Socioeconomic systems of Russia since the 1850s:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, D.C.
Council for Social and Economic Studies
2008
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies / Monograph
33 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Beschreibung: | xx, 732 p. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 0930690621 9780930690625 093069063X 9780930690632 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Socioeconomic systems of Russia since the 1850s |c by Ernest Raiklin |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington, D.C. |b Council for Social and Economic Studies |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a xx, 732 p. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies / Monograph |v 33 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1992-2004 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1850-1921 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1922-1991 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Economics / Russia / Sociological aspects / History / Statistics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Economics / Soviet Union / Sociological aspects / History / Statistics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Gesellschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Statistik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Economics |z Russia |x Sociological aspects |x History |v Statistics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Economics |z Soviet Union |x Sociological aspects |x History |v Statistics | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Russia / Economic conditions / Statistics | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Russia / Social conditions / Statistics | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Soviet Union / Economic conditions / Statistics | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Soviet Union / Social aspects / Statistics | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Russland | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Sowjetunion | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Russia |x Economic conditions |v Statistics | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Russia |x Social conditions |v Statistics | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Soviet Union |x Economic conditions |v Statistics | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137388265439232 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
Contents
ш
Preface
PARTI
Chapter
1
Chapter
2
THE BASIC ANALYTICAL CONCEPTS, METHODS,
AND PHILOSOPHICAL REASONING
The Basic Analytical Concepts: A Preliminary
3
Observation
Properly
3
Ownership
4
Actual versus formal property (ownership)
4
Private versus public property
5
Possession
7
The market
8
Arguments about the market nature of Soviet commodity
9
production
Arguments about the character of the Soviet market
10
Soviet labor and consumer goods markets
11
Capital goods markets
12
The fragmentation of labor within the Russian state
12
bureaucracy of the Soviet period
The fragmentation of possession within the state
13
property
Landmärkets
14
Planning vs. marltet
15
Capitalism
16
Private property
16
The framework of markets
17
The range of the markets functioning
17
The character of markets
17
Political democracy
19
So what is the essence of capitalism?
19
SociaUsm (communism)
20
Socialism (communism) as Marx s theory
20
Socialism ( communism ) as reality of the Soviet-type
22
societies
Forms of capitalism
22
The Basic Analytical Methods and Their Philosophical
28
Reasoning
The basic analytical methods
2 8
Tiie philosophical reasoning
30
A preliminary observation
30
The individual, the particular and the universal
33
(general)
Necessity and chance
33
Freedom and necessity
■ 34
The role of the individual in the dialectical framework set
35
up earlier
Why is it this individual?
36
What is this individual s role?
39
IV
Ernest Raiklin
The role of the individual within the existing social
40
structure
The role of the individual in the destruction of the
41
old and the creation of the new social order
THE PRE-SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM: THE
47
1850S -NOVEMBER
1917
Chapter
1
The Distinctive Socioeconomic Features of the Russian
48
Empire: the 1850s
-
March
1917
Before the abolition of serfdom: the 1850s
-1860 48
The peasant village commune, or
mir 49
Non-agrarian merchant and manufacturing feudalism
49
The peculiarity of the period
50
Some statistical data on the economic position of Russia in
50
1860
The abolition of serfdom:
1861 50
Causes for the abolition of serfdom
50
Major consequences of the abolition of serfdom
51
After the abolition of serfdom:
1861 -1917 53
The railroad construction
53
Some data on the industrial production
53
Overall indices of the economic development
54
Agricultural reforms
55
Political reforms
55
Two major obstacles to the road of democratic mixed
56
capitalism
The government and the emerging bourgeoisie
57
The foreign influence
58
Chapter
2
The Distinctive Socioeconomic Features of the Russian
65
Parliamentary Republic: March-November
1917
The role of World War I (WWI)
66
The dual power as a consequence of the breakdown ofaarism
66
The end of the Russian parliamentary republic of March
- 67
November
1917
The causes of the end
67
Why is the Bolshevik Party?
69
Why not the left wing of the Social Revolutionary
69
Party?
Why not the Mensheviks?
70
Why not General Kornilov?
70
Why not the Constitutional Democratic Party?
71
So why the Bolsheviks?
71
Lenin s role in the October Revolution: the negative task
73
Lenin s role in the October Revolution: the positive task
76
PARTITE THE FIRST STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
89
SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM: WAR
COMMUNISM
(1918 -1921)
Prelude: Between October
1917
and July
1918
89
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
v
Chapter
1
The Essence of War Communism
91
Policies of War Communism
91
The system of requisitioning, or prodrazverstka
91
Nationalization of nonagricultural enterprises
92
The prohibition of domestic non-state private trade
92
The semi-military methods of mobilization of the work
93
force
Defining War Communism
93
Chapter
2
Some Statistics on War Communism
95
PART IV THE SECOND STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
97
THE SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM: NEW
ECONOMIC POLICY
(NEP)
(1921 -1928)
Chapter
1
From War Communism to
NEP
97
Chapter
2
The Characteristics of
NEP
99
The new economic policy in agriculture
99
The new economic policy in trade
100
The new economic policy in industry
100
Chapter
3
The Essence of
NEP
103
The mixed character of the economy of
NEP
103
The capitalist direction of the mixed economy of
NEP
103
The authoritarian character of mixed capitalism of
NEP
104
Economic achievements of
NEP
104
Chapter
4
Causes for the Elimination of
NEP
106
Objective
f
actors
106
International factors
106
Domestic factors
107
Subjective
f
actors
108
The bureaucracy and
NEP
108
Non-kulak peasants and
NEP
110
Workers and
NEP
110
PART V THE LAST STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
112
SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM: THE STALINIST
MODEL IN MAKING
(1928 -
LATE
1930S)
Chapter
1
The Theoretical Making of the Stalinist Model: The
112
Industrialization Debate
Why did the Stalinist faction win?
115
Chapter
2
The Practical Making of the Stalinist Model:
117
Collectivization
The social composition of peasant households before
117
collectivization
The attitude of peasants toward collectivization
118
Changes in the
sodai
composition of peasant households after
119
collectivization
Evaluation of collectivization
120
vi
Ernest Raiklin
Chapter
3
The Practical Making of the Stalinist Model:
122
Industrialization
Industrialization and the growth of the number of large-scale
122
state industrial enterprises
Industrialization and the direction of industrial investment
123
Pre-war Soviet industrialization results as compared to that of
123
1913
Industrialization and rates of industrial growth
124
Other results of industrialization
125
Chapter
4
The Theoretical Making of the Stalinist Model: The
128
Planning Debate
Chapter
5
The Practical Making of the Stalinist Model: Mandatory
131
Central Planning
Differentiation of Soviet mandatory central planning
131
The functional differentiation
131
The time differentiation
131
Theprìnciples
of Soviet mandatory central planning
131
The first principle
131
The second principle
132
The third principle
132
The fourth principle
132
The fifth principle
132
The sixth principle
132
The seventh principle
133
The eighth principle
133
The ninth principle
133
ТЫ
agencies of mandatory
centr
al
planning
133
Chapter
6
The Practical Making of the Stalinist Model: The Cultural
135
Revolution In Its Social and Educational Aspects
The
sodai
content of the cultural revolution
135
The educational content of the cultural revolution
138
Chapter
7
The Practical Making of the Stalinist Model: The Cultural
141
Revolution In Its Ideological Aspect
Preliminary observations
141
The State, the Church, and the Bolshevik Party
141
The Soviet brand of Marxism: Anew religion?
142
The ideological indoctrination of the population: three periods
144
Period one: The ideological indoctrination of the builders
145
of the road to an earthly heaven
The cult of the abstract oppressed poor
145
Installing a new morality
146
An unexpected outcome: the bureaucracy and two
147
morals
The split within the party: the factional struggle
149
The purges as a form of the factional
struggi e
150
The trials as a form of salvation for the accused
151
Why was the opposition crushed?
152
The outcome of the first stage: two types of Soviet
153
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
vii
men
PART VI THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE
167
STALINIST MODEL REVISITED
Chapter
1
Major Views of the Problem of Soviet Commodity
169
Production
The
sodatisi
views
169
A non-existence approach
170
The existence views
171
A two-forms-of- socialist -property (ownership)
171
explanation
A relative-economic-isolation-of-the-single
171
(individua^-state-enterprises approach
A heterogeneity-of-labor view
172
An inadequate-level-of-the-development-of-
172
productive-forces theory
An international-division-of-labor approach
173
A public-ownership-of-the-means-of-production-
173
versus-worker s-ownership-of-labor-power position
The non-Soviet
Marxis t
views
175
The capitalist-restoration view
175
The bureaucratic-exploitive stand
177
Chapter
2
A Critical Analysis of the Major Views of Soviet
185
Commodity Production
A critique of the two-forms-of soaalist -properly
explanation
185
The essence of the collective-farm ownership
186
The peculiarities of the collective-farm ownership
188
A summary
189
A critique of the relative-economic-isolation-of-single-enterprises
190
approach
A critique of the heterogeneiiy-of labor view
193
A critique of the inadequate-level-of-the-development-of-
194
productive-forces theory
A critique of the international-division-of-labor idea
196
A critique of the public-property-ofthe-mans-ofproduction-
197
versus-worker s properly-of-labor-power position
Final critical remarks
198
Chapters Our View of the Nature of Soviet Commodity Production
209
The Soviet state as an economic organism
209
The enterprise as an elementary-concrete form of the functioning
210
Soviet economic state
Labor power within Soviet production
211
Full commodity-production relations: the state and labor
212
Partial commodity-production relations: between the state
213
enterprises
An additional elaboration on the ongoing elaboration
214
The personified state: the Soviet bureaucracy
215
PART Vn THE LAST STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
224
SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM: THE STALINIST
viii
Ernest Raiklin
MODELIN OPERATION
(1940-1991)
Chapter
1
Soviet Production
226
Total production
226
Production of some major industrial and agricultural
226
items
Output of the main kinds of industrial and agricultural
227
production by ten major countries-producers
The correlation of the major indices of the Soviet and
231
American economic development
Average annual rates of growth of major economic indices
232
in the USSR and the USA
Per capita production
234
Remarks on the concept of total Soviet output
235
Chapter
2
Soviet Consumption and Other Socioeconomic Indicators
239
Consumption
239
Other socioeconomic indicators
240
Residential construction, university education, and health
240
care
Some indices of the quality of life
242
The rates of natural increase in population
242
The rates of infant mortality
243
Life expectancy at birth
244
The structure of the Soviet population
245
Income and wealth distribution
246
Chapter
3
Soviet Market Structures
249
Soviet state monopolies
249
Some statistics
, 249
Non-discriminating Soviet state monopoly
250
Behavior of non-discriminating monopoly of
251
totalitarian state capitalism, producing articles of
consumption for the population
Behavior of non-discriminating monopoly of
253
totalitarian state capitalism, producing the means of
production
Soviet state oligopolies
255
Soviet state monopolistic competition
258
Chapter
4
Soviet Unemployment and Inflation
264
Soviet unemployment
264
Observations with regard to frictional unemployment in
265
totalitarian state capitalism
Observations with regard to structural unemployment in
265
totalitarian state capitalism
Observations with regard to cyclical unemployment in
266
totalitarian state capitalism
Soviet inflation
267
Soviet inflation in Soviet statistics
268
Wholesale price indices
269
Consumer (retail) price indices
270
Retail price indices at kolkhoz markets outside
273
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
ix
villages
Our view of Soviet inflation with the help of the
2 74
circumstantial evidence
A circumstantial evidence
#1:
the growing (over the
274
years) discrepancy between people s incomes and
the volume of articles of consumption sold to the
population at official retail prices
The comparison of the movement of personal
275
nominal incomes of the population with the
movement of the official level of retail prices
The comparison of me official level of state retail
276
prices with that of the collective farm markets
The examination of the growth of personal savings
278
deposits of the population with respect to the
growth of the volume of retail trade
A circumstantial evidence
#2:
covert price increases
280
Concluding remarks on Soviet inflation
281
Types of Soviet inflation
281
The character of Soviet inflation
281
Chapter
5
The Soviet Monetary-Financial System
291
The Soviet money
291
Two forms of the Soviet money
291
Cash money, or currency
291
Bank deposits, or noncash money
292
The Soviet money supply, or the relationship between the
293
Soviet money and the real Soviet economy
The Soviet money aggregate Ml
293
The Soviet money aggregate M2
295
The Soviet money aggregate M3
295
Soviet financial intermediaries before
1987 298
Soviet depositary institutions
298
Gosbank (State Bank of die USSR) as depositary of
298
enterprises and organizations
The structure of Gosbank
299
The functions of Gosbank
299
The balance sheet of Gosbank
301
Assessing Gosbank s activities
301
The Soviet system of specialized banks as specialized
302
depositary institutions for enterprises and
organizations
The Soviet Investment Bank (Stroibank) as
302
one of the specialized depositary institutions
for enterprises and organizations
The Soviet Bank for Foreign Trade
303
(Vneshtorgbank) as another specialized
depositary for enterprises and organizations
Digression
303
Continuation: Soviet state labor savings banks
304
(GTSK) as specialized depositary institutions for the
population
The structure of GTSK
304
The functions of GTSK
306
χ
Ernest Raiklin
Soviet
contractual
savings banks
307
Soviet financial mariiets and instruments
308
Soviet financial markets of promissory notes
309
Soviet financial markets of stocks: a point of view
309
Chapter
6
The Soviet State Budget
ЗІЗ
The distinctive features of the Soviet state budget
313
The peculiarities of the domestic
reallocation
of the
313
means of production
The peculiarities of the domestic
réallocation
of the
314
articles of consumption
The peculiarities of forming the Soviet state budget
314
The Soviet state budget as a consolidated budget
314
The Soviet enterprise vs. the consolidated budget
315
Sources of the revenue side of the Soviet state
316
budget
The peculiarities of some expenditure articles of the
317
Soviet state budget
The character and the size of the Soviet state budget
318
during the last years of the existence of totalitarian state
capitalism
The structure of tL· Soviet state budget during the last
318
years of the existence of totalitarian state capitalism
The revenue side of the Soviet state budget: deductions
319
from profits and some other payments by enterprises
The revenue side of the Soviet state budget: turnover
320
taxes
Four major views of turnover taxes
320
The revenue side of the Soviet state budget: receipts from
326
external economic activities (customs duties, receipts
from exports and noncommercial operations)
The revenue side of the Soviet state budget: other
326
receipts
Income taxes on cooperative and public enterprises
326
and organizations
State loans realized among the population
326
State taxes on the population
327
Social insurance
327
The expenditure side of the Soviet state budget
327
The expenditure side of the Soviet state budget:
328
expenditures on the national economy
The expenditure side of the Soviet state budget:
329
expenditures on social-cultural undertakings
The expenditure side of the Soviet state budget:
329
expenditures on defense
The expenditure side of the Soviet state budget:
329
expenditures on external economic activities
The expenditure side of the Soviet state budget:
330
expenditures on state administration andjustice
The actual size of the Soviet state budget residual during the last
330
years of the existence of totalitarian state capitalism
On the meaning of the
1988
acknowledgment by the Soviet
331
government of the existence of the budget deficit in the country
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
xi
The Soviet state domestic (internal) debt
332
On the causes of the Soviet state domestic debt: the
332
growing independence of enterprises and organizations
On the causes of the Soviet domestic debt: the declining
333
profitability of production of
aportion
of agricultural
enterprises
Some words about the overdue debts under the
333
conditions of the agony of the Soviet system
Chapter
7
Soviet foreign economic relations
343
Soviet foreign trade
343
The organizational structure of Soviet foreign trade
343
A reference to COMECON
344
Soviet foreign trade planning
346
Statistics of Soviet foreign trade and its evaluation
346
Soviet trade partners
347
Soviet foreign trade from the static point of
348
view
Soviet foreign trade from the dynamic point
350
of view
Soviet exports, imports, and the trade balance
350
The commodity structure of Soviet foreign trade
352
The commodity structure of Soviet exports
352
The commodity structure of Soviet imports
353
Soviet foreign finance
354
On the method of payments in Soviet foreign financial
354
relations
Soviet investment in foreign countries
354
Statistical data on the indebtedness of foreign
355
governments to the Soviet Union
Soviet gross foreign debt
ЪЬЧ
Statistical data on Soviet gross foreign debt
357
Absolute numbers
357
Relative numbers: the debt-service ratio
358
Relative numbers: the ratio of gross foreign debt
358
Some additional information on Soviet gross
358
foreign debt
Soviet net foreign debt
359
Soviet balance of payments
358
Chapters Socioeconomic Causes for the Restructuring of the
364
Stalinist Developmental Model
Preliminary remarks to the main theme of the chapter
364
General Soviet results
364
The Soviet industrial development in light of the
365
historical experience
ТЫ
four pillars of the Stalinist model
368
Social causes for the decomposition of the Stalinist developmental
369
model
The breakdown of the hierarchy of vested interests
370
The polarization and complication of relations
370
within the bureaucracy
The polarization and complication of relations
371
xii
Ernest Raiklin
between the bureaucracy and the rest of the
population
The breakdown of the Chinese wall of ignorance
372
The breakdown of the confines of fanaticism
375
The breakdown of the house of fear
375
Economic causes for the decomposition of the Stalinist
376
developmental model
Success had created seeds of its own failure
376
Soviet economic problems
377
Declining rates of the economic growth
377
The technological lag behind the United States
378
Japan s economic threat
378
A relatively low standard of living
378
A relatively dissatisfied population
379
The central planning dilemma
379
Chapter
9
Moral-Psychological Causes for the Restructuring of the
388
Stalinist Developmental Model
Period two: ethics and the behavior of the marchers on the road
388
to the earthly paradise (the end of the
1930s -
the beginning of
the
1950s)
The problem of socialism in one country and its
388
theoretical resolution
The problem of income inequality and its theoretical
391
resolution
The problem of the emerging the haves and have-nots
392
division and its temporary resolution by the Second World
War
The continuation of the haves and have-nots problem
394
and its temporary resolution by the Cold War and by the
anti-cosmopolitan campaign
The problem within the haves and its temporary
395
resolution by Stalin s death
Period three: ethics and the behavior of the losers on the road to
396
the earthly paradise (the beginning of the
1950s -
the end of the
1980s)
The problem within the haves and its temporary
396
resolution by Stalin s appraising condemnation in the
aftermath of his death
The negative message and its consequences
397
The positive messages and their consequences
400
A new positive message one: the new
400
Communist program
A new positive message two: the moral code
402
for the builders of communism
Chapter
10 Perestroika
as the Agony of the Stalinist Model
431
Preliminary observations
431
Perestroika
without
glasnost,
or an attempt to preserve and
432
revitalize totalitarian state capitalism
Perestroika
based on
glasnost,
or an attempt to transform
433
totalitarian state capitalism into authoritarian state
capitalism
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
xiii
Short summary
435
PART
VIU
THE FIRST STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
444
POST-SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM
(1991 -
PRESENT)
Chapter
1
Transformation in Its Major Behavioral Motivational and
445
LegalAspects: The end of the
1980s
-the Beginning of
the
1990s
General observations with respect to the closeness of possessors to
445
the process of management of the national wealth creation
Closeness versus remoteness
445
Directness versus roundaboutness
446
The meaning of denationalization
447
Denationalization in the form of territorialization
447
Denationalization in the form of privatization
447
The major motives and interests during the transitional period
448
The status-quo approach
448
Decentralization within the pyramidal structure, or from
449
centralized to decentralized state monopoly
From state monopoly to decentralized semi-non-state
450
(semi-state) monopoly
The movement to non-state enterprises
451
The major legal aspects of the transformation
452
The legal aspects of the intra-bureaucratic process of
452
decentralization of the all-bureaucratic property
The first case: a predominance of the central bureaucracy
452
The second case: a predominance of lower levels of the
453
economic bureaucracy
The third case: a balance of power between the central
453
bureaucracy and its lowest economic layer
The intra-bureaucratic (regional and municipal) process
454
of territorialization of the all-bureaucratic property
The bureaucratic-non-bureaucratic process of
455
decentralization of the all-bureaucratic and territorial
bureaucratic property
The legal aspects of privatization of the all-bureaucratic
456
and/or territorial bureaucratic property
The general legal provisions and main normative
457
acts of privatization with our comments to them
The legal methods of privatization
458
Legal privatization privileges
458
A legal privatization privilege: the first variant
459
A legal privatization privilege: the second
459
version
A legal privatization privilege: the third
460
version
Chapter
2
The Implementation of Privatization: The
1990s -
the
465
Beginning of the 2000s
Some statistics of privatization
465
Some general statistics on the change in the ownership
471
forms in Russia in the
1990s -
the beginning of the 2000s
xiv
Ernest Raiklin
Some indirect information (opinions) about the transformation
473
of properly in post-Soviet Russia of the
1990s -
2000s
Opinions about how and for whom the real process of the
474
property transformation took place
The resulting property structure of Russian corporations
481
Legal versus actual processes of privatization in Russia of the
484
1
990s
-
the beginning of the 2000s: our short remarlis
Chapters The Post-Soviet Russian Enterprise: The
1990s
-the
492
Beginning of the 2000s
Financial-industrial groups in post-Soviet Russia
492
Small businesses in post-Soviet Russia
494
The Soviet predecessors to the post-Soviet Russian small
495
businesses
The Soviet cooperatives
495
Soviet individual labor activity
497
Soviet leasing
498
The post-Soviet Russian small businesses
499
An evaluation of the role of small businesses in the
502
post-Soviet Russian economy of the end of the
nineteenth
-
the beginning of the twentieth
centuries
f
oint
ventures in post-Soviet Russia
503
Chapter
4
The Post-Soviet Russian Standard of Living in the
1
990s
- 514
2000s
PostrSoviet Russian incomes
514
Dynamics of the post-Soviet Russian income structure
514
Dynamics of the post-Soviet Russian distribution of income
515
Indicators concerning absolute
leve
Is of post-Soviet
516
Russian incomes
Post-Soviet Russian incomes in the eyes of Russians
517
Post-Soviet Russian social conditions of life
518
Post-Soviet Russian housing conditions
518
Post-Soviet Russian educational conditions
521
Pre-school education
522
Secondary general education
523
Elementary professional and secondary special
523
education
Higher education
524
Post-Soviet Russian health care conditions
525
Medical institutions and their personnel
525
Sickness of the population
525
A short final comment
526
Chapter
5
Post-Soviet Russian Unemployment
530
General theoretical views of unemployment in authoritarian state
530
capitalism
On frictional unemployment in authoritarian state
530
capitalism
On structural unemployment in authoritarian state
531
capitalism
On the natural rate of unemployment in authoritarian
532
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
xv
state capitalism
On cyclical unemployment in authoritarian state
533
capitalism
Some statistical data on unemployment in post-Soviet Russia
534
On the method of determining and estimating
535
unemployment in post-Soviet Russia
Some statistical data on labor force, employment and
535
unemployment in
1992 - 2003
The labor force as a derivative of the sizes of the
536
able-bodied and the population
The labor force as a derivative of its two components
537
The gender structure of the labor force and of its
537
two components
The gender structure of the unemployment
538
measured in its rates
The age structure of the WLO unemployed
539
The educational level of the WLO unemployed
540
The distribution of the WLO unemployed according
542
to the length of the job search
Chapter
6
Post-Soviet Russian Inflation
546
Some major post-Soviet Russian price indices
546
The consumer price index (the
CPI)
546
Price indices of the producers of the industrial output
547
Some other Russian price indices
548
Statistical data on post-Soviet Russian inflation:
1991 - 2003 548
The first stage:
1991-1995 549
The second stage:
1996 - 2003 549
Causes for the post-Soviet Russian inflationary processes
549
A brief information about the events of
1991 -1993 550
On the causes of the initial inflation of
1991 -1992 550
On the causes of inflation of
1993 -1995 552
Arguments of the non-monetarists
552
The structural factors
552
The cost factors
552
Arguments of the monetarists, or demand inflation
554
Who is right?
554
A synthesis of the non-monetarist and
554
monetarist views of Russian inflation of
1993 -
1995
An additional element to understanding
555
Russian inflation of
1993 -1995
On the causes of inflation of
1996
and after
556
Socioeconomic consequences of Russian inflation of
1991 - 2003 557
The re-distributive consequences of Russian inflation of
557
1991-2003
Social losers
558
Social winners
559
The productive consequences of Russian inflation of
1991 - 559
2003
The anti-inflationary measures of the post-Soviet Russian
560
authorities: a preliminary observation
xvi
Ernest Raiklin
Chapter
7
The Post-Soviet Russian Financial Markets and Financial
567
Instruments
The general characteristics of the post-Soviet Russian financial
567
markets
The Russian financial market in
1993 -1996 568
The first feature: an insignificant volume of
569
people s expenditures on securities in money
incomes of the Russian population
The second feature: a relatively high share of
569
enterprises and organizations expenditures on
financial securities in gross profits
The third feature: a low liquidity of financial
571
securities
The fourth feature: the predominance of the
571
financial market of state and municipal securities
over the financial market of corporate securities
The fifth feature: the predominance of the financial
572
market of debt securities over the financial market
of equity securities
The sixth feature: the prevalence of the market of
572
short-term financial securities over the market of
long-term financial securities
The Russian financial market of debt securities
573
The financial market of state debt securities
573
The major federal debt securities
573
GKO
573
OFZ
574
The major municipal (regional and local) debt
575
securities
The financial market of corporate debt securities
576
The Russian financial
mariiét
of equity securities
577
The period of vouchers (privatization checks)
577
The period of the inception of the modern market of
578
equity securities, or shares of enterprises and
organizations
Chapter
8
Post-Soviet Russian Financial Intermediaries
585
Post-Soviet Russian changes
585
The socioeconomic content of the financial-intermediary
585
changes
The general remarks about the changes in the system of
586
the post-Soviet Russian financial intermediaries
The changes in the system of post-Soviet Russian
586
financial intermediaries conducive to the transition
to mixed capitalism
The changes in the system of post-Soviet Russian
587
financial intermediaries hindering the transition to
mixed capitalism
Post-Soviet Russian depositary institutions
587
A brief historical information
587
The first stage:
1987 -1988 588
The second stage:
1990 -1992 589
The third stage:
1995 -... 590
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
xvii
The accountability of the CBRF
590
The goals of the activities of CBRF
590
Commercial banks of the Russian Federation
591
The dynamics of the development of Russian
591
commercial banks in
1994 - 2004
Briefly about the ways Russian commercial banks
592
have been created
An example of parasitizing on the all-state
593
property
An example of the commercial banks
594
relation to the real sector of the Russian
economy
Briefly about the main direction of the activities of
594
the Russian commercial banks
Contractual savings banks
595
Key insurance categories
595
Some insurance statistics
596
Monetarism and Russian money
596
Shortly about monetarism as a theory
597
Shortly about monetarism as a post-Soviet Russian practice
597
Shortly on the causes of the prevalence of monetarism in
699
its extreme form in post-Soviet Russia
Chapter
9
The Post-Soviet Russian State Budget and the State
606
Domestic Debt
The post-Soviet Russian state budget
606
The structure of the Russian budgetary system
606
The federal level of the Russian budgetary system
607
The regional level of the Russian budgetary system
607
The local level of the Russian budgetary system
608
The revenue sources of the Russian budget
608
The taxation sources of the Russian budget
608
Taxes on profits of organizations
609
Taxes on personal incomes
609
Value added tax (VAT)
610
Excise taxes
610
Real estate (property) taxes
610
Taxes for the use of the natural resources
610
Tax revenues: concluding remarks
610
The non-taxation sources of the Russian budget
611
revenue
Other sources of the Russian budget revenue
611
The dynamics of the actual distribution of the
611
budget revenues between the federal state and the
regions in
1992-2003
The expenditure side of the Russian budget
612
The dynamics of the actual federal/regional
613
distribution of budget expenditures in Russia in
1992-2003
On the size of the Russian budget residual in
1992 - 2003 614
Tlie
post-Soviet Russian state domestic debt
615
Some statistical data on the Russian state domestic debt
616
xviii
Ernest Raiklin
Chapter
10
Post-Soviet Russian Foreign Trade and Finance
621
Russian foreign trade
621
A historical reference
621
Changes of the late Soviet period
621
Changes of the early post-Soviet period
622
Export measures
623
Import measures
623
Aims of the state regulation of Russian foreign trade
624
The main directions of the policy of the Russian
624
government with respect to foreign economic
activities using as an example the activities of the
Russian custom-house
The integration of Russian economy into the world
624
economic relations
The integration of Russian economy into the
624
economies of the countries of the
EU
The integration of Russian economy into the
625
economy of the
APEC
The economic relations with former Soviet
626
republics
Statistical data on Russian foreign trade for
1992 - 2003 627
and its evaluation
Foreign trade partners of Russia
628
The commodity structure of the Russian foreign
630
trade turnover
Russian foreign finance
632
The problem of the decentralized use of foreign
633
currencies by Russian economic agents
The problem of a flexibility of the currency
633
exchange rate
The ruble exchange rate in the USSR
633
The ruble exchange rate in post-Soviet Russia
635
The problem of the opportunities for foreign
636
investment in Russian economy
Defining foreign investment in Russian
636
economy
Statistics of foreign investment in post-Soviet
637
Russian economy
The problem of movements of capital out of Russian
640
economy
A legal export of capital
640
Capital outflow
640
Capital flight from Russia abroad
640
The accumulation of foreign currency
641
by the Russian residents
Chapter
11
Other Aspects of the Post-Soviet Russian Foreign
648
Financial Relations
Post-Soviet Russian Foreign Debt
648
Russian gross foreign debt to non-residents
648
Foreign debt to Russia
649
The post-Soviet Russian balance of payments
649
The current account
651
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
xix
PART IX
Chapter
1
Chapter
2
The financial account
651
The post-Soviet Russian financial crisis of August
17, 1998 651
Facts related to the financial crisis
651
Events preceding the Russian financial crisis of
652
August
17,1998
The summer of
1997 652
November-December
1997 652
January
1998 652
March-June
1998 653
July-August
1998 653
Events directly connected to the Russian financial
653
crisis of August
17,1998
Causes for the financial crisis
654
Economic causes: the budget deficit
654
Tax arrears
654
Constantly growing budget expenditures
655
Economic causes: a shortage of money in circulation
655
Political-social causes
656
Political examples
656
Social examples
657
Conspiracy of the Russian authorities as a
657
hypothetical cause
Consequences of the financial crisis
658
Negative consequences of the Russian financial crisis
658
Positive consequences of the Russian financial crisis
659
Measures to overcome the financial crisis and its
659
consequences
AN ATTEMPT TO ANTICIPATE THE
FUTUKÉ,
OR
672
THE SECOND STAGE EN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE POST-SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM
Reflections on the Direction of the Socioeconomic
672
Development of Post-Soviet Russia
Basic socioeconomic collisions of the post-Soviet system of Russia
672
A probable outcome of the oligarchic struggle
673
The developmental framework
674
The general and particular frames
674
The individual frame
674
Arguments for and against democratic vs. authoritarian
anti-
676
oligarchism
The present-day Russian political parties
677
United Russia
678
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation
679
The Liberal-Democratic Party of Russia
680
The Union of the Right Forces
681
The Apple ( Yabloko )
682
Conclusion
684
On the anti-oligarchic authoritarian
f
orces
686
The National and Regional Forces Behind the Soviet and
695
Post-Soviet Territorial-Administrative Changes
National and regional bureaucracies of totalitarian state
695
xx
Ernest Raiklin
capitalism
National
bureaucracies
695
Regional bureaucracies
697
National and regional bureauaacies of early authoritarian
698
state capitalism
The struggle for sovereignty by the autonomous entities
700
The struggle for independence by the neutral entities
701
The last word
701
Chapter
3
On the Imperial Character of the Former Soviet Union
707
and Its Implications for Post-Soviet Russia
Preliminary remarks
707
The major characteristics of an empire
708
On the imperial character of the former Soviet Union
710
The former Soviet Union as a whole
710
Problems and qualifications
710
The problems of defining territories
711
The problems of defining different peoples
711
Analysis within the qualifying constraints
712
The former Soviet Union as a whole authoritatively held
713
together
Confusion one
713
Confusion two
714
A single-ruler stage
714
A group-of-rulers stage
715
The former Soviet Union in its parts
716
Legality versus reality
716
If Russia was the mother country,
Uien
which Russia?
716
If Russia was the mother country, where is the
717
statistical evidence?
The development of productive forces
717
Exchange relations between the union
719
republics
Economic inequality between the union
720
republics
On the territorial future of post-Soviet Russia
721
Afterword
730
Postscript
732
|
| adam_txt |
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
Contents
ш
Preface
PARTI
Chapter
1
Chapter
2
THE BASIC ANALYTICAL CONCEPTS, METHODS,
AND PHILOSOPHICAL REASONING
The Basic Analytical Concepts: A Preliminary
3
Observation
Properly
3
Ownership
4
Actual versus formal property (ownership)
4
Private versus public property
5
Possession
7
The market
8
Arguments about the market nature of Soviet commodity
9
production
Arguments about the character of the Soviet market
10
Soviet labor and consumer goods markets
11
Capital goods markets
12
The fragmentation of labor within the Russian state
12
bureaucracy of the Soviet period
The fragmentation of possession within the state
13
property
Landmärkets
14
Planning vs. marltet
15
Capitalism
16
Private property
16
The framework of markets
17
The range of the markets' functioning
17
The character of markets
17
Political democracy
19
So what is the essence of capitalism?
19
SociaUsm (communism)
20
Socialism (communism) as Marx's theory
20
"Socialism" ("communism") as reality of the Soviet-type
22
societies
Forms of capitalism
22
The Basic Analytical Methods and Their Philosophical
28
Reasoning
The basic analytical methods
2 8
Tiie philosophical reasoning
30
A preliminary observation
30
The individual, the particular and the universal
33
(general)
Necessity and chance
33
Freedom and necessity
■ 34
The role of the individual in the dialectical framework set
35
up earlier
Why is it this individual?
36
What is this individual's role?
39
IV
Ernest Raiklin
The role of the individual within the existing social
40
structure
The role of the individual in the destruction of the
41
old and the creation of the new social order
THE PRE-SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM: THE
47
1850S -NOVEMBER
1917
Chapter
1
The Distinctive Socioeconomic Features of the Russian
48
Empire: the 1850s
-
March
1917
Before the abolition of serfdom: the 1850s
-1860 48
The peasant village commune, or
mir 49
Non-agrarian merchant and manufacturing feudalism
49
The peculiarity of the period
50
Some statistical data on the economic position of Russia in
50
1860
The abolition of serfdom:
1861 50
Causes for the abolition of serfdom
50
Major consequences of the abolition of serfdom
51
After the abolition of serfdom:
1861 -1917 53
The railroad construction
53
Some data on the industrial production
53
Overall indices of the economic development
54
Agricultural reforms
55
Political reforms
55
Two major obstacles to the road of democratic mixed
56
capitalism
The government and the emerging bourgeoisie
57
The foreign influence
58
Chapter
2
The Distinctive Socioeconomic Features of the Russian
65
Parliamentary Republic: March-November
1917
The role of World War I (WWI)
66
The dual power as a consequence of the breakdown ofaarism
66
The end of the Russian parliamentary republic of March
- 67
November
1917
The causes of the end
67
Why is the Bolshevik Party?
69
Why not the left wing of the Social Revolutionary
69
Party?
Why not the Mensheviks?
70
Why not General Kornilov?
70
Why not the Constitutional Democratic Party?
71
So why the Bolsheviks?
71
Lenin's role in the October Revolution: the negative task
73
Lenin's role in the October Revolution: the positive task
76
PARTITE THE FIRST STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
89
SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM: WAR
COMMUNISM
(1918 -1921)
Prelude: Between October
1917
and July
1918
89
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
v
Chapter
1
The Essence of War Communism
91
Policies of War Communism
91
The system of requisitioning, or prodrazverstka
91
Nationalization of nonagricultural enterprises
92
The prohibition of domestic non-state private trade
92
The semi-military methods of mobilization of the work
93
force
Defining War Communism
93
Chapter
2
Some Statistics on War Communism
95
PART IV THE SECOND STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
97
THE SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM: NEW
ECONOMIC POLICY
(NEP)
(1921 -1928)
Chapter
1
From War Communism to
NEP
97
Chapter
2
The Characteristics of
NEP
99
The new economic policy in agriculture
99
The new economic policy in trade
100
The new economic policy in industry
100
Chapter
3
The Essence of
NEP
103
The mixed character of the economy of
NEP
103
The capitalist direction of the mixed economy of
NEP
103
The authoritarian character of mixed capitalism of
NEP
104
Economic achievements of
NEP
104
Chapter
4
Causes for the Elimination of
NEP
106
Objective
f
actors
106
International factors
106
Domestic factors
107
Subjective
f
actors
108
The bureaucracy and
NEP
108
Non-kulak peasants and
NEP
110
Workers and
NEP
110
PART V THE LAST STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
112
SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM: THE STALINIST
MODEL IN MAKING
(1928 -
LATE
1930S)
Chapter
1
The Theoretical Making of the Stalinist Model: The
112
Industrialization Debate
Why did the Stalinist faction win?
115
Chapter
2
The Practical Making of the Stalinist Model:
117
Collectivization
The social composition of peasant households before
117
collectivization
The attitude of peasants toward collectivization
118
Changes in the
sodai
composition of peasant households after
119
collectivization
Evaluation of collectivization
120
vi
Ernest Raiklin
Chapter
3
The Practical Making of the Stalinist Model:
122
Industrialization
Industrialization and the growth of the number of large-scale
122
state industrial enterprises
Industrialization and the direction of industrial investment
123
Pre-war Soviet industrialization results as compared to that of
123
1913
Industrialization and rates of industrial growth
124
Other results of industrialization
125
Chapter
4
The Theoretical Making of the Stalinist Model: The
128
Planning Debate
Chapter
5
The Practical Making of the Stalinist Model: Mandatory
131
Central Planning
Differentiation of Soviet mandatory central planning
131
The functional differentiation
131
The time differentiation
131
Theprìnciples
of Soviet mandatory central planning
131
The first principle
131
The second principle
132
The third principle
132
The fourth principle
132
The fifth principle
132
The sixth principle
132
The seventh principle
133
The eighth principle
133
The ninth principle
133
ТЫ
agencies of mandatory
centr
al
planning
133
Chapter
6
The Practical Making of the Stalinist Model: The Cultural
135
Revolution In Its Social and Educational Aspects
The
sodai
content of the cultural revolution
135
The educational content of the cultural revolution
138
Chapter
7
The Practical Making of the Stalinist Model: The Cultural
141
Revolution In Its Ideological Aspect
Preliminary observations
141
The State, the Church, and the Bolshevik Party
141
The Soviet brand of Marxism: Anew religion?
142
The ideological indoctrination of the population: three periods
144
Period one: The ideological indoctrination of the builders
145
of the road to an earthly heaven
The cult of the abstract oppressed poor
145
Installing a new morality
146
An unexpected outcome: the bureaucracy and two
147
morals
The split within the party: the factional struggle
149
The purges as a form of the factional
struggi e
150
The trials as a form of "salvation" for the accused
151
Why was the opposition crushed?
152
The outcome of the first stage: two types of Soviet
153
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
vii
men
PART VI THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE
167
STALINIST MODEL REVISITED
Chapter
1
Major Views of the Problem of Soviet Commodity
169
Production
The
"sodatisi"
views
169
A "non-existence "approach
170
The "existence" views
171
A "two-forms-of-'socialist'-property (ownership)
171
explanation
A "relative-economic-isolation-of-the-single
171
(individua^-state-enterprises" approach
A "heterogeneity-of-labor" view
172
An "inadequate-level-of-the-development-of-
172
productive-forces" theory
An "international-division-of-labor" approach
173
A "public-ownership-of-the-means-of-production-
173
versus-worker's-ownership-of-labor-power" position
The non-Soviet
Marxis t
views
175
The "capitalist-restoration" view
175
The "bureaucratic-exploitive" stand
177
Chapter
2
A Critical Analysis of the Major Views of Soviet
185
Commodity Production
A critique of the "two-forms-of "soaalist "-properly
"
explanation
185
The essence of the collective-farm ownership
186
The peculiarities of the collective-farm ownership
188
A summary
189
A critique of the "relative-economic-isolation-of-single-enterprises"
190
approach
A critique of the "heterogeneiiy-of labor" view
193
A critique of the "inadequate-level-of-the-development-of-
194
productive-forces" theory
A critique of the "international-division-of-labor" idea
196
A critique of the "public-property-ofthe-mans-ofproduction-
197
versus-worker's properly-of-labor-power" position
Final critical remarks
198
Chapters Our View of the Nature of Soviet Commodity Production
209
The Soviet state as an economic organism
209
The enterprise as an elementary-concrete form of the functioning
210
Soviet economic state
Labor power within Soviet production
211
Full commodity-production relations: the state and labor
212
Partial commodity-production relations: between the state
213
enterprises
An additional elaboration on the ongoing elaboration
214
The personified state: the Soviet bureaucracy
215
PART Vn THE LAST STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
224
SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM: THE STALINIST
viii
Ernest Raiklin
MODELIN OPERATION
(1940-1991)
Chapter
1
Soviet Production
226
Total production
226
Production of some major industrial and agricultural
226
items
Output of the main kinds of industrial and agricultural
227
production by ten major countries-producers
The correlation of the major indices of the Soviet and
231
American economic development
Average annual rates of growth of major economic indices
232
in the USSR and the USA
Per capita production
234
Remarks on the concept of total Soviet output
235
Chapter
2
Soviet Consumption and Other Socioeconomic Indicators
239
Consumption
239
Other socioeconomic indicators
240
Residential construction, university education, and health
240
care
Some indices of the quality of life
242
The rates of natural increase in population
242
The rates of infant mortality
243
Life expectancy at birth
244
The structure of the Soviet population
245
Income and wealth distribution
246
Chapter
3
Soviet Market Structures
249
Soviet state monopolies
249
Some statistics
, 249
Non-discriminating Soviet state monopoly
250
Behavior of non-discriminating monopoly of
251
totalitarian state capitalism, producing articles of
consumption for the population
Behavior of non-discriminating monopoly of
253
totalitarian state capitalism, producing the means of
production
Soviet state oligopolies
255
Soviet state monopolistic competition
258
Chapter
4
Soviet Unemployment and Inflation
264
Soviet unemployment
264
Observations with regard to frictional unemployment in
265
totalitarian state capitalism
Observations with regard to structural unemployment in
265
totalitarian state capitalism
Observations with regard to cyclical unemployment in
266
totalitarian state capitalism
Soviet inflation
267
Soviet inflation in Soviet statistics
268
Wholesale price indices
269
Consumer (retail) price indices
270
Retail price indices at kolkhoz markets outside
273
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
ix
villages
Our view of Soviet inflation with the help of the
2 74
circumstantial evidence
A circumstantial evidence
#1:
the growing (over the
274
years) discrepancy between people's incomes and
the volume of articles of consumption sold to the
population at official retail prices
The comparison of the movement of personal
275
nominal incomes of the population with the
movement of the official level of retail prices
The comparison of me official level of state retail
276
prices with that of the collective farm markets
The examination of the growth of personal savings
278
deposits of the population with respect to the
growth of the volume of retail trade
A circumstantial evidence
#2:
covert price increases
280
Concluding remarks on Soviet inflation
281
Types of Soviet inflation
281
The character of Soviet inflation
281
Chapter
5
The Soviet Monetary-Financial System
291
The Soviet money
291
Two forms of the Soviet money
291
Cash money, or currency
291
Bank deposits, or noncash money
292
The Soviet money supply, or the relationship between the
293
Soviet money and the real Soviet economy
The Soviet money aggregate Ml
293
The Soviet money aggregate M2
295
The Soviet money aggregate M3
295
Soviet financial intermediaries before
1987 298
Soviet depositary institutions
298
Gosbank (State Bank of die USSR) as depositary of
298
enterprises and organizations
The structure of Gosbank
299
The functions of Gosbank
299
The balance sheet of Gosbank
301
Assessing Gosbank's activities
301
The Soviet system of specialized banks as specialized
302
depositary institutions for enterprises and
organizations
The Soviet Investment Bank (Stroibank) as
302
one of the specialized depositary institutions
for enterprises and organizations
The Soviet Bank for Foreign Trade
303
(Vneshtorgbank) as another specialized
depositary for enterprises and organizations
Digression
303
Continuation: Soviet state labor savings banks
304
(GTSK) as specialized depositary institutions for the
population
The structure of GTSK
304
The functions of GTSK
306
χ
Ernest Raiklin
Soviet
contractual
savings "banks"
307
Soviet financial mariiets and instruments
308
Soviet financial markets of promissory notes
309
Soviet financial markets of stocks: a point of view
309
Chapter
6
The Soviet State Budget
ЗІЗ
The distinctive features of the Soviet state budget
313
The peculiarities of the domestic
reallocation
of the
313
means of production
The peculiarities of the domestic
réallocation
of the
314
articles of consumption
The peculiarities of forming the Soviet state budget
314
The Soviet state budget as a consolidated budget
314
The Soviet enterprise vs. the consolidated budget
315
Sources of the revenue side of the Soviet state
316
budget
The peculiarities of some expenditure articles of the
317
Soviet state budget
The character and the size of the Soviet state budget
318
during the last years of the existence of totalitarian state
capitalism
The structure of tL· Soviet state budget during the last
318
years of the existence of totalitarian state capitalism
The revenue side of the Soviet state budget: deductions
319
from profits and some other payments by enterprises
The revenue side of the Soviet state budget: turnover
320
taxes
Four major views of turnover taxes
320
The revenue side of the Soviet state budget: receipts from
326
external economic activities (customs duties, receipts
from exports and noncommercial operations)
The revenue side of the Soviet state budget: other
326
receipts
Income taxes on cooperative and public enterprises
326
and organizations
State loans realized among the population
326
State taxes on the population
327
Social insurance
327
The expenditure side of the Soviet state budget
327
The expenditure side of the Soviet state budget:
328
expenditures on the national economy
The expenditure side of the Soviet state budget:
329
expenditures on social-cultural undertakings
The expenditure side of the Soviet state budget:
329
expenditures on defense
The expenditure side of the Soviet state budget:
329
expenditures on external economic activities
The expenditure side of the Soviet state budget:
330
expenditures on state administration andjustice
The actual size of the Soviet state budget residual during the last
330
years of the existence of totalitarian state capitalism
On the meaning of the
1988
acknowledgment by the Soviet
331
government of the existence of the budget deficit in the country
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
xi
The Soviet state domestic (internal) debt
332
On the causes of the Soviet state domestic debt: the
332
growing independence of enterprises and organizations
On the causes of the Soviet domestic debt: the declining
333
profitability of production of
aportion
of agricultural
enterprises
Some words about the overdue debts under the
333
conditions of the agony of the Soviet system
Chapter
7
Soviet foreign economic relations
343
Soviet foreign trade
343
The organizational structure of Soviet foreign trade
343
A reference to COMECON
344
Soviet foreign trade planning
346
Statistics of Soviet foreign trade and its evaluation
346
Soviet trade partners
347
Soviet foreign trade from the static point of
348
view
Soviet foreign trade from the dynamic point
350
of view
Soviet exports, imports, and the trade balance
350
The commodity structure of Soviet foreign trade
352
The commodity structure of Soviet exports
352
The commodity structure of Soviet imports
353
Soviet foreign finance
354
On the method of payments in Soviet foreign financial
354
relations
Soviet investment in foreign countries
354
Statistical data on the indebtedness of foreign
355
governments to the Soviet Union
Soviet gross foreign debt
ЪЬЧ
Statistical data on Soviet gross foreign debt
357
Absolute numbers
357
Relative numbers: the debt-service ratio
358
Relative numbers: the ratio of gross foreign debt
358
Some additional information on Soviet gross
358
foreign debt
Soviet net foreign debt
359
Soviet balance of payments
358
Chapters Socioeconomic Causes for the Restructuring of the
364
Stalinist Developmental Model
Preliminary remarks to the main theme of the chapter
364
General Soviet results
364
The Soviet industrial development in light of the
365
historical experience
ТЫ
four pillars of the Stalinist model
368
Social causes for the decomposition of the Stalinist developmental
369
model
The breakdown of the hierarchy of vested interests
370
The polarization and complication of relations
370
within the bureaucracy
The polarization and complication of relations
371
xii
Ernest Raiklin
between the bureaucracy and the rest of the
population
The breakdown of the Chinese wall of ignorance
372
The breakdown of the confines of fanaticism
375
The breakdown of the house of fear
375
Economic causes for the decomposition of the Stalinist
376
developmental model
Success had created seeds of its own failure
376
Soviet economic problems
377
Declining rates of the economic growth
377
The technological lag behind the United States
378
Japan's economic threat
378
A relatively low standard of living
378
A relatively dissatisfied population
379
The central planning dilemma
379
Chapter
9
Moral-Psychological Causes for the Restructuring of the
388
Stalinist Developmental Model
Period two: ethics and the behavior of the marchers on the road
388
to the earthly paradise (the end of the
1930s -
the beginning of
the
1950s)
The problem of "socialism" in one country and its
388
theoretical resolution
The problem of income inequality and its theoretical
391
resolution
The problem of the emerging "the haves and have-nots"
392
division and its temporary resolution by the Second World
War
The continuation of "the haves and have-nots" problem
394
and its temporary resolution by "the Cold War" and by the
anti-cosmopolitan campaign
The problem within "the haves" and its temporary
395
resolution by Stalin's death
Period three: ethics and the behavior of the losers on the road to
396
the earthly paradise (the beginning of the
1950s -
the end of the
1980s)
The problem within "the haves" and its temporary
396
resolution by Stalin's appraising condemnation in the
aftermath of his death
The negative message and its consequences
397
The positive messages and their consequences
400
A new positive message one: the new
400
Communist program
A new positive message two: the "moral code
402
for the builders of communism"
Chapter
10 Perestroika
as the Agony of the Stalinist Model
431
Preliminary observations
431
"Perestroika
without
glasnost,
"
or an attempt to preserve and
432
revitalize totalitarian state capitalism
"Perestroika
based on
glasnost,
"
or an attempt to transform
433
totalitarian state capitalism into authoritarian state
capitalism
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
xiii
Short summary
435
PART
VIU
THE FIRST STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
444
POST-SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM
(1991 -
PRESENT)
Chapter
1
Transformation in Its Major Behavioral Motivational and
445
LegalAspects: The end of the
1980s
-the Beginning of
the
1990s
General observations with respect to the closeness of possessors to
445
the process of management of the national wealth creation
Closeness versus remoteness
445
Directness versus roundaboutness
446
The meaning of denationalization
447
Denationalization in the form of territorialization
447
Denationalization in the form of privatization
447
The major motives and interests during the transitional period
448
The status-quo approach
448
Decentralization within the pyramidal structure, or from
449
centralized to decentralized state monopoly
From state monopoly to decentralized semi-non-state
450
(semi-state) monopoly
The movement to non-state enterprises
451
The major legal aspects of the transformation
452
The legal aspects of the intra-bureaucratic process of
452
decentralization of the all-bureaucratic property
The first case: a predominance of the central bureaucracy
452
The second case: a predominance of lower levels of the
453
economic bureaucracy
The third case: a balance of power between the central
453
bureaucracy and its lowest economic layer
The intra-bureaucratic (regional and municipal) process
454
of territorialization of the all-bureaucratic property
The bureaucratic-non-bureaucratic process of
455
decentralization of the all-bureaucratic and territorial
bureaucratic property
The legal aspects of privatization of the all-bureaucratic
456
and/or territorial bureaucratic property
The general legal provisions and main normative
457
acts of privatization with our comments to them
The legal methods of privatization
458
Legal privatization privileges
458
A legal privatization privilege: the first variant
459
A legal privatization privilege: the second
459
version
A legal privatization privilege: the third
460
version
Chapter
2
The Implementation of Privatization: The
1990s -
the
465
Beginning of the 2000s
Some statistics of privatization
465
Some general statistics on the change in the ownership
471
forms in Russia in the
1990s -
the beginning of the 2000s
xiv
Ernest Raiklin
Some indirect information (opinions) about the transformation
473
of properly in post-Soviet Russia of the
1990s -
2000s
Opinions about how and for whom the real process of the
474
property transformation took place
The resulting property structure of Russian corporations
481
Legal versus actual processes of privatization in Russia of the
484
1
990s
-
the beginning of the 2000s: our short remarlis
Chapters The Post-Soviet Russian Enterprise: The
1990s
-the
492
Beginning of the 2000s
Financial-industrial groups in post-Soviet Russia
492
Small businesses in post-Soviet Russia
494
The Soviet predecessors to the post-Soviet Russian small
495
businesses
The Soviet cooperatives
495
Soviet individual labor activity
497
Soviet leasing
498
The post-Soviet Russian small businesses
499
An evaluation of the role of small businesses in the
502
post-Soviet Russian economy of the end of the
nineteenth
-
the beginning of the twentieth
centuries
f
oint
ventures in post-Soviet Russia
503
Chapter
4
The Post-Soviet Russian Standard of Living in the
1
990s
- 514
2000s
PostrSoviet Russian incomes
514
Dynamics of the post-Soviet Russian income structure
514
Dynamics of the post-Soviet Russian distribution of income
515
Indicators concerning absolute
leve
Is of post-Soviet
516
Russian incomes
Post-Soviet Russian incomes in the eyes of Russians
517
Post-Soviet Russian social conditions of life
518
Post-Soviet Russian housing conditions
518
Post-Soviet Russian educational conditions
521
Pre-school education
522
Secondary general education
523
Elementary professional and secondary special
523
education
Higher education
524
Post-Soviet Russian health care conditions
525
Medical institutions and their personnel
525
Sickness of the population
525
A short final comment
526
Chapter
5
Post-Soviet Russian Unemployment
530
General theoretical views of unemployment in authoritarian state
530
capitalism
On frictional unemployment in authoritarian state
530
capitalism
On structural unemployment in authoritarian state
531
capitalism
On the natural rate of unemployment in authoritarian
532
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
xv
state capitalism
On cyclical unemployment in authoritarian state
533
capitalism
Some statistical data on unemployment in post-Soviet Russia
534
On the method of determining and estimating
535
unemployment in post-Soviet Russia
Some statistical data on labor force, employment and
535
unemployment in
1992 - 2003
The labor force as a derivative of the sizes of the
536
able-bodied and the population
The labor force as a derivative of its two components
537
The gender structure of the labor force and of its
537
two components
The gender structure of the unemployment
538
measured in its rates
The age structure of the WLO unemployed
539
The educational level of the WLO unemployed
540
The distribution of the WLO unemployed according
542
to the length of the job search
Chapter
6
Post-Soviet Russian Inflation
546
Some major post-Soviet Russian price indices
546
The consumer price index (the
CPI)
546
Price indices of the producers of the industrial output
547
Some other Russian price indices
548
Statistical data on post-Soviet Russian inflation:
1991 - 2003 548
The first stage:
1991-1995 549
The second stage:
1996 - 2003 549
Causes for the post-Soviet Russian inflationary processes
549
A brief information about the events of
1991 -1993 550
On the causes of the initial inflation of
1991 -1992 550
On the causes of inflation of
1993 -1995 552
Arguments of the non-monetarists
552
The structural factors
552
The cost factors
552
Arguments of the monetarists, or demand inflation
554
Who is right?
554
A synthesis of the non-monetarist and
554
monetarist views of Russian inflation of
1993 -
1995
An additional element to understanding
555
Russian inflation of
1993 -1995
On the causes of inflation of
1996
and after
556
Socioeconomic consequences of Russian inflation of
1991 - 2003 557
The re-distributive consequences of Russian inflation of
557
1991-2003
Social losers
558
Social winners
559
The productive consequences of Russian inflation of
1991 - 559
2003
The anti-inflationary measures of the post-Soviet Russian
560
authorities: a preliminary observation
xvi
Ernest Raiklin
Chapter
7
The Post-Soviet Russian Financial Markets and Financial
567
Instruments
The general characteristics of the post-Soviet Russian financial
567
markets
The Russian financial market in
1993 -1996 568
The first feature: an insignificant volume of
569
people's expenditures on securities in money
incomes of the Russian population
The second feature: a relatively high share of
569
enterprises' and organizations' expenditures on
financial securities in gross profits
The third feature: a low liquidity of financial
571
securities
The fourth feature: the predominance of the
571
financial market of state and municipal securities
over the financial market of corporate securities
The fifth feature: the predominance of the financial
572
market of debt securities over the financial market
of equity securities
The sixth feature: the prevalence of the market of
572
short-term financial securities over the market of
long-term financial securities
The Russian financial market of debt securities
573
The financial market of state debt securities
573
The major federal debt securities
573
GKO
573
OFZ
574
The major municipal (regional and local) debt
575
securities
The financial market of corporate debt securities
576
The Russian financial
mariiét
of equity securities
577
The period of vouchers (privatization checks)
577
The period of the inception of the modern market of
578
equity securities, or shares of enterprises and
organizations
Chapter
8
Post-Soviet Russian Financial Intermediaries
585
Post-Soviet Russian changes
585
The socioeconomic content of the financial-intermediary
585
changes
The general remarks about the changes in the system of
586
the post-Soviet Russian financial intermediaries
The changes in the system of post-Soviet Russian
586
financial intermediaries conducive to the transition
to mixed capitalism
The changes in the system of post-Soviet Russian
587
financial intermediaries hindering the transition to
mixed capitalism
Post-Soviet Russian depositary institutions
587
A brief historical information
587
The first stage:
1987 -1988 588
The second stage:
1990 -1992 589
The third stage:
1995 -. 590
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
xvii
The accountability of the CBRF
590
The goals of the activities of CBRF
590
Commercial banks of the Russian Federation
591
The dynamics of the development of Russian
591
commercial banks in
1994 - 2004
Briefly about the ways Russian commercial banks
592
have been created
An example of parasitizing on the all-state
593
property
An example of the commercial banks'
594
relation to the real sector of the Russian
economy
Briefly about the main direction of the activities of
594
the Russian commercial banks
Contractual savings banks
595
Key insurance categories
595
Some insurance statistics
596
Monetarism and Russian money
596
Shortly about monetarism as a theory
597
Shortly about monetarism as a post-Soviet Russian practice
597
Shortly on the causes of the prevalence of monetarism in
699
its extreme form in post-Soviet Russia
Chapter
9
The Post-Soviet Russian State Budget and the State
606
Domestic Debt
The post-Soviet Russian state budget
606
The structure of the Russian budgetary system
606
The federal level of the Russian budgetary system
607
The regional level of the Russian budgetary system
607
The local level of the Russian budgetary system
608
The revenue sources of the Russian budget
608
The taxation sources of the Russian budget
608
Taxes on profits of organizations
609
Taxes on personal incomes
609
Value added tax (VAT)
610
Excise taxes
610
Real estate (property) taxes
610
Taxes for the use of the natural resources
610
Tax revenues: concluding remarks
610
The non-taxation sources of the Russian budget
611
revenue
Other sources of the Russian budget revenue
611
The dynamics of the actual distribution of the
611
budget revenues between the federal state and the
regions in
1992-2003
The expenditure side of the Russian budget
612
The dynamics of the actual federal/regional
613
distribution of budget expenditures in Russia in
1992-2003
On the size of the Russian budget residual in
1992 - 2003 614
Tlie
post-Soviet Russian state domestic debt
615
Some statistical data on the Russian state domestic debt
616
xviii
Ernest Raiklin
Chapter
10
Post-Soviet Russian Foreign Trade and Finance
621
Russian foreign trade
621
A historical reference
621
Changes of the late Soviet period
621
Changes of the early post-Soviet period
622
Export measures
623
Import measures
623
Aims of the state regulation of Russian foreign trade
624
The main directions of the policy of the Russian
624
government with respect to foreign economic
activities using as an example the activities of the
Russian custom-house
The integration of Russian economy into the world
624
economic relations
The integration of Russian economy into the
624
economies of the countries of the
EU
The integration of Russian economy into the
625
economy of the
APEC
The economic relations with former Soviet
626
republics
Statistical data on Russian foreign trade for
1992 - 2003 627
and its evaluation
Foreign trade partners of Russia
628
The commodity structure of the Russian foreign
630
trade turnover
Russian foreign finance
632
The problem of the decentralized use of foreign
633
currencies by Russian economic agents
The problem of a flexibility of the currency
633
exchange rate
The ruble exchange rate in the USSR
633
The ruble exchange rate in post-Soviet Russia
635
The problem of the opportunities for foreign
636
investment in Russian economy
Defining "foreign investment in Russian
636
economy"
Statistics of foreign investment in post-Soviet
637
Russian economy
The problem of movements of capital out of Russian
640
economy
A legal export of capital
640
Capital outflow
640
Capital flight from Russia abroad
640
The accumulation of foreign currency
641
by the Russian residents
Chapter
11
Other Aspects of the Post-Soviet Russian Foreign
648
Financial Relations
Post-Soviet Russian Foreign Debt
648
Russian gross foreign debt to non-residents
648
Foreign debt to Russia
649
The post-Soviet Russian balance of payments
649
The current account
651
Socioeconomic Systems
of Russia Since the 1850s
xix
PART IX
Chapter
1
Chapter
2
The financial account
651
The post-Soviet Russian financial crisis of August
17, 1998 651
Facts related to the financial crisis
651
Events preceding the Russian financial crisis of
652
August
17,1998
The summer of
1997 652
November-December
1997 652
January
1998 652
March-June
1998 653
July-August
1998 653
Events directly connected to the Russian financial
653
crisis of August
17,1998
Causes for the financial crisis
654
Economic causes: the budget deficit
654
Tax arrears
654
Constantly growing budget expenditures
655
Economic causes: a shortage of money in circulation
655
Political-social causes
656
Political examples
656
Social examples
657
Conspiracy of the Russian authorities as a
657
hypothetical cause
Consequences of the financial crisis
658
Negative consequences of the Russian financial crisis
658
Positive consequences of the Russian financial crisis
659
Measures to overcome the financial crisis and its
659
consequences
AN ATTEMPT TO ANTICIPATE THE
FUTUKÉ,
OR
672
THE SECOND STAGE EN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE POST-SOVIET SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM
Reflections on the Direction of the Socioeconomic
672
Development of Post-Soviet Russia
Basic socioeconomic collisions of the post-Soviet system of Russia
672
A probable outcome of the oligarchic struggle
673
The developmental framework
674
The general and particular frames
674
The individual frame
674
Arguments for and against democratic vs. authoritarian
anti-
676
oligarchism
The present-day Russian political parties
677
"United Russia"
678
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation
679
The Liberal-Democratic Party of Russia
680
The Union of the Right Forces
681
The "Apple" ("Yabloko")
682
Conclusion
684
On the anti-oligarchic authoritarian
f
orces
686
The National and Regional Forces Behind the Soviet and
695
Post-Soviet Territorial-Administrative Changes
National and regional bureaucracies of totalitarian state
695
xx
Ernest Raiklin
capitalism
National
bureaucracies
695
Regional bureaucracies
697
National and regional bureauaacies of early authoritarian
698
state capitalism
The struggle for sovereignty by the autonomous entities
700
The struggle for independence by the "neutral" entities
701
The last word
701
Chapter
3
On the Imperial Character of the Former Soviet Union
707
and Its Implications for Post-Soviet Russia
Preliminary remarks
707
The major characteristics of an empire
708
On the imperial character of the former Soviet Union
710
The former Soviet Union as a whole
710
Problems and qualifications
710
The problems of defining "territories"
711
The problems of defining "different peoples"
711
Analysis within the qualifying constraints
712
The former Soviet Union as a whole authoritatively held
713
together
Confusion one
713
Confusion two
714
A single-ruler stage
714
A group-of-rulers stage
715
The former Soviet Union in its parts
716
Legality versus reality
716
If Russia was the mother country,
Uien
which Russia?
716
If Russia was the mother country, where is the
717
statistical evidence?
The development of productive forces
717
Exchange relations between the union
719
republics
Economic inequality between the union
720
republics
On the territorial future of post-Soviet Russia
721
Afterword
730
Postscript
732 |
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| geographic | Russia / Economic conditions / Statistics Russia / Social conditions / Statistics Soviet Union / Economic conditions / Statistics Soviet Union / Social aspects / Statistics Russland Sowjetunion Russia Economic conditions Statistics Russia Social conditions Statistics Soviet Union Economic conditions Statistics Soviet Union Social aspects Statistics Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russia / Economic conditions / Statistics Russia / Social conditions / Statistics Soviet Union / Economic conditions / Statistics Soviet Union / Social aspects / Statistics Russland Sowjetunion Russia Economic conditions Statistics Russia Social conditions Statistics Soviet Union Economic conditions Statistics Soviet Union Social aspects Statistics |
| id | DE-604.BV023117548 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:50:32Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:11:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0930690621 9780930690625 093069063X 9780930690632 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016320061 |
| oclc_num | 190850928 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | xx, 732 p. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Council for Social and Economic Studies |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies / Monograph |
| spelling | Raiklin, Ernest Verfasser aut Socioeconomic systems of Russia since the 1850s by Ernest Raiklin Washington, D.C. Council for Social and Economic Studies 2008 xx, 732 p. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies / Monograph 33 Includes bibliographical references Geschichte 1992-2004 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1850-1921 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1922-1991 gnd rswk-swf Economics / Russia / Sociological aspects / History / Statistics Economics / Soviet Union / Sociological aspects / History / Statistics Geschichte Gesellschaft Statistik Wirtschaft Economics Russia Sociological aspects History Statistics Economics Soviet Union Sociological aspects History Statistics Sozioökonomisches System (DE-588)4182012-5 gnd rswk-swf Russia / Economic conditions / Statistics Russia / Social conditions / Statistics Soviet Union / Economic conditions / Statistics Soviet Union / Social aspects / Statistics Russland Sowjetunion Russia Economic conditions Statistics Russia Social conditions Statistics Soviet Union Economic conditions Statistics Soviet Union Social aspects Statistics Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sozioökonomisches System (DE-588)4182012-5 s Geschichte 1850-1921 z DE-604 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Geschichte 1922-1991 z Geschichte 1992-2004 z Monograph Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies 33 (DE-604)BV000797530 33 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016320061&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Raiklin, Ernest Socioeconomic systems of Russia since the 1850s Economics / Russia / Sociological aspects / History / Statistics Economics / Soviet Union / Sociological aspects / History / Statistics Geschichte Gesellschaft Statistik Wirtschaft Economics Russia Sociological aspects History Statistics Economics Soviet Union Sociological aspects History Statistics Sozioökonomisches System (DE-588)4182012-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4182012-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Socioeconomic systems of Russia since the 1850s |
| title_auth | Socioeconomic systems of Russia since the 1850s |
| title_exact_search | Socioeconomic systems of Russia since the 1850s |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Socioeconomic systems of Russia since the 1850s |
| title_full | Socioeconomic systems of Russia since the 1850s by Ernest Raiklin |
| title_fullStr | Socioeconomic systems of Russia since the 1850s by Ernest Raiklin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Socioeconomic systems of Russia since the 1850s by Ernest Raiklin |
| title_short | Socioeconomic systems of Russia since the 1850s |
| title_sort | socioeconomic systems of russia since the 1850s |
| topic | Economics / Russia / Sociological aspects / History / Statistics Economics / Soviet Union / Sociological aspects / History / Statistics Geschichte Gesellschaft Statistik Wirtschaft Economics Russia Sociological aspects History Statistics Economics Soviet Union Sociological aspects History Statistics Sozioökonomisches System (DE-588)4182012-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Economics / Russia / Sociological aspects / History / Statistics Economics / Soviet Union / Sociological aspects / History / Statistics Geschichte Gesellschaft Statistik Wirtschaft Economics Russia Sociological aspects History Statistics Economics Soviet Union Sociological aspects History Statistics Sozioökonomisches System Russia / Economic conditions / Statistics Russia / Social conditions / Statistics Soviet Union / Economic conditions / Statistics Soviet Union / Social aspects / Statistics Russland Sowjetunion Russia Economic conditions Statistics Russia Social conditions Statistics Soviet Union Economic conditions Statistics Soviet Union Social aspects Statistics |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016320061&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000797530 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT raiklinernest socioeconomicsystemsofrussiasincethe1850s |