Choosing between possible lives: law and ethics of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford
Hart
2007
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. [351]-358) and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 367 S. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Choosing between possible lives |b law and ethics of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis |c Rosamund Scott |
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. [351]-358) and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Human reproductive technology / Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Human reproductive technology / Moral and ethical aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genetic engineering / Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genetic engineering / Moral and ethical aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fetus / Legal status, laws, etc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ethik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fetus |x Legal status, laws, etc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genetic Counseling |x ethics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genetic Counseling |x legislation & jurisprudence | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genetic Engineering |x ethics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genetic Engineering |x legislation & jurisprudence | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genetic engineering |x Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genetic engineering |x Moral and ethical aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Human reproductive technology |x Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Human reproductive technology |x Moral and ethical aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Preimplantation Diagnosis |x ethics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Preimplantation genetic diagnosis |x Moral and ethical aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Prenatal Diagnosis |x ethics | |
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| adam_text | Contents
Acknowledgements vii
List of Abbreviations xv
Table of Cases xvii
Table of Legislation xxi
Introduction — Purpose and Plan of the Book 1
Chapter 1: Ethical Issues in Selection Practices —Whose Interests
are at Stake? 11
I Introduction 11
II Reproductive Autonomy and the Embryo or Fetus 12
A Choosing Whether to Have a Child 12
B The Possibility of a Disabled Child 14
C Reproductive Autonomy and the Positive Duties Inherent in
Child-raising 15
D The Moral Status of the Embryo and Fetus 20
E The Scope of Reproductive Autonomy: Interests, Reasons and
Rights 23
III Understandings of Disability 26
A Models of Disability 27
B Flourishing 28
C The Severity of a Condition 29
i A life that someone may think is not worth living 29
ii A life that someone will think is worth living 30
iii Severity: whose interests? 32
IV Birth and Harm 34
A A Life that Someone May Think is Not Worth Living 34
B A Life that Someone Will Think is Worth Living 37
C Person- and Non-person-affecting Principles 38
i Moral requirements 42
a) The stage of development of the fetus 44
b) The difficulty of judging a disability to be serious 45
c) Costs or difficulties or loss of benefits for parents 46
ii Moral permissibility 47
x Contents
V The Interests of People with Impairments 48
A Models of Disability and Discrimination Issues 48
B Information and Assumptions about Suffering or Difficulty 50
C The Expressivist Objection 54
i The fetus and personhood 54
ii Devaluing impairments but equally valuing those with
impairments 57
hi The any/particular distinction 59
iv Interweaving parents and children s interests 62
v Opportunity — non-person-affecting principles again 64
VI Eugenics 65
VII Conclusions 68
Chapter 2: Selective Abortion — The Interpretation and Operation
of the Law 71
I Introduction 71
II Exploring the Terms of the Disability Ground of the Abortion Act 73
A Substantial Risk 73
i Hansard 73
ii RCOG guidelines 73
B Serious Handicap 76
i Hansard 76
ii RCOG guidelines 77
a) The probability of effective treatment in utero or after birth 78
b) The probable degree of self-awareness and of ability to
communicate with others 81
c) The suffering that would be experienced 82
d) The extent to which the actions essential for health that
normal individuals perform unaided would have to be
provided by others 83
e) The probability of being able to live alone and to be
self-supporting as an adult 85
III A Woman s or Couple s Moral and Legal Interests in Decisions
Relating to Selective Abortion 86
A Parents Moral Interests in Being Able to Choose Whether to
Have a Disabled Child 86
B Legal Interests 89
i Parents possible legal interests in the interpretation of the
disability ground of the Abortion Act 89
ii Implications of the wrongful birth cases 94
IV Cases Under the European Convention on Human Rights 102
Contents xi
A Article 8 102
B Article 2 103
C Legal Protection: Fetal Rights or Fetal Value? 108
D Article 3 112
E Article 14 116
V Abortion for Fetal Anomaly After 24 Weeks 119
A The Pregnant Woman s Interests 122
B The Fetus s Interests 124
C Factors Overall 134
VI Conclusions 137
Chapter 3: Informational Duties — the Impact on Prenatal
Screening, Diagnosis and Selective Abortion 143
I Introduction 143
II Consent to Screening and Diagnosis: Information and Counselling 144
A Capacity 145
B Voluntariness: Offers of Screening and Testing 145
C Information: Nature and Purpose, Not Results of Screening or
Testing 149
III The Effect of a Rights-Based Approach to Abortion on Prenatal
Screening and Testing 153
A The Right to Abort For Any Reason 153
B The Role of the Medical Profession 155
C Autonomy — Information That Aids, Not Burdens 157
IV The Role of Wrongful Birth Liability 160
A Tort s Concern to Protect Reproductive Autonomy, But Only So
Far 160
B Issues of Conscience for the Medical Profession 162
C The Basis of the Wrongful Birth Action 166
D The Standard of Care: Traditional Negligence or Negligent
Non-disclosure 169
i The risk of a given fetal condition 172
V The Relationship Between the Seriousness of a Fetal Condition and the
Reasons for Exercising Reproductive Autonomy 178
A Reasons: A Moral Framework 178
B Reasons: The Law 181
i Reasons in abortion law 181
ii Reasons in wrongful birth case law 182
iii Defining seriousness in wrongful birth case law 185
xii Contents
iv Implications for the current and future scope of the wrongful
birth action 187
VI Conclusions 192
Chapter 4: Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis — The Interpretation
and Operation of the Law 197
I Introduction 197
II Background and Legal Context 199
III The Recommendations on Risk and Seriousness 205
A Significant Risk 207
B Serious Genetic Condition 208
C The PGD Guidance 209
IV Health Professionals and Scientists Views and Experience 211
A Significant Risk 212
B Serious Genetic Condition 213
i The view of those seeking treatment of the condition 214
ii The likely degree of suffering associated with the condition 220
a Very serious conditions 220
b Less serious conditions 225
1 Cystic fibrosis 225
2 Down s Syndrome 228
iii The extent of any intellectual impairment 237
iv The extent of social support available 237
v The family circumstances of the people seeking treatment 238
vi The availability of effective therapy or management now
and in the future 239
vii The speed of degeneration in progressive disorders 240
viii Their previous reproductive experience 242
V Conclusions 243
Chapter Five: The Future Scope of Preimplantation Genetic
Diagnosis 247
I Introduction 247
II Fears of Trivial or Eugenic Use of Embryos 249
III The Interests at Stake: The Reasons for Choosing Between Possible
Lives 252
A The Moral and Legal Status of the Embryo and Fetus 253
B The Subject of Moral Concern 256
Contents xiii
C Selecting Against Serious Genetic Anomalies 257
D Selecting Against Or For Purely Aesthetic or Generally Trivial
Features 260
i Parents interests and attitudes: central versus marginal features 261
ii The child s interests: autonomy and flourishing 264
iii The claims of the embryo and the processes in PGD 270
iv The professionals involved in IVF and PGD 274
v The interests of those with impairments 275
vi The issue of legalisation 277
E Selecting in Favour of Serious Features 279
i Selecting for intelligence 280
ii Selecting for better health 283
iii Selecting for specific aptitudes or abilities 285
IV Conclusions 288
Chapter Six: Uses of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis — Two
Particular Cases 297
I Introduction 297
II Selecting for Disability 297
A Person-afFecting and Non-Person-Affecting Principles and Harm
Revisited 298
B Choosing a Deaf Embryo Versus Failing to Cure a Deaf Child 300
C Sarah Can Hear, But I Can t 304
D Parents Possible Interests in Selecting for Disability and Implications
for Third-Party Assistance 307
E Deafness and Opportunity 309
F Selecting for Achondroplasia 314
G Selecting for Down s Syndrome or Cystic Fibrosis 315
H Implications Overall 318
III Sex Selection 319
A Parents and Children s Interests 321
B The Claims of the Embryo and the Processes in IVF and PGD 323
C The Views of Clinicians, Scientists and Those With Impairments 326
D The Views of the HFEA and Government: Is Legal Prohibition
Justified? 327
i Analysis under Article 8(1) of the EC HR 330
ii Analysis under Article 8(2) of the ECHR 332
a) In accordance with law 332
b) Legitimate aim 333
c) Necessary in a democratic society 333
1 Pressing social need 335
2 Proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued 335
xiv Contents
3 Relevant and sufficient reasons 336
4 Implications: justifiable interference? 336
IV Conclusions 345
Bibliography 351
Index 359
Table of Cases
NATIONAL
Australia
Rogers v Whittaker (1992) 67 ALJR 47 168
Canada
Reibl v Hughes (1980) 114 DLR (3d) 1 168
United Kingdom
A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56 333
Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1991] 2 All ER 907 182
Allen v Bloomsbury HA [1993] 1 All ER 651 96, 98
Attorney-General s Reference (No 3 of 1994) [1997] 3 All
ER 936 106, 107, 111, 192
B, Re [1981] 1 WLR 1421 124
Bagley v North Herts Health Authority [1986] NLJ Rep 1014 167
Barr v Matthews (1999) 52 BMLR 217 164
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118 171
Bolitho v City of Hackney HA [1997] 4 All ER 771 171
Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 173
C (Adult: Refusal of Medical Treatment), Re [1994] 1 FLR 31 145
C, Re [1990] Fain 26 124, 151
C v S [1988] QB 135 71, 103
Chatterton v Gerson [1981] 1 All ER 257 144, 166
Chester v Afshar [2004] 4 All ER 587 168
Denche v Ealing Hospital NHS Trust [2003] EWHC 3104 169
Enright vKwun [2003] EWHC 1000 167
F, Re [1988] 2 All ER 193 103
Groom v Selby [2002] 64 BMLR 47 96
Hardman v Amin (2001) 59 BMLR 58 96
Housecraft v Burnett [1986] 1 All ER 332 96
J (a minor), Re [1991] Fam 33 124
J (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment), Re (1990) 6 BMLR 25 156
Jepson vThe Chief Constable of West Mercia Police Constabulary [2003] EWHC
3318 71, 72, 77, 78, 80, 92, 112, 137, 140
JT (Adult: Refusal of Medical Treatment), Re [1998] 1 FLR 48 145
Latimer v AEC [1953] AC 643 175
Lee vTaunton and Somerset NHS Trust [2001] 1 FLR 419 96 .
Lillywhite v University College London Hospitals NHS Trust [2005] EWCA Civ
1466 167
McFarlane vTayside Health Board [2000] 2 AC 59 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 139
McKay v Essex AHA [1982] 2 WLR 890 118, 216
xviii Table of Cases
MB (Adult: Refusal of Medical Treatment), Re (1997) 8 Med
LR 217 104, 145, 151, 254
P v Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust [2004] EWHC 1392 167
Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 184
Parkinson v St James and Seacroft University Hospital NHS Trust [2002]
QB 266 95, 96, 97, 189
Paton v BPAS [1979] QB 276 71, 72
Pearce v United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust [1999] PIQR 53 168, 185
Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust v Wyatt (2005) EWCA Civ 1181 124
R (Carson) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2006] 1 AC 173 117
R v Bourne (1938) 3 All ER 612 122
R v Gibson and Sylveire [1991] 1 All ER 439 271
R v Smith (1974) 58 Cr App R 106 72
Ranee v Mid-Downs Health Authority [1991] 1 QB 587 94, 161, 189
Rand v East Dorset Health Authority [2000] 56
BMLR 39 33, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 139, 161
Rees v Darlington Memorial NHS Trust [2004] 1 AC 309 98, 139
St George s Healthcare NHS Trust v S, R, Collins, ex parte S [1998] 3 All ER
673 Ill, 192
Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital [1985] 1 AC 871 145,
151, 168
Smith v Barking, Havering and Brentwood HA [1994] 5 Med LR 285 101, 169
T (a minor) (Wardship: medical treatment), Re [1997] 1 All ER 906 127
T, Re [1992] 4 All ER 649 144, 146, 147
The Queen on the Application of Quintavalle v Human Fertilisation and
Embryology Authority [2003] EWCA Civ 667 (CA), [2005] 2 All ER 555
(HL) 200, 250, 251, 252, 268, 341
U v Centre for Reproductive Medicine [2002] 1 FLR 927 147
United States
Akron v Akron Centre for Reproductive Health, 35 L Ed 2d 147 (1973) 153, 163
Arche v US Department of Army, 798 P2d 477 (Kansas 1990) 183, 184
Atlanta Obstetrics and Gynecology Group v Abelson, 398 SE 2d 557 (Ga 1990) 183
Azzolino v Dingfelder, 337 SE2d 528 (NC 1985), cert denied, 479
US 835 (1986) 166, 183
Bardessono v Michels, 3 Cal 3d 780 (1970) 171
Berman v Allan, 404 A 2d 8 (1979) 160, 184
Canesi v Wilson, 158 NJ 490 (1999) 161, 166, 169, 170, 184, 186
Canterbury v Spence, 464 F2d 772 (DC 1972) 166, 168, 169, 173, 174
Colautti v Franklin, 58 L Ed 2d 596 (1979) 163
Dansby v Jefferson, 623 A2d 816 (PA Super 1993) 54, 94, 162, 170
Doe v Bolton, 35 L Ed 2d 156, 163
Edmonds v W Pa Hosp Radiology Assoc, 621 A 2d 580 (Pa 1993), cert denied,
114 SCt 63 (1993) 166
Eisenstadt v Baird, 405 US 438 (1972) 158
Gonzales v Carhart (2007) 127 SCt 1610 155
Griswold v Connecticut, 14 L Ed 2d 510 (1965) 154, 158
Grubbs v Barbourville Family Health Centre, 120 SW 3d 682 (Ky 2003) 183
Table of Cases xix
Harris v McRae, 65 L Ed 2d 784 (1986) 158
Hickman v Group Health, 396 NW 2d 10 (Minn 1986) 164, 165
Karlsons v Guerinot, 394 NYS2d 933 (1977) 167
Largey v Rothman, 110 NJ 204 169
Maher v Roe, 53 L Ed 2d 484 (1977) 158
Munro v Regents of University of California, 263 Cal Rptr 878 (Cal App 2 Dist
1989) 172
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v Casey, 120 LEd2d 674 (1992).... 55,
110, 154, 155, 156, 157, 163, 164, 165
Reed v Campagnolo, 630 A 2d 1145 (Md, 1993) 166, 169, 170, 171
Robak v US, 658 F2d 471 (1981) 165
Roe vWade, 35 LEd2d 147 (1973) 94, 110, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 160, 163, 165,
169, 182, 183, 184, 185
Roe vWade (1986) 95Yale LJ 639 22
Schloss v Miriam Hospital, No CA 98-2076 (RI Super Ct, 11 January 1999) .... 94, 162
Seipal v Corson, 637 A 2d 289 (Pa 1993), cert denied, 115 SCt 60 (1994) 166
Smith v Cote, 513 A 2d 341 (NH, 1986) 160, 166, 171, 182, 184
SojournerT v Edwards, 974 F 2d 27 (5th Cir 1992) 155
Stenberg v Carhart, 530 US 914 155
Thornburgh v American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 76 L Ed
2d 687 (1983) 153
United States vVuitch, 28 L Ed 2d 601 (1971) 158
Verkennes v Corniea, 38 NW2d 838 (1949) 167
Webster v Reproductive Health Services, 106 L Ed 2d 410 (1989) 155, 157
Wilson v Kuenzi, 751 SW2d 741 (Mo 1988), cert denied, 488 US 893 (1988) 166
Wisconsin vYoder, 406 US 205 (1972) 262
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v UK (1985) 7 EHRR 471 116
Ahmut v Netherlands (1996) 24 EHRR 62 332
Barthold v Germany (1985) 7 EHRR 383 333
Botta v Italy (1998) 26 EHRR 241 116
Briiggemann and Scheuten v Germany (1981) 3 EHRR 244 102, 103, 105, 278
Costello-Roberts v United Kingdom (1995) 19 EHRR 112 331
Dudgeon v United Kingdom (1981) 4 EHRR 149 334
Evans v United Kingdom, Appl No 6339/05, Judgment of 10 April 2007. 104, 332, 342
Fredin v Sweden (1991) 13 EHRR 784 117
Halford v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 423 332
Handyside v United Kingdom (1976) 1 EHRR 737 333, 334, 335
Ireland v United Kingdom (1978) 2 EHRR 25 113
Jersild v Denmark (1995) 19 EHRR 1 336
Keegan v Ireland (1994) 18 EHRR 342 334
Kroon v Netherlands (1994) 19 EHRR 263 332
Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 39 331
Lithgow v UK (1986) 8 EHRR 329 117
xx Table of Cases
McMichael v United Kingdom (1995) 20 EHRR 205 335
National and Provincial Building Society v UK (1997) 25 EHRR 127 117
Niemietz v Germany (1992) 16 EHRR 97 331
Paton v UK (1981) 3 EHRR 408 104, 105, 106, 107
Petrovic v Austria (2001) 33 EHRR 307 116
Pretty v United Kingdom (1998) 26 EHRR 241 330
Rees v United Kingdom (1987) 9 EHRR 56 103
RH v Norway, Appl No 17004/90 (1992) 104
Soering v United Kingdom (1989) 11 EHRR 439 335
Stjerna v Finland (1994) 24 EHRR 194 334
Sunday Times v United Kingdom (1979) 2 EHRR 245 334
Tyrer v United Kingdom (1978) 2 EHRR 1 331
Tysiac v Poland, Appl No 5410/03 (2007) 103
Vo v France, Appl No 53924/00, Judgment of 8 July 2004 104, 107, 110, 116, 139,
342
X v United Kingdom (1980) 19 D R 244 104
X andY v Netherlands (1986) 8 EHRR 235 331
Table of Legislation
United Kingdom
Primary legislation
Abortion Act 1967 3, 5, 34, 49, 72, 73, 89, 102, 108, 119, 151, 171, 176, 181, 186,
189, 193, 208, 212, 244, 246, 253, 256
s 1(1) 3, 49, 109, 152, 206, 247, 254
(a)... 4, 72, 74, 75, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93, 96, 112, 135, 137, 139, 152, 182, 213, 217,
254, 324, 339
(b) 104, 116, 117, 118, 122, 124, 135, 141, 255
(c) 104, 116, 118
(d) .. 3, 71, 78, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 102, 104, 123, 124, 140, 152, 161, 182,
195, 216, 217, 247, 255
s 5(1) 109
Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000, 18
Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act 2004, 18
Children Act 1989, 189
s 1 303
s 17(2) 189
Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976, 108
Disability Discrimination Act 1995 17, 117
Fatal Accidents Act 1976 167
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 3, 49, 71, 104, 109, 128, 152,
200, 203, 206, 211, 247, 254, 255, 293, 297, 324, 327, 329, 332, 336, 347
s 2(1) 200, 201
s 13(5) 201, 202, 238, 259, 312, 313
Sched.2 197, 252, 343
para 1 193, 251
(1).
(3) 200, 201, 211, 251, 288
(d) 200, 201
para 1ZA 193, 211, 252
(a) 201
(b) 201
(c) 201
para 1ZB 343
para 3 271
Sched.3 312
Human Rights Act 1998 5, 73, 102, 104, 270, 297, 334
s 6,
(1) 329
(3) 330
xxii Table of Legislation
Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929 109
s 1(1) 109
Mental Capacity Act 2005 145
s 1 145
(2) 145
s 2 145
(1) 145
s 3(1) 145
Obscene Publications Act 1950 333
Offences Against the Person Act 1861 99
s 58 99, 109, 208
s 59 99, 109, 208
Secondary legislation
Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Research Purposes) Regulations 2001, (SI
2001/188) 271
NHS (General Medical Services) Regulations 1992, (SI 1992/635) 164
Sched.2,
para 12 164
United States
California Health and Safety Code,
s 151 161
Pa Senate LegJ 267, 17 September 1984 166
Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act 2003 155
Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes,
Title 42,
s 8305 162
International Treaties and Conventions
European Convention on Human Rights 4, 5, 73
Art 2 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 116, 118, 139, 332
(1) 103
Art 3 102, 112, 113, 115, 139
Art 8.. 9, 102, 103, 104, 139, 269, 278, 279, 290, 297, 320, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331,
332, 334, 335, 336, 339, 340, 341, 342, 347, 348
(1) 103, 270, 278, 328, 330, 332
(2) 102, 103, 270, 278, 279, 328, 332, 333, 341, 346
Art 10 333
Art 14 102, 104, 112, 116, 117, 118, 124, 139, 332
Art 18 333
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Acknowledgements vii
List of Abbreviations xv
Table of Cases xvii
Table of Legislation xxi
Introduction — Purpose and Plan of the Book 1
Chapter 1: Ethical Issues in Selection Practices —Whose Interests
are at Stake? 11
I Introduction 11
II Reproductive Autonomy and the Embryo or Fetus 12
A Choosing Whether to Have a Child 12
B The Possibility of a Disabled Child 14
C Reproductive Autonomy and the Positive Duties Inherent in
Child-raising 15
D The Moral Status of the Embryo and Fetus 20
E The Scope of Reproductive Autonomy: Interests, Reasons and
Rights 23
III Understandings of Disability 26
A Models of Disability 27
B Flourishing 28
C The Severity of a Condition 29
i A life that someone may think is not worth living 29
ii A life that someone will think is worth living 30
iii Severity: whose interests? 32
IV Birth and Harm 34
A A Life that Someone May Think is Not Worth Living 34
B A Life that Someone Will Think is Worth Living 37
C Person- and Non-person-affecting Principles 38
i Moral requirements 42
a) The stage of development of the fetus 44
b) The difficulty of judging a disability to be serious 45
c) Costs or difficulties or loss of benefits for parents 46
ii Moral permissibility 47
x Contents
V The Interests of People with Impairments 48
A Models of Disability and Discrimination Issues 48
B Information and Assumptions about Suffering or Difficulty 50
C The 'Expressivist Objection' 54
i The fetus and personhood 54
ii Devaluing impairments but equally valuing those with
impairments 57
hi The 'any/particular' distinction 59
iv Interweaving parents' and children's interests 62
v Opportunity — non-person-affecting principles again 64
VI Eugenics 65
VII Conclusions 68
Chapter 2: Selective Abortion — The Interpretation and Operation
of the Law 71
I Introduction 71
II Exploring the Terms of the Disability Ground of the Abortion Act 73
A 'Substantial Risk' 73
i Hansard 73
ii RCOG guidelines 73
B 'Serious Handicap' 76
i Hansard 76
ii RCOG guidelines 77
a) The probability of effective treatment in utero or after birth 78
b) The probable degree of self-awareness and of ability to
communicate with others 81
c) The suffering that would be experienced 82
d) The extent to which the actions essential for health that
normal individuals perform unaided would have to be
provided by others 83
e) The probability of being able to live alone and to be
self-supporting as an adult 85
III A Woman's or Couple's Moral and Legal Interests in Decisions
Relating to Selective Abortion 86
A Parents' Moral Interests in Being Able to Choose Whether to
Have a Disabled Child 86
B Legal Interests 89
i Parents' possible legal interests in the interpretation of the
disability ground of the Abortion Act 89
ii Implications of the wrongful birth cases 94
IV Cases Under the European Convention on Human Rights 102
Contents xi
A Article 8 102
B Article 2 103
C Legal Protection: Fetal Rights or Fetal Value? 108
D Article 3 112
E Article 14 116
V Abortion for Fetal Anomaly After 24 Weeks 119
A The Pregnant Woman's Interests 122
B The Fetus's Interests 124
C Factors Overall 134
VI Conclusions 137
Chapter 3: Informational Duties — the Impact on Prenatal
Screening, Diagnosis and Selective Abortion 143
I Introduction 143
II Consent to Screening and Diagnosis: Information and Counselling 144
A Capacity 145
B Voluntariness: Offers of Screening and Testing 145
C Information: Nature and Purpose, Not Results of Screening or
Testing 149
III The Effect of a Rights-Based Approach to Abortion on Prenatal
Screening and Testing 153
A The Right to Abort For Any Reason 153
B The Role of the Medical Profession 155
C Autonomy — Information That Aids, Not Burdens 157
IV The Role of Wrongful Birth Liability 160
A Tort's Concern to Protect Reproductive Autonomy, But Only So
Far 160
B Issues of Conscience for the Medical Profession 162
C The Basis of the Wrongful Birth Action 166
D The Standard of Care: Traditional Negligence or Negligent
Non-disclosure 169
i The risk of a given fetal condition 172
V The Relationship Between the Seriousness of a Fetal Condition and the
Reasons for Exercising Reproductive Autonomy 178
A Reasons: A Moral Framework 178
B Reasons: The Law 181
i Reasons in abortion law 181
ii Reasons in wrongful birth case law 182
iii Defining seriousness in wrongful birth case law 185
xii Contents
iv Implications for the current and future scope of the wrongful
birth action 187
VI Conclusions 192
Chapter 4: Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis — The Interpretation
and Operation of the Law 197
I Introduction 197
II Background and Legal Context 199
III The Recommendations on Risk and Seriousness 205
A 'Significant Risk' 207
B 'Serious Genetic Condition' 208
C The PGD Guidance 209
IV Health Professionals' and Scientists' Views and Experience 211
A 'Significant Risk' 212
B 'Serious Genetic Condition' 213
i The view of those seeking treatment of the condition 214
ii The likely degree of suffering associated with the condition 220
a Very serious conditions 220
b Less serious conditions 225
1 Cystic fibrosis 225
2 Down's Syndrome 228
iii The extent of any intellectual impairment 237
iv The extent of social support available 237
v The family circumstances of the people seeking treatment 238
vi The availability of effective therapy or management now
and in the future 239
vii The speed of degeneration in progressive disorders 240
viii Their previous reproductive experience 242
V Conclusions 243
Chapter Five: The Future Scope of Preimplantation Genetic
Diagnosis 247
I Introduction 247
II Fears of Trivial or Eugenic Use of Embryos 249
III The Interests at Stake: The Reasons for Choosing Between Possible
Lives 252
A The Moral and Legal Status of the Embryo and Fetus 253
B The Subject of Moral Concern 256
Contents xiii
C Selecting Against 'Serious' Genetic Anomalies 257
D Selecting Against Or For Purely Aesthetic or Generally Trivial
Features 260
i Parents' interests and attitudes: central versus marginal features 261
ii The child's interests: autonomy and flourishing 264
iii The claims of the embryo and the processes in PGD 270
iv The professionals involved in IVF and PGD 274
v The interests of those with impairments 275
vi The issue of legalisation 277
E Selecting in Favour of'Serious' Features 279
i Selecting for intelligence 280
ii Selecting for better health 283
iii Selecting for specific aptitudes or abilities 285
IV Conclusions 288
Chapter Six: Uses of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis — Two
Particular Cases 297
I Introduction 297
II Selecting for Disability 297
A Person-afFecting and Non-Person-Affecting Principles and Harm
Revisited 298
B Choosing a Deaf Embryo Versus Failing to Cure a Deaf Child 300
C 'Sarah Can Hear, But I Can't' 304
D Parents' Possible Interests in Selecting for Disability and Implications
for Third-Party Assistance 307
E Deafness and Opportunity 309
F Selecting for Achondroplasia 314
G Selecting for Down's Syndrome or Cystic Fibrosis 315
H Implications Overall 318
III Sex Selection 319
A Parents' and Children's Interests 321
B The Claims of the Embryo and the Processes in IVF and PGD 323
C The Views of Clinicians, Scientists and Those With Impairments 326
D The Views of the HFEA and Government: Is Legal Prohibition
Justified? 327
i Analysis under Article 8(1) of the EC HR 330
ii Analysis under Article 8(2) of the ECHR 332
a) In accordance with law 332
b) Legitimate aim 333
c) Necessary in a democratic society 333
1 Pressing social need 335
2 Proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued 335
xiv Contents
3 Relevant and sufficient reasons 336
4 Implications: justifiable interference? 336
IV Conclusions 345
Bibliography 351
Index 359
Table of Cases
NATIONAL
Australia
Rogers v Whittaker (1992) 67 ALJR 47 168
Canada
Reibl v Hughes (1980) 114 DLR (3d) 1 168
United Kingdom
A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56 333
Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1991] 2 All ER 907 182
Allen v Bloomsbury HA [1993] 1 All ER 651 96, 98
Attorney-General's Reference (No 3 of 1994) [1997] 3 All
ER 936 106, 107, 111, 192
B, Re [1981] 1 WLR 1421 124
Bagley v North Herts Health Authority [1986] NLJ Rep 1014 167
Barr v Matthews (1999) 52 BMLR 217 164
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2 All ER 118 171
Bolitho v City of Hackney HA [1997] 4 All ER 771 171
Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 173
C (Adult: Refusal of Medical Treatment), Re [1994] 1 FLR 31 145
C, Re [1990] Fain 26 124, 151
C v S [1988] QB 135 71, 103
Chatterton v Gerson [1981] 1 All ER 257 144, 166
Chester v Afshar [2004] 4 All ER 587 168
Denche v Ealing Hospital NHS Trust [2003] EWHC 3104 169
Enright vKwun [2003] EWHC 1000 167
F, Re [1988] 2 All ER 193 103
Groom v Selby [2002] 64 BMLR 47 96
Hardman v Amin (2001) 59 BMLR 58 96
Housecraft v Burnett [1986] 1 All ER 332 96
J (a minor), Re [1991] Fam 33 124
J (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment), Re (1990) 6 BMLR 25 156
Jepson vThe Chief Constable of West Mercia Police Constabulary [2003] EWHC
3318 71, 72, 77, 78, 80, 92, 112, 137, 140
JT (Adult: Refusal of Medical Treatment), Re [1998] 1 FLR 48 145
Latimer v AEC [1953] AC 643 175
Lee vTaunton and Somerset NHS Trust [2001] 1 FLR 419 96 .
Lillywhite v University College London Hospitals NHS Trust [2005] EWCA Civ
1466 167
McFarlane vTayside Health Board [2000] 2 AC 59 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 139
McKay v Essex AHA [1982] 2 WLR 890 118, 216
xviii Table of Cases
MB (Adult: Refusal of Medical Treatment), Re (1997) 8 Med
LR 217 104, 145, 151, 254
P v Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust [2004] EWHC 1392 167
Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 184
Parkinson v St James and Seacroft University Hospital NHS Trust [2002]
QB 266 95, 96, 97, 189
Paton v BPAS [1979] QB 276 71, 72
Pearce v United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust [1999] PIQR 53 168, 185
Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust v Wyatt (2005) EWCA Civ 1181 124
R (Carson) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2006] 1 AC 173 117
R v Bourne (1938) 3 All ER 612 122
R v Gibson and Sylveire [1991] 1 All ER 439 271
R v Smith (1974) 58 Cr App R 106 72
Ranee v Mid-Downs Health Authority [1991] 1 QB 587 94, 161, 189
Rand v East Dorset Health Authority [2000] 56
BMLR 39 33, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 139, 161
Rees v Darlington Memorial NHS Trust [2004] 1 AC 309 98, 139
St George's Healthcare NHS Trust v S, R, Collins, ex parte S [1998] 3 All ER
673 Ill, 192
Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital [1985] 1 AC 871 145,
151, 168
Smith v Barking, Havering and Brentwood HA [1994] 5 Med LR 285 101, 169
T (a minor) (Wardship: medical treatment), Re [1997] 1 All ER 906 127
T, Re [1992] 4 All ER 649 144, 146, 147
The Queen on the Application of Quintavalle v Human Fertilisation and
Embryology Authority [2003] EWCA Civ 667 (CA), [2005] 2 All ER 555
(HL) 200, 250, 251, 252, 268, 341
U v Centre for Reproductive Medicine [2002] 1 FLR 927 147
United States
Akron v Akron Centre for Reproductive Health, 35 L Ed 2d 147 (1973) 153, 163
Arche v US Department of Army, 798 P2d 477 (Kansas 1990) 183, 184
Atlanta Obstetrics and Gynecology Group v Abelson, 398 SE 2d 557 (Ga 1990) 183
Azzolino v Dingfelder, 337 SE2d 528 (NC 1985), cert denied, 479
US 835 (1986) 166, 183
Bardessono v Michels, 3 Cal 3d 780 (1970) 171
Berman v Allan, 404 A 2d 8 (1979) 160, 184
Canesi v Wilson, 158 NJ 490 (1999) 161, 166, 169, 170, 184, 186
Canterbury v Spence, 464 F2d 772 (DC 1972) 166, 168, 169, 173, 174
Colautti v Franklin, 58 L Ed 2d 596 (1979) 163
Dansby v Jefferson, 623 A2d 816 (PA Super 1993) 54, 94, 162, 170
Doe v Bolton, 35 L Ed 2d 156, 163
Edmonds v W Pa Hosp Radiology Assoc, 621 A 2d 580 (Pa 1993), cert denied,
114 SCt 63 (1993) 166
Eisenstadt v Baird, 405 US 438 (1972) 158
Gonzales v Carhart (2007) 127 SCt 1610 155
Griswold v Connecticut, 14 L Ed 2d 510 (1965) 154, 158
Grubbs v Barbourville Family Health Centre, 120 SW 3d 682 (Ky 2003) 183
Table of Cases xix
Harris v McRae, 65 L Ed 2d 784 (1986) 158
Hickman v Group Health, 396 NW 2d 10 (Minn 1986) 164, 165
Karlsons v Guerinot, 394 NYS2d 933 (1977) 167
Largey v Rothman, 110 NJ 204 169
Maher v Roe, 53 L Ed 2d 484 (1977) 158
Munro v Regents of University of California, 263 Cal Rptr 878 (Cal App 2 Dist
1989) 172
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v Casey, 120 LEd2d 674 (1992). 55,
110, 154, 155, 156, 157, 163, 164, 165
Reed v Campagnolo, 630 A 2d 1145 (Md, 1993) 166, 169, 170, 171
Robak v US, 658 F2d 471 (1981) 165
Roe vWade, 35 LEd2d 147 (1973) 94, 110, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 160, 163, 165,
169, 182, 183, 184, 185
Roe vWade (1986) 95Yale LJ 639 22
Schloss v Miriam Hospital, No CA 98-2076 (RI Super Ct, 11 January 1999) . 94, 162
Seipal v Corson, 637 A 2d 289 (Pa 1993), cert denied, 115 SCt 60 (1994) 166
Smith v Cote, 513 A 2d 341 (NH, 1986) 160, 166, 171, 182, 184
SojournerT v Edwards, 974 F 2d 27 (5th Cir 1992) 155
Stenberg v Carhart, 530 US 914 155
Thornburgh v American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 76 L Ed
2d 687 (1983) 153
United States vVuitch, 28 L Ed 2d 601 (1971) 158
Verkennes v Corniea, 38 NW2d 838 (1949) 167
Webster v Reproductive Health Services, 106 L Ed 2d 410 (1989) 155, 157
Wilson v Kuenzi, 751 SW2d 741 (Mo 1988), cert denied, 488 US 893 (1988) 166
Wisconsin vYoder, 406 US 205 (1972) 262
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v UK (1985) 7 EHRR 471 116
Ahmut v Netherlands (1996) 24 EHRR 62 332
Barthold v Germany (1985) 7 EHRR 383 333
Botta v Italy (1998) 26 EHRR 241 116
Briiggemann and Scheuten v Germany (1981) 3 EHRR 244 102, 103, 105, 278
Costello-Roberts v United Kingdom (1995) 19 EHRR 112 331
Dudgeon v United Kingdom (1981) 4 EHRR 149 334
Evans v United Kingdom, Appl No 6339/05, Judgment of 10 April 2007. 104, 332, 342
Fredin v Sweden (1991) 13 EHRR 784 117
Halford v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 423 332
Handyside v United Kingdom (1976) 1 EHRR 737 333, 334, 335
Ireland v United Kingdom (1978) 2 EHRR 25 113
Jersild v Denmark (1995) 19 EHRR 1 336
Keegan v Ireland (1994) 18 EHRR 342 334
Kroon v Netherlands (1994) 19 EHRR 263 332
Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 39 331
Lithgow v UK (1986) 8 EHRR 329 117
xx Table of Cases
McMichael v United Kingdom (1995) 20 EHRR 205 335
National and Provincial Building Society v UK (1997) 25 EHRR 127 117
Niemietz v Germany (1992) 16 EHRR 97 331
Paton v UK (1981) 3 EHRR 408 104, 105, 106, 107
Petrovic v Austria (2001) 33 EHRR 307 116
Pretty v United Kingdom (1998) 26 EHRR 241 330
Rees v United Kingdom (1987) 9 EHRR 56 103
RH v Norway, Appl No 17004/90 (1992) 104
Soering v United Kingdom (1989) 11 EHRR 439 335
Stjerna v Finland (1994) 24 EHRR 194 334
Sunday Times v United Kingdom (1979) 2 EHRR 245 334
Tyrer v United Kingdom (1978) 2 EHRR 1 331
Tysiac v Poland, Appl No 5410/03 (2007) 103
Vo v France, Appl No 53924/00, Judgment of 8 July 2004 104, 107, 110, 116, 139,
342
X v United Kingdom (1980) 19 D R 244 104
X andY v Netherlands (1986) 8 EHRR 235 331
Table of Legislation
United Kingdom
Primary legislation
Abortion Act 1967 3, 5, 34, 49, 72, 73, 89, 102, 108, 119, 151, 171, 176, 181, 186,
189, 193, 208, 212, 244, 246, 253, 256
s 1(1) 3, 49, 109, 152, 206, 247, 254
(a). 4, 72, 74, 75, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93, 96, 112, 135, 137, 139, 152, 182, 213, 217,
254, 324, 339
(b) 104, 116, 117, 118, 122, 124, 135, 141, 255
(c) 104, 116, 118
(d) . 3, 71, 78, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 102, 104, 123, 124, 140, 152, 161, 182,
195, 216, 217, 247, 255
s 5(1) 109
Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000, 18
Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act 2004, 18
Children Act 1989, 189
s 1 303
s 17(2) 189
Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976, 108
Disability Discrimination Act 1995 17, 117
Fatal Accidents Act 1976 167
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 3, 49, 71, 104, 109, 128, 152,
200, 203, 206, 211, 247, 254, 255, 293, 297, 324, 327, 329, 332, 336, 347
s 2(1) 200, 201
s 13(5) 201, 202, 238, 259, 312, 313
Sched.2 197, 252, 343
para 1 193, 251
(1).
(3) 200, 201, 211, 251, 288
(d) 200, 201
para 1ZA 193, 211, 252
(a) 201
(b) 201
(c) 201
para 1ZB 343
para 3 271
Sched.3 312
Human Rights Act 1998 5, 73, 102, 104, 270, 297, 334
s 6,
(1) 329
(3) 330
xxii Table of Legislation
Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929 109
s 1(1) 109
Mental Capacity Act 2005 145
s 1 145
(2) 145
s 2 145
(1) 145
s 3(1) 145
Obscene Publications Act 1950 333
Offences Against the Person Act 1861 99
s 58 99, 109, 208
s 59 99, 109, 208
Secondary legislation
Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Research Purposes) Regulations 2001, (SI
2001/188) 271
NHS (General Medical Services) Regulations 1992, (SI 1992/635) 164
Sched.2,
para 12 164
United States
California Health and Safety Code,
s 151 161
Pa Senate LegJ 267, 17 September 1984 166
Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act 2003 155
Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes,
Title 42,
s 8305 162
International Treaties and Conventions
European Convention on Human Rights 4, 5, 73
Art 2 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 116, 118, 139, 332
(1) 103
Art 3 102, 112, 113, 115, 139
Art 8. 9, 102, 103, 104, 139, 269, 278, 279, 290, 297, 320, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331,
332, 334, 335, 336, 339, 340, 341, 342, 347, 348
(1) 103, 270, 278, 328, 330, 332
(2) 102, 103, 270, 278, 279, 328, 332, 333, 341, 346
Art 10 333
Art 14 102, 104, 112, 116, 117, 118, 124, 139, 332
Art 18 333 |
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| author | Scott, Rosamund |
| author_facet | Scott, Rosamund |
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| callnumber-first | K - Law |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)171559466 (DE-599)BVBBV023173800 |
| dewey-full | 342.085 |
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| dewey-ones | 342 - Constitutional and administrative law |
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| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023173800 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:58:58Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:12:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016360438 |
| oclc_num | 171559466 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XXII, 367 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Hart |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Scott, Rosamund Verfasser aut Choosing between possible lives law and ethics of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis Rosamund Scott Oxford Hart 2007 XXII, 367 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. [351]-358) and index Human reproductive technology / Law and legislation Human reproductive technology / Moral and ethical aspects Genetic engineering / Law and legislation Genetic engineering / Moral and ethical aspects Fetus / Legal status, laws, etc Ethik Recht Fetus Legal status, laws, etc Genetic Counseling ethics Genetic Counseling legislation & jurisprudence Genetic Engineering ethics Genetic Engineering legislation & jurisprudence Genetic engineering Law and legislation Genetic engineering Moral and ethical aspects Human reproductive technology Law and legislation Human reproductive technology Moral and ethical aspects Preimplantation Diagnosis ethics Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Moral and ethical aspects Prenatal Diagnosis ethics Gentechnologie (DE-588)4071722-7 gnd rswk-swf Extrakorporale Befruchtung (DE-588)4153418-9 gnd rswk-swf Ethik (DE-588)4015602-3 gnd rswk-swf Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd rswk-swf Auslese (DE-588)4003800-2 gnd rswk-swf Klonierung (DE-588)4192480-0 gnd rswk-swf Extrakorporale Befruchtung (DE-588)4153418-9 s Gentechnologie (DE-588)4071722-7 s Auslese (DE-588)4003800-2 s Ethik (DE-588)4015602-3 s DE-604 Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 s Klonierung (DE-588)4192480-0 s b DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016360438&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Scott, Rosamund Choosing between possible lives law and ethics of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis Human reproductive technology / Law and legislation Human reproductive technology / Moral and ethical aspects Genetic engineering / Law and legislation Genetic engineering / Moral and ethical aspects Fetus / Legal status, laws, etc Ethik Recht Fetus Legal status, laws, etc Genetic Counseling ethics Genetic Counseling legislation & jurisprudence Genetic Engineering ethics Genetic Engineering legislation & jurisprudence Genetic engineering Law and legislation Genetic engineering Moral and ethical aspects Human reproductive technology Law and legislation Human reproductive technology Moral and ethical aspects Preimplantation Diagnosis ethics Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Moral and ethical aspects Prenatal Diagnosis ethics Gentechnologie (DE-588)4071722-7 gnd Extrakorporale Befruchtung (DE-588)4153418-9 gnd Ethik (DE-588)4015602-3 gnd Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd Auslese (DE-588)4003800-2 gnd Klonierung (DE-588)4192480-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071722-7 (DE-588)4153418-9 (DE-588)4015602-3 (DE-588)4038639-9 (DE-588)4003800-2 (DE-588)4192480-0 |
| title | Choosing between possible lives law and ethics of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis |
| title_auth | Choosing between possible lives law and ethics of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis |
| title_exact_search | Choosing between possible lives law and ethics of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Choosing between possible lives law and ethics of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis |
| title_full | Choosing between possible lives law and ethics of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis Rosamund Scott |
| title_fullStr | Choosing between possible lives law and ethics of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis Rosamund Scott |
| title_full_unstemmed | Choosing between possible lives law and ethics of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis Rosamund Scott |
| title_short | Choosing between possible lives |
| title_sort | choosing between possible lives law and ethics of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis |
| title_sub | law and ethics of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis |
| topic | Human reproductive technology / Law and legislation Human reproductive technology / Moral and ethical aspects Genetic engineering / Law and legislation Genetic engineering / Moral and ethical aspects Fetus / Legal status, laws, etc Ethik Recht Fetus Legal status, laws, etc Genetic Counseling ethics Genetic Counseling legislation & jurisprudence Genetic Engineering ethics Genetic Engineering legislation & jurisprudence Genetic engineering Law and legislation Genetic engineering Moral and ethical aspects Human reproductive technology Law and legislation Human reproductive technology Moral and ethical aspects Preimplantation Diagnosis ethics Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Moral and ethical aspects Prenatal Diagnosis ethics Gentechnologie (DE-588)4071722-7 gnd Extrakorporale Befruchtung (DE-588)4153418-9 gnd Ethik (DE-588)4015602-3 gnd Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd Auslese (DE-588)4003800-2 gnd Klonierung (DE-588)4192480-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Human reproductive technology / Law and legislation Human reproductive technology / Moral and ethical aspects Genetic engineering / Law and legislation Genetic engineering / Moral and ethical aspects Fetus / Legal status, laws, etc Ethik Recht Fetus Legal status, laws, etc Genetic Counseling ethics Genetic Counseling legislation & jurisprudence Genetic Engineering ethics Genetic Engineering legislation & jurisprudence Genetic engineering Law and legislation Genetic engineering Moral and ethical aspects Human reproductive technology Law and legislation Human reproductive technology Moral and ethical aspects Preimplantation Diagnosis ethics Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Moral and ethical aspects Prenatal Diagnosis ethics Gentechnologie Extrakorporale Befruchtung Mensch Auslese Klonierung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016360438&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT scottrosamund choosingbetweenpossibleliveslawandethicsofprenatalandpreimplantationgeneticdiagnosis |