Practicing research: discovering evidence that matters
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Los Angeles [u.a.]
Sage Publ.
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 373 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781412937696 9781412937702 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Fink, Arlene |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Practicing research |b discovering evidence that matters |c Arlene Fink |
| 264 | 1 | |a Los Angeles [u.a.] |b Sage Publ. |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 373 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Recherche - Méthodologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recherche - Évaluation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Research |x Methodology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Research |x Evaluation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Evidence | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137451867865088 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of Figures and Tables
xiii
Preface
xvii
1.
The Evaluation Research and Evidence-Based
Practice Partnership
1
Chapter Objectives
2
Evaluation Research: What It Is and What It Is Not
2
So the Evidence Is Valid, but Does It Matter?
16
Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM):
Some History and Definitions
18
The History
18
The Definitions: Research Evidence,
Clinical Expertise, and Patient Values
20
Getting It Done: The Steps to EBM
23
EBM and EBP: Perfect or Not So?
25
Getting It Together: Evaluation Research,
EBM/EBP, and the Research Consumer
25
Summary of Chapter
1:
Evaluation Research
and Evidence-Based Practice Partnership
27
Words to Remember
27
The Next Chapters
28
Exercises
29
Further Reading
32
2.
The Research Consumer as Detective:
Investigating Program and Bibliographic Databases
33
Looking in All the Right Places:
Finding the Evidence
34
Trolling the Web
36
Other Places, Other Programs: Expanding the Search
40
The Literature: The Research
Consumer s Support
43
The Consumer as Reviewer:
Eight Literature Reviewing Tasks
44
Choosing an Online Bibliographic Database
45
A Note on Online or Electronic Journals
47
What Are Your Questions?
47
Research Questions and
Descriptors and Key Words
50
Even More Search Terms: Authors,
Titles, Title Words, and Journals and
Then Some
—
Limiting the Search
52
How Do You Ask for Information?
Searching With Boolean Operators
53
Pausing During the Search
55
Supplementing the Online Search
55
Reviewing References
56
Is Everything Worthwhile Published?
57
Calling All Experts
58
Summary of Chapter
2:
The Research Consumer as Detective
60
Words to Remember
60
The Next Chapters
61
Exercises
62
Further Reading
64
3.
The Practical Research Consumer
65
The Research Consumer s Practical Side
67
The Practical Screen, Part
1:
Language, Design, the Program,
Timeliness, and Sponsorship
67
The Practical Screen, Part
2:
Outcomes and Participants
73
Effectiveness Is a Comparative
Concern: Outcomes
73
Population Matters
77
Money Matters
80
Program Activities and Resources
81
Evaluation Report or Something Else?
81
Are Evaluation Reports All There Is?
84
Summary of Chapter
3:
The Practical Research Consumer
85
Words to Remember
85
The Next Chapters
86
Exercises
87
4.
The Designing Research Consumer
91
Research Design: Creating the Structure
92
The Randomized Controlled Trial: Going for the Gold
94
Randomized Controlled Trial or True
Experiment: Variations on a Theme
96
Concurrent Controls: Do It at the Same Time
96
Wait-List Control: Do It Sequentially
97
Doing It Randomly
104
Doing It in Clusters
105
Enhancing Chance
107
Doing It Blindly
109
Quasi-Experimental Evaluation Designs
112
Nonrandomized Controlled Trials:
Concurrent Controls
112
Time-Series Designs
115
Self-Controlled or
Pretest-Posttest
Designs
116
Historical Controls
117
Interrupted or Single Time-Series Designs
117
Observational Designs
118
Cohort Designs
119
Prospective Cohort Design
119
Case-Control Designs
121
Cross-Sectional Designs
123
Observational Designs and Controlled Trials
127
The Bottom Line: Internal and External Validity
128
Internal Validity Is Threatened
128
External Validity Is Threatened
130
The Problem of Incomparable Participants:
Statistical Methods to the Rescue
134
Analysis of Covariance
135
Propensity Score Methods
136
Summary of Chapter
4:
The Designing
Research Consumer
139
Words to Remember
139
The Next Chapter
140
Exercises
141
5.
The Research Consumer Reviews the Measures
145
Evaluation s Main Measures
146
Gathering the Data: Weighing the Options
149
Self-Administered Surveys
149
Advantages of Self-Administered Surveys
(Questionnaires)
152
Disadvantages
152
Forced-Choice
Achievement
Tests
153
Advantages of Achievement Tests
154
Disadvantages
154
Record Reviews
155
Advantages of Records
157
Disadvantages
157
Observations
158
Advantages of Observations
160
Disadvantages
161
Interviews
161
Advantages of Interviews
163
Disadvantages
163
Large Databases and Data Sets From
Previous Studies
164
Advantages of Existing Databases
and Data Sets
167
Disadvantages
167
Vignettes
169
Advantages of Vignettes
169
Disadvantages
169
Physical Examinations
170
When One Measure Is Not Sufficient Measurement
170
Responses and Ratings: Choices
for Participants and Evaluators
173
Content Analysis
174
Not Quite Free to Choose: Data Collection With
Preset Choices
175
Response Choices: Getting the Data From the Questions
177
Summary of Chapter
5:
The Research
Consumer Reviews the Measures
182
Words to Remember
182
The Next Chapter
183
Exercises
184
6.
The Research Consumer Evaluates Measurement
Reliability and Validity
185
Reliability and Validity: A Team Approach
187
Reliability
188
Within Measure Reliability
189
Test-Retest Reliability
189
Internal Consistency Reliability
190
Split-Half Reliability
192
Between Measures Reliability
193
Intra-
and Inter-Rater Reliability
193
Measurement Validity
195
Content Validity
195
Predictive Validity
196
Concurrent Validity
196
Construct Validity
196
Sensitivity and Specificity
198
Needing It All or Just Needing Some of It:
Reliability, Validity, Sensitivity, and Specificity
198
Triangulation 200
Reliability and Validity Within
and Across Evaluations
200
Missing in Action: Where Are the Data?
201
In the Final Analysis, What Data Are Available?
203
Outcomes With High Hopes Versus
Reality That Modifies Them
205
Data Collection and Evidence That Matters
207
Summary of Chapter
6:
The Research Consumer
Evaluates Measurement Reliability and Validity
208
Words to Remember
208
The Next Chapters
210
Exercises
211
7.
Getting Closer: Grading the Literature
and Evaluating the Strength of the Evidence
213
Doing It Right: Reviewing the Literature
From Locating Articles to Reporting Results
215
The Spotlight Is on Quality
215
RCTs: CONSORTing With the Best
219
To Agree or Disagree: Defining Terms
223
Observational or Nonrandomized Studies:
TREND and Quality
226
Scoring and Grading: Distinguishing
Good From Poor Quality
227
Quality, Quantity, and Consistency
=
Strength of Evidence
230
The Evidence Makes the Grade: Time for Abstraction
234
Bringing It Together: The Data Table
236
Making the Grade: How to Identify Evidence That Matters
236
Resources
241
Decision-Making Needs
241
Quality of the Literature
241
Research Limitations
242
Reliable and Valid Reviews
242
Measuring Review Reliability:
The Kappa Statistic
244
Reviewing Other Reviews: Narrative Reviews
and Systematic Reviews
246
Systematic Reviews: Meta-Analysis
249
Effect Size
249
How Many People and What Effect?
250
Effect Size and Sample Size
250
Effect Size, Odds and Risks
251
A Checklist of Seven Questions to Guide
in Evaluating the Quality of a Meta-Analysis
254
Funding and Support: The Role of Sponsor
260
Summary of Chapter
7:
Getting Closer
260
Words to Remember
260
The Next Chapter
262
Exercises
263
8.
The Ethical Research Consumer Assesses
Needs and Evaluates Improvement
265
Identifying Needs, Preferences, and Values
266
Techniques for Assessing Needs
268
Key Informant
269
Public or Community Forum
270
Focus Groups
270
Nominal Group Process
271
Delphi Technique
272
The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method
274
Surveys
275
Facing Uncertainty and Coming to Consensus
283
Improvement Evaluations:
How Are We Doing? Can We Do Better?
285
Improvement and Effectiveness
Evaluations: Two Purposes for One Discipline
288
Research and Ethics: An Indomitable Connection
292
Research and the Institutional Review Board
292
Three Guiding Principles
293
Obtaining Informed Consent
294
The Special Case of Evaluations
That Are Exempt From IRB Approval
296
Limits to Confidentiality
296
Research Misconduct
297
Practicing
Research
and Ethics
301
Summary of Chapter
8:
The Ethical Research
Consumer Assesses Needs
and Evaluates Improvement
303
Words to Remember
303
Exercises
307
Appendix: Answers to Exercises
311
Glossary
329
References
353
Index
361
About the Author
373
PRACTICING
RESEARCH
Practicing Research: Discovering Evidence That Matters provides
students, practitioners, and researchers with guidance on best
practices. The book s eight chapters correspond to the skills that
research consumers need to discover evidence that matters. Author
Ariene
Fink pays special attention to facilitating student learning by
providing more than
100
examples, exercises, tables, figures, and
checklists, as well as an extensive glossary. All the examples are taken
from existing research and programs and are grounded in the
practitioner s reality.
Key Features
•
Provides methods for determining the validity of evidence and how
to justify an acceptable level of proof based on science,
experience, and values
•
Offers practical frameworks to guide the research process and
take the student from needs assessment to program
implementation and evaluation to implementation of results
•
Shows how to engage diverse stakeholders (communities and
teachers) in the research process
•
Accompanied by a companion Web site at
www.sagepub.com/finkstudy that consists of student exercises
for each chapter
Intended Audience
This book is intended to be the core text or one of the primary texts for
applied research courses at the graduate level in Education, Social
Work, Public
Administration
and Policy, Evaluation, Health, Nursing,
and
Criminar
Justice. Readers should have a passing familiarity with
the idea of research, but no special research expertise is necessary.
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
List of Figures and Tables
xiii
Preface
xvii
1.
The Evaluation Research and Evidence-Based
Practice Partnership
1
Chapter Objectives
2
Evaluation Research: What It Is and What It Is Not
2
So the Evidence Is Valid, but Does It Matter?
16
Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM):
Some History and Definitions
18
The History
18
The Definitions: Research Evidence,
Clinical Expertise, and Patient Values
20
Getting It Done: The Steps to EBM
23
EBM and EBP: Perfect or Not So?
25
Getting It Together: Evaluation Research,
EBM/EBP, and the Research Consumer
25
Summary of Chapter
1:
Evaluation Research
and Evidence-Based Practice Partnership
27
Words to Remember
27
The Next Chapters
28
Exercises
29
Further Reading
32
2.
The Research Consumer as Detective:
Investigating Program and Bibliographic Databases
33
Looking in All the Right Places:
Finding the Evidence
34
Trolling the Web
36
Other Places, Other Programs: Expanding the Search
40
The Literature: The Research
Consumer's Support
43
The Consumer as Reviewer:
Eight Literature Reviewing Tasks
44
Choosing an Online Bibliographic Database
45
A Note on Online or Electronic Journals
47
What Are Your Questions?
47
Research Questions and
Descriptors and Key Words
50
Even More Search Terms: Authors,
Titles, Title Words, and Journals and
Then Some
—
Limiting the Search
52
How Do You Ask for Information?
Searching With Boolean Operators
53
Pausing During the Search
55
Supplementing the Online Search
55
Reviewing References
56
Is Everything Worthwhile Published?
57
Calling All Experts
58
Summary of Chapter
2:
The Research Consumer as Detective
60
Words to Remember
60
The Next Chapters
61
Exercises
62
Further Reading
64
3.
The Practical Research Consumer
65
The Research Consumer's Practical Side
67
The Practical Screen, Part
1:
Language, Design, the Program,
Timeliness, and Sponsorship
67
The Practical Screen, Part
2:
Outcomes and Participants
73
Effectiveness Is a Comparative
Concern: Outcomes
73
Population Matters
77
Money Matters
80
Program Activities and Resources
81
Evaluation Report or Something Else?
81
Are Evaluation Reports All There Is?
84
Summary of Chapter
3:
The Practical Research Consumer
85
Words to Remember
85
The Next Chapters
86
Exercises
87
4.
The Designing Research Consumer
91
Research Design: Creating the Structure
92
The Randomized Controlled Trial: Going for the Gold
94
Randomized Controlled Trial or True
Experiment: Variations on a Theme
96
Concurrent Controls: Do It at the Same Time
96
Wait-List Control: Do It Sequentially
97
Doing It Randomly
104
Doing It in Clusters
105
Enhancing Chance
107
Doing It Blindly
109
Quasi-Experimental Evaluation Designs
112
Nonrandomized Controlled Trials:
Concurrent Controls
112
Time-Series Designs
115
Self-Controlled or
Pretest-Posttest
Designs
116
Historical Controls
117
Interrupted or Single Time-Series Designs
117
Observational Designs
118
Cohort Designs
119
Prospective Cohort Design
119
Case-Control Designs
121
Cross-Sectional Designs
123
Observational Designs and Controlled Trials
127
The Bottom Line: Internal and External Validity
128
Internal Validity Is Threatened
128
External Validity Is Threatened
130
The Problem of Incomparable Participants:
Statistical Methods to the Rescue
134
Analysis of Covariance
135
Propensity Score Methods
136
Summary of Chapter
4:
The Designing
Research Consumer
139
Words to Remember
139
The Next Chapter
140
Exercises
141
5.
The Research Consumer Reviews the Measures
145
Evaluation's Main Measures
146
Gathering the Data: Weighing the Options
149
Self-Administered Surveys
149
Advantages of Self-Administered Surveys
(Questionnaires)
152
Disadvantages
152
Forced-Choice
Achievement
Tests
153
Advantages of Achievement Tests
154
Disadvantages
154
Record Reviews
155
Advantages of Records
157
Disadvantages
157
Observations
158
Advantages of Observations
160
Disadvantages
161
Interviews
161
Advantages of Interviews
163
Disadvantages
163
Large Databases and Data Sets From
Previous Studies
164
Advantages of Existing Databases
and Data Sets
167
Disadvantages
167
Vignettes
169
Advantages of Vignettes
169
Disadvantages
169
Physical Examinations
170
When One Measure Is Not Sufficient Measurement
170
Responses and Ratings: Choices
for Participants and Evaluators
173
Content Analysis
174
Not Quite Free to Choose: Data Collection With
Preset Choices
175
Response Choices: Getting the Data From the Questions
177
Summary of Chapter
5:
The Research
Consumer Reviews the Measures
182
Words to Remember
182
The Next Chapter
183
Exercises
184
6.
The Research Consumer Evaluates Measurement
Reliability and Validity
185
Reliability and Validity: A Team Approach
187
Reliability
188
Within Measure Reliability
189
Test-Retest Reliability
189
Internal Consistency Reliability
190
Split-Half Reliability
192
Between Measures Reliability
193
Intra-
and Inter-Rater Reliability
193
Measurement Validity
195
Content Validity
195
Predictive Validity
196
Concurrent Validity
196
Construct Validity
196
Sensitivity and Specificity
198
Needing It All or Just Needing Some of It:
Reliability, Validity, Sensitivity, and Specificity
198
Triangulation 200
Reliability and Validity Within
and Across Evaluations
200
Missing in Action: Where Are the Data?
201
In the Final Analysis, What Data Are Available?
203
Outcomes With High Hopes Versus
Reality That Modifies Them
205
Data Collection and Evidence That Matters
207
Summary of Chapter
6:
The Research Consumer
Evaluates Measurement Reliability and Validity
208
Words to Remember
208
The Next Chapters
210
Exercises
211
7.
Getting Closer: Grading the Literature
and Evaluating the Strength of the Evidence
213
Doing It Right: Reviewing the Literature
From Locating Articles to Reporting Results
215
The Spotlight Is on Quality
215
RCTs: CONSORTing With the Best
219
To Agree or Disagree: Defining Terms
223
Observational or Nonrandomized Studies:
TREND and Quality
226
Scoring and Grading: Distinguishing
Good From Poor Quality
227
Quality, Quantity, and Consistency
=
Strength of Evidence
230
The Evidence Makes the Grade: Time for Abstraction
234
Bringing It Together: The Data Table
236
Making the Grade: How to Identify Evidence That Matters
236
Resources
241
Decision-Making Needs
241
Quality of the Literature
241
Research Limitations
242
Reliable and Valid Reviews
242
Measuring Review Reliability:
The Kappa Statistic
244
Reviewing Other Reviews: Narrative Reviews
and Systematic Reviews
246
Systematic Reviews: Meta-Analysis
249
Effect Size
249
How Many People and What Effect?
250
Effect Size and Sample Size
250
Effect Size, Odds and Risks
251
A Checklist of Seven Questions to Guide
in Evaluating the Quality of a Meta-Analysis
254
Funding and Support: The Role of Sponsor
260
Summary of Chapter
7:
Getting Closer
260
Words to Remember
260
The Next Chapter
262
Exercises
263
8.
The Ethical Research Consumer Assesses
Needs and Evaluates Improvement
265
Identifying Needs, Preferences, and Values
266
Techniques for Assessing Needs
268
Key Informant
269
Public or Community Forum
270
Focus Groups
270
Nominal Group Process
271
Delphi Technique
272
The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method
274
Surveys
275
Facing Uncertainty and Coming to Consensus
283
Improvement Evaluations:
How Are We Doing? Can We Do Better?
285
Improvement and Effectiveness
Evaluations: Two Purposes for One Discipline
288
Research and Ethics: An Indomitable Connection
292
Research and the Institutional Review Board
292
Three Guiding Principles
293
Obtaining Informed Consent
294
The Special Case of Evaluations
That Are Exempt From IRB Approval
296
Limits to Confidentiality
296
Research Misconduct
297
Practicing
Research
and Ethics
301
Summary of Chapter
8:
The Ethical Research
Consumer Assesses Needs
and Evaluates Improvement
303
Words to Remember
303
Exercises
307
Appendix: Answers to Exercises
311
Glossary
329
References
353
Index
361
About the Author
373
PRACTICING
RESEARCH
Practicing Research: Discovering Evidence That Matters provides
students, practitioners, and researchers with guidance on best
practices. The book's eight chapters correspond to the skills that
research consumers need to discover evidence that matters. Author
Ariene
Fink pays special attention to facilitating student learning by
providing more than
100
examples, exercises, tables, figures, and
checklists, as well as an extensive glossary. All the examples are taken
from existing research and programs and are grounded in the
practitioner's reality.
Key Features
•
Provides methods for determining the validity of evidence and how
to justify an acceptable level of "proof" based on science,
experience, and values
•
Offers practical frameworks to guide the research process and
take the student from needs assessment to program
implementation and evaluation to implementation of results
•
Shows how to engage diverse stakeholders (communities and
teachers) in the research process
•
Accompanied by a companion Web site at
www.sagepub.com/finkstudy that consists of student exercises
for each chapter
Intended Audience
This book is intended to be the core text or one of the primary texts for
applied research courses at the graduate level in Education, Social
Work, Public
Administration
and Policy, Evaluation, Health, Nursing,
and
Criminar
Justice. Readers should have a passing familiarity with
the idea of research, but no special research expertise is necessary. |
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| id | DE-604.BV023183457 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:02:17Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:12:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781412937696 9781412937702 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2007031740 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016369956 |
| oclc_num | 163593776 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 |
| physical | XXIII, 373 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Sage Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Fink, Arlene Verfasser aut Practicing research discovering evidence that matters Arlene Fink Los Angeles [u.a.] Sage Publ. 2008 XXIII, 373 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Recherche - Méthodologie Recherche - Évaluation Research Methodology Research Evaluation Evidence Evaluation (DE-588)4071034-8 gnd rswk-swf Evaluation (DE-588)4071034-8 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016369956&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016369956&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Fink, Arlene Practicing research discovering evidence that matters Recherche - Méthodologie Recherche - Évaluation Research Methodology Research Evaluation Evidence Evaluation (DE-588)4071034-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071034-8 |
| title | Practicing research discovering evidence that matters |
| title_auth | Practicing research discovering evidence that matters |
| title_exact_search | Practicing research discovering evidence that matters |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Practicing research discovering evidence that matters |
| title_full | Practicing research discovering evidence that matters Arlene Fink |
| title_fullStr | Practicing research discovering evidence that matters Arlene Fink |
| title_full_unstemmed | Practicing research discovering evidence that matters Arlene Fink |
| title_short | Practicing research |
| title_sort | practicing research discovering evidence that matters |
| title_sub | discovering evidence that matters |
| topic | Recherche - Méthodologie Recherche - Évaluation Research Methodology Research Evaluation Evidence Evaluation (DE-588)4071034-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Recherche - Méthodologie Recherche - Évaluation Research Methodology Research Evaluation Evidence Evaluation |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016369956&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016369956&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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