Holdings: Introduction to microwave remote sensing

Introduction to microwave remote sensing:

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Woodhouse, Iain H. (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Boca Raton [u.a.] Taylor & Francis 2006
Subjects:	Microwave remote sensing Mikrowellenfernerkundung Fernerkundung
Online Access:	Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Includes bibliographical references (p. 353-355)
Physical Description:	XXIV, 370 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	0415271231

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adam_text	INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING LAIN H. WOODHOUSE THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH SCOTLAND TAYLOR & FRANCIS TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP BOCA RATON LONDON NEW YORK A CRC TITLE, PART OF THE TAYLOR & FRANCIS IMPRINT, A MEMBER OF THE TAYLOR & FRANCIS CROUP, THE ACADEMIC DIVISION OF T&F INFORMA PIC. CONTENTS 1 WHY MICROWAVES? 1 1.1 OVERVIEW OF MICROWAVE SYSTEMS 2 1.1.1 INFORMATION FROM PASSIVE MICROWAVE IMAGERS 2 1.1.2 INFORMATION FROM PASSIVE MICROWAVE SOUNDERS 2 1.1.3 INFORMATION FROM ACTIVE MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTS 3 1.1.4 HOW CAN THIS INFORMATION BE USED? 5 2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROWAVES 7 2.1 IN THE BEGINNING... 8 2.2 OUT OF THE DARKNESS: MAXWELL AND HERTZ 8 2.3 RADIOS, DEATH RAYS AND RADAR 14 2.4 THE VENUS RULER AND LITTLE GREEN MEN 18 2.5 IMAGING RADAR 20 2.6 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING FROM SPACE 21 2.7 FURTHER READING 22 3 PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS 23 3.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EM WAVES 23 3.1.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AS WAVES 24 3.1.2 COMPLEX WAVE DESCRIPTION 28 3.2 ENERGY AND POWER OF WAVES 29 3.2.1 POLARISATION 31 XV XVI INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING 3.3 COMBINATION OF WAVES 33 3.3.1 COHERENCE 34 3.4 THE MOST IMPORTANT SECTION IN THIS BOOK 37 3.4.1 PHASE AS A (RELATIVE) DISTANCE MEASURE 37 3.4.2 COMBINING TWO WAVES IN 2-D 39 3.4.3 QUANTIFYING THE INTERFERENCE PATTERN 43 3.4.4 PASSIVE CASE 45 3.4.5 MULTIPLE SOURCE INTERFERENCE PATTERN 47 3.4.6 BEAMWIDTH AND ANGULAR RESOLUTION 48 3.4.7 HUYGENS WAVELETS 50 3.4.8 MORE ON COHERENCE 51 3.5 PROPAGATION OF MICROWAVES 53 3.5.1 THROUGH LOSSY MEDIA 55 3.5.2 MOVING SOURCES 56 3.6 WHERE DO MICROWAVES COME FROM? 57 3.6.1 HOW ARE THEY PRODUCED IN NATURE? 57 3.6.2 RADIATION LAWS 60 3.6.3 HOW ARE MICROWAVES PRODUCED ARTIFICIALLY? 62 3.7 FURTHER READING 64 4 POLARIMETRY 65 4.1 DESCRIBING POLARISED WAVES 4.1.1 SUMMARY OF LINEAR BASIS 4.2 SUPERPOSITION OF POLARISED WAVES 4.3 REPRESENTING POLARISATION 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 POINCARE SPHERE MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION STOKES VECTOR BRIGHTNESS STOKES VECTOR PARTIALLY POLARISED WAVES THE STOKES SCATTERING MATRIX THE SCATTERING MATRIX TARGET VECTOR COVARIANCE MATRIX 66 67 68 73 73 74 74 76 76 78 80 80 81 CONTENTS XVII 4.4 PASSIVE POLARIMETRY 82 4.5 POLARIMETRY IN RADAR 4.5.1 4.5.2 RADAR POLARIMETERS POLARIMETRIC SYNTHESIS AND RESPONSE CURVES 4.6 IMPORTANT POLARIMETRIC PROPERTIES 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4 4.6.5 UNPOLARISED POWER DEGREE OF POLARISATION AND COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION POLARIMETRIC RATIOS COHERENT PARAMETERS POLARIMETRIC DECOMPOSITION 82 82 83 85 87 87 88 89 90 4.7 FURTHER READING 91 5 MICROWAVES IN THE REAL WORLD 93 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 CONTINUOUS MEDIA AND THE ATMOSPHERE 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY MICROWAVE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE SPECTRAL LINES LINE BROADENING FARADAY ROTATION INTERACTION WITH DISCRETE OBJECTS 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 DIFFRACTION IMPORTANCE OF DIFFRACTION SCATTERING RADAR CROSS-SECTION IMPORTANCE OF SCATTERING THEORY SCATTERING AND EMISSION FROM VOLUMES 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 TRANSMISSION THROUGH VOLUMES EMISSION SCATTERING REFLECTION AND EMISSION FROM SMOOTH SURFACES 5.4.1 5.4.2 SCATTERING FROM SMOOTH BOUNDARIES EMISSION FROM SMOOTH BOUNDARIES 93 94 96 98 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 110 112 113 114 116 118 120 123 XVIII INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING 5.5 5.4.3 SUMMARY SCATTERING AND EMISSION FROM ROUGH SURFACES 5.5.1 DEFINITION OF ROUGH 5.5.2 EFFECTS OF ROUGHNESS 5.5.3 SUMMARY 124 124 124 125 126 5.6 NON-RANDOM (PERIODIC) SURFACES 127 5.7 SCATTERING AND EMISSION FROM NATURAL SURFACES 128 129 132 133 134 135 136 138 139 142 144 144 146 147 5.9 FURTHER READING 149 6 DETECTING MICROWAVES 151 6.1 GENERAL APPROACH 151 6.2 CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO MICROWAVE SYSTEMS 153 6.2.1 A WORD OF WARNING 154 6.3 BASIC MICROWAVE RADIOMETER 154 6.4 THE ANTENNA 154 6.4.1 PARABOLIC ANTENNAS 155 6.4.2 THE DIPOLE ANTENNA 157 6.4.3 ARRAY ANTENNAS 159 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.7.4 5.7.5 5.7.6 5.7.7 5.7.8 5.7.9 OCEANS AND LAKES HYDROMETEORS ICE AND SNOW FRESHWATER ICE GLACIAL ICE SEA ICE BARE ROCK AND DESERTS SOILS VEGETATION 5.8 SPECIAL SCATTERERS 5.8.1 5.8.2 5.8.3 CORNER REFLECTORS MOVING TARGETS MIXED TARGETS CONTENTS XIX 6.4.4 ANTENNA PROPERTIES 160 6.5 THE RECEIVER 163 6.5.1 DETECTOR 165 6.6 COHERENT SYSTEMS 165 6.7 ACTIVE SYSTEMS 166 6.8 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 167 6.8.1 NOISE AND SENSITIVITY 167 6.8.2 SENSITIVITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR RECEIVERS 167 6.8.3 OTHER SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY 169 6.9 CALIBRATION 169 6.9.1 ANTENNA CALIBRATION 172 6.9.2 VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION 173 6.9.3 TYPES OF CALIBRATION 173 6.9.4 STRATEGIES FOR CALIBRATING RECEIVERS 1 75 6.10 FINAL REMARKS ON CALIBRATION 176 6.11 FURTHER READING 177 7 ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING 179 7.1 ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5 7.1.6 7.1.7 THE NEED FOR MEASUREMENTS THE EARTH S ATMOSPHERE WATER VAPOUR AND OXYGEN CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION OZONE CHLORINE MONOXIDE OTHER RELEVANT MEASUREMENTS 7.2 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT 7.3 THEORETICAL BASIS OF SOUNDING 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 THE FORWARD MODEL SIMPLE FORMULATION OF THE FORWARD MODEL THE INVERSE MODEL SOLVINA THE INVERSE PROBLEM 180 180 181 182 183 183 184 184 184 186 186 188 189 191 XX INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING 7.3.5 THE INFLUENCE FUNCTIONS 7.4 VIEWING GEOMETRIES 7.4.1 NADIR SOUNDING 7.4.2 LIMB SOUNDING 7.5 PASSIVE RAINFALL MAPPING 7.5.1 THE NEED FOR MEASUREMENTS 7.5.2 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT 7.5.3 EMISSION METHOD 7.5.4 SCATTERING METHOD 7.6 FURTHER READING 8 PASSIVE IMAGING 194 195 195 197 200 200 200 201 201 205 8.1 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4 BACKGROUND PRACTICAL RADIOMETERS VIEWING GEOMETRIES THE GENERIC FORWARD MODEL 8.2 OCEANS 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.3 SEA 8.3.1 8.3.2 THE NEED FOR MEASUREMENTS PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT: SST PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT: OCEAN SALINITY PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT: OCEAN WINDS ICE THE NEED FOR MEASUREMENTS SEA ICE CONCENTRATION 8.4 LAND 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4 THE NEED FOR MEASUREMENTS THE FORWARD PROBLEM OVER LAND EMPIRICAL APPROACHES TO SNOW DEPTH A FINAL COMMENT ON PASSIVE POLARIMETRV 206 206 206 207 207 209 209 211 212 213 213 213 214 217 217 218 219 220 8.5 FURTHER READING 220 9 ACTIVE MICROWAVES 221 CONTENTS 9.1 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.2 THE 9.2.1 9.2.2 WHAT IS RADAR? BASIC RADAR OPERATION GENERIC EQUATIONS OF RADAR PERFORMANCE THE RADAR EQUATION RANGE RESOLUTION 9.3 RADAR ALTIMETERS 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.3.6 9.3.7 9.3.8 THE NEED FOR ALTIMETER MEASUREMENTS ALTIMETER GEOMETRY INSTRUMENTATION ECHO SHAPE ANALYSIS RANGE AMBIGUITY ACCURACY OF HEIGHT RETRIEVALS SCANNING ALTIMETERS CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION 9.4 IMPROVING DIRECTIONALITY 9.4.1 9.4.2 SUB-BEAMWIDTH RESOLUTION SYNTHETIC APERTURE ALTIMETERS 9.5 SCATTEROMETERS 9.5.1 9.5.2 9.5.3 9.5.4 9.5.5 THE NEED FOR SCATTEROMETER MEASUREMENTS GENERAL OPERATION RAIN RADAR WINDSCATTEROMETERS POLARIMETRIC SCATTEROMETERS XXI 222 223 224 225 225 227 231 232 235 236 237 241 243 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 257 9.6 FURTHER READING 257 10 IMAGING RADAR 259 10.1 THE NEED FOR IMAGING RADAR 259 10.1.1 OCEANS 260 10.1.2 SEA ICE 261 10.1.3 TERRESTRIAL SURFACES 262 10.1.4 THE WATER CLOUD MODEL FOR VEGETATION 263 10.1.5 OTHER USES OF RADAR IMAGERY 264 XXII INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING 10.2 WHAT IS AN IMAGE? 265 10.3 RADAR IMAGE CONSTRUCTION 267 10.4 SIDE-LOOKING AIRBORNE RADAR 268 10.4.1 GROUND RANGE RESOLUTION 269 10.4.2 AZIMUTH RESOLUTION 270 10.5 SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR) 271 10.5.1 APERTURE SYNTHESIS: A DOPPLER INTERPRETA- TION 271 10.5.2 APERTURE SYNTHESIS: A GEOMETRIC EXPLANATION 275 10.5.3 GEOMETRY VS DOPPLER 278 10.5.4 SAR FOCUSSING 280 10.6 RADAR EQUATION FOR SAR 280 10.7 GEOMETRIC DISTORTIONS IN RADAR IMAGES 281 10.7.1 LAY-OVER AND FORESHORTENING 281 10.7.2 RADAR SHADOW 282 10.7.3 MOTION ERRORS 283 10.7.4 MOVING TARGETS 284 10.8 OPERATIONAL LIMITS 284 10.8.1 AMBIGUITIES 285 10.8.2 COVERAGE VS PRF 286 10.9 OTHER SAR MODES 287 10.9.1 SCANSAR OPERATION 287 10.9.2 SPOTLIGHT MODE 287 10.10 WORKING WITH SAR IMAGES 287 10.10.1 SPECKLE 289 10.10.2 SPECKLE STATISTICS 292 10.10.3 SPECKLE FILTERING 296 10.10.4 GEOMETRIC CORRECTION 297 10.10.5 LIMITATIONS OF GEOMETRIC CORRECTION 299 10.11 SAR DATA FORMATS 300 10.12 EXTRACTING TOPOGRAPHY FROM SAR IMAGES 301 10.12.1 STEREO SAR RADARGRAMMETRY 302 CONTENTS XXIII 10.12.2 SAR CLINOMETRY 302 10.13 FURTHER READING 303 11 INTERFEROMETRY 305 11.1 THE NEED FOR INTERFEROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS 305 11.2 PRINCIPLES OF INTERFEROMETRY 306 11.2.1 PHASE MEASUREMENTS 306 11.2.2 APPLICATION OF DUAL SYSTEMS 307 11.2.3 INTERFEROMETRY FOR RESOLVING DIRECTION 309 11.3 PASSIVE IMAGING INTERFEROMETRY 310 11.4 RADAR INTERFEROMETRY 312 11.4.1 INTERFEROMETRIC ALTIMETRY 312 11.4.2 INTERFEROMETRIC SAR 313 11.4.3 INSAR VIEWING GEOMETRIES 315 11.4.4 INTERFEROMETRIC COHERENCE MAGNITUDE 325 11.4.5 DECORRELATION 327 11.4.6 SUMMARY OF DECORRELATION 329 11.5 PRACTICAL DEM GENERATION 331 11.5.1 INSAR PROCESSING CHAIN 332 11.6 VEGETATION HEIGHT ESTIMATION 333 11.6.1 SINGLE FREQUENCY 334 11.6.2 DUAL-FREQUENCY 334 11.6.3 POLARIMETRIC INTERFEROMETRY AND MULTIBASELINE INTERFEROMETRY 335 11.6.4 SAR TOMOGRAPHY 335 11.7 DIFFERENTIAL SAR INTERFEROMETRY 336 11.7.1 CONSIDERATIONS AND LIMITATIONS 338 11.7.2 ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOUR 339 XXIV INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING 11.8 PERMANENT SCATTERER INTERFEROMETRY 340 11.9 ALONG-TRACK INTERFEROMETRY 341 11.10 FURTHER READING 342 A SUMMARY OF USEFUL MATHEMATICS 343 A.1 ANGLES 343 A. 1.1 DEGREES 343 A. 1.2 RADIANS 343 A. 1.3 STERADIAN (SOLID ANGLE) 344 A.2 SOME USEFUL TRIGONOMETRIC RELATIONS 344 A.3 LOGS AND EXPONENTIALS 344 A.3.4 SOME FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES 345 A.3.5 SPECIAL VALUES 345 A.3.6 SERIES EXPANSIONS 346 A.4 COMPLEX NUMBERS 346 A.5 VECTORS 349 A.5.7 LAW OF VECTOR ALGEBRA 349 A.5.8 CROSS OR VECTOR PRODUCT 349 A.6 MATRICES 350 A.6.9 MATRIX ALGEBRA 352 BIBLIOGRAPHY 353 INDEX 357
adam_txt	INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING LAIN H. WOODHOUSE THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH SCOTLAND TAYLOR & FRANCIS TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP BOCA RATON LONDON NEW YORK A CRC TITLE, PART OF THE TAYLOR & FRANCIS IMPRINT, A MEMBER OF THE TAYLOR & FRANCIS CROUP, THE ACADEMIC DIVISION OF T&F INFORMA PIC. CONTENTS 1 WHY MICROWAVES? 1 1.1 OVERVIEW OF MICROWAVE SYSTEMS 2 1.1.1 INFORMATION FROM PASSIVE MICROWAVE IMAGERS 2 1.1.2 INFORMATION FROM PASSIVE MICROWAVE SOUNDERS 2 1.1.3 INFORMATION FROM ACTIVE MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTS 3 1.1.4 HOW CAN THIS INFORMATION BE USED? 5 2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROWAVES 7 2.1 IN THE BEGINNING. 8 2.2 OUT OF THE DARKNESS: MAXWELL AND HERTZ 8 2.3 RADIOS, DEATH RAYS AND RADAR 14 2.4 THE VENUS RULER AND LITTLE GREEN MEN 18 2.5 IMAGING RADAR 20 2.6 MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING FROM SPACE 21 2.7 FURTHER READING 22 3 PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS 23 3.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EM WAVES 23 3.1.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AS WAVES 24 3.1.2 COMPLEX WAVE DESCRIPTION 28 3.2 ENERGY AND POWER OF WAVES 29 3.2.1 POLARISATION 31 XV XVI INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING 3.3 COMBINATION OF WAVES 33 3.3.1 COHERENCE 34 3.4 THE MOST IMPORTANT SECTION IN THIS BOOK 37 3.4.1 PHASE AS A (RELATIVE) DISTANCE MEASURE 37 3.4.2 COMBINING TWO WAVES IN 2-D 39 3.4.3 QUANTIFYING THE INTERFERENCE PATTERN 43 3.4.4 PASSIVE CASE 45 3.4.5 MULTIPLE SOURCE INTERFERENCE PATTERN 47 3.4.6 BEAMWIDTH AND ANGULAR RESOLUTION ' 48 3.4.7 HUYGENS' WAVELETS 50 3.4.8 MORE ON COHERENCE 51 3.5 PROPAGATION OF MICROWAVES 53 3.5.1 THROUGH LOSSY MEDIA 55 3.5.2 MOVING SOURCES 56 3.6 WHERE DO MICROWAVES COME FROM? 57 3.6.1 HOW ARE THEY PRODUCED IN NATURE? 57 3.6.2 RADIATION LAWS 60 3.6.3 HOW ARE MICROWAVES PRODUCED ARTIFICIALLY? 62 3.7 FURTHER READING 64 4 POLARIMETRY 65 4.1 DESCRIBING POLARISED WAVES 4.1.1 SUMMARY OF LINEAR BASIS 4.2 SUPERPOSITION OF POLARISED WAVES 4.3 REPRESENTING POLARISATION 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 POINCARE SPHERE MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION STOKES VECTOR BRIGHTNESS STOKES VECTOR PARTIALLY POLARISED WAVES THE STOKES SCATTERING MATRIX THE SCATTERING MATRIX TARGET VECTOR COVARIANCE MATRIX 66 67 68 73 73 74 74 76 76 78 80 80 81 CONTENTS XVII 4.4 PASSIVE POLARIMETRY 82 4.5 POLARIMETRY IN RADAR 4.5.1 4.5.2 RADAR POLARIMETERS POLARIMETRIC SYNTHESIS AND RESPONSE CURVES 4.6 IMPORTANT POLARIMETRIC PROPERTIES 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4 4.6.5 UNPOLARISED POWER DEGREE OF POLARISATION AND COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION POLARIMETRIC RATIOS COHERENT PARAMETERS POLARIMETRIC DECOMPOSITION 82 82 83 85 87 87 88 89 90 4.7 FURTHER READING 91 5 MICROWAVES IN THE REAL WORLD 93 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 CONTINUOUS MEDIA AND THE ATMOSPHERE 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY MICROWAVE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE SPECTRAL LINES LINE BROADENING FARADAY ROTATION INTERACTION WITH DISCRETE OBJECTS 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 DIFFRACTION IMPORTANCE OF DIFFRACTION SCATTERING RADAR CROSS-SECTION IMPORTANCE OF SCATTERING THEORY SCATTERING AND EMISSION FROM VOLUMES 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 TRANSMISSION THROUGH VOLUMES EMISSION SCATTERING REFLECTION AND EMISSION FROM SMOOTH SURFACES 5.4.1 5.4.2 SCATTERING FROM SMOOTH BOUNDARIES EMISSION FROM SMOOTH BOUNDARIES 93 94 96 98 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 110 112 113 114 116 118 120 123 XVIII INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING 5.5 5.4.3 SUMMARY SCATTERING AND EMISSION FROM ROUGH SURFACES 5.5.1 DEFINITION OF "ROUGH" 5.5.2 EFFECTS OF ROUGHNESS 5.5.3 SUMMARY 124 124 124 125 126 5.6 NON-RANDOM (PERIODIC) SURFACES 127 5.7 SCATTERING AND EMISSION FROM NATURAL SURFACES 128 129 132 133 134 135 136 138 139 142 144 144 146 147 5.9 FURTHER READING 149 6 DETECTING MICROWAVES 151 6.1 GENERAL APPROACH 151 6.2 CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO MICROWAVE SYSTEMS 153 6.2.1 A WORD OF WARNING 154 6.3 BASIC MICROWAVE RADIOMETER 154 6.4 THE ANTENNA 154 6.4.1 PARABOLIC ANTENNAS 155 6.4.2 THE DIPOLE ANTENNA 157 6.4.3 ARRAY ANTENNAS 159 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.7.4 5.7.5 5.7.6 5.7.7 5.7.8 5.7.9 OCEANS AND LAKES HYDROMETEORS ICE AND SNOW FRESHWATER ICE GLACIAL ICE SEA ICE BARE ROCK AND DESERTS SOILS VEGETATION 5.8 SPECIAL SCATTERERS 5.8.1 5.8.2 5.8.3 CORNER REFLECTORS MOVING TARGETS MIXED TARGETS CONTENTS XIX 6.4.4 ANTENNA PROPERTIES 160 6.5 THE RECEIVER 163 6.5.1 DETECTOR 165 6.6 COHERENT SYSTEMS 165 6.7 ACTIVE SYSTEMS 166 6.8 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 167 6.8.1 NOISE AND SENSITIVITY 167 6.8.2 SENSITIVITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR RECEIVERS 167 6.8.3 OTHER SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY 169 6.9 CALIBRATION 169 6.9.1 ANTENNA CALIBRATION 172 6.9.2 VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION 173 6.9.3 TYPES OF CALIBRATION 173 6.9.4 STRATEGIES FOR CALIBRATING RECEIVERS 1 75 6.10 FINAL REMARKS ON CALIBRATION 176 6.11 FURTHER READING 177 7 ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING 179 7.1 ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5 7.1.6 7.1.7 THE NEED FOR MEASUREMENTS THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE WATER VAPOUR AND OXYGEN CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION OZONE CHLORINE MONOXIDE OTHER RELEVANT MEASUREMENTS 7.2 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT 7.3 THEORETICAL BASIS OF SOUNDING 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 THE FORWARD MODEL SIMPLE FORMULATION OF THE FORWARD MODEL THE INVERSE MODEL SOLVINA THE INVERSE PROBLEM 180 180 181 182 183 183 184 184 184 186 186 188 189 191 XX INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING 7.3.5 THE INFLUENCE FUNCTIONS 7.4 VIEWING GEOMETRIES 7.4.1 NADIR SOUNDING 7.4.2 LIMB SOUNDING 7.5 PASSIVE RAINFALL MAPPING 7.5.1 THE NEED FOR MEASUREMENTS 7.5.2 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT 7.5.3 EMISSION METHOD 7.5.4 SCATTERING METHOD 7.6 FURTHER READING 8 PASSIVE IMAGING 194 195 195 197 200 200 200 201 201 205 8.1 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4 BACKGROUND PRACTICAL RADIOMETERS VIEWING GEOMETRIES THE GENERIC FORWARD MODEL 8.2 OCEANS 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.3 SEA 8.3.1 8.3.2 THE NEED FOR MEASUREMENTS PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT: SST PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT: OCEAN SALINITY PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT: OCEAN WINDS ICE THE NEED FOR MEASUREMENTS SEA ICE CONCENTRATION 8.4 LAND 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4 THE NEED FOR MEASUREMENTS THE FORWARD PROBLEM OVER LAND EMPIRICAL APPROACHES TO SNOW DEPTH A FINAL COMMENT ON PASSIVE POLARIMETRV 206 206 206 207 207 209 209 211 212 213 213 213 214 217 217 218 219 220 8.5 FURTHER READING 220 9 ACTIVE MICROWAVES 221 CONTENTS 9.1 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.2 THE 9.2.1 9.2.2 WHAT IS RADAR? BASIC RADAR OPERATION GENERIC EQUATIONS OF RADAR PERFORMANCE THE RADAR EQUATION RANGE RESOLUTION 9.3 RADAR ALTIMETERS 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.3.6 9.3.7 9.3.8 THE NEED FOR ALTIMETER MEASUREMENTS ALTIMETER GEOMETRY INSTRUMENTATION ECHO SHAPE ANALYSIS RANGE AMBIGUITY ACCURACY OF HEIGHT RETRIEVALS SCANNING ALTIMETERS CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION 9.4 IMPROVING DIRECTIONALITY 9.4.1 9.4.2 SUB-BEAMWIDTH RESOLUTION SYNTHETIC APERTURE ALTIMETERS 9.5 SCATTEROMETERS 9.5.1 9.5.2 9.5.3 9.5.4 9.5.5 THE NEED FOR SCATTEROMETER MEASUREMENTS GENERAL OPERATION RAIN RADAR WINDSCATTEROMETERS POLARIMETRIC SCATTEROMETERS XXI 222 223 224 225 225 227 231 232 235 236 237 241 243 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 257 9.6 FURTHER READING 257 10 IMAGING RADAR 259 10.1 THE NEED FOR IMAGING RADAR 259 10.1.1 OCEANS 260 10.1.2 SEA ICE 261 10.1.3 TERRESTRIAL SURFACES 262 10.1.4 THE WATER CLOUD MODEL FOR VEGETATION 263 10.1.5 OTHER USES OF RADAR IMAGERY 264 XXII INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING 10.2 WHAT IS AN IMAGE? 265 10.3 RADAR IMAGE CONSTRUCTION 267 10.4 SIDE-LOOKING AIRBORNE RADAR 268 10.4.1 GROUND RANGE RESOLUTION 269 10.4.2 AZIMUTH RESOLUTION 270 10.5 SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR) 271 10.5.1 APERTURE SYNTHESIS: A DOPPLER INTERPRETA- TION 271 10.5.2 APERTURE SYNTHESIS: A GEOMETRIC EXPLANATION 275 10.5.3 GEOMETRY VS DOPPLER 278 10.5.4 SAR FOCUSSING 280 10.6 RADAR EQUATION FOR SAR 280 10.7 GEOMETRIC DISTORTIONS IN RADAR IMAGES 281 10.7.1 LAY-OVER AND FORESHORTENING 281 10.7.2 RADAR SHADOW 282 10.7.3 MOTION ERRORS 283 10.7.4 MOVING TARGETS 284 10.8 OPERATIONAL LIMITS 284 10.8.1 AMBIGUITIES 285 10.8.2 COVERAGE VS PRF 286 10.9 OTHER SAR MODES 287 10.9.1 SCANSAR OPERATION 287 10.9.2 SPOTLIGHT MODE 287 10.10 WORKING WITH SAR IMAGES 287 10.10.1 SPECKLE 289 10.10.2 SPECKLE STATISTICS 292 10.10.3 SPECKLE FILTERING 296 10.10.4 GEOMETRIC CORRECTION 297 10.10.5 LIMITATIONS OF GEOMETRIC CORRECTION 299 10.11 SAR DATA FORMATS 300 10.12 EXTRACTING TOPOGRAPHY FROM SAR IMAGES 301 10.12.1 STEREO SAR RADARGRAMMETRY 302 CONTENTS XXIII 10.12.2 SAR CLINOMETRY 302 10.13 FURTHER READING 303 11 INTERFEROMETRY 305 11.1 THE NEED FOR INTERFEROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS 305 11.2 PRINCIPLES OF INTERFEROMETRY 306 11.2.1 PHASE MEASUREMENTS 306 11.2.2 APPLICATION OF DUAL SYSTEMS 307 11.2.3 INTERFEROMETRY FOR RESOLVING DIRECTION 309 11.3 PASSIVE IMAGING INTERFEROMETRY 310 11.4 RADAR INTERFEROMETRY 312 11.4.1 INTERFEROMETRIC ALTIMETRY 312 11.4.2 INTERFEROMETRIC SAR 313 11.4.3 INSAR VIEWING GEOMETRIES 315 11.4.4 INTERFEROMETRIC COHERENCE MAGNITUDE 325 11.4.5 DECORRELATION 327 11.4.6 SUMMARY OF DECORRELATION 329 11.5 PRACTICAL DEM GENERATION 331 11.5.1 INSAR PROCESSING CHAIN 332 11.6 VEGETATION HEIGHT ESTIMATION 333 11.6.1 SINGLE FREQUENCY 334 11.6.2 DUAL-FREQUENCY 334 11.6.3 POLARIMETRIC INTERFEROMETRY AND MULTIBASELINE INTERFEROMETRY 335 11.6.4 SAR TOMOGRAPHY 335 11.7 DIFFERENTIAL SAR INTERFEROMETRY 336 11.7.1 CONSIDERATIONS AND LIMITATIONS 338 11.7.2 ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOUR 339 XXIV INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING 11.8 PERMANENT SCATTERER INTERFEROMETRY 340 11.9 ALONG-TRACK INTERFEROMETRY 341 11.10 FURTHER READING 342 A SUMMARY OF USEFUL MATHEMATICS 343 A.1 ANGLES 343 A. 1.1 DEGREES 343 A. 1.2 RADIANS 343 A. 1.3 STERADIAN (SOLID ANGLE) 344 A.2 SOME USEFUL TRIGONOMETRIC RELATIONS 344 A.3 LOGS AND EXPONENTIALS 344 A.3.4 SOME FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES 345 A.3.5 SPECIAL VALUES 345 A.3.6 SERIES EXPANSIONS 346 A.4 COMPLEX NUMBERS 346 A.5 VECTORS 349 A.5.7 LAW OF VECTOR ALGEBRA 349 A.5.8 CROSS OR VECTOR PRODUCT 349 A.6 MATRICES 350 A.6.9 MATRIX ALGEBRA 352 BIBLIOGRAPHY 353 INDEX 357
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spelling	Woodhouse, Iain H. Verfasser aut Introduction to microwave remote sensing Iain H. Woodhouse Boca Raton [u.a.] Taylor & Francis 2006 XXIV, 370 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. 353-355) Microwave remote sensing Mikrowellenfernerkundung (DE-588)4169876-9 gnd rswk-swf Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd rswk-swf Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 s DE-604 Mikrowellenfernerkundung (DE-588)4169876-9 s http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0647/2005050635-d.html Publisher description GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016333240&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Woodhouse, Iain H. Introduction to microwave remote sensing Microwave remote sensing Mikrowellenfernerkundung (DE-588)4169876-9 gnd Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4169876-9 (DE-588)4016796-3
title	Introduction to microwave remote sensing
title_auth	Introduction to microwave remote sensing
title_exact_search	Introduction to microwave remote sensing
title_exact_search_txtP	Introduction to microwave remote sensing
title_full	Introduction to microwave remote sensing Iain H. Woodhouse
title_fullStr	Introduction to microwave remote sensing Iain H. Woodhouse
title_full_unstemmed	Introduction to microwave remote sensing Iain H. Woodhouse
title_short	Introduction to microwave remote sensing
title_sort	introduction to microwave remote sensing
topic	Microwave remote sensing Mikrowellenfernerkundung (DE-588)4169876-9 gnd Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd
topic_facet	Microwave remote sensing Mikrowellenfernerkundung Fernerkundung
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