Women in Iraq: the gender impact of international sanctions
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Tauris
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 228 S. |
| ISBN: | 9781845116484 9781845116477 184511647X |
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Women in Iraq
Autor: Al-Jawaheri, Yasmin Husein
Jahr: 2008
CONTENTS
Tables ix
Acronyms and Abbreviations xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1. The United Nations Sanctions on Iraq 1
Introduction 1
Sanctions and War Scenarios 1
The Oil-for-Food Scenario 3
Destruction of Iraq s Economy and Welfare Scenarios 6
Inflation 6
Food and Medicine Crisis 7
Wages and Income Levels 8
Gendered Analysis of Sanctions 10
Samples and Methods of Research 11
Location of the Fieldwork 12
Area I - Madinat Al-Thawra (Revolution City) 12
Area II - Madinat Al- Adhamiya (Al-Adhamiya City) 12
Area III - Madinat Al-Mansur (Al-Mansur City) 13
Structure of the Book 13
2. Iraqi Women and the State: A Historical Review 15
Introduction 15
Recasting the Nation-State in Iraq 1 5
Dynamics of Gender in the 1970s 17
Legislation Concerning Participation oj Female Labour 17
Family Laws and Legislation 19
Dynamics of Gender in the 1980s 20
Legislation Concerning Participation of Female Labour (1980-5) 21
Dynamics of Gender in the Period 1986-90 22
Legislation Concerning Participation of Female Labour (1986-90) 23
vi Women in Iraq
Female Labour Participation in Relation to Gender Dynamics 24
Characteristics of Female Labour Participation in the 1970s 24
Characteristics of Female Labour Participation, 1980—5 25
Characteristics of Female Labour Participation, 1986—8 26
Characteristics of Female Labour Participation, 1988—90 26
Conclusion 27
3. Iraqi Women s Employment and Income under
United Nations Sanctions 30
Introduction 30
Iraqi Women s Employment Status: Statistical Review 31
Official Statistics 31
Employment Status of the Surveyed Women 31
Employment Status through Economic Sectors Geographic Location 32
Respondents Occupational and Income Status in the Public Sector 33
Public Sector Employment: Loss of Opportunities and Incentives 35
Social Attitudes towards Women s Work 36
Respondents Occupational and Income Status in the Private Sector 38
Obstacles to Women s Work in the Private Sector 39
Private Employers Attitudes 41
Respondents Occupational and Income Status in Family Enterprises 42
Respondents Attitudes towards Employment in Family Enterprises 43
Informal Economic Activities and Self-Employment 44
Definition of Informal Economic Activities 44
Informal Network Activities as the Primary Source of Income 45
Self-Employment as the Primary Source of Income 47
Self-Employment as a Secondary Source of Income 48
Respondents Previous and Current Employment Status 50
First Group: Unemployed (previously employed) Respondents 50
Second Group: Unemployed (never employed) Respondents 5 3
Conclusion 54
4. The Crisis of Female Education under the UN Sanctions 57
Introduction 57
Recasting the Development of Female Education in Iraq 57
The Education of Females: Statistical Aggregates 59
Illiteracy Eradication 59
Female Enrolment in Primary Schools 60
Female Enrolment in Secondary Schools 61
Female Enrolment in Vocational Education 61
Female Enrolment in Higher Education 62
Female Enrolment in Postgraduate Education 63
Female Enrolment in Teacher-Training Institutes 63
Contents vii
Quality of Education under Sanctions: An Assessment 64
Destruction of Educational Establishments 64
Shortage of Material and Human Resources 6 5
Emergence of Private Education 68
Drop-Out and Failure Problems 70
Material Incentive of Female Education under Sanctions 70
Female Education: Continuity and Change 72
The Crisis in Education: A Crisis of Many Faces 73
The Turning Point and Change of Values 73
Fertility and Public Health 7 5
Conclusion 76
5. The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Gender Relations
Inside the Family 79
Introduction 79
Case Studies 80
The First Case: Halimah (Urn Zamen. the Mother of Time ) 80
The Second Case: Hanan and Rafah 86
The Third Case: Iman 90
The Iraqi Family in Tradition and Contemporary Contexts 93
The Iraqi Family under Sanctions 95
New Forms of Patriarchy 91
Crisis in Marriage 98
Wanted: Rich Husband and Rich Wife! 100
Polygamy 102
The Status of Widowed and Divorced Women 104
Conclusion 105
6. The Psychological Impact of Sanctions on Iraqi Women 108
Introduction 108
Violence against Women: Definitions 108
Sanctions and Violence against Iraqi Women 110
Women s Domestic Responsibility 118
Food Supply Responsibilities 118
Health Responsibilities 121
Conclusion 125
7. Conclusion 127
International Sanctions: The New World Order 127
Iraq: A Unique Target for Sanctions 128
The Sanctions on Iraq: The Political Failure 130
Iraq s Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Myth 130
Sanctions on Iraq: The Humanitarian Failure 131
Iraqi Women: The Gender Impact of Sanctions 134
viii Women in Iraq
Women in Post-Invasion Iraq 141
Is it Democracy or a Backward Move? 144
Notes 147
Appendix 171
Bibliography 195
Index of Subjects 221
Index of Names 227
TABLES
Chapter Three
3.1 Respondents formal employment status by residential areas 32
3.2 Respondents employment status according to economic sectors 33
3-3 Respondents occupation and income status as public sector employees
(October 2000 - February 2002) (at exchange rate of US$ 1: ID 2000) 34
3.4 Occupations and income status of respondents as private sector employees 39
3.5 Occupations and income status of respondents in family enterprises 43
Appendix
1.1 Iraq s oil revenue, oil output, gross domestic product, and
population (1950-90) 171
1.2 Iraq s oil production and exports (thousand barrels/day) 1 !2
1.3 Iraq oil production in year 2003 172
1.4 Data on Holds on contracts, Phases VI-XII, OFF Programme 1 72
1.5 Value of goods arrived under the OFF Programme 173
1.6 Iraq s growth of national income and per-capita income (1970-80) I 73
1.7 Selective years of Iraq s GDP distribution by economic sectors 1 74
2.1 Division of economically active female in economic activities in 197^ 175
2.2 Female employments in public sector 1972-80 176
2.3 Division of female labour in economic activities according to type of
occupation in 1977 176
2.4 Female labour force participation in economic sectors 1984 I77
2.5 Female labour force participation in economic activities of 1977-84 1 ~ll
2.6 Distribution of female labour force in the economic activities in 19H 7 178
2.7 Rates of female labour force in economic activities 1977-87 1~9
2.8 Female labour force division inoccupation in years 1977-87 180
2.9 Female labour force distribution in economic activities until 30/6.1990 181
2.10 Composition of female labour in economic activities 1987 - 30/6/1990 182
3.1 Numbers of male and female employees in the public sector by year
ofappointmentasat 31/12/1998 183
3.2 Number of employees in public sector in Baghdad city from
31/12/1997 to 31/12/1998 183
x Women in Iraq
4.1 Selected socio-economic indicators in the Middle East and North Africa
in year 2000 184
4.2 Selective data of female enrolment in primary schools in the
period 1968-2000 185
4.3 Selected data: primary school enrolment ratios in MENA countries
in the 1990s 186
4.4 Secondary school enrolment ratios in MENA countries in 1990s 187
4.5 Selected socio-economic indicators in the Middle East and
North Africa in year 2003 188
4.6 Development of female enrolment in vocational schools
from 1978-2000 190
4.7 Development of female enrolment in high education 1968— 2000 191
4.8 Development of female enrolment in postgraduate studies for the
periods from 1970/71-1999/2000 192
4.9 Development of female employment in education (teachers) 1948—88 192
4.10 Number of students and teaching staff in teacher training institutes
and central teacher training institutes for the academic years
1992/93-1998/99 193
4.11 Number of teachers in the teaching training institutes and in
state-sponsored universities and private colleges for the academic years
1998/99- 1999/2000 193
4.12 Selective data of students failures and dropouts in the 1990s 194
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: Women in Iraq
Autor: Al-Jawaheri, Yasmin Husein
Jahr: 2008
CONTENTS
Tables ix
Acronyms and Abbreviations xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1. The United Nations Sanctions on Iraq 1
Introduction 1
Sanctions and War Scenarios 1
The Oil-for-Food Scenario 3
Destruction of Iraq's Economy and Welfare Scenarios 6
Inflation 6
Food and Medicine Crisis 7
Wages and Income Levels 8
Gendered Analysis of Sanctions 10
Samples and Methods of Research 11
Location of the Fieldwork 12
Area I - Madinat Al-Thawra (Revolution City) 12
Area II - Madinat Al-'Adhamiya (Al-Adhamiya City) 12
Area III - Madinat Al-Mansur (Al-Mansur City) 13
Structure of the Book 13
2. Iraqi Women and the State: A Historical Review 15
Introduction 15
Recasting the Nation-State in Iraq 1 5
Dynamics of Gender in the 1970s 17
Legislation Concerning Participation oj Female Labour 17
Family Laws and Legislation 19
Dynamics of Gender in the 1980s 20
Legislation Concerning Participation of Female Labour (1980-5) 21
Dynamics of Gender in the Period 1986-90 22
Legislation Concerning Participation of Female Labour (1986-90) 23
vi Women in Iraq
Female Labour Participation in Relation to Gender Dynamics 24
Characteristics of Female Labour Participation in the 1970s 24
Characteristics of Female Labour Participation, 1980—5 25
Characteristics of Female Labour Participation, 1986—8 26
Characteristics of Female Labour Participation, 1988—90 26
Conclusion 27
3. Iraqi Women's Employment and Income under
United Nations Sanctions 30
Introduction 30
Iraqi Women's Employment Status: Statistical Review 31
Official Statistics 31
Employment Status of the Surveyed Women 31
Employment Status through Economic Sectors Geographic Location 32
Respondents' Occupational and Income Status in the Public Sector 33
Public Sector Employment: Loss of Opportunities and Incentives 35
Social Attitudes towards Women's Work 36
Respondents' Occupational and Income Status in the Private Sector 38
Obstacles to Women's Work in the Private Sector 39
Private Employers' Attitudes 41
Respondents' Occupational and Income Status in Family Enterprises 42
Respondents' Attitudes towards Employment in Family Enterprises 43
Informal Economic Activities and Self-Employment 44
Definition of Informal Economic Activities 44
Informal Network Activities as the Primary Source of Income 45
Self-Employment as the Primary Source of Income 47
Self-Employment as a Secondary Source of Income 48
Respondents' Previous and Current Employment Status 50
First Group: Unemployed (previously employed) Respondents 50
Second Group: Unemployed (never employed) Respondents 5 3
Conclusion 54
4. The Crisis of Female Education under the UN Sanctions 57
Introduction 57
Recasting the Development of Female Education in Iraq 57
The Education of Females: Statistical Aggregates 59
Illiteracy Eradication 59
Female Enrolment in Primary Schools 60
Female Enrolment in Secondary Schools 61
Female Enrolment in Vocational Education 61
Female Enrolment in Higher Education 62
Female Enrolment in Postgraduate Education 63
Female Enrolment in Teacher-Training Institutes 63
Contents vii
Quality of Education under Sanctions: An Assessment 64
Destruction of Educational Establishments 64
Shortage of Material and Human Resources 6 5
Emergence of Private Education 68
Drop-Out and Failure Problems 70
Material Incentive of Female Education under Sanctions 70
Female Education: Continuity and Change 72
The Crisis in Education: A Crisis of Many Faces 73
The Turning Point and Change of Values 73
Fertility and Public Health 7 5
Conclusion 76
5. The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Gender Relations
Inside the Family 79
Introduction 79
Case Studies 80
The First Case: Halimah (Urn Zamen. 'the Mother of Time') 80
The Second Case: Hanan and Rafah 86
The Third Case: Iman 90
The Iraqi Family in Tradition and Contemporary Contexts 93
The Iraqi Family under Sanctions 95
New Forms of Patriarchy 91
Crisis in Marriage 98
'Wanted: Rich Husband and Rich Wife!' 100
Polygamy 102
The Status of Widowed and Divorced Women 104
Conclusion 105
6. The Psychological Impact of Sanctions on Iraqi Women 108
Introduction 108
Violence against Women: Definitions 108
Sanctions and Violence against Iraqi Women 110
Women's Domestic Responsibility 118
Food Supply Responsibilities 118
Health Responsibilities 121
Conclusion 125
7. Conclusion 127
International Sanctions: The New World Order 127
Iraq: A Unique Target for Sanctions 128
The Sanctions on Iraq: The Political Failure 130
Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Myth 130
Sanctions on Iraq: The Humanitarian Failure 131
Iraqi Women: The Gender Impact of Sanctions 134
viii Women in Iraq
Women in Post-Invasion Iraq 141
Is it Democracy or a Backward Move? 144
Notes 147
Appendix 171
Bibliography 195
Index of Subjects 221
Index of Names 227
TABLES
Chapter Three
3.1 Respondents'formal employment status by residential areas 32
3.2 Respondents' employment status according to economic sectors 33
3-3 Respondents' occupation and income status as public sector employees
(October 2000 - February 2002) (at exchange rate of" US$ 1: ID 2000) 34
3.4 Occupations and income status of respondents as private sector employees 39
3.5 Occupations and income status of respondents in family enterprises 43
Appendix
1.1 Iraq's oil revenue, oil output, gross domestic product, and
population (1950-90) 171
1.2 Iraq's oil production and exports (thousand barrels/day) 1"!2
1.3 Iraq oil production in year 2003 172
1.4 Data on 'Holds' on contracts, Phases VI-XII, OFF Programme 1 72
1.5 Value of goods arrived under the OFF Programme 173
1.6 Iraq's growth of national income and per-capita income (1970-80) I"73
1.7 Selective years of Iraq's GDP distribution by economic sectors 1 74
2.1 Division of economically active female in economic activities in 197^ 175
2.2 Female employments in public sector 1972-80 176
2.3 Division of female labour in economic activities according to type of
occupation in 1977 176
2.4 Female labour force participation in economic sectors 1984 I77
2.5 Female labour force participation in economic activities of 1977-84 1 ~ll
2.6 Distribution of female labour force in the economic activities in 19H"7 178
2.7 Rates of female labour force in economic activities 1977-87 1~9
2.8 Female labour force division inoccupation in years 1977-87 180
2.9 Female labour force distribution in economic activities until 30/6.1990 181
2.10 Composition of female labour in economic activities 1987 - 30/6/1990 182
3.1 Numbers of male and female employees in the public sector by year
ofappointmentasat 31/12/1998 183
3.2 Number of employees in public sector in Baghdad city from
31/12/1997 to 31/12/1998 183
x Women in Iraq
4.1 Selected socio-economic indicators in the Middle East and North Africa
in year 2000 184
4.2 Selective data of female enrolment in primary schools in the
period 1968-2000 185
4.3 Selected data: primary school enrolment ratios in MENA countries
in the 1990s 186
4.4 Secondary school enrolment ratios in MENA countries in 1990s 187
4.5 Selected socio-economic indicators in the Middle East and
North Africa in year 2003 188
4.6 Development of female enrolment in vocational schools
from 1978-2000 190
4.7 Development of female enrolment in high education 1968— 2000 191
4.8 Development of female enrolment in postgraduate studies for the
periods from 1970/71-1999/2000 192
4.9 Development of female employment in education (teachers) 1948—88 192
4.10 Number of students and teaching staff in teacher training institutes
and central teacher training institutes for the academic years
1992/93-1998/99 193
4.11 Number of teachers in the teaching training institutes and in
state-sponsored universities and private colleges for the academic years
1998/99- 1999/2000 193
4.12 Selective data of students failures and dropouts in the 1990s 194 |
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| geographic | Irak gtt Irak Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Irak |
| id | DE-604.BV023167521 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:56:46Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:12:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781845116484 9781845116477 184511647X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016352000 |
| oclc_num | 192011891 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-188 DE-11 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 DE-11 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| physical | XIV, 228 S. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Tauris |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Al-Jawaheri, Yasmin Husein Verfasser (DE-588)105772114X aut Women in Iraq the gender impact of international sanctions Yasmin Husein Al-Jawaheri London [u.a.] Tauris 2008 XIV, 228 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Vereinte Nationen (DE-588)333-5 gnd rswk-swf Economische sancties gtt Sociale situatie gtt Vrouwen gtt Frau Wirtschaft Economic sanctions Iraq Women Iraq Economic conditions Women Iraq Social conditions Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd rswk-swf Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftssanktion (DE-588)4190074-1 gnd rswk-swf Irak gtt Irak Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 gnd rswk-swf Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 g Vereinte Nationen (DE-588)333-5 b Wirtschaftssanktion (DE-588)4190074-1 s Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 s Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016352000&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Al-Jawaheri, Yasmin Husein Women in Iraq the gender impact of international sanctions Vereinte Nationen (DE-588)333-5 gnd Economische sancties gtt Sociale situatie gtt Vrouwen gtt Frau Wirtschaft Economic sanctions Iraq Women Iraq Economic conditions Women Iraq Social conditions Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Wirtschaftssanktion (DE-588)4190074-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)333-5 (DE-588)4071776-8 (DE-588)4018202-2 (DE-588)4190074-1 (DE-588)4072920-5 |
| title | Women in Iraq the gender impact of international sanctions |
| title_auth | Women in Iraq the gender impact of international sanctions |
| title_exact_search | Women in Iraq the gender impact of international sanctions |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Women in Iraq the gender impact of international sanctions |
| title_full | Women in Iraq the gender impact of international sanctions Yasmin Husein Al-Jawaheri |
| title_fullStr | Women in Iraq the gender impact of international sanctions Yasmin Husein Al-Jawaheri |
| title_full_unstemmed | Women in Iraq the gender impact of international sanctions Yasmin Husein Al-Jawaheri |
| title_short | Women in Iraq |
| title_sort | women in iraq the gender impact of international sanctions |
| title_sub | the gender impact of international sanctions |
| topic | Vereinte Nationen (DE-588)333-5 gnd Economische sancties gtt Sociale situatie gtt Vrouwen gtt Frau Wirtschaft Economic sanctions Iraq Women Iraq Economic conditions Women Iraq Social conditions Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Wirtschaftssanktion (DE-588)4190074-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vereinte Nationen Economische sancties Sociale situatie Vrouwen Frau Wirtschaft Economic sanctions Iraq Women Iraq Economic conditions Women Iraq Social conditions Geschlechterrolle Wirtschaftssanktion Irak |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016352000&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT aljawaheriyasminhusein womeniniraqthegenderimpactofinternationalsanctions |