Fortyfikacje nadodrzańskie w procesie rozwoju nowożytnej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej w XVII - XIX wieku:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Zielona Góra
Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Odra line fortifications and the process of changes in modern fortification construcion systems between the 17th and 19th centuries |
| Beschreibung: | 480, [1] s. Ill., Kt. 22 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788374811002 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fortyfikacje nadodrzańskie w procesie rozwoju nowożytnej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej w XVII - XIX wieku |c Wojciech Eckert ; Uniwersytet Zielonogórski |
| 264 | 1 | |a Zielona Góra |b Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego |c 2007 | |
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| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Odra line fortifications and the process of changes in modern fortification construcion systems between the 17th and 19th centuries | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Bibliogr. s. 405-461 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1600-1900 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Fortyfikacje / Polska / Odry, Dolina / historia / wydawnictwa ilustrowane |2 jhpk | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137470528323584 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Summary
ODRA LINE
FORTIFICATIONS AND THE PROCESS OF CHANGES
IN MODERN FORTIFICATION CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
BETWEEN THE
1
7th AND
1
9th CENTURIES
Usually time rather than space criteria are taken into account in the analysis of the history of
developments in fortification systems. It seems however that such distinction is not necessary
or perhaps not even possible.
Fortification systems not only exerted a significant impact on their immediate vicinity,
but also shaped the space around them on a wider scale (river regulation, ground levelling,
construction of artificial lakes etc.). Yet, the environment in which they were constructed had
a strong influence on the shape of fortifications as well. They may have functioned as elements of
entire town systems, or their construction was influenced by such factors as location of particular
centres near rivers, topography of the local area, availability of construction materials etc.
Space, being the subject of hereby analysis, has been limited here to the area determined
by six major urban fortification systems located along the
Odra
River. The area has been often
referred to as the
Odra
line region. Presentation of the region against its historical background
allows to define specific time determinants and show their link with human creativity.
The
Odra
line fortifications functioned in modern times as links in the chain comprising
a system of strongholds defending fairly vast areas. They were situated along the eastern frontiers
of Prussia.
Koźle (Kosel), Brzeg (Brieg), Wrocław
(Breslau)
and
Głogów (Glogau),
helped to
protect Silesia which formed a headland surrounded by Poland, Saxony and Austria.
Kostrzyn
(Kustrin) and Szczecin (Stettin) protected Prussia and
Pomerania
from attacks from the east.
This paper analyses
Odra
fortifications as a complex of constructions which not only
defended particular locations but also formed a defence system on the frontier.
The term
Odra
line is by no means new. It has been used by numerous authors in vari¬
ous publications on the cultural landscape of the region.
Thus it could be hypothesized that the development of town
-
stronghold centres located
along the
Odra
river, which were in fact extensive urban projects, was conditioned by specific
characteristic features typical for the area referred to as the
Odra
region . Three criteria relevant
475
for the purpose of identification of a historical region are met here: human activity, specific
period and area.
It could also be argued that the specific character and development of town fortifications,
and consistently whole urban systems, was the outcome of not only schools, trends or systems
in the art of construction, but primarily it was conditioned by the topographic features of the
land on which the towns were located.
Locating towns on rivers was always triggered by strategic causes. For centuries rivers
had constituted major and probably most difficult obstacles. Over the centuries, development
of various means of attack was dynamic in its nature, yet forms and ways of crossing water
obstacles remained unchanged.
All major
Odra
line fortifications
(Koźle, Brzeg, Wrocław, Głogów, Kostrzyn, Szczecin)
have a similar morphological location, however several differences can be identified as well.
Knowledge of the fortification systems located along the
Odra
line allows to understand
the way in which these major urban centres developed in the period between the
1
7th and the
1
9th centuries, the period which definitely determined their contemporary structure. It also al¬
lows to identify those elements of the urban structure and construction of fortifications which
are particularly valuable from the academic, cultural or didactic point of view and decide to
what extent they could be of interest to tourists. Some of the objects are still in good condition
from the technical point of view, which also applies to their original vicinity (e.g. bastions or
sections of curtain walls along with their hydrological systems in
Kostrzyn);
sometimes the
remains are barely visible in result of extensive conversion (green areas, parks, artificial lakes
in the bastion system in
Brzeg).
Irrelevant of the present condition of the constructions, they should be protected both as
individual objects, and as elements of entire urban complexes along with their immediate and
more remote neighbourhood which presents them in their historical context.
As it was mentioned above, the paper focuses on six strongholds located on the
Odra
•
River, analysed as constructions whose function was to defend the local area, but which also
functioned as links in the entire frontier fortification system. The paper attempts to answer sev¬
eral, interesting questions. To what extent changes in construction technology as well as local
conditions (politics, the art
oí
war, science or economy) influenced the final shape of particular
constructions. To what extent current schools or trends and methods of construction (spatial
planning, communication systems, river regulation, artificial lakes etc.) influenced the entire
system of town fortifications. To what extent the development of town fortifications was influ¬
enced by the fact that particular locations constituted links in the chain of strongholds defending
larger areas and to what degree current concepts of war strategy, developments in the means of
attack and technology utilized by military forces shaped their structure.
An attempt has been made to reconstruct the changes which took place over the period
476
of
250
years in the architecture and construction technology utilized in all six major strongholds
situated on the
Odra
River. The period under analysis is sufficiently long to observe certain
characteristic regularities in the development of fortification systems described above. Town
-
strongholds were dynamic in character. Particular pieces of work were permanently modern¬
ized in response to progress in military architecture, new buildings were constructed, and older
ones were reconstructed or modified. Analysis of a variety of visual materials available: maps,
designs, or drawings show how dynamic this process was.
Time when medieval defence systems were replaced by modern ones constitutes the bot¬
tom line of the analysis. As it is well known the concept of modernity in defence architecture
is not strictly related to any specific date but applies to technological changes introduced in
newly built or extended fortification complexes constructed in the bastion system. The turning
point can be clearly specified here, as it starts from the date when the first fortifications based
on modern design assumptions were constructed. The upper limit is defined by the period when
strongholds were gradually losing their significance in result of changes in new defence strate¬
gies used by particular towns and regions, which in turn led to their gradual fall and subsequent
abandonment. The process was strictly related with the trend of loosening tight defence belts
surrounding strongholds, mainly due to construction
oí
railway
A survey of background literature shows that the above mentioned strongholds, for
centuries treated as major defence centres in Silesia and
Pomerania,
and treated as an entire
defence system, received little attention among researchers. Some of them are analysed fairly
superficially, others have not been described at all. The same applies to many other buildings,
building complexes or even regions. Over several dozens of years research on defence archi¬
tecture in Poland has been rather limited in scope.
A bibliography of Polish fortifications is presented in the appendix to this book. In fact
it is a collection of all publications presenting the state of art in the research on defence archi¬
tecture in Poland.
It becomes clear then, that there exist numerous potential research areas which remain
untouched or have been treated rather superficially. The system of fortifications located along
the
Odra
River is certainly on of such topics. Despite the scarcity of resource materials it is
possible to undertake an analysis and describe the six major town strongholds on the
Odra
River since several documents have survived and they can constitute the basis for carrying out
indirect research.
There are a significant number of
iconographie
documents related to the strongholds.
The materials, so far dispersed throughout Europe, once collected and subjected to a thorough
analysis, present an exhaustive image of the technological development of modem fortification
systems over the centuries, starting from the date of their construction until the times of their
fall and subsequent liquidation.
477
The research was carried out in archives and libraries in Paris, Vienna, Warsaw, Berlin,
Merseburg, Prague, Stockholm, Uppsala,
Wrocław,
Szczecin,
Toruń, Poznań
and
Zielona
Góra.
In the history of the six towns performing the function of strongholds, both periods of
their development as well as gradual decline can be identified. The paper attempts to present
such processes on the basis of primary resource materials, as welT as visual materials, analysis
of maps or design plans and their comparison with the remains of defence constructions.
Almost
90%
of the information is recorded in German. Most of the
iconographie
material
presented in the paper is also described and marked in German. Hence in some parts of the
paper German names are used. Whenever it was possible, German names, e.g. names of par¬
ticular constructions, were translated into Polish. Sometimes double nomenclature is followed
and Polish names are supplemented by their German equivalents written in parenthesis. This
particularly applies to specific constructions or place names.
As it was mentioned above, the
iconographie
material constitutes a significant research
material which allowed to describe the evolution of particular strongholds. Yet each map, design
or drawing had to be subjected to verification, both in terms of factual information presented
as well as in terms of their dating. Numerous documents were erroneously described and the
dating provided by archive centres or libraries often diverted from actual dating by dozens
of years. That is why at first all
iconographie
materials had to be dated again, and this part of
work is not reflected in the paper. Long term comparative studies, analysis of the changes in the
defence systems depicted in the pictures and drawings from different periods accompanied by
a thorough analysis of the developments in fortification technology allowed to introduce many
corrections, and in some cases to date maps or design plans again. The same applied to visual
information presented in the
iconographie
material collected. Some of the maps or design plans
occurred to be uncompleted projects, others were projects which were completed in part only,
still other were projects which were implemented with several changes introduced. Most of the
iconographie
materials are obviously an inventory of the actual state. Some drawings are very
detailed and precise, whereas others are simplified. There are also drawings in which mistakes
or errors occur. Such materials were subjected to verification and analysis as well.
It seems that resource materials collected and presented as well as the analysis of back¬
ground research material may constitute the basis for presenting some the most interesting
issues related to the history of six major, modern fortifications located on the
Odra
River. The
documents collected by the author during several years of research are too exhaustive and too
detailed and hence their analysis goes beyond the scope of this book. Certainly all the material
collected will be presented in other more synthetic publications in future.
The dissertation is divided into seven chapters preceded by an introduction. Six chapters
describe the history of particular fortifications at the time of their most significant and perma-
478
nent impact on the spatial organization of towns in modern times i.e. between the
1
7lh and
the
1
9th centuries. Chapter seven analyses the causes of the decline, loss of significance and
subsequent abandonment of strongholds in the second half of the
1
9th century. Further on, the
chapter summarizes the research carried out and attempts to identify the common elements
which shaped the development of all strongholds of the
Odra
line ¡n view of the hypothesis
put forward at the beginning.
It is hoped that this dissertation will constitute a starting point for further and more detailed
research on the issues presented.
Strongholds, as well as any other buildings, live their own lives, periods of youth, maturity
and finally old age. In many cases changes in politics, technology or military strategy influenced
the process of their destruction to a much larger extent than the deterioration of the materials
used or lack of maintenance. Modern strongholds, including the
Odra
line fortifications, began
to lose their significance in the middle of the 19th century in result of enormous changes in
technology, economy, social life and culture.
Construction of new fortification systems was expensive and laborious. It required ex¬
tensive ground, construction and hydrological work as well as employment of thousands of
people. Yet it constituted a great challenge for both architects and construction engineers, as it
gave them an opportunity to design and construct masterpieces of the art of construction. This
not only raised the prestige of the ruling class or noblemen, but also triggered the development
in engineering and material culture.
The shape of modern strongholds was strictly related to the changes in the art of fortification
construction determined by numerous factors which had influence on the attack strategy. Yet
an in-depth analysis allows to observe that the criteria used so far for the purpose of analyzing
such constructions (schools and trends in fortification construction, location, vicinity etc. i.e.
external factors) should be supplemented with other criteria and characteristic features. The size
and the complexity of town fortifications required a well trained and fairly numerous team (a
garrison). This meant that appropriate logistic support was a must. This support was provided
by the garrison itself, but also by the citizens of the town. The relationship between the strong¬
hold and its source of supplies could constitute the subject of yet another dissertation. What is
more, the enormous size of modern fortification systems translates into the spatial organization
of towns. The question arises: to what extent the shape of fortifications influenced the spatial
organization of towns, or perhaps to what degree towns could influence the organization of
fortification systems?
Modern fortification systems could be treated as construction projects, at least in terms of
investment. It is commonly known that only the best designers and engineers were employed.
Nota bene,
the status as well as the remuneration of designers, frequently a carefully negotiated
percentage of the total cost, were significant.
479
The condition of the remains of modem fortifications in particular towns varies consider¬
ably. Sometimes they are separate buildings, otherwise elements of bigger complexes, in some
cases however only traces of moats, embankments or walls have remained. Yet fortifications
always exerted a significant impact on the structure of towns, for centuries closed within forti¬
fication lines. That is why the remains of defence architecture have to be protected due to their
unique character, their role in the development of towns and their cultural significance as they
have become an element of our cultural heritage.
Research work on the history of fortifications on the
Odra
line is wide in scope and needs
to be coordinated in three areas: academic research, architectural conservation and the role of
remains from the point of view of contemporary needs.
Urban fortification systems are unique works of architecture offering both aesthetic
impressions due to their organization and presenting strong functional links between defence
techniques and technology. Prompt conservation work may guarantee that these monuments
of defence architecture are saved and that at least a small part of the heritage of the European
material culture remains preserved.
The major and elementary value of construction work is defined by its ability to merge
social needs (function), technology (the idea, design and organization) and the construction itself
(buildings). Analysis of modern urban fortifications viewed as elements of building complexes and
instances of the art of defence strategy shows the extent to which long term changes, covering
the period of
300
years, in construction engineering influenced the development and adapta¬
tion of urban complexes to altering defence conditions. It also becomes clear how changes in
the strategy of offensive operations gradually suppressed the development of new concepts in
construction of fortifications.
Analysis of objects dispersed over a large area brings yet another dimension to research and
knowledge. Several questions could be posed at this point. What was the relationship between
enormous defence complexes and the political thought? Did construction of vast fortification
systems have any impact on the introduction of new technical and technological solutions?
The issues mentioned above, as well as various other questions may change the way in
which modern art of construction engineering is perceived, explain the role of space, time or
political, social, military and economic factors in realization of construction projects.
480
UNIWERSYTETZIELONOG Ó RSKI
Wojciech Eckert
FORTYFIKACJE
NADODRZAŃSKIE
w procesie rozwoju
nowożytnej Sztuki fortyfikacyjnej
W XVII-XIX wieku
Zielona Góra 2007
Wstęp
Rola i znaczenie Odry w rozwoju miejskich systemów obronnych
W XV!i XIX WiCKU r 5
I Twierdza Koźle 29
II Twierdza Brzeg 93
III Twierdza Wrocław 123
IV Twierdza Głogów 199
V Twierdza Kostrzyn 263
VI Twierdza Szczecin 311
Zakończenie
Fortyfikacje nadodrzahskie w warunkach rewolucji technicznej
w armiach w drugiej połowie XIX wieku i zmierzch znaczenia
oraz upadek twierdz 389
Bibliografia 405
Bibliografia fortyfikacji polskiej 407
Spis rycin 463
Summary 475
|
| adam_txt |
Summary
ODRA LINE
FORTIFICATIONS AND THE PROCESS OF CHANGES
IN MODERN FORTIFICATION CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
BETWEEN THE
1
7th AND
1
9th CENTURIES
Usually time rather than space criteria are taken into account in the analysis of the history of
developments in fortification systems. It seems however that such distinction is not necessary
or perhaps not even possible.
Fortification systems not only exerted a significant impact on their immediate vicinity,
but also shaped the space around them on a wider scale (river regulation, ground levelling,
construction of artificial lakes etc.). Yet, the environment in which they were constructed had
a strong influence on the shape of fortifications as well. They may have functioned as elements of
entire town systems, or their construction was influenced by such factors as location of particular
centres near rivers, topography of the local area, availability of construction materials etc.
Space, being the subject of hereby analysis, has been limited here to the area determined
by six major urban fortification systems located along the
Odra
River. The area has been often
referred to as the
Odra
line region. Presentation of the region against its historical background
allows to define specific time determinants and show their link with human creativity.
The
Odra
line fortifications functioned in modern times as links in the chain comprising
a system of strongholds defending fairly vast areas. They were situated along the eastern frontiers
of Prussia.
Koźle (Kosel), Brzeg (Brieg), Wrocław
(Breslau)
and
Głogów (Glogau),
helped to
protect Silesia which formed a headland surrounded by Poland, Saxony and Austria.
Kostrzyn
(Kustrin) and Szczecin (Stettin) protected Prussia and
Pomerania
from attacks from the east.
This paper analyses
Odra
fortifications as a complex of constructions which not only
defended particular locations but also formed a defence system on the frontier.
The term
'Odra
line' is by no means new. It has been used by numerous authors in vari¬
ous publications on the cultural landscape of the region.
Thus it could be hypothesized that the development of town
-
stronghold centres located
along the
Odra
river, which were in fact extensive urban projects, was conditioned by specific
characteristic features typical for the area referred to as the
'Odra
region'. Three criteria relevant
475
for the purpose of identification of a historical region are met here: human activity, specific
period and area.
It could also be argued that the specific character and development of town fortifications,
and consistently whole urban systems, was the outcome of not only schools, trends or systems
in the art of construction, but primarily it was conditioned by the topographic features of the
land on which the towns were located.
Locating towns on rivers was always triggered by strategic causes. For centuries rivers
had constituted major and probably most difficult obstacles. Over the centuries, development
of various means of attack was dynamic in its nature, yet forms and ways of crossing water
obstacles remained unchanged.
All major
Odra
line fortifications
(Koźle, Brzeg, Wrocław, Głogów, Kostrzyn, Szczecin)
have a similar morphological location, however several differences can be identified as well.
Knowledge of the fortification systems located along the
Odra
line allows to understand
the way in which these major urban centres developed in the period between the
1
7th and the
1
9th centuries, the period which definitely determined their contemporary structure. It also al¬
lows to identify those elements of the urban structure and construction of fortifications which
are particularly valuable from the academic, cultural or didactic point of view and decide to
what extent they could be of interest to tourists. Some of the objects are still in good condition
from the technical point of view, which also applies to their original vicinity (e.g. bastions or
sections of curtain walls along with their hydrological systems in
Kostrzyn);
sometimes the
remains are barely visible in result of extensive conversion (green areas, parks, artificial lakes
in the bastion system in
Brzeg).
Irrelevant of the present condition of the constructions, they should be protected both as
individual objects, and as elements of entire urban complexes along with their immediate and
more remote neighbourhood which presents them in their historical context.
As it was mentioned above, the paper focuses on six strongholds located on the
Odra
•
River, analysed as constructions whose function was to defend the local area, but which also
functioned as links in the entire frontier fortification system. The paper attempts to answer sev¬
eral, interesting questions. To what extent changes in construction technology as well as local
conditions (politics, the art
oí
war, science or economy) influenced the final shape of particular
constructions. To what extent current schools or trends and methods of construction (spatial
planning, communication systems, river regulation, artificial lakes etc.) influenced the entire
system of town fortifications. To what extent the development of town fortifications was influ¬
enced by the fact that particular locations constituted links in the chain of strongholds defending
larger areas and to what degree current concepts of war strategy, developments in the means of
attack and technology utilized by military forces shaped their structure.
An attempt has been made to reconstruct the changes which took place over the period
476
of
250
years in the architecture and construction technology utilized in all six major strongholds
situated on the
Odra
River. The period under analysis is sufficiently long to observe certain
characteristic regularities in the development of fortification systems described above. Town
-
strongholds were dynamic in character. Particular pieces of work were permanently modern¬
ized in response to progress in military architecture, new buildings were constructed, and older
ones were reconstructed or modified. Analysis of a variety of visual materials available: maps,
designs, or drawings show how dynamic this process was.
Time when medieval defence systems were replaced by modern ones constitutes the bot¬
tom line of the analysis. As it is well known the concept of modernity in defence architecture
is not strictly related to any specific date but applies to technological changes introduced in
newly built or extended fortification complexes constructed in the bastion system. The turning
point can be clearly specified here, as it starts from the date when the first fortifications based
on modern design assumptions were constructed. The upper limit is defined by the period when
strongholds were gradually losing their significance in result of changes in new defence strate¬
gies used by particular towns and regions, which in turn led to their gradual fall and subsequent
abandonment. The process was strictly related with the trend of loosening tight defence belts
surrounding strongholds, mainly due to construction
oí
railway
A survey of background literature shows that the above mentioned strongholds, for
centuries treated as major defence centres in Silesia and
Pomerania,
and treated as an entire
defence system, received little attention among researchers. Some of them are analysed fairly
superficially, others have not been described at all. The same applies to many other buildings,
building complexes or even regions. Over several dozens of years research on defence archi¬
tecture in Poland has been rather limited in scope.
A bibliography of Polish fortifications is presented in the appendix to this book. In fact
it is a collection of all publications presenting the state of art in the research on defence archi¬
tecture in Poland.
It becomes clear then, that there exist numerous potential research areas which remain
untouched or have been treated rather superficially. The system of fortifications located along
the
Odra
River is certainly on of such topics. Despite the scarcity of resource materials it is
possible to undertake an analysis and describe the six major town strongholds on the
Odra
River since several documents have survived and they can constitute the basis for carrying out
indirect research.
There are a significant number of
iconographie
documents related to the strongholds.
The materials, so far dispersed throughout Europe, once collected and subjected to a thorough
analysis, present an exhaustive image of the technological development of modem fortification
systems over the centuries, starting from the date of their construction until the times of their
fall and subsequent liquidation.
477
The research was carried out in archives and libraries in Paris, Vienna, Warsaw, Berlin,
Merseburg, Prague, Stockholm, Uppsala,
Wrocław,
Szczecin,
Toruń, Poznań
and
Zielona
Góra.
In the history of the six towns performing the function of strongholds, both periods of
their development as well as gradual decline can be identified. The paper attempts to present
such processes on the basis of primary resource materials, as welT as visual materials, analysis
of maps or design plans and their comparison with the remains of defence constructions.
Almost
90%
of the information is recorded in German. Most of the
iconographie
material
presented in the paper is also described and marked in German. Hence in some parts of the
paper German names are used. Whenever it was possible, German names, e.g. names of par¬
ticular constructions, were translated into Polish. Sometimes double nomenclature is followed
and Polish names are supplemented by their German equivalents written in parenthesis. This
particularly applies to specific constructions or place names.
As it was mentioned above, the
iconographie
material constitutes a significant research
material which allowed to describe the evolution of particular strongholds. Yet each map, design
or drawing had to be subjected to verification, both in terms of factual information presented
as well as in terms of their dating. Numerous documents were erroneously described and the
dating provided by archive centres or libraries often diverted from actual dating by dozens
of years. That is why at first all
iconographie
materials had to be dated again, and this part of
work is not reflected in the paper. Long term comparative studies, analysis of the changes in the
defence systems depicted in the pictures and drawings from different periods accompanied by
a thorough analysis of the developments in fortification technology allowed to introduce many
corrections, and in some cases to date maps or design plans again. The same applied to visual
information presented in the
iconographie
material collected. Some of the maps or design plans
occurred to be uncompleted projects, others were projects which were completed in part only,
still other were projects which were implemented with several changes introduced. Most of the
iconographie
materials are obviously an inventory of the actual state. Some drawings are very
detailed and precise, whereas others are simplified. There are also drawings in which mistakes
or errors occur. Such materials were subjected to verification and analysis as well.
It seems that resource materials collected and presented as well as the analysis of back¬
ground research material may constitute the basis for presenting some the most interesting
issues related to the history of six major, modern fortifications located on the
Odra
River. The
documents collected by the author during several years of research are too exhaustive and too
detailed and hence their analysis goes beyond the scope of this book. Certainly all the material
collected will be presented in other more synthetic publications in future.
The dissertation is divided into seven chapters preceded by an introduction. Six chapters
describe the history of particular fortifications at the time of their most significant and perma-
478
nent impact on the spatial organization of towns in modern times i.e. between the
1
7lh and
the
1
9th centuries. Chapter seven analyses the causes of the decline, loss of significance and
subsequent abandonment of strongholds in the second half of the
1
9th century. Further on, the
chapter summarizes the research carried out and attempts to identify the common elements
which shaped the development of all strongholds of the
Odra
line ¡n view of the hypothesis
put forward at the beginning.
It is hoped that this dissertation will constitute a starting point for further and more detailed
research on the issues presented.
Strongholds, as well as any other buildings, live their own lives, periods of youth, maturity
and finally old age. In many cases changes in politics, technology or military strategy influenced
the process of their destruction to a much larger extent than the deterioration of the materials
used or lack of maintenance. Modern strongholds, including the
Odra
line fortifications, began
to lose their significance in the middle of the 19th century in result of enormous changes in
technology, economy, social life and culture.
Construction of new fortification systems was expensive and laborious. It required ex¬
tensive ground, construction and hydrological work as well as employment of thousands of
people. Yet it constituted a great challenge for both architects and construction engineers, as it
gave them an opportunity to design and construct masterpieces of the art of construction. This
not only raised the prestige of the ruling class or noblemen, but also triggered the development
in engineering and material culture.
The shape of modern strongholds was strictly related to the changes in the art of fortification
construction determined by numerous factors which had influence on the attack strategy. Yet
an in-depth analysis allows to observe that the criteria used so far for the purpose of analyzing
such constructions (schools and trends in fortification construction, location, vicinity etc. i.e.
external factors) should be supplemented with other criteria and characteristic features. The size
and the complexity of town fortifications required a well trained and fairly numerous team (a
garrison). This meant that appropriate logistic support was a must. This support was provided
by the garrison itself, but also by the citizens of the town. The relationship between the strong¬
hold and its source of supplies could constitute the subject of yet another dissertation. What is
more, the enormous size of modern fortification systems translates into the spatial organization
of towns. The question arises: to what extent the shape of fortifications influenced the spatial
organization of towns, or perhaps to what degree towns could influence the organization of
fortification systems?
Modern fortification systems could be treated as construction projects, at least in terms of
investment. It is commonly known that only the best designers and engineers were employed.
Nota bene,
the status as well as the remuneration of designers, frequently a carefully negotiated
percentage of the total cost, were significant.
479
The condition of the remains of modem fortifications in particular towns varies consider¬
ably. Sometimes they are separate buildings, otherwise elements of bigger complexes, in some
cases however only traces of moats, embankments or walls have remained. Yet fortifications
always exerted a significant impact on the structure of towns, for centuries closed within forti¬
fication lines. That is why the remains of defence architecture have to be protected due to their
unique character, their role in the development of towns and their cultural significance as they
have become an element of our cultural heritage.
Research work on the history of fortifications on the
Odra
line is wide in scope and needs
to be coordinated in three areas: academic research, architectural conservation and the role of
remains from the point of view of contemporary needs.
Urban fortification systems are unique works of architecture offering both aesthetic
impressions due to their organization and presenting strong functional links between defence
techniques and technology. Prompt conservation work may guarantee that these monuments
of defence architecture are saved and that at least a small part of the heritage of the European
material culture remains preserved.
The major and elementary value of construction work is defined by its ability to merge
social needs (function), technology (the idea, design and organization) and the construction itself
(buildings). Analysis of modern urban fortifications viewed as elements of building complexes and
instances of the art of defence strategy shows the extent to which long term changes, covering
the period of
300
years, in construction engineering influenced the development and adapta¬
tion of urban complexes to altering defence conditions. It also becomes clear how changes in
the strategy of offensive operations gradually suppressed the development of new concepts in
construction of fortifications.
Analysis of objects dispersed over a large area brings yet another dimension to research and
knowledge. Several questions could be posed at this point. What was the relationship between
enormous defence complexes and the political thought? Did construction of vast fortification
systems have any impact on the introduction of new technical and technological solutions?
The issues mentioned above, as well as various other questions may change the way in
which modern art of construction engineering is perceived, explain the role of space, time or
political, social, military and economic factors in realization of construction projects.
480
UNIWERSYTETZIELONOG Ó RSKI
Wojciech Eckert
FORTYFIKACJE
NADODRZAŃSKIE
w procesie rozwoju
nowożytnej Sztuki fortyfikacyjnej
W XVII-XIX wieku
Zielona Góra 2007
Wstęp
Rola i znaczenie Odry w rozwoju miejskich systemów obronnych
W XV!i XIX WiCKU r 5
I Twierdza Koźle 29
II Twierdza Brzeg 93
III Twierdza Wrocław 123
IV Twierdza Głogów 199
V Twierdza Kostrzyn 263
VI Twierdza Szczecin 311
Zakończenie
Fortyfikacje nadodrzahskie w warunkach rewolucji technicznej
w armiach w drugiej połowie XIX wieku i zmierzch znaczenia
oraz upadek twierdz 389
Bibliografia 405
Bibliografia fortyfikacji polskiej 407
Spis rycin 463
Summary 475 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023196261 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 405-461 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)177316100 (DE-599)BVBBV023196261 |
| era | Geschichte 1600-1900 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1600-1900 |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:06:30Z |
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| isbn | 9788374811002 |
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| spelling | Eckert, Wojciech Verfasser aut Fortyfikacje nadodrzańskie w procesie rozwoju nowożytnej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej w XVII - XIX wieku Wojciech Eckert ; Uniwersytet Zielonogórski Zielona Góra Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego 2007 480, [1] s. Ill., Kt. 22 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Odra line fortifications and the process of changes in modern fortification construcion systems between the 17th and 19th centuries Bibliogr. s. 405-461 Geschichte 1600-1900 gnd rswk-swf Fortyfikacje / Polska / Odry, Dolina / historia / wydawnictwa ilustrowane jhpk Fortyfikacje / Polska / Odry, Dolina / rysunki i plany jhpk Fortyfikacje - Polska - Odry, Dolina - historia - wydawnictwa ilustrowane jhpk Fortyfikacje - Polska - Odry, Dolina - rysunki i plany jhpk Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd rswk-swf Odry, Dolina (Polska) / historia wojskowa / wydawnictwa ilustrowane jhpk Odry, Dolina (Polska) - historia wojskowa - wydawnictwa ilustrowane jhpk Oder-Gebiet (DE-588)4101979-9 gnd rswk-swf Oder-Gebiet (DE-588)4101979-9 g Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 s Geschichte 1600-1900 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016382571&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016382571&sequence=000008&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Eckert, Wojciech Fortyfikacje nadodrzańskie w procesie rozwoju nowożytnej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej w XVII - XIX wieku Bibliogr. s. 405-461 Fortyfikacje / Polska / Odry, Dolina / historia / wydawnictwa ilustrowane jhpk Fortyfikacje / Polska / Odry, Dolina / rysunki i plany jhpk Fortyfikacje - Polska - Odry, Dolina - historia - wydawnictwa ilustrowane jhpk Fortyfikacje - Polska - Odry, Dolina - rysunki i plany jhpk Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016934-0 (DE-588)4101979-9 |
| title | Fortyfikacje nadodrzańskie w procesie rozwoju nowożytnej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej w XVII - XIX wieku |
| title_auth | Fortyfikacje nadodrzańskie w procesie rozwoju nowożytnej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej w XVII - XIX wieku |
| title_exact_search | Fortyfikacje nadodrzańskie w procesie rozwoju nowożytnej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej w XVII - XIX wieku |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Fortyfikacje nadodrzańskie w procesie rozwoju nowożytnej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej w XVII - XIX wieku |
| title_full | Fortyfikacje nadodrzańskie w procesie rozwoju nowożytnej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej w XVII - XIX wieku Wojciech Eckert ; Uniwersytet Zielonogórski |
| title_fullStr | Fortyfikacje nadodrzańskie w procesie rozwoju nowożytnej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej w XVII - XIX wieku Wojciech Eckert ; Uniwersytet Zielonogórski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fortyfikacje nadodrzańskie w procesie rozwoju nowożytnej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej w XVII - XIX wieku Wojciech Eckert ; Uniwersytet Zielonogórski |
| title_short | Fortyfikacje nadodrzańskie w procesie rozwoju nowożytnej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej w XVII - XIX wieku |
| title_sort | fortyfikacje nadodrzanskie w procesie rozwoju nowozytnej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej w xvii xix wieku |
| topic | Fortyfikacje / Polska / Odry, Dolina / historia / wydawnictwa ilustrowane jhpk Fortyfikacje / Polska / Odry, Dolina / rysunki i plany jhpk Fortyfikacje - Polska - Odry, Dolina - historia - wydawnictwa ilustrowane jhpk Fortyfikacje - Polska - Odry, Dolina - rysunki i plany jhpk Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fortyfikacje / Polska / Odry, Dolina / historia / wydawnictwa ilustrowane Fortyfikacje / Polska / Odry, Dolina / rysunki i plany Fortyfikacje - Polska - Odry, Dolina - historia - wydawnictwa ilustrowane Fortyfikacje - Polska - Odry, Dolina - rysunki i plany Festung Odry, Dolina (Polska) / historia wojskowa / wydawnictwa ilustrowane Odry, Dolina (Polska) - historia wojskowa - wydawnictwa ilustrowane Oder-Gebiet |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016382571&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016382571&sequence=000008&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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