Verfügbarkeit: Conductive electroactive polymers

Conductive electroactive polymers: intelligent polymer systems

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Boca Raton, FL CRC Press 2009
Ausgabe:	3. ed.
Schlagworte:	Matériaux intelligents Polymères conducteurs Polímeros Conducting polymers Smart materials Leitfähige Polymere Intelligenter Werkstoff
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XV, 263 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781420067095

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adam_text	Contents Preface ......................................................................................................................xi The Authors ...........................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1 What Are Intelligent Material Systems and Structures? ...........................................2 The Basis of the Revolution .......................................................................................4 Identifying Macromolecular Building Blocks ...........................................................5 Academic Research in Conducting Polymers ............................................................5 Shorter-Term Opportunities: Other Applications of CEPs ......................................10 Applications Utilizing the Polymers Inherent Conductivity ..................................11 Electrochemical Switching/Energy Storage/Conversion .........................................12 Polymer Photovoltaics (Light-Induced Charge Separation) ....................................14 Display Technologies: Electrically Stimulated Light Emission ..............................15 Electrochromics .......................................................................................................16 Electromechanical Actuators ...................................................................................17 Separation Technologies ..........................................................................................18 Controlled-Release Devices .....................................................................................21 Corrosion Protection ................................................................................................22 Chemical Sensors .....................................................................................................22 Biomedical Applications ..........................................................................................24 Cellular Communications .............................................................................26 Sensors for Biomechanics .............................................................................27 Artificial Muscles: Manipulating Movement ................................................27 Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) and other Microdevices...................31 Communication and Characterization Tools ...........................................................32 Electrochemical Methods ........................................................................................32 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance .......................................................35 Resistometry ............................................................................................................35 Electromechanical Analysis ....................................................................................36 Chemical Analysis ...................................................................................................37 Dynamic Contact Angle Analyses ...........................................................................40 Scanning Probe Microscopy ....................................................................................42 In Situ Spectroscopy ................................................................................................46 UV-Visible Spectroscopy .........................................................................................46 Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectroscopy ...................................................................47 Raman Spectroscopy ...............................................................................................48 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy ........................................................49 Localized Electrochemical Mapping .......................................................................51 Conclusions: Conducting Polymers as Intelligent Materials ...................................51 References ............. ...................................................................................................53 vi Conductive Electroactive Polymers Chapter 2 Assembly of Polypyrroles ..................................................................59 Electropolymerization — A Complex Process Oversimplified ..............................59 The Polymerization Environment/Cell Design ........................................................63 Electrochemical Conditions .....................................................................................66 Electrode Materials .......................................................................................68 The Solvent ...................................................................................................70 The Counterion/Cation Effect: Choice of Electrolyte ..................................71 The Monomer ...............................................................................................74 Chemical Polymerization .........................................................................................75 Mechanism of Chemical Polymerization .....................................................75 Influence of Polymerization Conditions ..................................................................76 TheOxidant ..................................................................................................76 The Solvent ...................................................................................................76 Polymerization Temperature .........................................................................76 The Dopant Counterion (A ) .........................................................................77 Achieving Regioselective Coupling with Pyrrole Monomers .................................77 In Situ Chemical Polymerization .............................................................................78 Routes to More Processable PPy s ...........................................................................79 Counterion-Induced Solubilization ...............................................................79 Colloidal PPy Dispersions ............................................................................80 Side-Chain-Induced Solubilization ..............................................................81 Photochemically Initiated Polymerization ...............................................................83 Enzyme- and Acid-Catalyzed Polymerizations .......................................................83 The Quest for Extra Functionality ...........................................................................84 Molecular Structure and Microstructure of PPy .....................................................86 Molecular Weight, Branching, and Crosslinking .........................................86 Crystallinity and Molecular Order ...............................................................88 Surface Morphology and Film Density ........................................................89 Nanostructured PPy s ...............................................................................................91 References ................................................................................................................96 Chapter 3 Properties of Polypyrroles ................................................................103 Electrical Properties: Conductivity ........................................................................103 Switching Properties .............................................................................................. Ю5 Chemical and Biochemical Properties ..................................................................114 Optical Properties of PPy s .................................................................................... И9 Electronic Band Structure ..........................................................................119 UV-Visible-NIR Spectra: Dependence on Doping Level and Chain Conformation ...................................................................................120 Chiroptical Properties of Optically Active PPy s ..................................................121 Electrochemical Asymmetric Synthesis, Chiral Separations, and Sensing ..........122 Mechanical Properties of PPy ....................................................... 123 Dry-State Mechanical Properties ...............................................................123 Environmental Effects on Mechanical Properties .................................................128 Contents vii Conclusions ............................................................................................................132 References ..............................................................................................................133 Chapter 4 Synthesis of Polyanilines .................................................................137 Electrochemical Polymerization ............................................................................138 Mechanism of Electrochemical Polymerization .........................................138 Electrode Materials .....................................................................................140 Concentration and Nature of the Dopant Acid (HA) ..................................140 Solvent ........................................................................................................141 Temperature ................................................................................................142 Monomer Type ............................................................................................142 Colloidal PAn s ...........................................................................................142 Chemical Polymerization .......................................................................................143 Mechanism of Chemical Polymerization ...................................................143 Polymerization Temperature .......................................................................144 Nature and Concentration of the Dopant Acid (HA) ..................................144 Nature of the Oxidant .................................................................................145 Nature of the Solvent ..................................................................................146 Interfacial Polymerization ..........................................................................146 Self-Stabilized Dispersion Polymerization .................................................146 Achieving Regioselective Coupling with Aniline Monomers ....................147 Template-Guided Synthesis ........................................................................147 Comparison of Chemically and Electrochemically Prepared PAn Films ................................................................................................147 Vapor-Phase Deposition .........................................................................................148 Photochemically Initiated Polymerization .............................................................148 Enzyme-Catalyzed Polymerization .......................................................................148 Polymerization Using Electron Acceptors .............................................................149 Miscellaneous Polymerization Methods ................................................................150 Routes to More Processable PAn s .........................................................................150 Emulsion Polymerization ............................................................................150 Colloidal PAn Dispersions ..........................................................................151 Substituted PAn s ...................................................................................................152 Alkyl- and Alkoxy-Substituted PAn s .........................................................152 Covalently Bound Chiral Substituents .......................................................153 Sulfonic Acid Substituted PAn s .................................................................153 Postpolymerization Modification: Enhancing Functionality .................................154 Covalently Substituted PAn s ......................................................................154 Doping of EB with Brönsted Acids (HA) ...................................................155 Incorporation of Chiral Dopant Anions or Cations ...............................................156 Doping of EB with Lewis Acids .................................................................157 Doping of EB with Organic Electron Acceptors ........................................158 Ion Implantation .........................................................................................158 Structure of PAn ....................................................................................................158 Molecular Structure and Conformation .................................................................158 viii Conductive Electroactive Polymers Molecular Weight ...................................................................................................159 Chain Conformation ..............................................................................................160 Bulk Structure ........................................................................................................160 Nanoscale Heterogeneity ............................................................................160 Crystallinity, Molecular Order, and Conformation in Solid State .........................160 Solution-Cast Emeraldine Base .............................................................................161 Emeraldine Salt from Protonation of EB ...............................................................163 Solution-Cast Emeraldine Salt ...............................................................................163 Electropolymerized Emeraldine Salt .....................................................................166 Influence of Water and Secondary Dopants on PAn Crystallinity ....................166 Morphology and Density .......................................................................................166 Nanostructured Polyanilines ..................................................................................168 Deposition in Nanoscale Matrices .........................................................................171 References ..............................................................................................................171 Chapter 5 Properties of Polyanilines ................................................................179 Electrical Properties ..............................................................................................179 Conductivity ................................................................................................179 Metallic Polyaniline ...................................................................................182 Switching Properties ..............................................................................................183 Chemical Properties ...............................................................................................186 Mechanical Properties of Polyaniline ....................................................................187 Electrochemically Prepared Films ........................................................................187 Optical Properties of Polyanilines .........................................................................189 Base Forms of Polyaniline .....................................................................................189 Circular Dichroism Spectra ...................................................................................191 Chiral Discrimination and Asymmetric Induction with Chiral Polyanilines .......193 Solvatochromism and Thermochromism ...............................................................193 References ..............................................................................................................194 Chapter 6 Synthesis and Properties of Polythiophenes ....................................197 Synthesis of Polythiophene ....................................................................................197 Electropolymerization ................................................................................197 Chemical Polymerization ...........................................................................201 Vapor-Phase Polymerization .......................................................................202 UV Polymerization of Oligothiophenes .....................................................203 Substituted Polythiophenes ....................................................................................203 Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) and Poly(3-alkoxythiophenes) .............................203 Regioregular Substituted Polythiophenes ..............................................................206 Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) with Low Polydispersities and Controlled Molecular Weights .........................................................207 Polythiophenes with Special Functional Groups ...................................................208 Water-Soluble Polythiophenes ....................................................................208 Organic-Solvent-Soluble Chiral Polythiophenes ........................................208 Contents ¡χ Postpolymerization Modification: Enhancing Functionality .................................210 Structure of Polythiophenes ...................................................................................211 Molecular Structure and Conformation .................................................................211 Molecular Weight .......................................................................................211 Electropolymerized Polythiophenes ......................................................................212 Crystallinity, Molecular Order, Conformation in Solid State ....................212 Morphology and Density ............................................................................213 Solution-Cast Polythiophenes ................................................................................213 Properties of Poly thiophenes .................................................................................216 Conductivity ................................................................................................216 Mechanical Properties of Polythiophenes ..................................................217 Chemical Properties ...................................................................................219 Switching Properties ...................................................................................219 η -Doping of Polythiophenes .......................................................................220 Optical Properties of Polythiophenes .........................................................221 Electronic Band Structure and UV-Visible Spectra .........................221 Thermochromism and Solvatochromism in Poly(3- alkylthiophenes) .................................................................221 Chiroptical Properties of Optically Active Polythiophenes .......................222 Conclusions ............................................................................................................225 References ..............................................................................................................226 Chapter 7 Processing and Device Fabrication ..................................................231 Integration/Fabrication after Polymerization ........................................................231 Solution-Processable CEPs ....................................................................................231 Melt-Processable CEPs ..........................................................................................233 Assembly of Conducting Polymers in Host Matrices ............................................235 Chemical Polymerization .......................................................................................235 Deposition on Glass/Plastics ..................................................................................235 Interfacial Polymerization .....................................................................................238 Electrochemical Integration ...................................................................................239 Device Fabrication .................................................................................................243 Fiber-Spinning Technologies .................................................................................243 Printing Technologies ............................................................................................246 References ..............................................................................................................249 Index ......................................................................................................................253
adam_txt	Contents Preface .xi The Authors .xiii Chapter 1 Introduction .1 What Are Intelligent Material Systems and Structures? .2 The Basis of the Revolution .4 Identifying Macromolecular Building Blocks .5 Academic Research in Conducting Polymers .5 Shorter-Term Opportunities: Other Applications of CEPs .10 Applications Utilizing the Polymers' Inherent Conductivity .11 Electrochemical Switching/Energy Storage/Conversion .12 Polymer Photovoltaics (Light-Induced Charge Separation) .14 Display Technologies: Electrically Stimulated Light Emission .15 Electrochromics .16 Electromechanical Actuators .17 Separation Technologies .18 Controlled-Release Devices .21 Corrosion Protection .22 Chemical Sensors .22 Biomedical Applications .24 Cellular Communications .26 Sensors for Biomechanics .27 Artificial Muscles: Manipulating Movement .27 Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) and other Microdevices.31 Communication and Characterization Tools .32 Electrochemical Methods .32 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance .35 Resistometry .35 Electromechanical Analysis .36 Chemical Analysis .37 Dynamic Contact Angle Analyses .40 Scanning Probe Microscopy .42 In Situ Spectroscopy .46 UV-Visible Spectroscopy .46 Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectroscopy .47 Raman Spectroscopy .48 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy .49 Localized Electrochemical Mapping .51 Conclusions: Conducting Polymers as Intelligent Materials .51 References .'.53 vi Conductive Electroactive Polymers Chapter 2 Assembly of Polypyrroles .59 Electropolymerization — "A Complex Process Oversimplified" .59 The Polymerization Environment/Cell Design .63 Electrochemical Conditions .66 Electrode Materials .68 The Solvent .70 The Counterion/Cation Effect: Choice of Electrolyte .71 The Monomer .74 Chemical Polymerization .75 Mechanism of Chemical Polymerization .75 Influence of Polymerization Conditions .76 TheOxidant .76 The Solvent .76 Polymerization Temperature .76 The Dopant Counterion (A") .77 Achieving Regioselective Coupling with Pyrrole Monomers .77 In Situ Chemical Polymerization .78 Routes to More Processable PPy's .79 Counterion-Induced Solubilization .79 Colloidal PPy Dispersions .80 Side-Chain-Induced Solubilization .81 Photochemically Initiated Polymerization .83 Enzyme- and Acid-Catalyzed Polymerizations .83 The Quest for Extra Functionality .84 Molecular Structure and Microstructure of PPy .86 Molecular Weight, Branching, and Crosslinking .86 Crystallinity and Molecular Order .88 Surface Morphology and Film Density .89 Nanostructured PPy's .91 References .96 Chapter 3 Properties of Polypyrroles .103 Electrical Properties: Conductivity .103 Switching Properties . Ю5 Chemical and Biochemical Properties .114 Optical Properties of PPy's . И9 Electronic Band Structure .119 UV-Visible-NIR Spectra: Dependence on Doping Level and Chain Conformation .120 Chiroptical Properties of Optically Active PPy's .121 Electrochemical Asymmetric Synthesis, Chiral Separations, and Sensing .122 Mechanical Properties of PPy . 123 Dry-State Mechanical Properties .123 Environmental Effects on Mechanical Properties .128 Contents vii Conclusions .132 References .133 Chapter 4 Synthesis of Polyanilines .137 Electrochemical Polymerization .138 Mechanism of Electrochemical Polymerization .138 Electrode Materials .140 Concentration and Nature of the Dopant Acid (HA) .140 Solvent .141 Temperature .142 Monomer Type .142 Colloidal PAn's .142 Chemical Polymerization .143 Mechanism of Chemical Polymerization .143 Polymerization Temperature .144 Nature and Concentration of the Dopant Acid (HA) .144 Nature of the Oxidant .145 Nature of the Solvent .146 Interfacial Polymerization .146 Self-Stabilized Dispersion Polymerization .146 Achieving Regioselective Coupling with Aniline Monomers .147 Template-Guided Synthesis .147 Comparison of Chemically and Electrochemically Prepared PAn Films .147 Vapor-Phase Deposition .148 Photochemically Initiated Polymerization .148 Enzyme-Catalyzed Polymerization .148 Polymerization Using Electron Acceptors .149 Miscellaneous Polymerization Methods .150 Routes to More Processable PAn's .150 Emulsion Polymerization .150 Colloidal PAn Dispersions .151 Substituted PAn's .152 Alkyl- and Alkoxy-Substituted PAn's .152 Covalently Bound Chiral Substituents .153 Sulfonic Acid Substituted PAn's .153 Postpolymerization Modification: Enhancing Functionality .154 Covalently Substituted PAn's .154 Doping of EB with Brönsted Acids (HA) .155 Incorporation of Chiral Dopant Anions or Cations .156 Doping of EB with Lewis Acids .157 Doping of EB with Organic Electron Acceptors .158 Ion Implantation .158 Structure of PAn .158 Molecular Structure and Conformation .158 viii Conductive Electroactive Polymers Molecular Weight .159 Chain Conformation .160 Bulk Structure .160 Nanoscale Heterogeneity .160 Crystallinity, Molecular Order, and Conformation in Solid State .160 Solution-Cast Emeraldine Base .161 Emeraldine Salt from Protonation of EB .163 Solution-Cast Emeraldine Salt .163 Electropolymerized Emeraldine Salt .166 Influence of Water and "Secondary Dopants" on PAn Crystallinity .166 Morphology and Density .166 Nanostructured Polyanilines .168 Deposition in Nanoscale Matrices .171 References .171 Chapter 5 Properties of Polyanilines .179 Electrical Properties .179 Conductivity .179 Metallic Polyaniline .182 Switching Properties .183 Chemical Properties .186 Mechanical Properties of Polyaniline .187 Electrochemically Prepared Films .187 Optical Properties of Polyanilines .189 Base Forms of Polyaniline .189 Circular Dichroism Spectra .191 Chiral Discrimination and Asymmetric Induction with Chiral Polyanilines .193 Solvatochromism and Thermochromism .193 References .194 Chapter 6 Synthesis and Properties of Polythiophenes .197 Synthesis of Polythiophene .197 Electropolymerization .197 Chemical Polymerization .201 Vapor-Phase Polymerization .202 UV Polymerization of Oligothiophenes .203 Substituted Polythiophenes .203 Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) and Poly(3-alkoxythiophenes) .203 Regioregular Substituted Polythiophenes .206 Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) with Low Polydispersities and Controlled Molecular Weights .207 Polythiophenes with Special Functional Groups .208 Water-Soluble Polythiophenes .208 Organic-Solvent-Soluble Chiral Polythiophenes .208 Contents ¡χ Postpolymerization Modification: Enhancing Functionality .210 Structure of Polythiophenes .211 Molecular Structure and Conformation .211 Molecular Weight .211 Electropolymerized Polythiophenes .212 Crystallinity, Molecular Order, Conformation in Solid State .212 Morphology and Density .213 Solution-Cast Polythiophenes .213 Properties of Poly thiophenes .216 Conductivity .216 Mechanical Properties of Polythiophenes .217 Chemical Properties .219 Switching Properties .219 η -Doping of Polythiophenes .220 Optical Properties of Polythiophenes .221 Electronic Band Structure and UV-Visible Spectra .221 Thermochromism and Solvatochromism in Poly(3- alkylthiophenes) .221 Chiroptical Properties of Optically Active Polythiophenes .222 Conclusions .225 References .226 Chapter 7 Processing and Device Fabrication .231 Integration/Fabrication after Polymerization .231 Solution-Processable CEPs .231 Melt-Processable CEPs .233 Assembly of Conducting Polymers in Host Matrices .235 Chemical Polymerization .235 Deposition on Glass/Plastics .235 Interfacial Polymerization .238 Electrochemical Integration .239 Device Fabrication .243 Fiber-Spinning Technologies .243 Printing Technologies .246 References .249 Index .253
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spelling	Conductive electroactive polymers intelligent polymer systems Gordon G. Wallace ... 3. ed. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press 2009 XV, 263 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Matériaux intelligents Polymères conducteurs Polímeros lemb Conducting polymers Smart materials Leitfähige Polymere (DE-588)4225135-7 gnd rswk-swf Intelligenter Werkstoff (DE-588)4274825-2 gnd rswk-swf Leitfähige Polymere (DE-588)4225135-7 s Intelligenter Werkstoff (DE-588)4274825-2 s DE-604 Wallace, Gordon G. Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016361562&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Conductive electroactive polymers intelligent polymer systems Matériaux intelligents Polymères conducteurs Polímeros lemb Conducting polymers Smart materials Leitfähige Polymere (DE-588)4225135-7 gnd Intelligenter Werkstoff (DE-588)4274825-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4225135-7 (DE-588)4274825-2
title	Conductive electroactive polymers intelligent polymer systems
title_auth	Conductive electroactive polymers intelligent polymer systems
title_exact_search	Conductive electroactive polymers intelligent polymer systems
title_exact_search_txtP	Conductive electroactive polymers intelligent polymer systems
title_full	Conductive electroactive polymers intelligent polymer systems Gordon G. Wallace ...
title_fullStr	Conductive electroactive polymers intelligent polymer systems Gordon G. Wallace ...
title_full_unstemmed	Conductive electroactive polymers intelligent polymer systems Gordon G. Wallace ...
title_short	Conductive electroactive polymers
title_sort	conductive electroactive polymers intelligent polymer systems
title_sub	intelligent polymer systems
topic	Matériaux intelligents Polymères conducteurs Polímeros lemb Conducting polymers Smart materials Leitfähige Polymere (DE-588)4225135-7 gnd Intelligenter Werkstoff (DE-588)4274825-2 gnd
topic_facet	Matériaux intelligents Polymères conducteurs Polímeros Conducting polymers Smart materials Leitfähige Polymere Intelligenter Werkstoff
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016361562&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT wallacegordong conductiveelectroactivepolymersintelligentpolymersystems

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