3 LINK
IMPAIRMENTS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE 240 5.7.4 LINK PERFORMANCE UNDER RAIN
CONDITIONS 240 5.7.5 CONCLUSION: DEGRADATION OF INDIVIDUAL LINK
PERFORMANCE DUE TO RAIN 241 5.8 MITIGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC IMPAIRMENTS
242 5.8.1 DEPOLARISATION MITIGATION 242 5.8.2 ATTENUATION MITIGATION 242
5.8.3 SITE DIVERSITY 243 5.8.4 ADAPTIVITY 244 5.8.5 CONCLUSION:
COST-AVAILABILITY TRADE-OFF 245 5.9 OVERALL LINK PERFORMANCE WITH
TRANSPARENT SATELLITE 246 5.9.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SATELLITE CHANNEL
246 5.9.2 EXPRESSION FOR {C/N 0 ) T 250 5.9.3 OVERALL LINK PERFORMANCE
FOR A TRANSPARENT SATELLITE WITHOUT INTERFERENCE OR INTERMODULATION 254
5.10 OVERALL LINK PERFORMANCE WITH REGENERATIVE SATELLITE 257 5.10.1
LINEAR SATELLITE CHANNEL WITHOUT INTERFERENCE 258 5.10.2 NON-LINEAR
SATELLITE CHANNEL WITHOUT INTERFERENCE 261 5.10.3 NON-LINEAR SATELLITE
CHANNEL WITH INTERFERENCE 261 5.11 INTERSATELLITE LINK PERFORMANCE 263
5.11.1 FREQUENCY BANDS 264 5.11.2 RADIO-FREQUENCY LINKS 264 VM CONTENTS
5.11.3 OPTICAL LINKS 265 5.11.4 CONCLUSIONZ 272 REFERENCES 272 MULTIPLE
ACCESS 275 6.1 TRAFFIC PARAMETERS 275 6.1.1 TRAFFIC INTENSITY 275 6.1.2
CALL BLOCKING PROBABILITY 276 6.1.3 BURSTINESS 276 6.1.4 ASYNCHRONOUS
TRANSFER MODE (ATM) 276 6.2 TRAFFIC ROUTING 277 6.2.1 ONE CARRIER PER
STATION-TO-STATION LINK 278 6.2.2 ONE CARRIER PER TRANSMITTING STATION
279 6.2.3 COMPARISON 279 6.3 MULTIPLE ACCESS 280 6.3.1 ACCESS TO A
PARTICULAR CHANNEL 280 6.3.2 MULTIPLE ACCESS TO THE SATELLITE REPEATER
282 6.4 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA) 282 6.4.1 TRANSMISSION
SCHEMES 283 6.4.2 ADJACENT CHANNEL INTERFERENCE 285 6.4.3
INTERMODULATION 286 6.4.4 THROUGHPUT OF FDMA 289 6.4.5 INTELLIGIBLE
CROSSTALK 291 6.4.6 CONCLUSION 291 6.5 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
(TDMA) 291 6.5.1 BURST GENERATION 292 6.5.2 FRAME STRUCTURE 295 6.5.3
BURST RECEPTION 295 6.5.4 SYNCHRONISATION 297 6.5.5 THROUGHPUT OF TDMA
302 6.5.6 CONCLUSION 305 6.6 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA) 306
6.6.1 DIRECT SEQUENCE (DS-CDMA) 306 6.6.2 FREQUENCY HOPPING (FH-CDMA)
310 6.6.3 CODE GENERATION 312 6.6.4 SYNCHRONISATION 312 6.6.5 THE
THROUGHPUT OF CDMA 315 6.6.6 CONCLUSION 317 6.7 FIXED AND ON-DEMAND
ASSIGNMENT 318 6.7.1 THE PRINCIPLE 318 6.7.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN FIXED
AND ON-DEMAND ASSIGNMENT 319 6.7.3 CENTRALISED OR DISTRIBUTED MANAGEMENT
OF DEMAND ASSIGNMENT 320 6.7.4 CONCLUSION 320 6.8 RANDOM ACCESS 321
6.8.1 ASYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS 322 6.8.2 PROTOCOLS WITH SYNCHRONISATION
325 6.8.3 PROTOCOLS WITH ASSIGNMENT ON DEMAND (DAMA) 326 6.9 CONCLUSION
327 REFERENCES 328 CONTENTS IX SATELLITE NETWORKING 331 7.1 ADVANTAGES
AND DISADVANTAGES OF MULTIBEAM SATELLITES 331 7.1.1 ADVANTAGES 332 7.1.2
DISADVANTAGES 337 7.1.3 CONCLUSION 339 7.2 INTERCONNECTION BY
TRANSPONDER HOPPING 339 7.3 INTERCONNECTION BY ON-BOARD SWITCHING
(SS/TDMA) 339 7.3.1 THE PRINCIPLE 339 7.3.2 FRAME ORGANISATION 342 7.3.3
WINDOW ORGANISATION 342 7.3.4 ASSIGNMENT OF PACKETS IN THE FRAME (BURST
TIME PLAN) 342 7.3.5 SYNCHRONISATION 345 7.3.6 FRAME THROUGHPUT 347 7.4
INTERCONNECTION BY BEAM SCANNING 348 7.5 ON-BOARD PROCESSING 348 7.5.1
DOWNLINK CODING 349 7.5.2 BASEBAND SWITCHING 349 7.5.3 RATE CONVERSION
350 7.5.4 BEAM SCANNING SATELLITES 351 7.5.5 FDMA/TDM SYSTEMS 351 7.5.6
CONCLUSION 353 7.6 INTERSATELLITE LINKS (ISL) 353 7.6.1 LINKS BETWEEN
GEOSTATIONARY AND LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITES (GEO-LEO) 354 7.6.2 LINKS
BETWEEN GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES (GEO-GEO) 354 7.6.3 LINKS BETWEEN LOW
ORBIT SATELLITES (LEO-LEO) 359 7.6.4 CONCLUSION 360 REFERENCES 360 EARTH
STATIONS 363 8.1 STATION ORGANISATION 363 8.2 RADIO-FREQUENCY
CHARACTERISTICS 364 8.2.1 EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER 365 8.2.2
FIGURE OF MERIT OF THE STATION 366 8.2.3 STANDARDS DEFINED BY
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 367 8.3 THE ANTENNA SUBSYSTEM 373 8.3.1
RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS (MAIN LOBE) 374 8.3.2 SIDE-LOBE RADIATION 374
8.3.3 ANTENNA NOISE TEMPERATURE 375 8.3.4 TYPES OF ANTENNA 382 8.3.5
POINTING ANGLES OF AN EARTH STATION ANTENNA 387 8.3.6 MOUNTINGS TO
PERMIT ANTENNA POINTING 390 8.3.7 TRACKING 397 8.4 THE RADIO-FREQUENCY
SUBSYSTEM 408 8.4.1 RECEIVING EQUIPMENT 408 8.4.2 TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
411 8.4.3 REDUNDANCY 417 8.5 COMMUNICATION SUBSYSTEMS 418 8.5.1
FREQUENCY TRANSLATION 418 8.5.2 AMPLIFICATION, FILTERING AND
EQUALISATION 422 8.5.3 MODULATION AND DEMODULATION 423 8.5.4 ADDITIONAL
FUNCTIONS 425 8.5.5 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS TERMINALS 426 X
CONTENTS 8.6 THE NETWORK INTERFACE SUBSYSTEM 429 8.6.1 MULTIPLEXING AND
DEMULTIPLEXING 429 8.6.2 DIGITAL SPEECH INTERPOLATION (DSI) 430 8.6.3
DIGITAL CIRCUIT MULTIPLICATION EQUIPMENT (DCME) 432 8.6.4 ECHO
SUPPRESSION AND CANCELLATION 435 8.6.5 EQUIPMENT SPECIFIC TO SCPC
TRANSMISSION 436 8.7 MONITORING AND CONTROL; AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT 437
8.7.1 MONITORING, ALARMS AND CONTROL (MAC) 437 8.7.2 ELECTRICAL POWER
438 8.8 CONCLUSION 438 REFERENCES 439 THE COMMUNICATION PAYLOAD 441 9.1
MISSION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PAYLOAD 441 9.1.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE
PAYLOAD 441 9.1.2 CHARACTERISATION OF THE PAYLOAD 442 9.1.3 THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RADIO-FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS 443 9.2
TRANSPARENT REPEATERS 444 9.2.1 CHARACTERISATION OF NON-LINEARITIES 444
9.2.2 REPEATER ORGANISATION 455 9.2.3 EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS 462 9.3
MULTIBEAM SATELLITE REPEATER 473 9.3.1 FIXED INTERCONNECTION 474 9.3.2
RECONFIGURABLE (SEMI-FIXED) INTERCONNECTION 474 9.3.3 ON-BOARD TIME
DOMAIN SWITCHING 477 9.3.4 ON BOARD FREQUENCY DOMAIN SWITCHING 481 9.4
REGENERATIVE REPEATER 482 9.4.1 APPLICATION AND EXAMPLES OF ON-BOARD
PROCESSING REGENERATIVE SATELLITES 482 9.4.2 EQUIPMENT FOR REGENERATIVE
REPEATERS 488 9.5 SOLID STATE EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGY 493 9.5.1 THE
SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT 493 9.5.2 ANALOGUE MICROWAVE COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY
493 9.5.3 DIGITAL COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY 494 9.6 ANTENNA COVERAGE 495
9.6.1 SERVICE ZONE CONTOUR 495 9.6.2 GEOMETRICAL CONTOUR 499 9.6.3
GLOBAL COVERAGE 499 9.6.4 REDUCED OR SPOT COVERAGE 502 9.6.5 EVALUATION
OF ANTENNA POINTING ERROR 504 9.6.6 CONCLUSION 515 9.7 ANTENNA
CHARACTERISTICS 516 9.7.1 ANTENNA FUNCTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS 516
9.7.2 THE RADIO-FREQUENCY COVERAGE 518 9.7.3 CIRCULAR BEAM 519 9.7.4
ELLIPTICAL BEAMS 522 9.7.5 THE INFLUENCE OF DEPOINTING 524 9.7.6 SHAPED
BEAMS 526 9.7.7 MULTIPLE BEAMS 529 9.7.8 TYPES OF ANTENNA 532 9.7.9
ANTENNA TECHNOLOGIES 535 CONTENTS XI 9.8 CONCLUSION 546 REFERENCES 546
THE PLATFORM 551 10.1 SUBSYSTEMS 551 10.2 ATTITUDE CONTROL 553 10.2.1
ATTITUDE CONTROL FUNCTIONS 553 10.2.2 ATTITUDE SENSORS 555 10.2.3
ATTITUDE DETERMINATION 557 10.2.4 ACTUATORS 561 10.2.5 THE PRINCIPLE OF
GYROSCOPIC STABILISATION 563 10.2.6 SPIN STABILISATION 565 10.2.7
THREE-AXIS STABILISATION 568 10.3 THE PROPULSION SUBSYSTEM 574 10.3.1
CHARACTERISTICS OF THRUSTERS 575 10.3.2 CHEMICAL PROPULSION 577 10.3.3
ELECTRIC PROPULSION 582 10.3.4 ORGANISATION OF THE PROPULSION SUBSYSTEM
587 10.3.5 ELECTRIC PROPULSION FOR STATION KEEPING AND ORBIT TRANSFER
591 10.4 THE ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY 592 10.4.1 PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES 592
10.4.2 SECONDARY ENERGY SOURCES 599 10.4.3 CONDITIONING AND PROTECTION
CIRCUITS 605 10.4.4 EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS 610 10.5 TELEMETRY, TRACKING
AND COMMAND (TTC) AND ON-BOARD DATA HANDLING (OBDH) 612 10.5.1
FREQUENCIES USED 613 10.5.2 THE COMMAND LINKS (TC LINKS) 614 10.5.3
TELEMETRY LINKS (TM LINKS) 615 10.5.4 COMMAND (TC) AND TELEMETRY (TM)
MESSAGE FORMAT STANDARDS 616 10.5.5 ON-BOARD DATA HANDLING (OBDH) 623
10.5.6 TRACKING 627 10.6 THERMAL CONTROL AND STRUCTURE 631 10.6.1
THERMAL CONTROL SPECIFICATIONS 632 10.6.2 PASSIVE CONTROL 634 10.6.3
ACTIVE CONTROL 637 10.6.4 STRUCTURE 637 10.6.5 CONCLUSION 640 10.7
DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS 641 REFERENCES 642 SATELL 11.1 ** INSTALLATION
AND LAUNCH VEHICLES 645 NSTALLATION IN ORBIT 645 1.1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES
645 1.1.2 CALCULATION OF THE REQUIRED VELOCITY INCREMENTS 647 1.1.3
INCLINATION CORRECTION AND CIRCULARISATION 648 1.1.4 THE APOGEE (OR
PERIGEE) MOTOR 658 1.1.5 INJECTION INTO ORBIT WITH A CONVENTIONAL
LAUNCHER 663 1.1.6 INJECTION INTO ORBIT FROM A QUASI-CIRCULAR LOW
ALTITUDE ORBIT 668 1.1.7 OPERATIONS DURING INSTALLATION (STATION
ACQUISITION) 670 1.1.8 INJECTION INTO ORBITS OTHER THAN GEOSTATIONARY
673 1.1.9 THE LAUNCH WINDOW 674 XII CONTENTS 11.2 LAUNCH VEHICLES 11.2.1
11.2.2 11.2.3 11.2.4 11.2.5 11.2.6 11.2.7 REFERENCES CHINA EUROPE
(ARIANE) THE UNITED STATES INDIA JAPAN COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT
STATES (CIS) COST OF INSTALLATION IN ORBIT 675 676 678 686 695 696 699
704 704 12 THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT 707 12.1 VACUUM 707 12.1.1
CHARACTERISATION 707 12.1.2 EFFECTS 708 12.2 THE MECHANICAL ENVIRONMENT
708 12.2.1 THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 708 12.2.2 THE EARTH S MAGNETIC FIELD
710 12.2.3 SOLAR RADIATION PRESSURE 711 12.2.4 METEORITES AND MATERIAL
PARTICLES 711 12.2.5 TORQUES OF INTERNAL ORIGIN 712 12.2.6 THE EFFECT OF
COMMUNICATION TRANSMISSIONS 713 12.2.7 CONCLUSIONS 713 12.3 RADIATION
713 12.3.1 SOLAR RADIATION 714 12.3.2 EARTH RADIATION 715 12.3.3 THERMAL
EFFECTS 715 12.3.4 EFFECTS ON MATERIALS 717 12.4 FLUX OF HIGH ENERGY
PARTICLES 718 12.4.1 COSMIC PARTICLES 718 12.4.2 EFFECTS ON MATERIALS
721 12.5 THE ENVIRONMENT DURING INSTALLATION 721 12.5.1 THE ENVIRONMENT
DURING LAUNCHING 721 12.5.2 ENVIRONMENT IN THE TRANSFER ORBIT 722
REFERENCES 724 13 RELIABILITY OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 725
13.1 INTRODUCTION OF RELIABILITY 725 13.1.1 FAILURE RATE 725 13.1.2 THE
PROBABILITY OF SURVIVAL OR RELIABILITY 726 13.1.3 FAILURE PROBABILITY OR
UNRELIABILITY 727 13.1.4 MEAN TIME TO FAILURE (MTTF) 727 13.1.5 MEAN
SATELLITE LIFETIME 728 13.1.6 RELIABILITY DURING THE WEAR-OUT PERIOD 728
13.2 SATELLITE SYSTEM AVAILABILITY 729 13.2.1 NO BACK-UP SATELLITE IN
ORBIT 730 13.2.2 BACK-UP SATELLITE IN ORBIT 730 13.2.3 CONCLUSION 731
13.3 SUB-SYSTEM RELIABILITY 731 13.3.1 ELEMENTS IN SERIES 732 13.3.2
ELEMENTS IN PARALLEL (STATIC REDUNDANCY) 732 CONTENTS XLLT 13.3.3
DYNAMIC REDUNDANCY (WITH SWITCHING) 734 13.3.4 EQUIPMENT HAVING SEVERAL
FAILURE MODES 738 13.4 COMPONENT RELIABILITY 739 13.4.1 COMPONENT
RELIABILITY 739 13.4.2 COMPONENT SELECTION 739 13.4.3 MANUFACTURE 741
13.4.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE 741 INDEX 745 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REPRODUCTION OF
FIGURES EXTRACTED FROM THE 1990 EDITION OF CCIR VOLUMES (XVIITH PLENARY
ASSEMBLY, DUESSELDORF, 1990) THE HANDBOOK ON SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
(ITU GENEVA, 1988) AND THE ITU-R RECOMMENDATIONS IS MADE WITH THE
AUTHORISATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU) AS
COPYRIGHT HOLDER. THE CHOICE OF THE EXCERPTS REPRODUCED REMAINS UNDER
THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE AUTHORS AND DOES NOT ENGAGE IN ANY WAY
THE ITU. THE COMPLETE ITU DOCUMENTATION CAN BE OBTAINED FROM:
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION GENERAL SECRETARIAT-SALES SECTION
PLACE DES NATIONS, 1211 GENEVA 20 (SWITZERLAND) TEL: +41 22 730 51 11
TG: BURINTERNA GENEVA TELEFAX: 2/M + 41 22 730 51 94 TLX: 421 000 UIT CH
|
| adam_txt |
SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS SYSTEMS, TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGY
FOURTH EDITION GERARD MARAL ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DES
TELECOMMUNICATIONS, SITE DE TOULOUSE, FRANCE MICHEL BOUSQUET ECOLE
NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DE I'AERONAUTIQUE ET DE I'ESPACE (SUPAERO),
TOULOUSE, FRANCE JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT XIII
ACRONYMS XV NOTATION XIX 1 INTRODUCTION L 1.1 THE BIRTH OF SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS 1 1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 1 1.3 THE
CONFIGURATION OF A SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM 3 1.3.1
COMMUNICATIONS LINKS 5 1.3.2 THE SPACE SEGMENT 6 1.3.3 THE GROUND
SEGMENT 9 1.4 TYPES OF ORBIT 11 1.5 RADIO REGULATIONS 14 1.5.1 THE ITU
ORGANISATION 14 1.5.2 SPACE RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES 15 1.5.3
FREQUENCY ALLOCATION 15 1.6 TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 17 1.7 SERVICES 18 1.8 THE
WAY FORWARD 20 REFERENCES 21 2 ORBITS AND RELATED ISSUES 23 2.1
KEPLERIAN ORBITS 23 2.1.1 KEPLER'S LAWS 23 2.1.2 NEWTON'S LAW 23 2.1.3
RELATIVE MOVEMENT OF TWO POINT BODIES 24 2.1.4 ORBITAL PARAMETERS 28
2.1.5 THE EARTH'S ORBIT 33 2.1.6 EARTH-SATELLITE GEOMETRY 41 2.1.7
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN 48 2.1.8 SUN-SATELLITE CONJUNCTION 49 2.2 USEFUL
ORBITS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATION 49 2.2.1 ELLIPTICAL ORBITS WITH
NON-ZERO INCLINATION 50 2.2.2 GEOSYNCHRONOUS ELLIPTIC ORBITS WITH ZERO
INCLINATION 63 2.2.3 CIRCULAR GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBITS WITH NON-ZERO
INCLINATION 65 2.2.4 SUB-SYNCHRONOUS CIRCULAR ORBITS WITH ZERO
INCLINATION 68 2.2.5 GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE ORBITS 68 VI CONTENTS 2.3
PERTURBATIONS OF THE ORBIT 79 2.3.1 THE NATURE OF THE PERTURBATIONS 80
2.3.2 THE EFFECT OF PERTURBATIONS; ORBIT PERTURBATION 83 2.3.3
PERTURBATIONS OF THE ORBIT OF GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES 85 2.3.4 ORBIT
CORRECTIONS: STATION KEEPING OF GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES 94 2.4
CONCLUSION 112 REFERENCES 112 115 115 116 123 128 128 129 129 130 131
131 131 132 132 132 133 133 133 135 135 COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES 137
4.1 ANALOGUE TRANSMISSION 137 4.1.1 BASEBAND PROCESSING 139 4.1.2
FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM) 141 4.1.3 DEMODULATION OF A FREQUENCY
MODULATED WAVE 141 4.1.4 TELEPHONE TRANSMISSION ON SCPC/FM 143 4.1.5
TELEPHONE TRANSMISSION ON FDM/FM 144 4.1.6 TELEVISION TRANSMISSION IN
SCPC/FM 146 4.1.7 ENERGY DISPERSION 148 4.2 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 149
4.2.1 ENCRYPTION 149 4.2.2 CHANNEL ENCODING 150 4.2.3 SCRAMBLING 153
4.2.4 DIGITAL MODULATION 155 4.2.5 DEMODULATION 162 4.2.6 MODULATION
SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY 168 4.2.7 CHANNEL DECODING 169 4.2.8 CODED
MODULATION 175 4.2.9 END-TO-END ERROR CONTROL 183 4.3 CONCLUSION:
COMPARISON BETWEEN ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 184 4.3.1
TRANSMISSION OF TELEPHONY 184 4.3.2 BROADCASTING OF TELEVISION 188
REFERENCES 189 BASEBAND SIGNALS AND QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) 3.1 3.2 3.3
3.4 3.5 BASEBAND SIGNALS 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 TELEPHONE SIGNAL
TELEVISION SIGNALS SOUND SIGNALS DATA AND MULTIMEDIA SIGNALS PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 TELEPHONE TELEVISION SOUND DATA
AVAILABILITY OBJECTIVES DELAY 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 DELAY IN
TERRESTRIAL NETWORK PROPAGATION DELAY OVER SATELLITE LINKS BASEBAND
SIGNAL PROCESSING TIME PROTOCOL-INDUCED DELAY ECHO ON TELEPHONE CIRCUITS
CONCLUSION REFERENCES CONTENTS VIT 5 UP/DOWN LINK, INTERSATELLITE LINK
AND OVERALL LINK PERFORMANCE 191 5.1 CONFIGURATION OF A LINK 192 5.2
ANTENNA PARAMETERS 192 5.2.1 GAIN 192 5.2.2 RADIATION PATTERN AND
ANGULAR BEAMWIDTH 194 5.2.3 POLARISATION 197 5.3 RADIATED POWER 199
5.3.1 EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER (EIRP) 199 5.3.2 POWER FLUX
DENSITY 199 5.4 RECEIVED SIGNAL POWER 200 5.4.1 POWER CAPTURED BY THE
RECEIVING ANTENNA AND FREE SPACE LOSS 200 5.4.2 EXAMPLE 1: UPLINK
RECEIVED POWER 202 5.4.3 EXAMPLE 2: DOWNLINK RECEIVED POWER 202 5.4.4
ADDITIONAL LOSSES 203 5.4.5 CONCLUSION 205 5.5 NOISE POWER SPECTRAL
DENSITY AT THE RECEIVER INPUT 206 5.5.1 THE ORIGINS OF NOISE 206 5.5.2
NOISE CHARACTERISATION 206 5.5.3 NOISE TEMPERATURE OF AN ANTENNA 210
5.5.4 SYSTEM NOISE TEMPERATURE 214 5.5.5 SYSTEM NOISE TEMPERATURE:
EXAMPLE 215 5.5.6 CONCLUSION 216 5.6 INDIVIDUAL LINK PERFORMANCE 216
5.6.1 CARRIER POWER TO NOISE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY RATIO AT RECEIVER
INPUT 217 5.6.2 CLEAR SKY UPLINK PERFORMANCE 217 5.6.3 CLEAR SKY
DOWNLINK PERFORMANCE 220 5.7 INFLUENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE 223 5.7.1
IMPAIRMENTS CAUSED BY RAIN 224 5.7.2 OTHER IMPAIRMENTS 237 5.7.3 LINK
IMPAIRMENTS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE 240 5.7.4 LINK PERFORMANCE UNDER RAIN
CONDITIONS 240 5.7.5 CONCLUSION: DEGRADATION OF INDIVIDUAL LINK
PERFORMANCE DUE TO RAIN 241 5.8 MITIGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC IMPAIRMENTS
242 5.8.1 DEPOLARISATION MITIGATION 242 5.8.2 ATTENUATION MITIGATION 242
5.8.3 SITE DIVERSITY 243 5.8.4 ADAPTIVITY 244 5.8.5 CONCLUSION:
COST-AVAILABILITY TRADE-OFF 245 5.9 OVERALL LINK PERFORMANCE WITH
TRANSPARENT SATELLITE 246 5.9.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SATELLITE CHANNEL
246 5.9.2 EXPRESSION FOR {C/N 0 ) T 250 5.9.3 OVERALL LINK PERFORMANCE
FOR A TRANSPARENT SATELLITE WITHOUT INTERFERENCE OR INTERMODULATION 254
5.10 OVERALL LINK PERFORMANCE WITH REGENERATIVE SATELLITE 257 5.10.1
LINEAR SATELLITE CHANNEL WITHOUT INTERFERENCE 258 5.10.2 NON-LINEAR
SATELLITE CHANNEL WITHOUT INTERFERENCE 261 5.10.3 NON-LINEAR SATELLITE
CHANNEL WITH INTERFERENCE 261 5.11 INTERSATELLITE LINK PERFORMANCE 263
5.11.1 FREQUENCY BANDS 264 5.11.2 RADIO-FREQUENCY LINKS 264 VM CONTENTS
5.11.3 OPTICAL LINKS 265 5.11.4 CONCLUSIONZ 272 REFERENCES 272 MULTIPLE
ACCESS 275 6.1 TRAFFIC PARAMETERS 275 6.1.1 TRAFFIC INTENSITY 275 6.1.2
CALL BLOCKING PROBABILITY 276 6.1.3 BURSTINESS 276 6.1.4 ASYNCHRONOUS
TRANSFER MODE (ATM) 276 6.2 TRAFFIC ROUTING 277 6.2.1 ONE CARRIER PER
STATION-TO-STATION LINK 278 6.2.2 ONE CARRIER PER TRANSMITTING STATION
279 6.2.3 COMPARISON 279 6.3 MULTIPLE ACCESS 280 6.3.1 ACCESS TO A
PARTICULAR CHANNEL 280 6.3.2 MULTIPLE ACCESS TO THE SATELLITE REPEATER
282 6.4 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA) 282 6.4.1 TRANSMISSION
SCHEMES 283 6.4.2 ADJACENT CHANNEL INTERFERENCE 285 6.4.3
INTERMODULATION 286 6.4.4 THROUGHPUT OF FDMA 289 6.4.5 INTELLIGIBLE
CROSSTALK 291 6.4.6 CONCLUSION 291 6.5 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
(TDMA) 291 6.5.1 BURST GENERATION 292 6.5.2 FRAME STRUCTURE 295 6.5.3
BURST RECEPTION 295 6.5.4 SYNCHRONISATION 297 6.5.5 THROUGHPUT OF TDMA
302 6.5.6 CONCLUSION 305 6.6 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA) 306
6.6.1 DIRECT SEQUENCE (DS-CDMA) 306 6.6.2 FREQUENCY HOPPING (FH-CDMA)
310 6.6.3 CODE GENERATION 312 6.6.4 SYNCHRONISATION 312 6.6.5 THE
THROUGHPUT OF CDMA 315 6.6.6 CONCLUSION 317 6.7 FIXED AND ON-DEMAND
ASSIGNMENT 318 6.7.1 THE PRINCIPLE 318 6.7.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN FIXED
AND ON-DEMAND ASSIGNMENT 319 6.7.3 CENTRALISED OR DISTRIBUTED MANAGEMENT
OF DEMAND ASSIGNMENT 320 6.7.4 CONCLUSION 320 6.8 RANDOM ACCESS 321
6.8.1 ASYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS 322 6.8.2 PROTOCOLS WITH SYNCHRONISATION
325 6.8.3 PROTOCOLS WITH ASSIGNMENT ON DEMAND (DAMA) 326 6.9 CONCLUSION
327 REFERENCES 328 CONTENTS IX SATELLITE NETWORKING 331 7.1 ADVANTAGES
AND DISADVANTAGES OF MULTIBEAM SATELLITES 331 7.1.1 ADVANTAGES 332 7.1.2
DISADVANTAGES 337 7.1.3 CONCLUSION 339 7.2 INTERCONNECTION BY
TRANSPONDER HOPPING 339 7.3 INTERCONNECTION BY ON-BOARD SWITCHING
(SS/TDMA) 339 7.3.1 THE PRINCIPLE 339 7.3.2 FRAME ORGANISATION 342 7.3.3
WINDOW ORGANISATION 342 7.3.4 ASSIGNMENT OF PACKETS IN THE FRAME (BURST
TIME PLAN) 342 7.3.5 SYNCHRONISATION 345 7.3.6 FRAME THROUGHPUT 347 7.4
INTERCONNECTION BY BEAM SCANNING 348 7.5 ON-BOARD PROCESSING 348 7.5.1
DOWNLINK CODING 349 7.5.2 BASEBAND SWITCHING 349 7.5.3 RATE CONVERSION
350 7.5.4 BEAM SCANNING SATELLITES 351 7.5.5 FDMA/TDM SYSTEMS 351 7.5.6
CONCLUSION 353 7.6 INTERSATELLITE LINKS (ISL) 353 7.6.1 LINKS BETWEEN
GEOSTATIONARY AND LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITES (GEO-LEO) 354 7.6.2 LINKS
BETWEEN GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES (GEO-GEO) 354 7.6.3 LINKS BETWEEN LOW
ORBIT SATELLITES (LEO-LEO) 359 7.6.4 CONCLUSION 360 REFERENCES 360 EARTH
STATIONS 363 8.1 STATION ORGANISATION 363 8.2 RADIO-FREQUENCY
CHARACTERISTICS 364 8.2.1 EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER 365 8.2.2
FIGURE OF MERIT OF THE STATION 366 8.2.3 STANDARDS DEFINED BY
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 367 8.3 THE ANTENNA SUBSYSTEM 373 8.3.1
RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS (MAIN LOBE) 374 8.3.2 SIDE-LOBE RADIATION 374
8.3.3 ANTENNA NOISE TEMPERATURE 375 8.3.4 TYPES OF ANTENNA 382 8.3.5
POINTING ANGLES OF AN EARTH STATION ANTENNA 387 8.3.6 MOUNTINGS TO
PERMIT ANTENNA POINTING 390 8.3.7 TRACKING 397 8.4 THE RADIO-FREQUENCY
SUBSYSTEM 408 8.4.1 RECEIVING EQUIPMENT 408 8.4.2 TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
411 8.4.3 REDUNDANCY 417 8.5 COMMUNICATION SUBSYSTEMS 418 8.5.1
FREQUENCY TRANSLATION 418 8.5.2 AMPLIFICATION, FILTERING AND
EQUALISATION 422 8.5.3 MODULATION AND DEMODULATION 423 8.5.4 ADDITIONAL
FUNCTIONS 425 8.5.5 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS TERMINALS 426 X
CONTENTS 8.6 THE NETWORK INTERFACE SUBSYSTEM 429 8.6.1 MULTIPLEXING AND
DEMULTIPLEXING 429 8.6.2 DIGITAL SPEECH INTERPOLATION (DSI) 430 8.6.3
DIGITAL CIRCUIT MULTIPLICATION EQUIPMENT (DCME) 432 8.6.4 ECHO
SUPPRESSION AND CANCELLATION 435 8.6.5 EQUIPMENT SPECIFIC TO SCPC
TRANSMISSION 436 8.7 MONITORING AND CONTROL; AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT 437
8.7.1 MONITORING, ALARMS AND CONTROL (MAC) 437 8.7.2 ELECTRICAL POWER
438 8.8 CONCLUSION 438 REFERENCES 439 THE COMMUNICATION PAYLOAD 441 9.1
MISSION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PAYLOAD 441 9.1.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE
PAYLOAD 441 9.1.2 CHARACTERISATION OF THE PAYLOAD 442 9.1.3 THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RADIO-FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS 443 9.2
TRANSPARENT REPEATERS 444 9.2.1 CHARACTERISATION OF NON-LINEARITIES 444
9.2.2 REPEATER ORGANISATION 455 9.2.3 EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS 462 9.3
MULTIBEAM SATELLITE REPEATER 473 9.3.1 FIXED INTERCONNECTION 474 9.3.2
RECONFIGURABLE (SEMI-FIXED) INTERCONNECTION 474 9.3.3 ON-BOARD TIME
DOMAIN SWITCHING 477 9.3.4 ON BOARD FREQUENCY DOMAIN SWITCHING 481 9.4
REGENERATIVE REPEATER 482 9.4.1 APPLICATION AND EXAMPLES OF ON-BOARD
PROCESSING REGENERATIVE SATELLITES 482 9.4.2 EQUIPMENT FOR REGENERATIVE
REPEATERS 488 9.5 SOLID STATE EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGY 493 9.5.1 THE
SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT 493 9.5.2 ANALOGUE MICROWAVE COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY
493 9.5.3 DIGITAL COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY 494 9.6 ANTENNA COVERAGE 495
9.6.1 SERVICE ZONE CONTOUR 495 9.6.2 GEOMETRICAL CONTOUR 499 9.6.3
GLOBAL COVERAGE 499 9.6.4 REDUCED OR SPOT COVERAGE 502 9.6.5 EVALUATION
OF ANTENNA POINTING ERROR 504 9.6.6 CONCLUSION 515 9.7 ANTENNA
CHARACTERISTICS 516 9.7.1 ANTENNA FUNCTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS 516
9.7.2 THE RADIO-FREQUENCY COVERAGE 518 9.7.3 CIRCULAR BEAM 519 9.7.4
ELLIPTICAL BEAMS 522 9.7.5 THE INFLUENCE OF DEPOINTING 524 9.7.6 SHAPED
BEAMS 526 9.7.7 MULTIPLE BEAMS 529 9.7.8 TYPES OF ANTENNA 532 9.7.9
ANTENNA TECHNOLOGIES 535 CONTENTS XI 9.8 CONCLUSION 546 REFERENCES 546
THE PLATFORM 551 10.1 SUBSYSTEMS 551 10.2 ATTITUDE CONTROL 553 10.2.1
ATTITUDE CONTROL FUNCTIONS 553 10.2.2 ATTITUDE SENSORS 555 10.2.3
ATTITUDE DETERMINATION 557 10.2.4 ACTUATORS 561 10.2.5 THE PRINCIPLE OF
GYROSCOPIC STABILISATION 563 10.2.6 SPIN STABILISATION 565 10.2.7
'THREE-AXIS' STABILISATION 568 10.3 THE PROPULSION SUBSYSTEM 574 10.3.1
CHARACTERISTICS OF THRUSTERS 575 10.3.2 CHEMICAL PROPULSION 577 10.3.3
ELECTRIC PROPULSION 582 10.3.4 ORGANISATION OF THE PROPULSION SUBSYSTEM
587 10.3.5 ELECTRIC PROPULSION FOR STATION KEEPING AND ORBIT TRANSFER
591 10.4 THE ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY 592 10.4.1 PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES 592
10.4.2 SECONDARY ENERGY SOURCES 599 10.4.3 CONDITIONING AND PROTECTION
CIRCUITS 605 10.4.4 EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS 610 10.5 TELEMETRY, TRACKING
AND COMMAND (TTC) AND ON-BOARD DATA HANDLING (OBDH) 612 10.5.1
FREQUENCIES USED 613 10.5.2 THE COMMAND LINKS (TC LINKS) 614 10.5.3
TELEMETRY LINKS (TM LINKS) 615 10.5.4 COMMAND (TC) AND TELEMETRY (TM)
MESSAGE FORMAT STANDARDS 616 10.5.5 ON-BOARD DATA HANDLING (OBDH) 623
10.5.6 TRACKING 627 10.6 THERMAL CONTROL AND STRUCTURE 631 10.6.1
THERMAL CONTROL SPECIFICATIONS 632 10.6.2 PASSIVE CONTROL 634 10.6.3
ACTIVE CONTROL 637 10.6.4 STRUCTURE 637 10.6.5 CONCLUSION 640 10.7
DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS 641 REFERENCES 642 SATELL 11.1 ** INSTALLATION
AND LAUNCH VEHICLES 645 NSTALLATION IN ORBIT 645 1.1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES
645 1.1.2 CALCULATION OF THE REQUIRED VELOCITY INCREMENTS 647 1.1.3
INCLINATION CORRECTION AND CIRCULARISATION 648 1.1.4 THE APOGEE (OR
PERIGEE) MOTOR 658 1.1.5 INJECTION INTO ORBIT WITH A CONVENTIONAL
LAUNCHER 663 1.1.6 INJECTION INTO ORBIT FROM A QUASI-CIRCULAR LOW
ALTITUDE ORBIT 668 1.1.7 OPERATIONS DURING INSTALLATION (STATION
ACQUISITION) 670 1.1.8 INJECTION INTO ORBITS OTHER THAN GEOSTATIONARY
673 1.1.9 THE LAUNCH WINDOW 674 XII CONTENTS 11.2 LAUNCH VEHICLES 11.2.1
11.2.2 11.2.3 11.2.4 11.2.5 11.2.6 11.2.7 REFERENCES CHINA EUROPE
(ARIANE) THE UNITED STATES INDIA JAPAN COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT
STATES (CIS) COST OF INSTALLATION IN ORBIT 675 676 678 686 695 696 699
704 704 12 THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT 707 12.1 VACUUM 707 12.1.1
CHARACTERISATION 707 12.1.2 EFFECTS 708 12.2 THE MECHANICAL ENVIRONMENT
708 12.2.1 THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 708 12.2.2 THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD
710 12.2.3 SOLAR RADIATION PRESSURE 711 12.2.4 METEORITES AND MATERIAL
PARTICLES 711 12.2.5 TORQUES OF INTERNAL ORIGIN 712 12.2.6 THE EFFECT OF
COMMUNICATION TRANSMISSIONS 713 12.2.7 CONCLUSIONS 713 12.3 RADIATION
713 12.3.1 SOLAR RADIATION 714 12.3.2 EARTH RADIATION 715 12.3.3 THERMAL
EFFECTS 715 12.3.4 EFFECTS ON MATERIALS 717 12.4 FLUX OF HIGH ENERGY
PARTICLES 718 12.4.1 COSMIC PARTICLES 718 12.4.2 EFFECTS ON MATERIALS
721 12.5 THE ENVIRONMENT DURING INSTALLATION 721 12.5.1 THE ENVIRONMENT
DURING LAUNCHING 721 12.5.2 ENVIRONMENT IN THE TRANSFER ORBIT 722
REFERENCES 724 13 RELIABILITY OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 725
13.1 INTRODUCTION OF RELIABILITY 725 13.1.1 FAILURE RATE 725 13.1.2 THE
PROBABILITY OF SURVIVAL OR RELIABILITY 726 13.1.3 FAILURE PROBABILITY OR
UNRELIABILITY 727 13.1.4 MEAN TIME TO FAILURE (MTTF) 727 13.1.5 MEAN
SATELLITE LIFETIME 728 13.1.6 RELIABILITY DURING THE WEAR-OUT PERIOD 728
13.2 SATELLITE SYSTEM AVAILABILITY 729 13.2.1 NO BACK-UP SATELLITE IN
ORBIT 730 13.2.2 BACK-UP SATELLITE IN ORBIT 730 13.2.3 CONCLUSION 731
13.3 SUB-SYSTEM RELIABILITY 731 13.3.1 ELEMENTS IN SERIES 732 13.3.2
ELEMENTS IN PARALLEL (STATIC REDUNDANCY) 732 CONTENTS XLLT 13.3.3
DYNAMIC REDUNDANCY (WITH SWITCHING) 734 13.3.4 EQUIPMENT HAVING SEVERAL
FAILURE MODES 738 13.4 COMPONENT RELIABILITY 739 13.4.1 COMPONENT
RELIABILITY 739 13.4.2 COMPONENT SELECTION 739 13.4.3 MANUFACTURE 741
13.4.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE 741 INDEX 745 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REPRODUCTION OF
FIGURES EXTRACTED FROM THE 1990 EDITION OF CCIR VOLUMES (XVIITH PLENARY
ASSEMBLY, DUESSELDORF, 1990) THE "HANDBOOK ON SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
(ITU GENEVA, 1988)" AND THE ITU-R RECOMMENDATIONS IS MADE WITH THE
AUTHORISATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU) AS
COPYRIGHT HOLDER. THE CHOICE OF THE EXCERPTS REPRODUCED REMAINS UNDER
THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE AUTHORS AND DOES NOT ENGAGE IN ANY WAY
THE ITU. THE COMPLETE ITU DOCUMENTATION CAN BE OBTAINED FROM:
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION GENERAL SECRETARIAT-SALES SECTION
PLACE DES NATIONS, 1211 GENEVA 20 (SWITZERLAND) TEL: +41 22 730 51 11
TG: BURINTERNA GENEVA TELEFAX: 2/M + 41 22 730 51 94 TLX: 421 000 UIT CH |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Maral, Gérard |
| author_facet | Maral, Gérard |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Maral, Gérard |
| author_variant | g m gm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023214461 |
| classification_rvk | ZN 6520 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)551857819 (DE-599)BVBBV023214461 |
| dewey-full | 621.3825 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.3825 |
| dewey-search | 621.3825 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.3825 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| edition | 4. ed., reprinted |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023214461 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:13:25Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:13:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English French |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016400486 |
| oclc_num | 551857819 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-706 |
| owner_facet | DE-706 |
| physical | XXV, , 757 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Maral, Gérard Verfasser aut Systèmes de télecommunications par satellites Satellite communications systems systems, techniques, and technology Gérard Maral, Michel Bousquet 4. ed., reprinted Chichester Wiley 2008 XXV, , 757 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Telekommunikation (DE-588)4059360-5 gnd rswk-swf Satellitenfunk (DE-588)4138349-7 gnd rswk-swf Kommunikationssatellit (DE-588)4164812-2 gnd rswk-swf Satellitenfunk (DE-588)4138349-7 s Telekommunikation (DE-588)4059360-5 s DE-604 Kommunikationssatellit (DE-588)4164812-2 s 1\p DE-604 Bousquet, Michel Sonstige oth GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016400486&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Maral, Gérard Satellite communications systems systems, techniques, and technology Telekommunikation (DE-588)4059360-5 gnd Satellitenfunk (DE-588)4138349-7 gnd Kommunikationssatellit (DE-588)4164812-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4059360-5 (DE-588)4138349-7 (DE-588)4164812-2 |
| title | Satellite communications systems systems, techniques, and technology |
| title_alt | Systèmes de télecommunications par satellites |
| title_auth | Satellite communications systems systems, techniques, and technology |
| title_exact_search | Satellite communications systems systems, techniques, and technology |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Satellite communications systems systems, techniques, and technology |
| title_full | Satellite communications systems systems, techniques, and technology Gérard Maral, Michel Bousquet |
| title_fullStr | Satellite communications systems systems, techniques, and technology Gérard Maral, Michel Bousquet |
| title_full_unstemmed | Satellite communications systems systems, techniques, and technology Gérard Maral, Michel Bousquet |
| title_short | Satellite communications systems |
| title_sort | satellite communications systems systems techniques and technology |
| title_sub | systems, techniques, and technology |
| topic | Telekommunikation (DE-588)4059360-5 gnd Satellitenfunk (DE-588)4138349-7 gnd Kommunikationssatellit (DE-588)4164812-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Telekommunikation Satellitenfunk Kommunikationssatellit |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016400486&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT maralgerard systemesdetelecommunicationsparsatellites AT bousquetmichel systemesdetelecommunicationsparsatellites AT maralgerard satellitecommunicationssystemssystemstechniquesandtechnology AT bousquetmichel satellitecommunicationssystemssystemstechniquesandtechnology |