Galaxy formation: with 20 tables
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Astronomy and astrophysics library
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 735 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783540734772 3540734775 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137486574682112 |
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| adam_text | MALCOLM S. LONGAIR GALAXY FORMATION SECOND EDITION WITH 202 FIGURES AND
20 TABLES 4Y SPRINGER CONTENTS PART I PRELIMINARIES 1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF
COSMOLOGY AND GALAXY FORMATION 3 1.1 PRE-HISTORY 3 1.2 THE GALAXIES AND
THE STRUCTURE OF OUR GALAXY 5 1.3 THE THEORY OF THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE
10 1.4 THE BIG BANG 14 1.5 GALAXY AND STRUCTURE FORMATION 16 1.6 HOT AND
COLD DARK MATTER 19 1.7 THE VERY EARLY UNIVERSE 22 2 THE LARGE-SCALE
STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE 27 2.1 THE SPECTRUM AND ISOTROPY OF THE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 27 2.1.1 THE SPECTRUM OF THE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 28 2.1.2 THE ISOTROPY OF THE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 29 2.2 THE LARGE-SCALE DISTRIBUTION OF
GALAXIES 33 2.2.1 TWO-POINT CORRELATION FUNCTIONS 34 2.2.2 WALLS AND
VOIDS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES ON LARGE SCALES 38 2.3 HUBBLE S
LAW AND THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE 44 2.4 CONCLUSION 48 3 GALAXIES 49
3.1 INTRODUCTION 49 3.2 THE REVISED HUBBLE SEQUENCE FOR GALAXIES*. 50
3.3 PECULIAR AND INTERACTING GALAXIES 56 3.4 THE LIGHT DISTRIBUTION IN
GALAXIES 59 3.4.1 ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES 61 3.4.2 SPIRAL AND LENTICULAR
GALAXIES 61 3.4.3 PUTTING THE LIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS TOGETHER 62 3.5 THE
MASSES OF GALAXIES 63 XIV CONTENTS 3.5.1 THE VIRIAL THEOREM FOR CLUSTERS
OF STARS, GALAXIES AND CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 63 3.5.2 THE ROTATION CURVES
OF SPIRAL GALAXIES 66 3.5.3 THE VELOCITY DISPERSIONS OF ELLIPTICAL
GALAXIES 69 3.6 THE PROPERTIES OF SPIRAL AND ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES 70
3.6.1 THE FABER-JACKSON RELATION AND THE FUNDAMENTAL PLANE... 70 3.6.2
ELLIPTICALS GALAXIES AS TRIAXIAL SYSTEMS 71 3.6.3 THE TULLY-FISHER
RELATION FOR SPIRAL GALAXIES 73 3.6.4 LUMINOSITY-METALLICITY RELATIONS
74 3.7 THE LUMINOSITY FUNCTION OF GALAXIES 77 3.7.1 ASPECTS OF THE
LUMINOSITY FUNCTION OF GALAXIES 79 3.7.2 THE INTEGRATED LUMINOSITY AND
THE MEAN MASS-TO-LUMINOSITY RATIO FOR VISIBLE MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE 83
3.8 THE PROPERTIES OF GALAXIES: CORRELATIONS ALONG THE HUBBLE SEQUENCE
84 3.9 THE RED AND BLUE SEQUENCES 88 3.9.1 COLOUR VERSUS ABSOLUTE
MAGNITUDE 89 3.9.2 SERSIC INDEX AND COLOUR 91 3.9.3 MEAN STELLAR AGE AND
CONCENTRATION INDEX C 91 3.9.4 THE EFFECT OF THE GALAXY ENVIRONMENT 92
3.9.5 THE NEW PERSPECTIVE 93 3.10 CONCLUDING REMARK 94 4 CLUSTERS OF
GALAXIES 95 4.1 THE LARGE-SCALE DISTRIBUTION OF CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 95
4.1.1 THE ABELL CATALOGUES OF RICH CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 96 4.1.2
COMPARISON WITH CLUSTERS SELECTED FROM THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY * A
98 4.1.3 ABELL CLUSTERS AND THE LARGE-SCALE DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES 99
4.2 THE DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES IN CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 101 4.2.1 THE
GALAXY CONTENT AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES IN CLUSTERS 101
4.2.2 CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES AND ISOTHERMAL GAS SPHERES 103 4.2.3 THE
LUMINOSITY FUNCTION FOR CLUSTER GALAXIES 108 4.2.4 SUMMARY OF THE
PROPERTIES OF RICH CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES ... 109 4.3 DYNAMICAL ESTIMATES
OF THE MASSES OF CLUSTER* OF GALAXIES 110 4.4 X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF HOT
GAS IN CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 114 4.5 THE SUNYAEV-ZELDOVICH EFFECT IN HOT
INTRACLUSTER GAS 125 4.6 GRAVITATIONAL LENSING BY GALAXIES AND CLUSTERS
OF GALAXIES 128 4.6.1 BASIC THEORY OF GRAVITATIONAL DEFLECTIONS 128
4.6.2 MAGNIFICATION OF IMAGES BY GRAVITATIONAL LENSING 130 . 4.6.3
EXTENDED DEFLECTORS 133 4.6.4 GRAVITATIONAL LENSING AND THE ASTROPHYSICS
OF GALAXIES ... 136 4.7 FORMS OF DARK MATTER 139 CONTENTS XV 4.7.1
BARYONIC DARK MATTER 139 4.7.2 NON-BARYONIC DARK MATTER 142 4.7.3
ASTROPHYSICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LIMITS 144 PART II THE BASIC FRAMEWORK 5
THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 149 5.1 THE COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE 149 5.2
ISOTROPIC CURVED SPACES 150 5.3 THE SPACE-TIME METRIC FOR ISOTROPIC
CURVED SPACES 155 5.4 THE ROBERTSON-WALKER METRIC 158 5.5 OBSERVATIONS
IN COSMOLOGY 162 5.5.1 THE COSMOLOGICAL REDSHIFT 162 5.5.2 HUBBLE S LAW
165 5.5.3 ANGULAR DIAMETERS 167 5.5.4 APPARENT INTENSITIES 168 5.5.5
NUMBER DENSITIES 170 5.5.6 THE AGE OF THE UNIVERSE 171 5.6 SUMMARY 171 6
AN INTRODUCTION TO RELATIVISTIC GRAVITY 173 6.1 THE PRINCIPLE OF
EQUIVALENCE 173 6.2 THE GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT 176 6.3 THE BENDING OF
LIGHT RAYS 179 6.4 FURTHER COMPLICATIONS 181 6.5 THE ROUTE TO GENERAL
RELATIVITY 184 6.5.1 FOUR-TENSORS IN RELATIVITY 184 6.5.2 WHAT EINSTEIN
DID 187 6.6 EXPERIMENTAL AND OBSERVATIONAL TESTS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY
189 6.6.1 THE FOUR TESTS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY 189 6.6.2 PULSARS AND
GENERAL RELATIVITY 192 6.6.3 PARAMETERISED POST-NEWTONIAN MODELS 195
6.6.4 VARIATION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT WITH COSMIC EPOCH 197 6.7
SUMMARY . 198 7 THE FRIEDMAN WORLD MODELS 199 7.1 EINSTEIN S FIELD
EQUATIONS ^ 199 7.2 THE STANDARD FRIEDMAN WORLD MODELS WITH A = 0 202
7.2.1 THE NEWTONIAN ANALOGUE OF THE FRIEDMAN WORLD MODELS.. 202 7.2.2
THE CRITICAL DENSITY AND THE DENSITY PARAMETER 204 7.2.3 THE DYNAMICS OF
THE FRIEDMAN MODELS WITH A = 0 205 7.3 FRIEDMAN MODELS WITH NON-ZERO
COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT 207 7.3.1 THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT AND THE VACUUM
ENERGY DENSITY 208 XVI CONTENTS 7.3.2 VARYING THE EQUATION OF STATE OF
THE VACUUM ENERGY 210 7.3.3 THE DYNAMICS OF WORLD MODELS WITH A ^ 0:
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 211 7.4 OBSERVATIONS IN COSMOLOGY 215 7.4.1 THE
DECELERATION PARAMETER 216 7.4.2 THE COSMIC TIME-REDSHIFT RELATION 217
7.4.3 DISTANCE MEASURES AS A FUNCTION OF REDSHIFT 218 7.4.4 ANGULAR
DIAMETER-REDSHIFT RELATIONS 221 7.4.5 FLUX DENSITY-REDSHIFT RELATIONS
223 7.4.6 THE COMOVING VOLUME WITHIN REDSHIFT Z 226 7.5 ANGULAR DIAMETER
DISTANCES BETWEEN ANY TWO REDSHIFTS 228 7.6 THE FLATNESS PROBLEM 230 7.7
INHOMOGENEOUS WORLD MODELS 231 A7 THE ROBERTSON-WALKER METRIC FOR AN
EMPTY UNIVERSE 237 8 THE DETERMINATION OF COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 241
8.1 THE COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 241 8.2 TESTING THE FRIEDMAN MODELS 242
8.3 HUBBLE S CONSTANT H O 246 8.4 THE AGE OF THE UNIVERSE T O 250 8.5
THE DECELERATION PARAMETER Q 0 252 8.5.1 THE REDSHIFT-MAGNITUDE RELATION
FOR THE BRIGHTEST GALAXIES IN CLUSTERS 252 8.5.2 THE REDSHIFT-MAGNITUDE
RELATION FOR RADIO GALAXIES 254 8.5.3 THE REDSHIFT-MAGNITUDE RELATION
FOR TYPE LA SUPERNOVAE. 256 8.5.4 THE NUMBER COUNTS OF GALAXIES 259
8.5.5 THE ANGULAR DIAMETER-REDSHIFT TEST 261 8.6 2 A AND THE STATISTICS
OF GRAVITATIONAL LENSES 263 8.7 THE DENSITY PARAMETER Q Q 267 8.8
SUMMARY 270 9 THE THERMAL HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE 271 9.1
RADIATION-DOMINATED UNIVERSES - 271 9.2 THE MATTER AND RADIATION CONTENT
OF THE UNIVERSE 273 9.3 THE EPOCH OF RECOMBINATION 277 9.4 THE
RADIATION-DOMINATED ERA * 281 9.5 THE SPEED OF SOUND AS A FUNCTION OF
COSMIC EPOCH 285 9.6 EARLY EPOCHS 286 10 NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IN THE EARLY
UNIVERSE 289 10.1 EQUILIBRIUM ABUNDANCES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE 289 10.2
THE DECOUPLING OF NEUTRINOS AND THE NEUTRINO BARRIER 290 10.3 THE
SYNTHESIS OF THE LIGHT ELEMENTS 292 10.4 THE ABUNDANCES OF THE LIGHT
ELEMENTS 295 CONTENTS XVII 10.4.1 DETERMINATIONS OF THE OBSERVED
ABUNDANCES OF THE LIGHT ELEMENTS 296 10.4.2 COMPARISON OF THEORY AND
OBSERVATIONS 299 10.5 THE NEUTRINO BACKGROUND TEMPERATURE AND THE VALUE
OF / 301 10.6 BARYON-SYMMETRIC UNIVERSES 303 PART III THE DEVELOPMENT OF
PRIMORDIAL FLUCTUATIONS UNDER GRAVITY 11 THE EVOLUTION OF PERTURBATIONS
IN THE STANDARD BIG BANG 311 11.1 WHAT THE THEORISTS ARE TRYING TO DO
311 11.1.1 WHY THIS PROGRAMME IS FEASIBLE 312 11.1.2 A WARNING 312 11.2
THE NON-RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATION FOR THE GROWTH OF SMALL PERTURBATIONS
IN THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE 313 11.3 THE JEANS INSTABILITY 317 11.4 THE
JEANS INSTABILITY IN AN EXPANDING MEDIUM 319 11.4.1 SMALL PERTURBATION
ANALYSIS 319 11.4.2 PERTURBING THE FRIEDMAN SOLUTIONS 321 11.4.3 FALLING
POLES 322 11.4.4 THE GENERAL SOLUTION 324 11.5 THE EVOLUTION OF PECULIAR
VELOCITIES IN THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE ... 327 11.6 THE RELATIVISTIC CASE
331 11.7 THE BASIC PROBLEM 332 12 MORE TOOLS AND PROBLEMS 335 12.1
HORIZONS AND TH E HORIZON PROBLEM 335 12.2 PEDAGOGICAL INTERLUDE -
SPACE-TIME DIAGRAMS FOR THE STANDARD WORLD MODELS 339 12.2.1 DISTANCE
AND TIMES .-: 339 12.2.2 THE PAST LIGHT CONE 340 12.2.3 THE CRITICAL
WORLD MODEL Q 0 = L,Q A =0 342 12.2.4 THE REFERENCE WORLD MODEL J2 0 =
0.3, Q A = 0.7 344 12.3 SUPERHORIZON SCALES 347 12.4 THE ADIABATIC
BARYONIC FLUCTUATIONS IN THE STANDARD BIG BANG ... 350 12.4.1 THE
RADIATION-DOMINATED ERA 352 12.4.2 THE MATTER-DOMINATED ERA 353 12.5
DISSIPATION PROCESSES IN THE PRE-RECOMBIAATION ERA 355 12.6 ISOTHERMAL
PERTURBATIONS 357 12.7 BARYONIC THEORIES OF GALAXY FORMATION 360 12.7.1
THE ADIABATIC SCENARIO 361 12.7.2 THE ISOTHERMAL SCENARIO 363 12.8 WHAT
WENT WRONG? 364 XVIII CONTENTS 13 DARK MATTER AND GALAXY FORMATION 367
13.1 INTRODUCTION 367 13.2 FORMS OF NON-BARYONIC DARK MATTER 369 13.3
WIMPS AS DARK MATTER PARTICLES 370 13.4 METRIC PERTURBATIONS AND HOT AND
COLD DARK MATTER 374 13.5 FREE STREAMING AND THE DAMPING OF HOT DARK
MATTER PERTURBATIONS 375 13.6 INSTABILITIES IN THE PRESENCE OF DARK
MATTER 377 13.7 THE EVOLUTION OF HOT AND COLD DARK MATTER PERTURBATIONS
380 13.7.1 HOT DARK MATTER SCENARIO ,380 13.7.2 COLD DARK MATTER
SCENARIO 381 13.8 CONCLUSION 384 14 CORRELATION FUNCTIONS AND THE
SPECTRUM OF THE INITIAL FLUCTUATIONS .. 385 14.1 THE TWO-POINT
CORRELATION FUNCTION FOR GALAXIES 385 14.2 THE PERTURBATION SPECTRUM 388
14.2.1 THE RELATION BETWEEN (R) AND THE POWER SPECTRUM OF THE
FLUCTUATIONS 388 14.2.2 THE INITIAL POWER SPECTRUM 390 14.2.3 THE
HARRISON-ZELDOVICH POWER SPECTRUM 391 14.3 EVOLUTION OF THE INITIAL
PERTURBATION SPECTRUM - TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 393 14.3.1 ADIABATIC COLD
DARK MATTER 393 14.3.2 ADIABATIC HOT DARK MATTER 396 14.3.3 ISOCURVATURE
COLD DARK MATTER 396 14.3.4 THE SUBSEQUENT EVOLUTION 399 14.4 BIASING
401 14.5 RECONSTRUCTING THE ^PROCESSED INITIAL POWER SPECTRUM 405 14.5.1
REDSHIFT BIASES 406 14.5.2 NON-LINEAR DEVELOPMENT OF DENSITY
PERTURBATIONS 407 14.5.3 THE ROLE OF BARYON PERTURBATIONS 409 14.6 THE
ACOUSTIC PEAKS IN THE POWER SPECTRUM OF GALAXIES 411 14.6.1 THE 2DF
GALAXY REDSHIFT SURVEY 412 14.6.2 SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY 412 14.7
VARIATIONS ON A THEME OF COLD DARK MATTER 415 15 FLUCTUATIONS IN THE
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 421 15.1 THE IONISATION OF THE
INTERGALACTIC GAS THROUGH THE EPOCH OF RECOMBINATION ^ 422 15.2 THE
PHYSICAL AND ANGULAR SCALES OF THE FLUCTUATIONS 424 15.2.1 THE LAST
SCATTERING LAYER 425 15.2.2 THE SILK DAMPING SCALE 426 15.2.3 THE SOUND
HORIZON AT THE LAST SCATTERING LAYER 427 15.2.4 THE PARTICLE HORIZON
SCALES 429 15.2.5 SUMMARY 430 15.3 THE POWER,SPECTRUM OF FLUCTUATIONS IN
THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 431 CONTENTS XIX 15.3.1 THE
STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS 431 15.3.2 THE
POWER SPECTRUM OF FLUCTUATIONS IN THE INTENSITY OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND RADIATION 434 15.4 LARGE ANGULAR SCALES 436 15.4.1 THE
SACHS-WOLFE EFFECT - PHYSICAL ARGUMENTS 436 15.4.2 THE INTEGRATED
SACHS-WOLFE AND REES-SCIAMA EFFECTS 440 15.4.3 PRIMORDIAL GRAVITATIONAL
WAVES 440 15.5 INTERMEDIATE ANGULAR SCALES - THE ACOUSTIC PEAKS 443 15.6
SMALL ANGULAR SCALES 450 15.6.1 STATISTICAL AND SILK DAMPING 450 15.6.2
THE SUNYAEV-ZELDOVICH EFFECT IN CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 450 15.6.3
CONFUSION DUE TO DISCRETE SOURCES 451 15.7 THE REIONISED INTERGALACTIC
GAS 452 15.8 THE POLARISATION OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
RADIATION. 454 15.8.1 THE POLARISATION MECHANISM FOR THE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 454 15.8.2 POLARISATION FROM THE LAST
SCATTERING LAYER 455 15.8.3 POLARISATION FROM THE EPOCH OF REIONISATION
458 15.8.4 PRIMORDIAL GRAVITATIONAL WAVES 459 15.8.5 WEAK GRAVITATIONAL
LENSING 460 15.9 DETERMINATION OF COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 463 15.10
OTHER SOURCES OF PRIMORDIAL FLUCTUATIONS 465 15.11 REFLECTIONS 466 PART
IV THE POST-RECOMBINATION UNIVERSE 16 THE POST-RECOMBINATION ERA 471
16.1 THE NON-LINEAR COLLAPSE OF DENSITY PERTURBATIONS 472 16.1.1
ISOTROPIC TOP-HAT COLLAPSE 473 16.1.2 THE ZELDOVICH APPROXIMATION 475
16.2 THE ROLE OF DISSIPATION 477 16.3 THE PRESS-SCHECHTER MASS FUNCTION
482 16.3.1 EXPOSITION * ELEMENTARY THEORY 482 16.3.2 DEVELOPMENT AND
RECAPITULATION . 485 17 THE EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES AND ACTIVE GALAXIES
WITH COSMIC EPOCH .. 491 17.1 INTRODUCTION ^ 491 17.2 COUNTS OF GALAXIES
AND ACTIVE GALAXIES 492 17.2.1 EUCLIDEAN SOURCE COUNTS 493 17.2.2 SOURCE
COUNTS FOR THE STANDARD WORLD MODELS 494 17.2.3 SUBMILLIMETRE COUNTS OF
DUSTY GALAXIES 500 17.2.4 NUMBER COUNTS IN MODELS WITH FINITE Q A 501
17.2.5 FLUCTUATIONS IN THE BACKGROUND RADIATION DUE TO DISCRETE .SOURCES
504 XX CONTENTS 17.3 THE V/Y M AX OR LUMINOSITY-VOLUME TEST 507 17.4
BACKGROUND RADIATION 510 17.4.1 BACKGROUND RADIATION AND SOURCE COUNTS
510 17.4.2 EVALUATING THE BACKGROUND DUE TO DISCRETE SOURCES 510 17.4.3
THE EFFECTS OF EVOLUTION - THE CASE OF THE RADIO BACKGROUND EMISSION 512
17.5 THE EVOLUTION OF ACTIVE GALAXIES WITH COSMIC EPOCH 514 17.5.1
NUMBER COUNTS AND V/ V MAX TESTS FOR EXTRAGALACTIC RADIO SOURCES 514
17.5.2 RADIO QUIET QUASARS 518 17.5.3 X-RAY SOURCE COUNTS 524 17.5.4
X-RAY CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 529 17.6 INFRARED AND SUBMILLIMETRE NUMBER
COUNTS 532 17.7 COUNTS OF GALAXIES 537 17.8 CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 543 18
THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM 547 18.1 THE BACKGROUND EMISSION OF AND
ABSORPTION BY THE INTERGALACTIC GAS 548 18.2 THE GUNN-PETERSON TEST 549
18.3 THE LYMAN-A ABSORPTION CLOUDS 552 18.3.1 THE PROPERTIES OF THE
LYMAN-A ABSORPTION CLOUDS 552 18.3.2 THE NATURE OF THE CLOUDS IN THE
LYMAN-A FOREST 554 18.3.3 THE EVOLUTION OF LYMAN-A ABSORPTION CLOUDS
WITH COSMIC EPOCH 556 18.3.4 THE POWER SPECTRUM OF THE LYMAN-A FOREST
557 18.4 THE LUKEWARM INTERGALACTIC GAS 560 18.4.1 THE X-RAY BACKGROUND
AND A COSMIC CONSPIRACY 561 18.4.2 THE COLLISIONAL EXCITATION V OF THE
INTERGALACTIC GAS 562 18.4.3 THE EMISSION AND ABSORPTION OF DIFFUSE
LUKEWARM INTERGALACTIC GAS 564 18.4.4 THE PROXIMITY EFFECT AND THE
DIFFUSE ULTRAVIOLET BACKGROUND RADIATION AT LARGE REDSHIFTS 567 18.5 THE
LYMAN CONTINUUM OPACITY OF THE INTERGALACTIC GAS ......... 569 18.6
MODELLING THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM 571 18.7 THE EPOCH
OF REIONISATION 574 18.8 THE ORIGIN OF MAGNETIC FIELDS 19 MAKING REAL
GALAXIES 583 19.1 STAR AND ELEMENT FORMATION IN GALAXIES 583 19.1.1 THE
BACKGROUND RADIATION AND ELEMENT FORMATION 584 19.1.2 THE GLOBAL STAR
FORMATION RATE FROM OPTICAL AND ULTRAVIOLET OBSERVATIONS OF STAR-FORMING
GALAXIES 587 19.1.3 THE.LYMAN-BREAK GALAXIES 590 19.1.4 THE HUBBLE DEEP
AND ULTRA DEEP FIELDS 590 CONTENTS XXI 19.1.5 SUBMILLIMETRE
DETERMINATIONS OF THE COSMIC STAR-FORMATION RATE 596 19.2 THE ABUNDANCES
OF ELEMENTS IN LYMAN-A ABSORPTION SYSTEMS.... 598 19.3 THE EQUATIONS OF
COSMIC CHEMICAL EVOLUTION 604 19.4 THE OLD RED GALAXIES 607 19.5 THE
ORIGIN OF ROTATION 610 19.6 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER - SEMI-ANALYTIC
MODELS OF GALAXY FORMATION 613 20 THE VERY EARLY UNIVERSE 621 20.1 THE
BIG PROBLEMS 621 20.1.1 THE HORIZON PROBLEM 621 20.1.2 THE FLATNESS
PROBLEM 622 20.1.3 THE BARYON-ASYMMETRY PROBLEM 622 20.1.4 THE
PRIMORDIAL FLUCTUATION PROBLEM 623 20.1.5 THE VALUES OF THE COSMOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS 623 20.1.6 THE WAY AHEAD 624 20.2 THE LIMITS OF OBSERVATION
624 20.3 THE ANTHROPIC COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE 625 20.4 THE INFLATIONARY
UNIVERSE - HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 626 20.5 THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECTRUM OF
PRIMORDIAL PERTURBATIONS 629 20.5.1 THE EQUATION OF STATE 630 20.5.2 THE
DURATION OF THE INFLATIONARY PHASE 630 20.5.3 THE SHRINKING HUBBLE
SPHERE 631 20.5.4 SCALAR FIELDS 634 20.5.5 THE QUANTISED HARMONIC
OSCILLATOR 635 20.5.6 THE SPECTRUM OF FLUCTUATIONS IN THE SCALAR FIELD
637 20.6 BARYOGENESIS 641 20.7 THE PLANCKERA 642 REFERENCES 645 NAME
INDEX 695 INDEX * 701
|
| adam_txt |
MALCOLM S. LONGAIR GALAXY FORMATION SECOND EDITION WITH 202 FIGURES AND
20 TABLES 4Y SPRINGER CONTENTS PART I PRELIMINARIES 1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF
COSMOLOGY AND GALAXY FORMATION 3 1.1 PRE-HISTORY 3 1.2 THE GALAXIES AND
THE STRUCTURE OF OUR GALAXY 5 1.3 THE THEORY OF THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE
10 1.4 THE BIG BANG 14 1.5 GALAXY AND STRUCTURE FORMATION 16 1.6 HOT AND
COLD DARK MATTER 19 1.7 THE VERY EARLY UNIVERSE 22 2 THE LARGE-SCALE
STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE 27 2.1 THE SPECTRUM AND ISOTROPY OF THE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 27 2.1.1 THE SPECTRUM OF THE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 28 2.1.2 THE ISOTROPY OF THE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 29 2.2 THE LARGE-SCALE DISTRIBUTION OF
GALAXIES 33 2.2.1 TWO-POINT CORRELATION FUNCTIONS 34 2.2.2 WALLS AND
VOIDS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES ON LARGE SCALES 38 2.3 HUBBLE'S
LAW AND THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE 44 2.4 CONCLUSION 48 3 GALAXIES 49
3.1 INTRODUCTION 49 3.2 THE REVISED HUBBLE SEQUENCE FOR GALAXIES*. 50
3.3 PECULIAR AND INTERACTING GALAXIES 56 3.4 THE LIGHT DISTRIBUTION IN
GALAXIES 59 3.4.1 ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES 61 3.4.2 SPIRAL AND LENTICULAR
GALAXIES 61 3.4.3 PUTTING THE LIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS TOGETHER 62 3.5 THE
MASSES OF GALAXIES 63 XIV CONTENTS 3.5.1 THE VIRIAL THEOREM FOR CLUSTERS
OF STARS, GALAXIES AND CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 63 3.5.2 THE ROTATION CURVES
OF SPIRAL GALAXIES 66 3.5.3 THE VELOCITY DISPERSIONS OF ELLIPTICAL
GALAXIES 69 3.6 THE PROPERTIES OF SPIRAL AND ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES 70
3.6.1 THE FABER-JACKSON RELATION AND THE FUNDAMENTAL PLANE. 70 3.6.2
ELLIPTICALS GALAXIES AS TRIAXIAL SYSTEMS 71 3.6.3 THE TULLY-FISHER
RELATION FOR SPIRAL GALAXIES 73 3.6.4 LUMINOSITY-METALLICITY RELATIONS
74 3.7 THE LUMINOSITY FUNCTION OF GALAXIES 77 3.7.1 ASPECTS OF THE
LUMINOSITY FUNCTION OF GALAXIES 79 3.7.2 THE INTEGRATED LUMINOSITY AND
THE MEAN MASS-TO-LUMINOSITY RATIO FOR VISIBLE MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE 83
3.8 THE PROPERTIES OF GALAXIES: CORRELATIONS ALONG THE HUBBLE SEQUENCE
84 3.9 THE RED AND BLUE SEQUENCES 88 3.9.1 COLOUR VERSUS ABSOLUTE
MAGNITUDE 89 3.9.2 SERSIC INDEX AND COLOUR 91 3.9.3 MEAN STELLAR AGE AND
CONCENTRATION INDEX C 91 3.9.4 THE EFFECT OF THE GALAXY ENVIRONMENT 92
3.9.5 THE NEW PERSPECTIVE 93 3.10 CONCLUDING REMARK 94 4 CLUSTERS OF
GALAXIES 95 4.1 THE LARGE-SCALE DISTRIBUTION OF CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 95
4.1.1 THE ABELL CATALOGUES OF RICH CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 96 4.1.2
COMPARISON WITH CLUSTERS SELECTED FROM THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY * A
98 4.1.3 ABELL CLUSTERS AND THE LARGE-SCALE DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES 99
4.2 THE DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES IN CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 101 4.2.1 THE
GALAXY CONTENT AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES IN CLUSTERS 101
4.2.2 CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES AND ISOTHERMAL GAS SPHERES 103 4.2.3 THE
LUMINOSITY FUNCTION FOR CLUSTER GALAXIES 108 4.2.4 SUMMARY OF THE
PROPERTIES OF RICH CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES . 109 4.3 DYNAMICAL ESTIMATES
OF THE MASSES OF CLUSTER* OF GALAXIES 110 4.4 X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF HOT
GAS IN CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 114 4.5 THE SUNYAEV-ZELDOVICH EFFECT IN HOT
INTRACLUSTER GAS 125 4.6 GRAVITATIONAL LENSING BY GALAXIES AND CLUSTERS
OF GALAXIES 128 4.6.1 BASIC THEORY OF GRAVITATIONAL DEFLECTIONS 128
4.6.2 MAGNIFICATION OF IMAGES BY GRAVITATIONAL LENSING 130 . 4.6.3
EXTENDED DEFLECTORS 133 4.6.4 GRAVITATIONAL LENSING AND THE ASTROPHYSICS
OF GALAXIES . 136 4.7 FORMS OF DARK MATTER 139 CONTENTS XV 4.7.1
BARYONIC DARK MATTER 139 4.7.2 NON-BARYONIC DARK MATTER 142 4.7.3
ASTROPHYSICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LIMITS 144 PART II THE BASIC FRAMEWORK 5
THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 149 5.1 THE COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE 149 5.2
ISOTROPIC CURVED SPACES 150 5.3 THE SPACE-TIME METRIC FOR ISOTROPIC
CURVED SPACES 155 5.4 THE ROBERTSON-WALKER METRIC 158 5.5 OBSERVATIONS
IN COSMOLOGY 162 5.5.1 THE COSMOLOGICAL REDSHIFT 162 5.5.2 HUBBLE'S LAW
165 5.5.3 ANGULAR DIAMETERS 167 5.5.4 APPARENT INTENSITIES 168 5.5.5
NUMBER DENSITIES 170 5.5.6 THE AGE OF THE UNIVERSE 171 5.6 SUMMARY 171 6
AN INTRODUCTION TO RELATIVISTIC GRAVITY 173 6.1 THE PRINCIPLE OF
EQUIVALENCE 173 6.2 THE GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT 176 6.3 THE BENDING OF
LIGHT RAYS 179 6.4 FURTHER COMPLICATIONS 181 6.5 THE ROUTE TO GENERAL
RELATIVITY 184 6.5.1 FOUR-TENSORS IN RELATIVITY 184 6.5.2 WHAT EINSTEIN
DID 187 6.6 EXPERIMENTAL AND OBSERVATIONAL TESTS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY
189 6.6.1 THE FOUR TESTS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY 189 6.6.2 PULSARS AND
GENERAL RELATIVITY 192 6.6.3 PARAMETERISED POST-NEWTONIAN MODELS 195
6.6.4 VARIATION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT WITH COSMIC EPOCH 197 6.7
SUMMARY .' 198 7 THE FRIEDMAN WORLD MODELS 199 7.1 EINSTEIN'S FIELD
EQUATIONS ^ 199 7.2 THE STANDARD FRIEDMAN WORLD MODELS WITH A = 0 202
7.2.1 THE NEWTONIAN ANALOGUE OF THE FRIEDMAN WORLD MODELS. 202 7.2.2
THE CRITICAL DENSITY AND THE DENSITY PARAMETER 204 7.2.3 THE DYNAMICS OF
THE FRIEDMAN MODELS WITH A = 0 205 7.3 FRIEDMAN MODELS WITH NON-ZERO
COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT 207 7.3.1 THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT AND THE VACUUM
ENERGY DENSITY 208 XVI CONTENTS 7.3.2 VARYING THE EQUATION OF STATE OF
THE VACUUM ENERGY 210 7.3.3 THE DYNAMICS OF WORLD MODELS WITH A ^ 0:
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 211 7.4 OBSERVATIONS IN COSMOLOGY 215 7.4.1 THE
DECELERATION PARAMETER 216 7.4.2 THE COSMIC TIME-REDSHIFT RELATION 217
7.4.3 DISTANCE MEASURES AS A FUNCTION OF REDSHIFT 218 7.4.4 ANGULAR
DIAMETER-REDSHIFT RELATIONS 221 7.4.5 FLUX DENSITY-REDSHIFT RELATIONS
223 7.4.6 THE COMOVING VOLUME WITHIN REDSHIFT Z 226 7.5 ANGULAR DIAMETER
DISTANCES BETWEEN ANY TWO REDSHIFTS 228 7.6 THE FLATNESS PROBLEM 230 7.7
INHOMOGENEOUS WORLD MODELS 231 A7 THE ROBERTSON-WALKER METRIC FOR AN
EMPTY UNIVERSE 237 8 THE DETERMINATION OF COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 241
8.1 THE COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 241 8.2 TESTING THE FRIEDMAN MODELS 242
8.3 HUBBLE'S CONSTANT H O 246 8.4 THE AGE OF THE UNIVERSE T O 250 8.5
THE DECELERATION PARAMETER Q 0 252 8.5.1 THE REDSHIFT-MAGNITUDE RELATION
FOR THE BRIGHTEST GALAXIES IN CLUSTERS 252 8.5.2 THE REDSHIFT-MAGNITUDE
RELATION FOR RADIO GALAXIES 254 8.5.3 THE REDSHIFT-MAGNITUDE RELATION
FOR TYPE LA SUPERNOVAE. 256 8.5.4 THE NUMBER COUNTS OF GALAXIES 259
8.5.5 THE ANGULAR DIAMETER-REDSHIFT TEST 261 8.6 2 A AND THE STATISTICS
OF GRAVITATIONAL LENSES 263 8.7 THE DENSITY PARAMETER Q Q 267 8.8
SUMMARY 270 9 THE THERMAL HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE 271 9.1
RADIATION-DOMINATED UNIVERSES - 271 9.2 THE MATTER AND RADIATION CONTENT
OF THE UNIVERSE 273 9.3 THE EPOCH OF RECOMBINATION 277 9.4 THE
RADIATION-DOMINATED ERA * 281 9.5 THE SPEED OF SOUND AS A FUNCTION OF
COSMIC EPOCH 285 9.6 EARLY EPOCHS 286 10 NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IN THE EARLY
UNIVERSE 289 10.1 EQUILIBRIUM ABUNDANCES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE 289 10.2
THE DECOUPLING OF NEUTRINOS AND THE NEUTRINO BARRIER 290 10.3 THE
SYNTHESIS OF THE LIGHT ELEMENTS 292 10.4 THE ABUNDANCES OF THE LIGHT
ELEMENTS 295 CONTENTS XVII 10.4.1 DETERMINATIONS OF THE OBSERVED
ABUNDANCES OF THE LIGHT ELEMENTS 296 10.4.2 COMPARISON OF THEORY AND
OBSERVATIONS 299 10.5 THE NEUTRINO BACKGROUND TEMPERATURE AND THE VALUE
OF / 301 10.6 BARYON-SYMMETRIC UNIVERSES 303 PART III THE DEVELOPMENT OF
PRIMORDIAL FLUCTUATIONS UNDER GRAVITY 11 THE EVOLUTION OF PERTURBATIONS
IN THE STANDARD BIG BANG 311 11.1 WHAT THE THEORISTS ARE TRYING TO DO
311 11.1.1 WHY THIS PROGRAMME IS FEASIBLE 312 11.1.2 A WARNING 312 11.2
THE NON-RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATION FOR THE GROWTH OF SMALL PERTURBATIONS
IN THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE 313 11.3 THE JEANS' INSTABILITY 317 11.4 THE
JEANS' INSTABILITY IN AN EXPANDING MEDIUM 319 11.4.1 SMALL PERTURBATION
ANALYSIS 319 11.4.2 PERTURBING THE FRIEDMAN SOLUTIONS 321 11.4.3 FALLING
POLES 322 11.4.4 THE GENERAL SOLUTION 324 11.5 THE EVOLUTION OF PECULIAR
VELOCITIES IN THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE . 327 11.6 THE RELATIVISTIC CASE
331 11.7 THE BASIC PROBLEM 332 12 MORE TOOLS AND PROBLEMS 335 12.1
HORIZONS AND TH'E HORIZON PROBLEM 335 12.2 PEDAGOGICAL INTERLUDE -
SPACE-TIME DIAGRAMS FOR THE STANDARD WORLD MODELS 339 12.2.1 DISTANCE
AND TIMES .-: 339 12.2.2 THE PAST LIGHT CONE 340 12.2.3 THE CRITICAL
WORLD MODEL Q 0 = L,Q A =0 342 12.2.4 THE REFERENCE WORLD MODEL J2 0 =
0.3, Q A = 0.7 344 12.3 SUPERHORIZON SCALES 347 12.4 THE ADIABATIC
BARYONIC FLUCTUATIONS IN THE STANDARD BIG BANG . 350 12.4.1 THE
RADIATION-DOMINATED ERA 352 12.4.2 THE MATTER-DOMINATED ERA 353 12.5
DISSIPATION PROCESSES IN THE PRE-RECOMBIAATION ERA 355 12.6 ISOTHERMAL
PERTURBATIONS 357 12.7 BARYONIC THEORIES OF GALAXY FORMATION 360 12.7.1
THE ADIABATIC SCENARIO 361 12.7.2 THE ISOTHERMAL SCENARIO 363 12.8 WHAT
WENT WRONG? 364 XVIII CONTENTS 13 DARK MATTER AND GALAXY FORMATION 367
13.1 INTRODUCTION 367 13.2 FORMS OF NON-BARYONIC DARK MATTER 369 13.3
WIMPS AS DARK MATTER PARTICLES 370 13.4 METRIC PERTURBATIONS AND HOT AND
COLD DARK MATTER 374 13.5 FREE STREAMING AND THE DAMPING OF HOT DARK
MATTER PERTURBATIONS 375 13.6 INSTABILITIES IN THE PRESENCE OF DARK
MATTER 377 13.7 THE EVOLUTION OF HOT AND COLD DARK MATTER PERTURBATIONS
380 13.7.1 HOT DARK MATTER SCENARIO ,380 13.7.2 COLD DARK MATTER
SCENARIO 381 13.8 CONCLUSION 384 14 CORRELATION FUNCTIONS AND THE
SPECTRUM OF THE INITIAL FLUCTUATIONS . 385 14.1 THE TWO-POINT
CORRELATION FUNCTION FOR GALAXIES 385 14.2 THE PERTURBATION SPECTRUM 388
14.2.1 THE RELATION BETWEEN (R) AND THE POWER SPECTRUM OF THE
FLUCTUATIONS 388 14.2.2 THE INITIAL POWER SPECTRUM 390 14.2.3 THE
HARRISON-ZELDOVICH POWER SPECTRUM 391 14.3 EVOLUTION OF THE INITIAL
PERTURBATION SPECTRUM - TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 393 14.3.1 ADIABATIC COLD
DARK MATTER 393 14.3.2 ADIABATIC HOT DARK MATTER 396 14.3.3 ISOCURVATURE
COLD DARK MATTER 396 14.3.4 THE SUBSEQUENT EVOLUTION 399 14.4 BIASING
401 14.5 RECONSTRUCTING THE ^PROCESSED INITIAL POWER SPECTRUM 405 14.5.1
REDSHIFT BIASES 406 14.5.2 NON-LINEAR DEVELOPMENT OF DENSITY
PERTURBATIONS 407 14.5.3 THE ROLE OF BARYON PERTURBATIONS 409 14.6 THE
ACOUSTIC PEAKS IN THE POWER SPECTRUM OF GALAXIES 411 14.6.1 THE 2DF
GALAXY REDSHIFT SURVEY 412 14.6.2 SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY 412 14.7
VARIATIONS ON A THEME OF COLD DARK MATTER 415 15 FLUCTUATIONS IN THE
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 421 15.1 THE IONISATION OF THE
INTERGALACTIC GAS THROUGH THE EPOCH OF RECOMBINATION ^ 422 15.2 THE
PHYSICAL AND ANGULAR SCALES OF THE FLUCTUATIONS 424 15.2.1 THE LAST
SCATTERING LAYER 425 15.2.2 THE SILK DAMPING SCALE 426 15.2.3 THE SOUND
HORIZON AT THE LAST SCATTERING LAYER 427 15.2.4 THE PARTICLE HORIZON
SCALES 429 15.2.5 SUMMARY 430 15.3 THE POWER,SPECTRUM OF FLUCTUATIONS IN
THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 431 CONTENTS XIX 15.3.1 THE
STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS 431 15.3.2 THE
POWER SPECTRUM OF FLUCTUATIONS IN THE INTENSITY OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND RADIATION 434 15.4 LARGE ANGULAR SCALES 436 15.4.1 THE
SACHS-WOLFE EFFECT - PHYSICAL ARGUMENTS 436 15.4.2 THE INTEGRATED
SACHS-WOLFE AND REES-SCIAMA EFFECTS 440 15.4.3 PRIMORDIAL GRAVITATIONAL
WAVES 440 15.5 INTERMEDIATE ANGULAR SCALES - THE ACOUSTIC PEAKS 443 15.6
SMALL ANGULAR SCALES 450 15.6.1 STATISTICAL AND SILK DAMPING 450 15.6.2
THE SUNYAEV-ZELDOVICH EFFECT IN CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 450 15.6.3
CONFUSION DUE TO DISCRETE SOURCES 451 15.7 THE REIONISED INTERGALACTIC
GAS 452 15.8 THE POLARISATION OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
RADIATION. 454 15.8.1 THE POLARISATION MECHANISM FOR THE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 454 15.8.2 POLARISATION FROM THE LAST
SCATTERING LAYER 455 15.8.3 POLARISATION FROM THE EPOCH OF REIONISATION
458 15.8.4 PRIMORDIAL GRAVITATIONAL WAVES 459 15.8.5 WEAK GRAVITATIONAL
LENSING 460 15.9 DETERMINATION OF COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 463 15.10
OTHER SOURCES OF PRIMORDIAL FLUCTUATIONS 465 15.11 REFLECTIONS 466 PART
IV THE POST-RECOMBINATION UNIVERSE 16 THE POST-RECOMBINATION ERA 471
16.1 THE NON-LINEAR COLLAPSE OF DENSITY PERTURBATIONS 472 16.1.1
ISOTROPIC TOP-HAT COLLAPSE 473 16.1.2 THE ZELDOVICH APPROXIMATION 475
16.2 THE ROLE OF DISSIPATION 477 16.3 THE PRESS-SCHECHTER MASS FUNCTION
482 16.3.1 EXPOSITION * ELEMENTARY THEORY 482 16.3.2 DEVELOPMENT AND
RECAPITULATION '. 485 17 THE EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES AND ACTIVE GALAXIES
WITH COSMIC EPOCH . 491 17.1 INTRODUCTION ^ 491 17.2 COUNTS OF GALAXIES
AND ACTIVE GALAXIES 492 17.2.1 EUCLIDEAN SOURCE COUNTS 493 17.2.2 SOURCE
COUNTS FOR THE STANDARD WORLD MODELS 494 17.2.3 SUBMILLIMETRE COUNTS OF
DUSTY GALAXIES 500 17.2.4 NUMBER COUNTS IN MODELS WITH FINITE Q A 501
17.2.5 FLUCTUATIONS IN THE BACKGROUND RADIATION DUE TO DISCRETE .SOURCES
504 XX CONTENTS 17.3 THE V/Y M AX OR LUMINOSITY-VOLUME TEST 507 17.4
BACKGROUND RADIATION 510 17.4.1 BACKGROUND RADIATION AND SOURCE COUNTS
510 17.4.2 EVALUATING THE BACKGROUND DUE TO DISCRETE SOURCES 510 17.4.3
THE EFFECTS OF EVOLUTION - THE CASE OF THE RADIO BACKGROUND EMISSION 512
17.5 THE EVOLUTION OF ACTIVE GALAXIES WITH COSMIC EPOCH 514 17.5.1
NUMBER COUNTS AND V/ V MAX TESTS FOR EXTRAGALACTIC RADIO SOURCES 514
17.5.2 RADIO QUIET QUASARS 518 17.5.3 X-RAY SOURCE COUNTS 524 17.5.4
X-RAY CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 529 17.6 INFRARED AND SUBMILLIMETRE NUMBER
COUNTS 532 17.7 COUNTS OF GALAXIES 537 17.8 CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 543 18
THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM 547 18.1 THE BACKGROUND EMISSION OF AND
ABSORPTION BY THE INTERGALACTIC GAS 548 18.2 THE GUNN-PETERSON TEST 549
18.3 THE LYMAN-A ABSORPTION CLOUDS 552 18.3.1 THE PROPERTIES OF THE
LYMAN-A ABSORPTION CLOUDS 552 18.3.2 THE NATURE OF THE CLOUDS IN THE
LYMAN-A FOREST 554 18.3.3 THE EVOLUTION OF LYMAN-A ABSORPTION CLOUDS
WITH COSMIC EPOCH 556 18.3.4 THE POWER SPECTRUM OF THE LYMAN-A FOREST
557 18.4 THE LUKEWARM INTERGALACTIC GAS 560 18.4.1 THE X-RAY BACKGROUND
AND A COSMIC CONSPIRACY 561 18.4.2 THE COLLISIONAL EXCITATION V OF THE
INTERGALACTIC GAS 562 18.4.3 THE EMISSION AND ABSORPTION OF DIFFUSE
LUKEWARM INTERGALACTIC GAS 564 18.4.4 THE PROXIMITY EFFECT AND THE
DIFFUSE ULTRAVIOLET BACKGROUND RADIATION AT LARGE REDSHIFTS 567 18.5 THE
LYMAN CONTINUUM OPACITY OF THE INTERGALACTIC GAS . 569 18.6
MODELLING THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM 571 18.7 THE EPOCH
OF REIONISATION 574 18.8 THE ORIGIN OF MAGNETIC FIELDS 19 MAKING REAL
GALAXIES 583 19.1 STAR AND ELEMENT FORMATION IN GALAXIES 583 19.1.1 THE
BACKGROUND RADIATION AND ELEMENT FORMATION 584 19.1.2 THE GLOBAL STAR
FORMATION RATE FROM OPTICAL AND ULTRAVIOLET OBSERVATIONS OF STAR-FORMING
GALAXIES 587 19.1.3 THE.LYMAN-BREAK GALAXIES 590 19.1.4 THE HUBBLE DEEP
AND ULTRA DEEP FIELDS 590 CONTENTS XXI 19.1.5 SUBMILLIMETRE
DETERMINATIONS OF THE COSMIC STAR-FORMATION RATE 596 19.2 THE ABUNDANCES
OF ELEMENTS IN LYMAN-A ABSORPTION SYSTEMS. 598 19.3 THE EQUATIONS OF
COSMIC CHEMICAL EVOLUTION 604 19.4 THE OLD RED GALAXIES 607 19.5 THE
ORIGIN OF ROTATION 610 19.6 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER - SEMI-ANALYTIC
MODELS OF GALAXY FORMATION 613 20 THE VERY EARLY UNIVERSE 621 20.1 THE
BIG PROBLEMS 621 20.1.1 THE HORIZON PROBLEM 621 20.1.2 THE FLATNESS
PROBLEM 622 20.1.3 THE BARYON-ASYMMETRY PROBLEM 622 20.1.4 THE
PRIMORDIAL FLUCTUATION PROBLEM 623 20.1.5 THE VALUES OF THE COSMOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS 623 20.1.6 THE WAY AHEAD 624 20.2 THE LIMITS OF OBSERVATION
624 20.3 THE ANTHROPIC COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE 625 20.4 THE INFLATIONARY
UNIVERSE - HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 626 20.5 THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECTRUM OF
PRIMORDIAL PERTURBATIONS 629 20.5.1 THE EQUATION OF STATE 630 20.5.2 THE
DURATION OF THE INFLATIONARY PHASE 630 20.5.3 THE SHRINKING HUBBLE
SPHERE 631 20.5.4 SCALAR FIELDS 634 20.5.5 THE QUANTISED HARMONIC
OSCILLATOR 635 20.5.6 THE SPECTRUM OF FLUCTUATIONS IN THE SCALAR FIELD
637 20.6 BARYOGENESIS 641 20.7 THE PLANCKERA 642 REFERENCES 645 NAME
INDEX 695 INDEX * 701 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Longair, Malcolm 1941- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)120637561 |
| author_facet | Longair, Malcolm 1941- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Longair, Malcolm 1941- |
| author_variant | m l ml |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023206845 |
| classification_rvk | US 2000 US 3100 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)635083828 (DE-599)DNB984966013 |
| dewey-full | 523.1 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 523 - Specific celestial bodies and phenomena |
| dewey-raw | 523.1 |
| dewey-search | 523.1 |
| dewey-sort | 3523.1 |
| dewey-tens | 520 - Astronomy and allied sciences |
| discipline | Physik |
| discipline_str_mv | Physik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023206845 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:10:22Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:13:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540734772 3540734775 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016392983 |
| oclc_num | 635083828 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 DE-83 DE-29 DE-11 DE-703 DE-706 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-20 DE-83 DE-29 DE-11 DE-703 DE-706 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XXI, 735 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Astronomy and astrophysics library |
| spelling | Longair, Malcolm 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)120637561 aut Galaxy formation with 20 tables Malcolm S. Longair 2. ed. Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2008 XXI, 735 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Astronomy and astrophysics library Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 gnd rswk-swf Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd rswk-swf Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 gnd rswk-swf Entstehung (DE-588)4156614-2 gnd rswk-swf Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 s Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 s DE-604 Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 s Entstehung (DE-588)4156614-2 s HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016392983&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Longair, Malcolm 1941- Galaxy formation with 20 tables Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 gnd Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 gnd Entstehung (DE-588)4156614-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4057375-8 (DE-588)4003326-0 (DE-588)4114294-9 (DE-588)4156614-2 |
| title | Galaxy formation with 20 tables |
| title_auth | Galaxy formation with 20 tables |
| title_exact_search | Galaxy formation with 20 tables |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Galaxy formation with 20 tables |
| title_full | Galaxy formation with 20 tables Malcolm S. Longair |
| title_fullStr | Galaxy formation with 20 tables Malcolm S. Longair |
| title_full_unstemmed | Galaxy formation with 20 tables Malcolm S. Longair |
| title_short | Galaxy formation |
| title_sort | galaxy formation with 20 tables |
| title_sub | with 20 tables |
| topic | Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 gnd Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 gnd Entstehung (DE-588)4156614-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Galaxie Astrophysik Kosmologie Entstehung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016392983&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT longairmalcolm galaxyformationwith20tables |