Fruška gora:
Фрушка гора
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Zavod za Udžbenike
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. und russ. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 598 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 1 Kt.-Beil. - CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 9788617148810 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137368523898880 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | ПОЛОЖАІ
Попожај
(Слободан
Ћурчић)
1
1
ПРИРОДНІ; ОДЛИКЕ
Физичко-географска
својства
(Слободан
Марковић)
21
Положај
и границе
2 2
Преглед
досадашњих истраживања
24
Геологија
2b
Рељеф
37
Клима
43
Воде
45
Земљиште
50
Геонаслеђе
53
Животински свет
(Весна
Хабијан-Микеш)
57
Бишни свет (Бранислава Буторац)
73
ИСТОРИјА
У
праисторији
(Борислав
Јовановић)
93
У античко
доба (Милена Милин)
105
У
средњем
веку
(Снежана
Божанић)
119
Под
влашћу Турске (Владан Гавриловић)
149
У
Хабзбуршкој монархији
165
На
граници
два царства
(Душко
M.
Ковачевић)
165
У духу националног препорода
(Дејан Микавица)
1
НО
У
Југославији
и
Србији
(Душко
M.
Ковачевић)
201
У
Краљевини Југославији
2 01
У Другом
светском рату
207
У
социјалистичкој Југославији
217
Тврђаве
(Душко
M.
Ковачевић)
223
СВЕТА
СРПСКА
ГОРА
Фрушкогорска
„Света Гора (Динко
Давидов)
245
Монаштво
(Атанасије (Гатало)
и
Јустин (Јеремић))
273
НАСЛЕЂА
Етнолошке одлике
(Мирјана ТЈекић)
, 295
На ползу и
увеселеније (Мирјана
Д.
Стефановић)
3
1
9
Фрушка гора у
књижевности (Марија
Клеут,
Горана
Раичевић)
З
4
ì
Знаменити Фрушкогорци (Душан
Познановић)
363
ДРУШТВО
Насел>а
(Слободан
Ћурчић)
3<)Ί
Становништво (Слободан
Ћурчић)
423
Привреда (Јован Ромелић)
443
Виноградарство и вина (Петар
Циндрић,
Владимир
Ковач)
471
Туризам (Гордана Стојаковић)
501
■Национални
парк „Фрушка
г.ора (Љуба Јосић,
Горан
Матић)
523
Именски регистар
535
Регистар
географских
појмова
540
Summary
547
Резюме .
560
Библиографија
575
Прилози
Туристичка
карта Фрушке горе (Слободан
Ћурчић)
DVD
-
Документарни
филм
о
Фрушкој
гори
(Јован Милинов, редитељ)
C i i k å k
Л
ћ
IP /
,.>
k J í
VII
Vir í
I
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION,
TOWNS, PEOPLE
Fruška
Gora
is a low mountain in the north part of Srem.
The area in which it is situated is
80
kilometers long and lies be¬
tween
Stari
Slankamen
in the east and the region of
Telek
in the
west, which is found on the route
Šid
-
Šarengrad.
The mountain,
which is shaped like a lens, is the widest on the route Petrovara-
din
-
Irig
(15
kilometers) and has the surface of around
500
km2.
There is another term, The
Fruška
Gora Area,
which encom¬
passes the mountain and its vicinity, which are a single economic
unit. The surface of this area is 1338.51m2.
Although it has a relatively small surface and is relatively low,
with the highest peak
Crveni Čot
(539
meters above sea level), it
is quite significant for the wider area around it. During the centu¬
ries its primary significance lay in its strategic position, especially
at times when state borders were near-by. This was the case when
these parts of Europe were under the reign of the Roman Empire
and the Hungarian State. At that time vast numbers of defensive
forts were built here. Much later Austria built the great Petrova-
radin Fortress, which was one of the grandest in the monarchy
at the time. Such characteristics of the mountain were favorable
for the local population as well, who had to protect themselves
and their property in turbulent periods in the history. They used
Fruška
Gora
as a refuge and built their villages in hidden places.
This is one of the reasons why a large number of Orthodox mon¬
asteries were built there and today
15
of them still exist.
The mountain has economic particularities as well and
some of the production processes are not characteristic of the sur¬
rounding plains: exploitation of coal, betonite, cement marl, rock
and forests. Agricultural production is quite characteristic as well,
primarily in the domain of well-known vine growing and wine
production. High quality wines have been produced here since
ancient times and have been exported to remote markets.
Recently, because of the extraordinary features of the moun¬
tain placed in the middle of a vast plain and because of its many
natural and social characteristics, it is increasingly appealing to
the population who lives in the surroundings, especially in towns.
For that reason, a whole range of tourist activities have developed
here.
The settlements of
Fruška
Gora are
also singular in some re¬
spects, which is the characteristic imposed both by the orographi-
cal building conditions and by economic particularities. There are
67
settlements altogether in the region, most of them found on
the mountain
(41)
and a smaller number found in the vicinity,
15
in the area along the Danube river and on the south side of the
mountain. Not all the settlements of
Fruška
Gora are
independ¬
ent, i.e. not all have the status of administrative towns. Such a
status has been given to only
57
of them, while the remaining
10
are small villages, administratively dependant and statistically not
separate districts. Many administrative settlements do not have
a large population:
27
of them have less than
100
inhabitants and
most of them are mountain settlements. A small population is one
of the basic features of the settlements on
Fruška
Gora.
The big¬
gest settlement on the mountain and its edge is
Irig,
with
4848
inhabitants and other larger towns are found on the edge of the
mountain.
Orographie
conditions and limited opportunities for build¬
ing have affected several morphological characteristics of these
towns, the most specific being the position, shapes of the founda¬
tions of the settlement, their structure, physiognomy and house
decoration.
The development of the settlements of
Fruška
Gora
was
slowed down by the position of the mountain far from more sig¬
nificant towns and this is the area where the peripheries of their
gravitational zones meet. In such regions the motivating influ¬
ences of towns are small. The only exceptions are the central and
north sides of the mountain, which are close to
Novi Sad,
so this
is where urban processes happen faster. The surrounding settle¬
ments are included into the urban zone of this town and are dif¬
ferent from other villages on
Fruška
Gora in
respect to a number
of characteristics. The growth of this region1 towards the south is
prevented by the barrier of the mountain.
The text portrayed several characteristic settlements and
Sremski
Karlovci
was taken as an example of an old town with a
tradition older than that of
Novi
Sad. Sremski
Karlovci
has kept a
whole range of significant religious and cultural roles, which was
helped by the preserved ambiance from the baroque times and
the appearance of the old vine growing center.
Irig,
being another
old town and a vine growing center, was also depicted, along¬
side with the neighboring Vrdnik, which was significantly trans¬
formed in the last century from a common
Fruška
Gora
village to
a coal mining settlement and finally to a tourist center. Another
interesting town, the largest in the region of
Fruška
Gora,
is
Šid,
which was founded in the 18th century and quickly developed into
a gravitational center of west Srem. Another town from
Fruška
547
Gora
without
a
long tradition is
Beočin,
which used to be a vil¬
lage until the beginning of the 20th century. It was not different in
any way from all other villages in the region until the discovery of
rich cement marl deposits. Soon a large cement factory was built,
the population rose and
Beočin
evolved into a town and a small
regional center.
The population of
Fruška
Gora
is neither big nor homog¬
enous. In
2002
there were
122,939
people living here. The surface
of the area is
1338.51
km2 and the population density is
91.8
peo¬
ple per square kilometer. This is much less than the provincial
average of
94.4
people per square kilometer. The lack of homoge¬
neity is seen in the fact that a large part of the population is situ¬
ated in the urban zone of
Novi Sad,
which has the surface of
151
km2 or
11.2%
of the surface of the
Fruska
Gora area,
where
55,247
people, or
44.9%
of the population live. The population density
here is
365.8
people per square kilometer. In the remaining part
of the region, which is not part of the
Novi Sad
urban zone, the
average population density is
57.3
people per square kilometer,
almost half as much as the provincial average.
The development of this population is uneven. Older data
is less reliable and can be compared with new data with some re¬
serve. It testifies of a small number of inhabitants in the first half
of the 18th century, at the time when the population was just being
formed. Its development followed a general tendency of growth
with significant oscillations. More reliable data can be found from
the year
1869
onwards. The comparability here is not absolute ei¬
ther and the data also does not note precisely all the great changes
that occurred. The greatest depopulation was caused by the two
world wars, but this was not clearly documented by the lists which
covered a much longer time. The whole observed period showed a
general tendency of population increase.
The changes in the number of inhabitants were affected by
migrations and birth rate, but this influence was not constant.
From the beginning of the 20th century birth rate has had a gen¬
eral tendency of decrease with occasional oscillations. Depressive
changes happened during wars and sudden rises after them. The
influence of migrations also changed, but with less regularity.
Lately, migrations have illustrated a prominent lack of homoge¬
neity in this territory. The urban area of
Novi Sad
is the immigra-
tional zone, whereas the remaining part of the region is primarily
the emigrational zone. The number of inhabitants of individual
settlements has changed in accordance with that.
This used to be a markedly rural population and it was so
until after the Second World War. In
1953
agricultural popula¬
tion was not dominant in only three towns:
Beočin, Petrovaradin
and
Šid.
As the process of urbanization progressed, it affected the
region of
Fruška
Gora,
but the agricultural character of the popu¬
lation remained in the large part of the territory for a long time.
The centers of the development of urban processes were
Beočin,
Petrovaradin,
Šid, Vrdnik
and
Ilok.
The share of the population
employed in agriculture decreased from
71.7%
in
1953
to
20.1%
in
2002.
Lately, tertiary activities have become dominant
(56.2%),
with industry being dominant only in
Beočin
and the surround¬
ing villages. The increase of traffic conditions and the construc¬
tion of small production plants in villages conditioned the in¬
crease of the
non-
agricultural population in these villages. These
processes, however, are not of such intensity as to be able to stop
all negative sides of the development of village population, such
as emigration, decrease of the number of inhabitants, population
aging, decrease of the number of people in households, etc.
Throughout the whole observed period the dominant ethnic
group on
Fruška
Gora
have been Serbs. After the Second World
War their number has kept rising because of birth rate and migra¬
tions. Other ethnic groups here are Croats, Slovaks, Hungarians
and
Ruthenians.
The area of
Fruška
Gora
is the place where different forces
ornature
influence one another. The timid outlines of the moun¬
tain merely hide the traces of the tumultuous geological history
and the dynamics of modern natural processes. With only a few
peaks over
500
meters,
Fruška
Gora
barely meets the formal geo¬
graphical demand to be categorized as a low mountain. Despite
this, the island mass of
Fruška
Gora
is the most conspicuous
oro¬
graphie
whole in the relief of
Vojvodina.
Because
ofthat
the natu¬
ral processes of
Fruška
Gora are
quite different from those that
take place in the regions of the surrounding plains. On the other
hand, this relatively small area is characterized by a complex geo¬
logical evolution that has formed the unique tectonic, lithological
and
stratigraphie
mosaic. That is why this singular island moun¬
tain represents an unusual treasure of geological, relief, climatic,
hydrological, pedological and biodiversity.
The history of studying
Fruška
Gora
is very long. During
the three centuries of research a large number of papers have been
published, some of which go beyond the local importance and are
considered to be references significant for the global development
of geo-sciences. Due to this fact
Fruška
Gora
is one of the best
investigated areas of Serbia in respect of geological, physical and
geographical research.
There are very few regions that have this much geological
diversity in such a small area. This mountain is
a horst
form that
gradually rises unlike most of the surrounding tectonic blocks
which have been sinking for millions of years and are covered in
increasingly younger sediment. The build of
Fruška
Gora
was in¬
fluenced by numerous
stratigraphie
formations which have, dur¬
ing the long geological history, passed through dynamic tectonic
processes and were occasionally accompanied by strong volcanic
activity. This was the basis for the reconstruction of the sequence
of natural changes that occurred on
Fruška
Gora
500
million
years ago and have been happening until today.
Modern
géomorphologie
processes on
Fruška
Gora
have
modeled the tectonic relief predispositions. Generally, there are
two main
morphostructures
of the relief whole: the
Fruška
Gora
mountain mass and the surrounding loess plain.
The region of
Fruška
Gora
is situated in the area of moder¬
ate continental climate of the
Pannonian
type, but the climate of
Fruska
Gora
is significantly different from the typical steppe con¬
tinental climatic conditions characteristic of the surrounding area
of the plain. The morphology of
Fruska
Gora
significantly modi¬
fies the climatic conditions, primarily by increasing the amount of
rainfall and by reducing the temperature extremes.
As an island mountain,
Fruska
Gora
is an isolated and char¬
acteristic hydrological whole. Despite the small surface of the col¬
lection region, it has a diversity of underground waters, a plethora
>48
SUMMARY
of different types of springs and a significant density of river net¬
works. Underground and surface waters are characterized by a
weak, but relatively steady abundance.
Exposed to long processes of physical and chemical decom¬
position, a diverse stony foundation along with other pedogenetic
factors has conditioned the formation of an extremely diverse
pedological cover. Besides the pedological cover, especially in the
loess sediment, a significant diversity of paleoland has been pre¬
served.
Since ancient times people have identified
Fruska
Gora
as
their home. Using the ample natural resources the inhabitants of
this mountain disturbed the natural balance on many localities.
However, despite numerous problems the largest part of
Fruska
Gora
still stands as the oasis of preserved nature. In order to save
the most important natural values of
Fruska
Gora,
we need to
understand better the laws of natural processes. The respect for
natural specificities should be the foundation for creating a model
of sustainable development of this mountain.
ANIMAL WORLD
Because of its position, relief and presence of herbal families,
Fruska
Gora
has attracted numerous researchers of some groups
and kinds of fauna from mid 19th century until today. The results
of these explorations have been collected both in many published
papers and in significant naturalistic collections in museums and
other scientific institutions in Serbia.
This island mountain on the southern rim of the
Pannonian
Plain is characterized by a large number of animals and presence
of many rare species, from an endemic kind of a syrphid (Cheilosia
griseifaci) to the impressive imperial eagle (Aljuila heliaca), for
which
Fruska
Gora
is probably the only active nesting place in all
Serbia. Besides having extreme national importance as being a sig¬
nificant reproductive center and the center of biodiversity of am¬
phibian and reptile fauna in Serbia and one of the most important
points of biological diversity of birds and mammals, this area holds
an internationally acknowledged status. Because of the fact that it
is the nesting place of a large number of species classified accord¬
ing to many criteria as birds of international importance,
Fruska
Gora
was declared an internationally important bird habitat in
Europe
(IBA
area) with the surface of
42,000
hectares.
Due to its many singular characteristics,
Fruska
Gora
with
its surface of
25,393
hectares was declared the first national park
in Serbia in
1960.
Many animal and plant species found here are
protected by the law as natural rarities and have become part of
the Red List of Europe and the world.
However, even after half the century of protection, the na¬
ture of the National Park suffers constant changes caused by the
intensive use of forests and by the spread of weekend settlements
and traffic routes, but especially by the development of industry
and mining, with attempts to open new mines and re-open the
old ones that have been closed for a longer time.
The diversity of animal world of
Fruska
Gora
is the wealth
we must preserve. This unique mountain with its peaks and ra¬
vines, its forests and meadows offers food and shelter to all its
animals. Man, who leaves trails of his existence everywhere, has
the duty to correct what he has damaged and must act in such
a way as to perpetually study, follow and improve what he has
found in order to preserve it for future generations of this country
and the whole planet.
PLANT WORLD
The unique plant world of
Fruska
Gora
is the consequence
of its island character and isolation, of a distributed relief, ped¬
ological, geological and climatic features as well as the negative
effects of man s presence. On this mountain
1454
species can be
found and, in comparison with
3562
species of flora in Serbia, this
is an indicator of a great diversity. Besides an enormous wealth
of flora in such a small area, the value of herbal species of
Fruska
Gora
consists of natural rarities originating in
14
herbal-geo¬
graphical provinces.
There were recently two rare plants that have been found for
the first time on
Fruska
Gora:
globe daisies
(Globularia elongata)
and bee orchids (Ophrys oestrifera). This information and the fact
that some species considered to be extinct were found indicates
that the flora of
Fruska
Gora
is richer than previously assumed.
The oldest plant species of the
Fruska
Gora
mountain are the re¬
mains of the Tertiary, such as Russian Hibiscus (Kitaibelia vitifo-
lia). Russian Hibiscus and
31
species of orchids are also significant
as
taxons
of global interest for the preservation of plant diversity.
Rare species include numerous steppe relicts, among which there
is an exclusive rarity, Tartar bread plant, (Crambe tataria). Many
relict species, the mentioned orchids,
Pannonian
endemics and
subendemics, alongside with other kinds of rare elements of flora
found on
Fruska
Gora are
protected in Serbia.
Besides in the species themselves, great value lies in their
combinations on this mountain because they are new families
for science. They are a symbol of plant life of
Fruska
Gora
and,
as its particularity, are important regionally and even wider.
The diversity of habitats has resulted in a complex and varied
vegetation which is dominated by over
20
separate forest fami¬
lies. Climatically, the central part of
Fruska
Gora
belongs to the
forest vegetation dominated by oak communities of the type
Quercetum montanum and oak and hornbeam forests
(Quercete
-
Carpinetum
betuli),
whereas the beech forests of the Fagetum
submontanum type grow in individual ecologically more favora¬
ble places. There are also scattered xerothermal oak forests
Aceri
tatarko
-
Quercion.
Regarding the ecosystems of grass, the most important
steppe combination Festucion rupicolae is secondarily developed
on the habitat of the destroyed xerothermal forests. The excep¬
tion is the Inulo-Chrysopogonetum grylli family, which is also ex¬
tremely valuable as the only steppe phytocenosis on
Fruška
Gora
that has been a permanent stadium on the driest, sunny southern
slopes.
Fruska
Gora,
being one of the representative
Pannonian
island mountains with a preserved
floristic
diversity and a het¬
erogeneous structure of forest and steppe vegetation, presents a
type of Vojvodinian, Serbian and European region in its own right
and is priceless as a natural heritage.
549
IN PRFHÍSľOK v
Fruska Gora
is a mountain in
Vojvodina
with no particular
geomorphological area as its natural center favorable for settlement.
However, a definite exception is a rocky ridge of the Petrovaradin
Fortress, which was inhabited with slight interruptions during the
whole pre-history of the region. The remains of the following cul¬
tures can be found here: Mustier, mid-Paleolithic;
Starčevo,
early
Neolithic;
Vinca, late
Neolithic and early Eneolithic; the cultures
of late Eneolithic
-
Kostolac and
Vučedol.
It has been established
that the buildings of late Eneolithic form a ring in the central part
of
Fruška
Gora,
starting from the biggest fort in the Rivica settle¬
ment, outlining a military defense of sort in relation to the plains
along the Danube and the
Sava.
The early Bronze Age is reflected in the
Vinca
culture, while
the remains of the early Iron Age can be seen in the
Kalakača
cul¬
ture. The developed Iron Age is seen in the culture of Bosut but
that has not been present on
Fruška
Gora
long. Similarly, there is
no data on the existence of permanent settlements of Scordistae
Celts. Their presence is indicated only by individual graves and
accidental finds of metal objects.
Although individual buildings on
Fruška
Gora
continued
through Bronze and Iron Ages, their number still gradually de¬
creased. The focus of development moved to the plains of Lower
Srem and the
Sava
region.
Archaeological finds from prehistoric localities of
Fruška
Gora
have not so far offered special types of ceramics and
figurai
plastics, which is an indication of a local area. It was appreciated
because of the favorable living conditions, but is mainly devoid of
larger strategic importance, except for the period of late Eneolithic
to a certain extent. Scordistae Celts, the carriers of Late Iron Age
in Srem, lost their independence around
0
AD, so
Fruška
Gora
entered the antique period not so much as a military camp but as
an attractive living environment.
IN
ЛК ТІҐИ.Т
TIMES
Together with the area between the rivers
Sava
and Danube,
Fruška
Gora
fell under the Roman rule at the beginning of the 1st
century AD. At the beginning of the following century it became
part of the newly formed province of Lower
Pannonia.
Its west¬
ern part overlapped with the territory of the colony Sirmium and
its eastern part with the territory of the town Bassianae (see pic¬
ture
1).
After the Diocletian reforms it became part of the prov¬
ince Second
Pannonia
and in the 5th century AD part of the East
Section of the Empire.
Avars conquering Sirmium in
582
AD marked the end of
antique times for the region of
Fruška
Gora.
At the time of the
principate
in this area there were several military units, both
infantry and cavalry. One part of the II Adiutrix legion was sta¬
tioned in Basiana, while other units were distributed along the
Danube limes in present-day
Banoštor, Petrovaradin,
Slankamen
and
Banovci
(Bononia, Cusum, Acumincum, Burgenae).
At the beginning of the 4th century two new legions were
organized,
V lovia
and VIHerculia, as well as several smaller com¬
panies which were connected in order to defend the limes from
attacks from the Sarmats. Besides that, even since the 1st century
AD, there had been a river fleet,
Classis Flavia
Pannonica.
The area of
Fruska
Gora
flourished economically even in
the Roman times. Sirmium, and Basiana to a smaller extent, were
modeled upon Roman cities. Soldiers, veterans and Italian land¬
owners influenced the development of the trade and crafts, but
also the acceptance of Roman customs, cults and way of life. The
evidence of this lies in archaeological finds, not only from the
mentioned towns, but also from smaller localities all over
Fruska
Gora:
tombstones with inscriptions, tools, ceramics, glass arti¬
facts, Roman coins (see pictures
3 - 13).
Pictures and inscriptions most often mention Jupiter, the
supreme divinity of the Roman Pantheon. In the later period one
comes across Mithra, the eastern divinity of light. The prosecu¬
tions of Christians at the beginning of the 4th century AD were
documented in Sirmium and the history of Christianity, especial¬
ly of
Arianism,
is well known from modern literary sources.
¡Ν ΓΗΕ
MIDDLE AGES
After the fall of the Roman Empire there were many lords
and masters on the soil of
Fruska
Gora. In
the middle ages many
nations moved across its slopes, stopped for a while and ruled the
area for a shorter or longer time. These nations were the Huns,
Goths, Gepids, Avars, Slavs, Francs, Bulgarians, Byzantines,
Hungarians, Serbs and Turks. The great migration of nations un¬
settled the peaceful
Fruska
Gora.
Sirmium was one of the first to
feel the strike of Attilas Huns. After his death in
453
the territory of
the present-day Srem fell under the rule of East Goths. After them
the historical stage of
Fruska
Gora
was dominated by Gepids.
At the beginning of the second half of the 6th century
Avars appeared in Srem. The Gepid state was destroyed by the
Langobards
in
567
in alliance with the Avars.
Langobards,
con¬
sequently, left for Italy and at the same time Slavs descended to¬
wards the south. Sirmium fell under the Avar rule in
582.
The
Avar conquest started a long and unfamiliar period in the history
of
Fruska
Gora.
The Avar Kaganat was destroyed by Charles the
Great during the
791 - 796
war. The only thing Francs left behind
was the name
Fruska
Gora
and toponyms Kovilj and Vilovo, de¬
scending from the word
Francovilla.
A great change in the history of
Fruska
Gora
occurred at the
end of the 9th century when Hungarians migrated to this area. In
the middle of the
1
1th century Hungarians attacked Sirmium and
its vicinity. One reliable piece of information on the Hungarian
authorities in Sirmium refers to the period of
1071 - 1072,
when
the Hungarian King
István
(997 - 1038)
attacked Sirmium and
other towns on the Danube border. Under the Hungarian rule
Srem was organized as a frontier area and was named
Marchia
(border, frontier).
The fall of Constantinople in
1204,
when the crusaders con¬
quered it, practically deduced the Byzantine influence in Srem to
the church and local areas. In the 12th century the meaning of the
name of Sirmium came to refer not just to the town itself, but also
to the whole area between the rivers
Sava
and Danube.
After the battle of Kosovo in
1389
Turkish army units started
to invade Srem. At the beginning of
1404
Despot Stefan
Lazarević
formed an alliance with the Hungarian King Szigmund, which
radically changed the situation and position of Serbs in Hungary.
The migration of Serbs onto the Hungarian soiled turned them
550
! MM AR
Y
into a significant and politically important factor. In Srem Despot
Stefan received from King Szigmund the areas of
Kupnik, Zemun,
Mitrovica and
Slankamen.
Turkish pillaging and looting resulted
in another migration of the population towards the north.
King Matija
Korvin
(1458 - 1490)
restored the dignity of
Serbian Despots. He confirmed the Despot decorum to the mem¬
bers of the royal
Branković
family and gave them estates in Srem.
The
Branković s
of Srem are the descendants of the last rulers of
the Serbian Despot state.
Fruška
Gora
became a new and impor¬
tant Serbian core where Serbs nurtured illusions of renewing the
Serbian state.
Vuk Grgurević
was the first
Branković
from Srem to bear
the title of Despot. King Matija gave him many estates all over
Hungary. His heroic bravery earned him the nickname
Zmaj
Ognjeni Vuk
(the Fire Breathing Dragon
Vuk)
while he was still
alive. He is the one who is responsible for
Fruška
Gora
becoming
the place where Serbs gathered even after the fall of the Despot
state.
The new Despot was
Đorđe Branković,
the older son of the
Despot Stefan the Blind. He renounced the Despot title, entered
the monastic order and became the peaceful monk Maksim.
After
Đorđe
withdrew from secular life,
Jovan
was the only
Serbian Despot in Southern Hungary. With his death in
1502
the
role of the
Branković
family ended on the historical stage of the
Serbian people.
King Vladislav the Second named a Croatian nobleman
Ivaniš Berislavić
to be the Serbian Despot. It was the first time
that the dignity of the Despots of Serbia was separated from the
Serbian royal family and given to a foreign nobleman. The army
of the Sultan Suleiman the Second
(1520 - 1566)
occupied
Šabac
on
10
July
1521
and then robbed and burned places all over Srem.
After a long siege this army took Belgrade on
29
August.
After the defeat of Hungary on the
Mohács
Field in
1526
Turks retreated across the Danube, but they left their army gar¬
risons in Srem.
Fruska
Gora,
therefore, completely fell under the
rule of Turks. Despot
Đorđe
Archbishop Maksim and Despot
Jovan,
as well as their father Despot Stefan the Blind and their
mother holy mother Angelina were declared Serbian saints and
the cult of the last
Branković s
of Srem quickly developed among
Serbs.
UNDER THE TURKISH RULE
Srem was first devastated during the Turkish invasion of
1521
when they conquered Belgrade. After the Battle of
Mohács
in
1526
Srem fell under the Turkish rule and remained part of
the
Osman
Empire for entire
172
years, i.e. until the end of the
Great Vienna War in
1699,
when it was returned to Hungary,
i.e.
the Habsburgh Monarchy. The arrival of Osmans in Srem meant
the change in the ethnic structure of the population. Turks popu¬
lated partially devastated territories of Srem by the Serbs from
the Smederevo and Zvornik Sanjaks. These people had the status
of noblemen and these privileges therefore extended over all the
masses living in the Srem Sanjak. Instead of a large tax the masses
paid a much smaller1 tax to the state. This custom remained in
Srem for a long time because this was a way for Turkish authori¬
ties to conduct the colonization of deserted and destroyed areas.
The character and composition of the population changed com¬
pletely: Mitrovica and
Ilok
had the majority of Muslim population,
whereas
Karlovci, Zemun
and
Irig
remained mainly Christian.
The population and ethnic composition of Srem are best
seen in the Turkish census books from that period (16th and 17th
centuries). That information coincides with the reports of many
European travel writers and diplomats who passed through this
area on their way to Constantinople. Another characteristic of
this region was the extraordinary wine which was mentioned and
praised by almost all travel writers.
A new ethnic change in Srem happened after the Peace of
Karlovci
of
1699.
Srem then almost completely lost its Muslim
population and became almost exclusively Christian. The lower
part of the Srem region was populated by the Orthodox people
and the upper part by mainly Catholic population, which is the
feature that extends to the present-day.
ON THE BORDER OF TWO EMPIRES
The Great Vienna War
(1683 - 1699)
led to the division of
Srem between two empires, Turkey and Austria and it ended the
co-existence of Serbs and Turks, the consequence of which was the
migration of the Serbian people under the leadership of Patriarch
Arsenije III Čarnojević.
After the Great Migration Serbian people
lived in very difficult conditions. However, at the very end of the
war Austrian authorities started to take care of the situation in
Srem. During
1702
the court established the
Sava
military border
along the river
Sava
and another border along the river Danube.
Part of Srem left outside the military border was under the civil
rule of Prince
Livije Odeskalski.
When it seemed that the situation would stabilize, there was
another Austrian
-
Turkish war
(1716 - 1718),
which was again
fought in the area of Srem and
Fruska
Gora.
After the war ended,
Turks were banished from Srem. New difficulties for Srem and
Fruska
Gora
came with another war between Austria and Turkey
(1737 - 1739),
which caused the Second Migration of Serbs under
the leadership of Arsenije IV
Jovanović Šakabenta.
At the end of
the war there was an outbreak of plague which lasted until
1741
and claimed thousands of lives. Those years are remembered in
the history of Srem and
Fruška
Gora
as a time of constant weep¬
ing and desperation.
In Srem agrarian relations were very chaotic, which is why
emperor Charles VI brought a feudal law to arrange all the re¬
lations between peasants and landowners. Simultaneously Serbs
in the Monarchy attempted to formalize their privileges institu¬
tionally. In
1745
they managed to establish the Illyr Court Office
which contributed to the religious and national affirmation of
Serbs and their independence . In order to improve the position
of peasants in
1753
empress Marie
Thérèse
brought a new feudal
law and its application alongside with the later reforms of emperor
Joseph II improved the general position of peasants in Srem. All
of this influenced the improvement in the whole agricultural do¬
main in the second half of the 18th century. At that time, in
1790,
at the National and Church Assembly in
Timişoara
Serbs again
raised the question of their territorial and political autonomy in
the Monarchy.
551
IN
1ΉΓ:
SPIRIT OF NATIONAL
Kt
VIVA!
In the area that was once the
Fruska
Gora Srem, a
military-
border and a province, from the end of the 18th century until
1918,
the population lived in different socio-economic condi¬
tions. They were mostly involved in the agricultural production
and concerned with the circumstances which affected their sta¬
tus and obligations as frontiersmen. Land farming was more de¬
veloped than cattle farming and the most frequently cultivated
crops were wheat, corn, silk worms and vines. Town economy
was especially thriving in the market places in
Irig,
Ruma
and
Sremska Mitrovica. Serbs were the absolute majority of popula¬
tion and they were active in every form of battle for national and
democratic rights of their people. In the First Serbian Uprising
they were active helpers in the battle against Turks and during the
war of
1848 - 49,
they confronted the Hungarians and stated the
demand for the freedom of Serbian
Vojvodina in
the Habsburgh
Monarchy. The cultural and educational circumstances in the
Fruska
Gora Srem
from
1790
to
1918
were marked by the forma¬
tion of libraries and reading rooms, by the progress of the educa¬
tion system and the foundation of the
Karlovci
Grammar School.
During World War I the Serbs in Srem were exposed to arrests,
imprisonments and executions by hanging or shooting. The Srem
Brigade of Volunteers was famous for its heroism and the decision
of the Serbs in Srem to live as part of Serbia was confirmed on the
meeting in
Ruma
on
24
November
1918.
IN YUGOSLAVIA AND SERBIA
On
10
November
1918
the army of the Kingdom of Serbia
liberated almost all districts in Srem, thus creating the conditions
for the state and legal breakup with Austria-Hungary and for the
union of Srem and
Fruška
Gora
with the Kingdom of Serbia. At
the assembly of representatives of National Councils from Srem
held in
Ruma
on
24
November 1918 a special resolution was for¬
mulated, containing demands for the immediate union with the
Kingdom of Serbia.
When Srem and
Fruska
Gora
joined the newly formed state,
the circumstances of their economic development changed. This
conditioned a new orientation in economic activities, the breaking
of the existing ties and the establishing of new ones on the terri¬
tory of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The economy
of Srem relied on small industry and craftsmanship. At the begin¬
ning of
1930s
there was a general economic crisis in all branches
of economy. The establishment of the Danube
Banovina
in
1929,
which united Srem,
Banat, Bačka, Baranja
and
Šumadija,
did not
contribute significantly to the economic integration of this region,
although it was one of the most developed in Yugoslavia.
All leading parties in Serbia were present in the political
life of Srem and
Fruška
Gora
(Radical, Democratic, Agricultural),
but there was also the Independent Democratic Party. The influ¬
ence of Radical and Democratic Parties eventually grew weaker,
which created the atmosphere for the political influence of the
Croatian Peasants Party and Agricultural Party. Political life was
particularly marked by the
Cvetković-Maček
agreement, which
worsened the relationship between Serbs and Croats to a great
extent. The Serbian people stood against
Maček
and his territo¬
rial pretensions towards Srem. Namely, Serbs found the borders
of
Banovina
Croatia unacceptable because they were aware of the
danger awaiting them in such a country after they had been sepa¬
rated from the rest of their people.
In the April war of
1941
Srem and
Fruška
Gora
were oc¬
cupied by Germans and became part of Croatia after the proc¬
lamation of the Independent State of Croatia on
10
April
1941,
which was the most extreme anti-Yugoslav act on the soil of the
temporarily occupied Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The fascist and
racial character of the occupational system in Srem was the im¬
mediate influence on the development of the armed uprising of
the Serbian people.
During
1943
the idea of Vojvodinian autonomy became
clear, especially when the Communist Party of Yugoslavia pre¬
sented their political platform for
Vojvodina:
Our party has the
opinion that
Vojvodina,
which consists of Srem,
Banat, Bačka
and
Baranja,
is one whole with regard to its multi-national structure.
All problems that all nations in
Vojvodina
have can be resolved
through joint cooperation of all people and by giving autonomy to
Vojvodina.
At the end of September
1944
the offense of all forces
of the People s Liberation Movement began on the territory of
Srem. The battles which took place in Srem were part of the largest
Belgrade operation. After the liberation of Belgrade the People s
Liberation Army of Yugoslavia and Red Army troops continued
to liberate Srem. In the fall of
1944,
after the liberation of east
Srem, the front stabilized on the route west of
Šid
and
Lipovac
and on the left bank of Bosut, where a new front was established
-
the Srem Front. The brigades of the First Army breached the
Srem Front on
11
April
1945
as part of the final offensive for the
liberation of Yugoslavia and on
13
April liberated the remaining
part of Srem and
Fruška
Gora.
The question of borders of federal units of Democratic
Federative Yugoslavia, i.e. between Serbia and Croatia, was raised
in
1945.
The suggestion for delimitation was adopted at the assem¬
bly of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party of Yugoslavia on
26
July
1945
when the border between
Serbia and Croatia was drawn, damaging the Serbian people.
The temporarily questionable territory of
Baranja,
the district
Vukovar,
the town of
Ilok
and two districts of the
Sombor
county,
Dard
and
Batine,
were given to the defeated Croatia. Then, on
1
September
1945
they adopted the Law on the establishment and
organization of the Autonomous Province of
Vojvodina,
accord¬
ing to which it was part of Serbia. This was the legal act through
which Srem and
Fruška
Gora
were re-joined with Serbia.
In the war Srem and
Fruška
Gora
suffered significant losses
with regard to population and material goods. During the post¬
war period the economic map of Srem and
Fruška
Gora
was
changed. The disintegration of Yugoslavia brought the economy
of Srem to a very bad situation. The solution was found in the re-
establishment of capitalist social and economic relations. At the
end of the 1980 s Srem and
Vojvodina
became more integrated
into Serbia after the annulment of the Constitution of the Socialist
Autonomous Province of
Vojvodina
of
28
February of
1974,
which separated all functions from the Province and gave them to
the Republic: from the government, economy, education to sport
and tourism. In October
1988
the mass national movement over¬
threw the alienated autonomous core and created the precondi¬
tions for the return of the Vojvodinian autonomy to its original
552
SUMMARY
and natural boundaries within the Republic of Serbia, which was
legalized in the constitution of
1990.
After the disintegration of
the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia was founded and then later the state union of Serbia
and Montenegro. When Montenegro left the union in
2006,
Serbia
adopted a new constitution in
2007
and returned to its old name,
with Srem and
Fruska
Gora
being their inseparable part.
Medieval towns on
Fruska
Gora
were the forts capable of
defense consisting of a tower for living and extensive walls. Towns
in Srem and
Fruska
Gora
did not present any defensive closed
political whole but were part of the defense system belonging to
the southern section of former Hungary, first towards Byzantine
and then towards Turkey. R. Schmidt lists four lines of defense:
the first line goes along the Danube and the
Sava;
the second goes
away from the Danube and covers the southern rim of
Fruska
Gora;
the third stretches from
Slankamen
on the northern rim of
Fruska
Gora
and on the southern bank of the Danube; the forth
goes along
Mošorin
(northeast of our territory) and cuts across
Bačka
towards the mouth of the
Drava.
Between these lines there
are individual fortified places which protect certain regions or
some landowning families.
At that time Srem was particularly well fortified and togeth¬
er with
Fruška
Gora
it presented a defense belt of sort. Important
forts in Srem on the
Sava
were in
Zemun, Kupinovo
and Mitrovica,
on the Danube in
Slankamen, Varadin,
Ilok
and
Šarengrad,
and
Berkasovo and Vrdnik in the interior. After the Turkish conquest,
forts were not reconstructed and even the buildings that were not
damaged got ruined over time. One such testimony comes from
Prandstet from
1608
who says: all the towns, castles and places
Turks have conquered were completely destroyed and torn down.
They do not even maintain beautiful old towers and towns that
were whole and undamaged, not even roofs, attics, windows or
flats, as can be seen in
Budim, Tolna, Mohács,
Vukovar,
this little
town of
Ilok
and all other towns and houses. And here all beauti¬
ful houses have been torn down and are now deserted and in their
places ugly shacks made of shrub and mud are built, the sort of
houses not even a cattle farmer would be happy to live in. So after
the Turkish conquest all towns in Srem and
Fruška
Gora
were a
sad sight. Instead of former numerous towns and castles along the
Danube and all over
Fruška
Gora,
only ruins could be seen.
MOUNT
ATHOS
OF
FRUŠKA
CORA
The monasteries of
Fruška
Gora are
situated in the area of
Srem (old Sirmia), on the slopes where they were built in the 15th
century. At that time Srem was part of Hungary and this region
between the Danube and lower part of the
Sava
was inhabited by
Serbs after the Turkish conquests of the Serbian medieval state.
The presence of the fleeing royal family of
Branković
is of vital
importance because they were the members of the last Serbian
ruling family. In that period well-known noble families moved
to the area around the Danube, but also the monks of ancient
Serbian medieval monasteries on the Balkans. Among them were
the patrons of the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora.
Positioned and
scattered in a relatively small region covered in forests, the mon¬
asteries compose a vivid panorama of this landscape. Today this
can be seen with the following monasteries:
Krušedol, Hopovo,
Velika Remeta, Beočin, Bešenovo, Vrdnik-Ravanica, Grgeteg,
Divša, Jazak, Kuveždin, Mala Remeta, Petkovica,
Pribina
Glava,
Rakovac and Šišatovac.
Architecturally speaking, the first churches imitated late
medieval style in construction and they had either cross-shaped
or leaf-shaped ground plans. Late Byzantine style was charac¬
teristic of icons and wall paintings (frescoes). Frescoes of great
artistic value were preserved in the monasteries of Hopovo and
Petkovica and partially preserved in the monasteries of Rakovac
and
Krušedol.
At the beginning of the 18th century the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora
accepted the influence of the east which came from
Russia (Kiev, present-day Ukraine) and in the second half of
the
Ιδ 1
century came influences from the west, primarily from
Vienna. It was the beginning of the transformation of Serbian
church art which was very visible in the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora.
There were big changes in the architecture of churches and
church quarters, which gradually changed their traditional, late
medieval architectural appearance. Many construction interven¬
tions and additions were undertaken that were in the baroque
style. In that period smaller monastery churches were demolished
and in their place new ones were built in the style of late baroque
and classicism, often with the help of foreign architects.
Changes in style were visible in visual art, frescoes and icons
as well. At that time painters from Kiev came to
Fruška
Gora
and
contributed significantly to the style of Orthodox, baroque under¬
standing of church art. The most noticeable examples of this style
can be seen in the frescoes of the monastery of
Krušedol,
originat¬
ing in mid 18th century.
In the second half of the 18th century Serbian painters at¬
tended Viennese painting workshops and then the Vienna Painting
Academy. In that period tall, carved, gilded partitions
(iconostases)
were constructed in churches. They contained icons distributed in
four or five rows with forty to fifty paintings drawing themes from
the life of Christ and Holy Mother. There were other compositions
from the New Testament and less frequent were some themes
from the Old Testament. At that time people started seeing icons
as something of religious importance under the influence of the
west European art. The monasteries of
Fruška
Gora
contain some
of the best works of the following painters:
Dimitrije Bačević,
Vasa
Ostojić,
Janko
Halkozović, Jakov
Orfelin and Teodor
Kračun.
In
the 19th century there were new innovations in style: painting was
dominated by dassicism-bidermeyer. At the end of the 19th centu¬
ry in monastery Grgeteg
Uroš Predić,
a Viennese student, painted
religions compositions in the style of academic realism.
During World War II the German Reich made a decision
to give the rule over Srem to Independent State of Croatia. In that
period Serbian church monuments were systematically destroyed
and robbed and the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora
suffered the
most. The barbaric acts of destruction affected the architecture of
churches and church quarters containing
iconostases,
whole gal¬
leries of religious paintings, old manuscripts and printed books,
archive material and various artistic and craft artifacts.
553
After World War
II the new communist leadership had
political reasons not to allow the historical research of the great
crime of the destruction of the monasteries of
Fruska
Gora.
As a
consequence, the process of restoration and conservation lasted a
long time. Although the activities of the Provincial Institute for the
Protection of Monuments of Culture yielded certain results that
can be seen in the monasteries of Hopovo, Rakovac and Grgeteg,
this process of restoration and conservation is still not finished.
MO NAST
1С
IS
M
The first monasteries on
Fruska
Gora
were built by Serbian
rulers King
Dragutin
and the members of the royal dynasty of
Branković
who were inspired by the beauty of this mountain. The
physiognomy of this mountain was favorable for the monastic ex¬
ploit. Since the 13th century monks were living on
Fruška
Gora
ac¬
cording to the scripts of the holy fathers of the Orthodox Church,
especially Saint
Sava,
who was the founder of monasticism in this
country. As time went by, however, there were deviations from
the authentic monastic life, primarily because of the material
wealth of the monastery and the life of monks in idiorhythm.
The Metropolitans of
Karlovci strived
to bring the monasticism
on
Fruška
Gora
to the right path through fasting, prayer, obedi¬
ence and all other evangelic values that qualify Orthodox monas¬
ticism. Especially distinguished in their efforts in this field were
Metropolitan
Pavle
Nenadović
and Patriarch
Georgije Branković,
the founder of the monk school in the Hopovo Monastery.
Before World War II
Fruška
Gora
witnessed the Monk
Spring primarily because of the Russian nuns who played the
crucial part in the renewal of the female monasticism in our
church, which originated on
Fruška
Gora:
the monasteries of
Hopovo and
Kuveždin.
Tribulations during World War II did
not spare the monks and monasteries of the Serbian
Aton.
The
renewal of the demolished and deserted monasteries happened
soon after the end of the war.
A special ornament and value of the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora are
the relics of saints: Saint
Teodor
Tirón,
members of the
holy family of
Branković:
Angelina, Maksim,
Jovan
and Stefan,
holy emperor
Uroš
as well as the particles of many saints, which
have been spread over holy places of
Fruška
Gora.
Today there are
17
active and mainly restored monasteries
where monks and nuns are trying to revive the holy monastic tra¬
ditions of holy forefathers by serving God and their people.
F.TI INC HOGICAL
CI ¡ARACTFRISTiCS
According to folk belief,
Fruška
Gora
belongs to the
mountainous, vine growing upper Srem, as opposed to the flat,
pig growing lower Srem. Besides the mountain itself, the whole
is composed of the settlements along the Danube which stretch
from
Neštin
to
Stari
Slankamen.
The center of the mountain and
of the whole
Fruška
Gora
is Sremski
Karlovci.
Villages and towns here are very old, which is testified by
the artifacts found in the area. During the 16th century settle¬
ments were founded on the monastery estates where servants
used to live.
The population is of different ethnic origins, mainly of
Serbian. Besides Serbs, as the native nation reinforced through
the migrations of
1690
and
1739,
Ruthenians,
Germans, Slovaks,
Croats and Hungarians have lived here and have been settling
here since mid 18th century.
The particularity of
Fruška
Gora
as opposed to other flat parts
of
Vojvodina
is in the way settlements, houses and other facilities
look. The dominant construction materials, besides earth used to
make mud bricks, are unbaked and baked bricks, wood and stone.
The appearance of settlements and the type of construction
were influenced by the government, migrations and local builders
themselves. An example of military influence is the proposition
of military authorities in
1786
to close water mills and to build
treadmills instead.
Most of the houses in
Fruška
Gora
villages are elongated,
positioned from the edge of the farmstead to the street extending
towards the inside of the yard. The back side of the house is on-
looking the neighbor s furrow and the front side is turned towards
the yard and, preferably, the sun. The few that extended along the
street had several rooms facing the street and were mainly public
in character or were the places where wealthier families lived.
The development of settlements can be traced from the
simplest underground caves, semi-caves, basements dug into
the steep banks of the Danube, through cabins up to comfort¬
able houses. Although after the colonization in the 18th century an
earthen house has been the dominant housing type in
Vojvodina,
people used hand-woven constructions filled with wattles to a
great extent on
Fruška
Gora
until the end of the 19th century.
Besides reed, ample trees on
Fruška
Gora
enabled a wider
use of shingles for roofing until mid 19th century, when both ma¬
terials were replaced by roof tiles.
Richly decorated wooden barns were built next to houses,
which was a way of pointing out the economic power of a family.
Grain was mainly ground in stream watermills and not as
often in watermills on the Danube, in treadmills or in windmills.
Vine growing has been flourishing here since the Roman times.
Every household on
Fruška
Gora
used to have a wine cellar and the
wealth of a family was not measured with the number of heads of cat¬
tle but with the number of wine barrels. Sremski
Karlovci
is the most
famous town of all because of its vineyards and wines.
In the
Fruška
Gora
region the family needs for clothes and
linen were usually the concern of the housewife. Textile culture
was mainly uniform both in respect to the shapes of textile and
in respect to the process of manufacture and the tools used. The
traditional clothes were replaced by the Serbian national attire in
the period between the two world wars.
The spiritual and social life and customs on
Fruška
Gora
were
rich. The most frequent patron saint s day of both people who lived
on the mountain and people who lived near the Danube was St.
Nikola. Celebrations of patron saint s days in certain villages were
very famous. On
Fruška
Gora
people used to gather in large numbers
in Vrdnik at
Vidovdan
and in
Krušedol
at Mother Angelina s Day.
In the cycle of yearly church holidays, the most important
one was Christmas and in the secular cycle the most important
were wedding customs. Wine was drunk in all occasions, it was
used to water the grave of a deceased man and as a gift to the ones
who spilled it. The new water, in which wine was added, was used
for washing one s face on Christmas morning.
554
SUMMARY
Serbian culture has been traditionally identified in several ge¬
ographically scattered and distant regions. Usually when a culture
is so positioned, it is considered to be decentralized and dispersed
unless this characteristic is understood as having firm strongholds
which preserve the identity in various cultural surroundings. One
such stronghold is the locality of
Fruska
Gora.
The mountain which
could in its geographical position represent the borderline of the
great
Pannonian
Plain has, however, proven to be the unifying fac¬
tor of river borders of the Danube and the
Sava
and, a bit further on,
the
Tisa.
It is actually a locality which has in its territory embraced
very different cultures which have created points of similarity as a
consequence of many centuries of coexistence.
The population of the small and not very high mountain
has been formed for centuries. It encompassed both Serbs and
Turks, but the migrations increased the proportion of Orthodox
population. Later, Hungarians, Germans and Slovaks settled here
and introduced the elements of a foreign culture into their own.
The wooded mountain enabled a peaceful development of the
spiritual and material life and the quiet of a refugee tragedy. Thus,
a typical quality of the Balkan culture world
-
the feeling of anx-
iousness and quiet
-
was annulled through a particular kind of life
in this blessed mountain. It was the cross section of the Serbian,
Hungarian and German cultures which is today visible in a cer¬
tain lifestyle, in vine growing, in house construction and in adapt¬
ing foreign words phonologically to the Serbian language.
The everyday life of the population of
Fruška
Gora
took place
alongside many monasteries, in the center of the village or in small
towns. On Sundays and on holidays people used to go to the nature,
to different picnic sites, which helped develop the cult of nature that
was reflected in growing a maidens garden, a garden to accompany
a larger estate or in looking after the natural surroundings of the
monastery estate. The testimonies of such claims can be found in
the artistic engravings from the
Іб 1
century which show how the
beautiful nature reflected the culture of the man from
Fruska
Gora
and his enlightened sense of spotting the well-being in nature.
One of the natural resources, the vine, was sung about in
many folk and authored poems which, like the medieval collec¬
tion
Carmina
Burana,
glorified the cult of wine and the pleasures
one gets when drinking red or white wine (the courage to state
ones affections, the bold look of a young man and also spending
one s fortunes in a rich
café
life). Lack of measure was, of course,
punished, especially in the parts of
Fruška
Gora
which were un¬
der the military rule, an example of which was the Petrovaradin
District of the 18th century.
The provincial milieu proved increasingly more that it was
Europized: children were educated, foreign languages were taught,
there was social life and fashionable clothes and many private li¬
braries were formed. In such an environment, unlike the one in
villages, women were also allowed to be educated and to lead the
life of intellectuals. Patriarchal culture here lost its primacy, so
many writers criticized the corruption of the basic forms of moral
behavior (e.g. Mihailo
Maksimović
in a satirical book from
1792
A Small Primer for Big Children). Even when conditions changed
and the influence of the West grew, the Serbian culture of
Fruška
Gora
did not forget its main feature reflected in the typical quali¬
ties of hospitality and friendship. This was sung about in many
folk poems and in Serbian middle-class poetry, often written
in both Serbian and German verses. That characteristic in itself
has shown that the citizens of
Fruška
Gora
belong to the cosmo¬
politism of the European New Age.
FRUSKA
GORA IN
LITERATURE
Before the Great Migration of
1690
and another century
after that literary activities on
Fruska
Gora
and in other re¬
gions north of the
Sava
and Danube populated by Serbs were
deduced to the copying of the church service books and look¬
ing after their decoration and preservation. The main centers
of this earliest literary activity in the Serbian language were the
monasteries on
Fruska
Gora
and the people who were involved
were students and monks. Their notes on the margins of copied
manuscripts were the only testimony of real life and of different
localities on
Fruska
Gora.
A very early trace of the existence of some form of literature
on the slopes of
Fruska
Gora
is found in the travel writings of
the Pecs bishop
Antun Vrančić
from
1553,
where it is said that
Kamenica,
which used to be thickly populated, is an excellent
and rich Srem town, famous for literary games (literariis ludis).
There are also written sources on the so-called
Irig
Blind Academy
which was probably founded in the 16th century and was closed
by the Emperors decree in
1780.
Fruška
Gora
is seldom found to be a site for heroic deeds in
folk epic poems: in two poems
oí
Erlangen
Manuscript, in several
poems on the death of Despot
Jovan
and in one drinking poem
from the collections of
Vuk
Karadžič.
The students from Sremski
Karlovci
actually contributed to
the real renewal of the secular lyric literature. This is where their
most important and most famous poet,
Branko Radičević,
origi¬
nated from. Another poet from this circle was Nikanor
Grujić,
Episkope
of
Pakrac,
who had been a priest in
Karlovci.
Students
from
Karlovci
used to copy verses into handwritten collections of
poems and sing them, thus opening a possibility for
Fruška
Gora
to become a poetic toponym. This was realized in the verses of
Branko Radičević,
who turned a small mountain and a student s
life on its slopes into a myth. In one of his most famous poems, A
Students Farewell, he says goodbye to his friends, to
Karlovci,
to
the Danube, to
Belilo,
to vineyards and grape-picking, barefoot
girls, dances and a mountain covered in linden.
In
1877
an idea occurred to transport the poet s remains
from Vienna to
Stražilovo
and
Jovan Jovanović Zmaj
published
the poem Branko s Land to support the idea. On the other hand,
Laza Kostić
opposed the idea and wrote the poem Real Branko s
Land to show this. The events that followed showed that both po¬
ets were right and in
1883
the remains of
Branko Radičević
were
laid in a grave on
Stražilovo.
The poetic image of
Stražilovo
en¬
dured all the changes and modified and adjusted as time went by.
Milica Stojadinović
built a different image of life on the
slopes of
Fruška
Gora,
especially in Vrdnik, where her diary, In
Fruška
Gora in
1854,
was written. This book is very diverse in con¬
tent; it contains the descriptions of
Fruška
Gora,
its landscapes,
monasteries, customs (grape-picking, corn digging, harvesting),
fortune telling and casting spells, poems (both folk poems and the
ones she wrote herself).
555
Fruska Gora,
its monasteries and Karlovci, as one of the most
significant spiritual centers of the Serbian people, with its Patriarch s
Court, Grammar School and Seminary, were the topics of works of
art of writers and poets in the 20th century who were connected
with this area in one way or another, whether they were students
here or just people who fell in love with the wavy landscapes cov¬
ered in vineyards and the scent of old estate houses and streets
which keep secrets of the times past. The most beautiful poem
about
Fruska
Gora
and
Stražilovo,
however, was written by
Miloš
Crnjanski
(1893 - 1977),
a man born in
Banat,
thus showing that
each poet s concept and idea of homeland is deeply connected with
personal and collective archetypes. In the poem
Stražilovo
(1921)
the decision to choose this kind of spiritual environment is seen, on
the one hand, as the choice of romanticism, of
Branko,
of lyricism,
as an expression of a personal, individual, unique voice, and on the
other hand as a strong connection with the collective conscious¬
ness of the Serbian people. This link between the individual and the
people can be detected in all those writers and poets who wrote of
Fruška
Gora
and Sremski Karlovci after Crnjanski.
In his six-volume autobiography, with the title which pic¬
turesquely represents the destiny of the center of migrational
Serbianness, a literary and a historian of art
Dejan
Medaković
(1922)
dedicates one significant section to the period of his edu¬
cation in Sremski Karlovci prior to World War II. Tied by birth,
but not by choice by this unattainable unknown called my
Serbian people
Dejan
Medaković
in Ephemeris, a Chronicle of a
Family, a family whose story is inseparable from the story of Serbs
in the Habsburgh Monarchy, is a direct witness of the decline and
destruction of one of the most important political, religious and
cultural centers of a small nation who has fought for over two
centuries to survive in a foreign state.
Teodora Petrović
(1898 - 1981)
in her less known Memories
(1981)
described her life which was, with short interruptions,
always bound to Sremski Karlovci and to the Grammar School
where she received her education and where she spent her whole
life teaching. Karlovci and the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora
were
the topics of warm and melancholic works of the famous Serbian
story-teller and poet
Veljko Petrović
(1884 - 1967).
However, if
Dejan
Medaković
and
Teodora Petrović
devoted most of their
attention to Karlovci between the two wars,
Vida Ognjenović,
a
modern Serbian writer, in her collection of short stories called
Poisonous Milk of Dandelions, presents the reader with the at¬
mosphere of this little town in the years following World War II.
The reader then feels that, as time goes by, the shadow of history
of mythical proportions that has overarched this little town and
these people is increasingly more disproportionate with the mo¬
dernity and sensitivity of the new man who is trying to escape this
past and defend himself from it.
The illusions are broken in the novel Singer by
Boško
Petrović
(1915 - 2001),
a novel full of contrasts and contradic¬
tions, where the writer, from the hills of
Fruška
Gora,
looks onto
Serbia and from Serbia onto the land abroad through the eyes of
his heroes, thinking about the dualities and differences which di¬
vide the present and the past, about the Serbian people as the na¬
tion of warriors and poets, about how he entered culture through
foreign land, about his divisions inner and outer, collective and
individual splits in synchrony and diachrony, and about the bur¬
den of history that individuals have to bear even today. The in¬
tegration with the
topos
in the literature about
Fruška
Gora
has
thus as a rule turned into an integration with history or at least
an attempt to see and interpret the present and the past of the
Serbian people in the reciprocal artistic reflection.
1.
Marcus Aurelius Probus (Sirmium,
232 - 282),
Roman
emperor whose name is associated with bringing vine to
Fruška
Gora.
2.
Angelina
Branković
(Mother Angelina)
-
(Albania,
?
-
Krušedol,
1516),
a Serbian Despot, together with her sons
Maksim and
Jovan
founded several monasteries on
Fruška
Gora.
In Srem there is a cult of holy Mother Angelina.
3.
Jovan Rajić
(Sremski Karlovci,
1726 -
Kovilj Monastery,
1801),
father of late Serbian historiography, literary and theologi¬
cal writer, archimandrite of Kovilj.
4.
Zaharija
Orfelin
(Vukovar,
1726 -
Novi Sad,
1785),
origi¬
nator of new Serbian literature, typographer and historian, editor
and publisher, author of manuals on the production of wines on
Fruška
Gora.
5.
Simeon
Piščević (Šid,
1731 -
Novi Mirgorod,
1797),
of¬
ficer
and historian, writer of a memoir book on wars that Serbs
waged for other s interests and their migrations.
6.
Teodor
Kračun
(?, 1732 -
Sremski Karlovci,
1781),
paint¬
er of icons and portraits, his work was closely connected with the
holy Orthodox places in Srem and on
Fruška
Gora.
7.
Dositej
Obradović (Čakovo,
1739-42 -
Belgrade,
1811),
writer and philosopher, educator, creator of new Serbian litera¬
ture, first minister of education in the liberated Serbia.
8.
Stefan
Stratimirović (Kulpin,
1757 -
Sremski Karlovci,
1836),
metropolitan of Karlovci, gathered all educated people of
his time and raised important buildings in Sremski Karlovci and
in
Novi Sad.
9.
Eustahija
Arşic (Irig,
1776 -
Arad,
1843),
first Serbian
writer, associate of
Matica Srpska
and great benefactor.
10.
Lukiján
Mušicki (Temerin,
1777 -
Karlovac,
1837),
bishop and writer, helped
Vuk
Karadzic to collect Serbian folk
poems.
11.
Georije Bakalović (Kula,
1786 -
Ruma,
1837),
painter
of icons and portraits, worked in Srem until
1837
and then in the
Principality of Serbia.
12.
Dimitrije Frušić (Divoš,
1790 -
Triesta,
1838),
doctor,
journalist and publisher of one of the first papers in Serbian pub¬
lished in Vienna.
13.
Gligorije Vozarević (Ležimir,
1790 -
Belgrade,
1848),
book binder, book seller and publisher, founder of one of the first
public libraries in Belgrade.
14.
Georgije Nikolajević (Jazak,
1807 -
Sarajevo,
1896),
metropolitan, teacher, author and theological writer.
15.
Đorđe Natošević
(Stari
Slankamen,
1821 -
Karlovac,
1887),
doctor
and writer, reformer of Serbian schools, founder
and editor of the first newspaper for children.
16.
Branko Radičević (Slavonski Brod,
1824 -
Vienna,
1853),
poet who loved youth and wrote of love and patriotic pas¬
sion, had a special connection with Sremski Karlovci and
Fruška
Gora.
■ ■ ■ ■■ ■■■■■■
^
■■■:■ ■■·.■■.,:■:■: .· ■:■
556
SUMMARY
17.
Ilija Okrugić Sremac (Sremski Karlovci,
1827 -
Petrovaradin,
1897),
Catholic priest and writer, author of popular
books which glorify
Fruska
Gora
and Srem.
18.
Milica Stojadinović Srpkinja (Bukovac,
1828 -
Belgrade,
1878),
one of the first Serbian writers, called Fairy from Vrdnik ,
wrote verse filled with national passion.
19.
Georgije Branković (Kulpin,
1830 -
Sremski
Karlovci,
1907),
Serbian Patriarch, responsible for the reconstruction of al¬
most all monasteries on
Fruška
Gora.
20.
Ilarion Ruvarac (Sremska Mitrovica,
1832 -
Grtegeg
monastery,
1905),
archimandrite of Grtegeg, theological pedago-
gist, considered to be the father of Serbian critical historiography.
21.
Jovan Jovanović Zmaj (Novi Sad,
1833 -
Sremska
Kamenica,
1904),
doctor, writer and publisher of magazines, the
most popular children s and folk poet until present day.
22.
Dimitrije Ruvarac
(Stari Banovci,
1842 -
Sremski
Karlovci,
1931),
priest and historian, fruitful
archiver
and publi¬
cist, wrote much about the past and the life of the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora.
23.
Jovan Grčić
Milenko
(Čerević,
1846 -
Beočin
monas¬
tery,
1875),
writer, author of sincere love, patriotic and descriptive
poems, called the Nightingale of
Fruška
Gora .
24.
Pavle
Markovié
Adamov
(Novi Karlovci,
1855 -
Sremski
Karlovci,
1907),
told stories of villages in Srem, founded and ed¬
ited an important literary weekly journal Brankovo
kolo .
25.
Vladimir
Nikolić
(Senta,
1857 -
Sremski
Karlovci,
1922),
architect, made projects of the most famous buildings in Sremski
Karlovci
and all over the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy.
26.
Sava Petković
(Sremska Mitrovica,
1878 -
Privina
Glava
monastery,
1957),
archimandrite of
Krušedol,
historian, stud¬
ied the history of the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora
and Church
Slavonic.
27.
Ilija Bašičević Bosilj (Šid,
1895 - 1972),
self-taught
painter, inspired by the Bible, folk tales, poems and legends.
28.
Sava Šumanović (Vinkovci,
1896 -
Sremska Mitrovica,
1942),
painter, one of the most important representatives of
Serbian and European modern art of the 20th century.
29.
Jovan Soldatović (Čerević,
1920 -
Novi Sad,
2005),
sculptor and art pedagogist, famous for many impressive monu¬
ments and lyrical sculptures.
30.
Borislav
Mihajlović Mihiz
(Irig,
1922 -
Belgrade,
1977),
writer and literary critic, playwright, journalist, excellent
polemicist.
31.
Vasa
Popović (Jazak,
1923 -
Belgrade,
2006),
writer and
journalist, master of humorous and satirical texts.
ECONOMY
Fruška
Gora
has the characteristics of a low and accessible
mountain. It lies between the Danube on the north and the
Sava
on the south. Its morphology and other complementary natural
features influence certain particularities of economy in relation to
the flat parts of
Vojvodina.
It is noticed that the northern, steeper slopes have the small¬
est percentage of arable land
(75%)
and a relatively high share of
pastures (around
20%)
in the structure of agricultural surfaces.
Farming is the
primáry
branch
óf
agricultural production. Corn
is the most important grain, followed by wheat, barley, etc. As for
industrial plants, the most important one is the sunflower, which is
sewn on average of
19,900
hectares
(6%
of arable land). The tradi¬
tion of growing sugar beet is less prominent. Vegetables are manu¬
factured extensively and this requires a lot of work force. The pro¬
duction of vegetables on private properties has its advantages as well
as its downsides and, therefore, can be considered a less important
supplier of the agricultural industry. The most frequently grown
plants are potato, melons and watermelons, beans, tomato, onion
and garlic, peas and green pepper. The largest number of trees can
be found on the south and east slopes of
Fruška
Gora.
The most fre¬
quent ones are apples, plums, peaches and apricots, which are often
grown in the vicinity of vacation houses and weekend houses.
Cattle farming is one of the oldest branches of economy. It
began to develop more significantly in mid 18th century and then
became the primary branch of agriculture until mid 19th century,
when plant production took over. Cattle farming is based on the
following animals: cows, pigs, sheep, horses, poultry as well as
bees, pigeons and rabbits.
The forests of
Fruška
Gora are
primarily composed of decid¬
uous trees and there are very few evergreen ones. Deciduous trees
are mostly of mixed kinds, the most dominant being common
oak, hornbeam, European Turkey oak and linden. They are main¬
ly found around the towns of Erdevik,
Ležimir, Beočin,
Vrdnik
and Sremska
Kamenica
at the altitudes of
200
to
350
meters. AH
ridges and peaks above the altitude of
400
meters are dominantly
covered in durmast oak. The mountain forests of beeches spread
across narrow valleys in shadowy places.
The municipality of
Šid
has the largest surface covered in
forests
(35.6%)
and is followed by
Beočin
(10.4%),
Irig
(6.8%)
and
Sremski
Karlovci
with the smallest surface.
Coal mining on
Fruška
Gora
has a long tradition. The main
resources are found on
Fruška
Gora
itself, but also on the areas of
forest depots around
Fruška
Gora
and least of all beyond these ar¬
eas. The most diverse and richest mineral raw materials belong to
non-metals bound primarily to the
Fruška
Gora Zone.
The domi¬
nant ores are cement marls, trachits, dacite-andesites, tuffs, lime¬
stones, dolomites, silified rocks, sandstones, magnezites, asbestos,
clays, quartz sands and brick soils.
In the domain of metal industry there are a few plants of
metal processing, machine construction and electricity. Chemical
industry is particularly rare and the most important plant is
Hempro in
Šid,
which produces chemical products. In this re¬
gion there are also several companies which produce knitted fab¬
rics: Vojvodanka in
Ruma, Fruška
Gora
in
Šid, Šik in Šid,
etc. Other clothes factories are
Budućnost
in Sremski
Karlovci.
The food industry includes grinding and peeling grain
(Šid),
processing and preserving fruit and vegetables
(Irig),
meat
processing
(Irig),
milk processing
(Šid)
and oil production
(Šid).
The analysis of crafts tendencies on the territory of
Fruška
Gora,
since the time the first data was collected until today, indi¬
cates that the total number of craftsmen is decreasing and that the
number of crafts is increasing,
i.e.
is becoming more diverse in
accordance with the needs of a modern world.
The most important routes on the mountain could have
been built on the mountain crest as well as in the more spacious
valleys of streams and rivers that go deeper into the mountain and
come close to the crest itself.
557
The railroad
Novi Sad
-
Belgrade partially goes across
Fruska
Gora
along the route Petrovaradin
-
Sremski
Karlovci
-
Čortanovci
-
Beška
-
Indija
-
Stara Pazova
-
Nova Pazova and
is
49
kilometers long. It is of big importance and connects Central
Europe and the Balkan Peninsula.
The data available on the retail indicates that the number
of shops, the size of retail space and the number of staff have in¬
creased on
Fruška
Gora.
The number of shops increases all the
time, primarily because of the surge in private ownership, which
neutralizes the consequences of the decrease of the number of
state-owned shops.
VINT GROWING AND WINES
Fruska
Gora
is a lonely mountain surrounded by the
Pannonian
Plain. It is situated in Srem next to the river Danube
and stretches in the direction west
-
east for
80
kilometers. On
its wavy northern and southern slopes, between the plain and
forests, from approximately
100
to
300
meters above sea level, lie
fields particularly good for vineyards. The climate, types of soil and
orography of these parts are quite favorable for vine growing.
Although it is well known that vine has been grown in
the
Pannonian
Plain since before the Romans arrived, the true
beginning of vine growing in this region is connected with the
Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius Probus
(232 - 282),
who
started first vineyards on
Fruska
Gora.
Since the 3rd century AD
many nomadic peoples have passed through this region and ul¬
timately Hungarians and Slavs settled here. From that time there
are records of the development of vine growing and the wines of
Fruska
Gora
were famous even then.
Between
1521
and
1699
Srem was occupied by the Turks. At
that time vine growing changed significantly in two respects:
(1)
new sorts of vines started being grown (Skadarka) and
(2)
there was
a more intensive growth of table sorts of grapes
(Čauš, Kozje Sise).
After the
Karlovci
Treaty in
1699
Srem became part of
Austria and, because of its position,
Fruška
Gora
became the most
important area in the empire, which opened new possibilities for
vine growing. Prosperity and even a gold age of vine growing on
Fruška
Gora
lasted until the end of the 19th century. Due to good
connections, vine growing was also developed in other parts of the
Habsburgh Monarchy. Because of the development of science new
vineyards had sorts of vines which gave better quality wine than
the old sorts grown on
Fruška
Gora.
All of this led to the problem
of how to sell wines from
Fruška
Gora.
The crisis culminated with
the appearance of phylloxera, a specific parasite insect (Phyloxera
vastatrix), which within two decades destroyed almost all vineyards
in Europe, and with the infection caused by two fungi (Uncinula
necator and Plasmopara
viticola)
that had to be regularly treated
chemically every year in order to protect the vines.
The changes in the way vines were grown happened very
slowly and periodically. The immediate causes of changes were
the consequence of the appearance of some pathogenous organ¬
isms which extremely endangered the production and because of
the changes in the geopolitical situation and social conditions af¬
ter the great wars.
The manner of growing vine in ancient history was fairly
simple and it stayed that way until the end of the 19th century.
The infection of phylloxera, the Second World War and the fall of
socialism are all events that are considered to be turning points
in the development of vine growing. Having this in mind, vine
growing and wine production of many regions in the
Pannonian
Plain, including
Fruska
Gora,
can be divided into four periods:
1.
before phylloxera
2.
from the end of the 19th century until mid 20th century
3.
second half of the 20th century until the fall of socialism
4.
the last decade of the 20th century until the present day.
1.
The basic characteristics of vine growing before phyl¬
loxera were: irregular distribution of grapevines: there were
10,000
to
20,000
grapevines per one hectare. Before planting the soil was
just dug or plants were put into holes and mainly grafts were used.
Grapevines were grown low to the ground, they were cut shortly
and there was no support for them. Nothing was known about the
protection of plants because the most dangerous parasites (rust
fungus and oidium) were not present and the only gardening that
was done included weeding and breaking. The fertilizer which
was used was stable manure and the soil was normally farmed
5
times a year. Autochthonous Balkan sorts of vine were grown,
with the dominant red grapes, especially Skadarka.
2.
The infection of phylloxera appeared in Srem at the end of
the 19th century and caused a massive drying of vineyards. Within
20
years many good vineyards went bankrupt. During the renew¬
al of vineyards after
1890
people started grafting domestic vines
with American sorts
(Riparia
portalis, Vitis
solonis
and Rupestris
du
Lot). With new vineyards new measures of protection were in¬
troduced: before the planting the soil was overturned, grafts were
used in planting, grapevines were planted at a regular distance
from one another, the number of grapevines per unit of surface
was reduced and stabilized to around
10,000
per one hectare, they
were cut into short grafts, there was a stick next to each grapevine,
regular chemical protection against rust fungus and oidium was
applied. There was an essential change of sorts of wine: instead of
the red wine sorts, now there were white wine sorts. The vineyards
in Srem were dominated by the sort Slankamenka red, but other
sorts were planted as well: white and red Rose,
Bouvier,
Italian
Riesling, Portugeser, Prokupac, Muscat Hamburg, etc.
3.
After the Second World War the way of growing vines
changed drastically with the introduction of high and wide rows
and the number of grapevines was reduced to about
3000
per hec¬
tare. The new manner of growing, as opposed to the old one,
demanded less manual labor and enabled the application of very
efficient mechanization. Manual labor that remained to be done
was made much easier. Simultaneously with the change of the
growing technique there was a great change of the sorts of vines
grown. The sorts occidentalis-galica were introduced on a mass
scale because they were much more resistant to low winter tem¬
peratures than the autochthonous sorts pontica-balcanica, which
made their growing a more secure business. The most planted
vine was Italian Riesling and other significant newly introduced
sorts from west Europe were Traminer,
Riesling, Pinot blanc,
Sauvignon, Semillon, Chardonnay. Less manual labor, the appli¬
cation of very efficient machines and high quality sorts of vines
significantly improved the efficiency of the vine production.
The Institute for vine and fruit growing, founded in
1947
in
Sremski
Karlovci,
solves professional and developmental issues in
558
••UvlMARN
the domain of vine growing and wine production. Among other,
they created several new sorts, some of which have already found
their place in production (Neoplanta,
Župljanka, Sila, Petra, Lasta,
Karmen).
The Riesling sort was successful in cloning selection and
the SK-
13
and SK-54 clones are thriving. Several new sorts that were
created were acknowledged several years ago and have a high de¬
gree of resistance to low temperatures and to the most widespread
fungi diseases and are, thus, very convenient for ecological wine
production
(Bačka,
Panonia,
Morava,
Kosmopolita, Rubinka).
4.
During the 1990 s there were big changes in the structure
of vine growing and wine production. The estates that belonged to
the state had great production capacities, but stagnated and even
failed, while on the other hand small private manufacturers of
grapes and wine started developing. The wine production intro¬
duced significant novelties that contributed to the quality of wine
(prochrome
vessels, cold fermentation, barique technology).
The last decade has shown the tendency to increase the
number of plants per unit of surface to about
5000
grapevines per
hectare. Thus, the desired harvest is accomplished with smaller
individual loads per grapevine, which contributed to the increase
in quality.
Lately new vineyards are grown with certified grafts cloned
from the following sorts: Chardonnay, Riesling, Sauvignon,
Gewürztraminer,
Riesling
Italien,
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot,
Cabernet Franc,
Frankovka.
TOURISM
Fruška
Gora
is special because of the contrast of the plain
that surrounds it and the mountain itself, its vineyards, lakes,
springs, spas, landscapes, flora, fauna and the area where the
Danube meets the mountain. The
Fruska
Gora area
is the place
with a large concentration of tourist resources: cultural-historical
wholes, famous places, cultural monuments, ethno heritage (folk¬
lore, beliefs, customs), various events and cultural institutions.
Among the most important things in the material cultural
heritage of
Fruska
Gora
is the complex of Serbian Orthodox mon¬
asteries. There is an initiative to put this cultural heritage of uni¬
versal value on the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.
Part of the European monument heritage are other places, exam¬
ples of folk constructions, individual cultural monuments and
famous places, the most popular of which are the Petrovaradin
Fortress, the monuments of Sremski
Karlovci
and ethno houses
in Jazak, Neridin and
Maradik.
Cultural events of great importance for tourism are of local
and regional character and some of even national and interna¬
tional significance. Among the most prominent ones in respect of
tourism is the EXIT Festival.
The tradition of vine growing had been kept for centuries and
is one of the oldest in Europe. Fine and valued wines and wine-re¬
lated events have made the
Fruška
Gora area
one of the most recog¬
nizable and appreciated wine and tourist regions in Serbia.
Modern tourist trends are bringing tourism closer to the
definition that it is a way of life for Europeans. This has condi¬
tioned new concepts of tourist demands and more frequent vaca¬
tions. The offer is now turned towards individual guests, families
and special groups, while the demand is directed at the areas with
intact
nature1, rich cultural heritage and tourist products which
enable people to actively participate in the life of local communi¬
ties. In that context
Fruška
Gora
should be a highly developed
tourist destination, but it is still a collection of various tourist des¬
tinations which are valorized differently.
With respect to the tourist offer, the area of
Fruška
Gora
can offer cultural tourism: visits to monasteries, baroque towns,
various events, ethno houses, museums, food and wine tours, but
it can also offer possibilities for nautical tourism and special in¬
terests tourism (hiking, fishing, hunting, bird watching, cycling,
recreation, picnic programs and schools in nature). A diverse
and recognizable tourist offer, good communication with poten¬
tial and existing markets and a great human potential are a solid
foundation for the formation of tourist products on
Fruška
Gora,
but this has so far not been adequately defined nor highly com¬
mercialized.
NATIONAL PARK
FRUŠKA
GORA
One part of
Fruška
Gora
was declared National Park in
I960
and it was the first national park in Serbia. The purpose of
declaring
Fruška
Gora a
national park was to protect and improve
natural and cultural values.
The area of the National Park
Fruška
Gora
is defined
through three regimes of protection. The first regime of protec¬
tion covers
4.59%
of the total surface of the National Park and
includes the localities with specific geological and geomorpho-
logical phenomena, significant forest ecosystems and habitats of
protected plant and animal species.
Within the boundaries of the National Park the following
have been singled out:
• 8
localities with significant forest ecosystems
• 10
geological and geomorphological localities
• 4
important habitats of endangered species
• 5
habitats of endangered species of insects
• 22
important habitats of endangered species of birds.
Among them the following localities are of special inter¬
est:
Stene Orlovac,
Grgeteg, the cave on the Popov
Čot, Čerevićki
Potok,
Papratski Do,
Zmajevac, Stražilovo, Kraljevac,
Jazak,
Ravne, Kraljeve Stolice,
Kalin
Potok, Beočinske Livade,
etc.
In the second regime of protection there is
81.63%
of the
total surface of the National Park. This regime covers the majority
of the forest complex in the National Park which demands special
care.
In the third regime of protection there is
13.78%
of the total
surface and these are primarily tourist-recreational and cultural-
historical localities.
The protection and development of the National Park
Fruška
Gora
is conducted according to the annual Program of Protection
and Development of the National Park which was made in ac¬
cordance with the Spatial Plan and other documents based on the
law. In the area of the National Park general and special measures
of protection have been defined. General measures of protection
are defined for the whole area of the National Park in accordance
with the Law on the National Park, whereas special measures of
protection refer to important individual natural wholes.
Translated into English
by Biljana
Radić-Bojanić
559
|
| adam_txt |
ПОЛОЖАІ
Попожај
(Слободан
Ћурчић)
1
1
ПРИРОДНІ; ОДЛИКЕ
Физичко-географска
својства
(Слободан
Марковић)
21
Положај
и границе
2 2
Преглед
досадашњих истраживања
24
Геологија
2b
Рељеф
37
Клима
43
Воде
45
Земљиште
50
Геонаслеђе
53
Животински свет
(Весна
Хабијан-Микеш)
57
Бишни свет (Бранислава Буторац)
73
ИСТОРИјА
У
праисторији
(Борислав
Јовановић)
93
У античко
доба (Милена Милин)
105
У
средњем
веку
(Снежана
Божанић)
119
Под
влашћу Турске (Владан Гавриловић)
149
У
Хабзбуршкој монархији
165
На
граници
два царства
(Душко
M.
Ковачевић)
165
У духу националног препорода
(Дејан Микавица)
1
НО
У
Југославији
и
Србији
(Душко
M.
Ковачевић)
201
У
Краљевини Југославији
2 01
У Другом
светском рату
207
У
социјалистичкој Југославији
217
Тврђаве
(Душко
M.
Ковачевић)
223
СВЕТА
СРПСКА
ГОРА
Фрушкогорска
„Света Гора" (Динко
Давидов)
245
Монаштво
(Атанасије (Гатало)
и
Јустин (Јеремић))
273
НАСЛЕЂА
Етнолошке одлике
(Мирјана ТЈекић)
, 295
На ползу и
увеселеније (Мирјана
Д.
Стефановић)
3
1
9
Фрушка гора у
књижевности (Марија
Клеут,
Горана
Раичевић)
З
4
ì
Знаменити Фрушкогорци (Душан
Познановић)
363
ДРУШТВО
Насел>а
(Слободан
Ћурчић)
3<)Ί
Становништво (Слободан
Ћурчић)
423
Привреда (Јован Ромелић)
443
Виноградарство и вина (Петар
Циндрић,
Владимир
Ковач)
471
Туризам (Гордана Стојаковић)
501
■Национални
парк „Фрушка
г.ора" (Љуба Јосић,
Горан
Матић)
523
Именски регистар
535
Регистар
географских
појмова
540
Summary
547
Резюме .
560
Библиографија
575
Прилози
Туристичка
карта Фрушке горе (Слободан
Ћурчић)
DVD
-
Документарни
филм
о
Фрушкој
гори
(Јован Милинов, редитељ)
C i i k å k
Л
ћ
IP \/
,.>
k J í
VII
Vir\í\
I
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION,
TOWNS, PEOPLE
Fruška
Gora
is a low mountain in the north part of Srem.
The area in which it is situated is
80
kilometers long and lies be¬
tween
Stari
Slankamen
in the east and the region of
Telek
in the
west, which is found on the route
Šid
-
Šarengrad.
The mountain,
which is shaped like a lens, is the widest on the route Petrovara-
din
-
Irig
(15
kilometers) and has the surface of around
500
km2.
There is another term, "The
Fruška
Gora Area,"
which encom¬
passes the mountain and its vicinity, which are a single economic
unit. The surface of this area is 1338.51m2.
Although it has a relatively small surface and is relatively low,
with the highest peak
Crveni Čot
(539
meters above sea level), it
is quite significant for the wider area around it. During the centu¬
ries its primary significance lay in its strategic position, especially
at times when state borders were near-by. This was the case when
these parts of Europe were under the reign of the Roman Empire
and the Hungarian State. At that time vast numbers of defensive
forts were built here. Much later Austria built the great Petrova-
radin Fortress, which was one of the grandest in the monarchy
at the time. Such characteristics of the mountain were favorable
for the local population as well, who had to protect themselves
and their property in turbulent periods in the history. They used
Fruška
Gora
as a refuge and built their villages in hidden places.
This is one of the reasons why a large number of Orthodox mon¬
asteries were built there and today
15
of them still exist.
The mountain has economic particularities as well and
some of the production processes are not characteristic of the sur¬
rounding plains: exploitation of coal, betonite, cement marl, rock
and forests. Agricultural production is quite characteristic as well,
primarily in the domain of well-known vine growing and wine
production. High quality wines have been produced here since
ancient times and have been exported to remote markets.
Recently, because of the extraordinary features of the moun¬
tain placed in the middle of a vast plain and because of its many
natural and social characteristics, it is increasingly appealing to
the population who lives in the surroundings, especially in towns.
For that reason, a whole range of tourist activities have developed
here.
The settlements of
Fruška
Gora are
also singular in some re¬
spects, which is the characteristic imposed both by the orographi-
cal building conditions and by economic particularities. There are
67
settlements altogether in the region, most of them found on
the mountain
(41)
and a smaller number found in the vicinity,
15
in the area along the Danube river and on the south side of the
mountain. Not all the settlements of
Fruška
Gora are
independ¬
ent, i.e. not all have the status of "administrative" towns. Such a
status has been given to only
57
of them, while the remaining
10
are small villages, administratively dependant and statistically not
separate districts. Many "administrative" settlements do not have
a large population:
27
of them have less than
100
inhabitants and
most of them are mountain settlements. A small population is one
of the basic features of the settlements on
Fruška
Gora.
The big¬
gest settlement on the mountain and its edge is
Irig,
with
4848
inhabitants and other larger towns are found on the edge of the
mountain.
Orographie
conditions and limited opportunities for build¬
ing have affected several morphological characteristics of these
towns, the most specific being the position, shapes of the founda¬
tions of the settlement, their structure, physiognomy and house
decoration.
The development of the settlements of
Fruška
Gora
was
slowed down by the position of the mountain far from more sig¬
nificant towns and this is the area where the peripheries of their
gravitational zones meet. In such regions the motivating influ¬
ences of towns are small. The only exceptions are the central and
north sides of the mountain, which are close to
Novi Sad,
so this
is where urban processes happen faster. The surrounding settle¬
ments are included into the urban zone of this town and are dif¬
ferent from other villages on
Fruška
Gora in
respect to a number
of characteristics. The growth of this region1 towards the south is
prevented by the barrier of the mountain.
The text portrayed several characteristic settlements and
Sremski
Karlovci
was taken as an example of an old town with a
tradition older than that of
Novi
Sad. Sremski
Karlovci
has kept a
whole range of significant religious and cultural roles, which was
helped by the preserved ambiance from the baroque times and
the appearance of the old vine growing center.
Irig,
being another
old town and a vine growing center, was also depicted, along¬
side with the neighboring Vrdnik, which was significantly trans¬
formed in the last century from a common
Fruška
Gora
village to
a coal mining settlement and finally to a tourist center. Another
interesting town, the largest in the region of
Fruška
Gora,
is
Šid,
which was founded in the 18th century and quickly developed into
a gravitational center of west Srem. Another town from
Fruška
547
Gora
without
a
long tradition is
Beočin,
which used to be a vil¬
lage until the beginning of the 20th century. It was not different in
any way from all other villages in the region until the discovery of
rich cement marl deposits. Soon a large cement factory was built,
the population rose and
Beočin
evolved into a town and a small
regional center.
The population of
Fruška
Gora
is neither big nor homog¬
enous. In
2002
there were
122,939
people living here. The surface
of the area is
1338.51
km2 and the population density is
91.8
peo¬
ple per square kilometer. This is much less than the provincial
average of
94.4
people per square kilometer. The lack of homoge¬
neity is seen in the fact that a large part of the population is situ¬
ated in the urban zone of
Novi Sad,
which has the surface of
151
km2 or
11.2%
of the surface of the
Fruska
Gora area,
where
55,247
people, or
44.9%
of the population live. The population density
here is
365.8
people per square kilometer. In the remaining part
of the region, which is not part of the
Novi Sad
urban zone, the
average population density is
57.3
people per square kilometer,
almost half as much as the provincial average.
The development of this population is uneven. Older data
is less reliable and can be compared with new data with some re¬
serve. It testifies of a small number of inhabitants in the first half
of the 18th century, at the time when the population was just being
formed. Its development followed a general tendency of growth
with significant oscillations. More reliable data can be found from
the year
1869
onwards. The comparability here is not absolute ei¬
ther and the data also does not note precisely all the great changes
that occurred. The greatest depopulation was caused by the two
world wars, but this was not clearly documented by the lists which
covered a much longer time. The whole observed period showed a
general tendency of population increase.
The changes in the number of inhabitants were affected by
migrations and birth rate, but this influence was not constant.
From the beginning of the 20th century birth rate has had a gen¬
eral tendency of decrease with occasional oscillations. Depressive
changes happened during wars and sudden rises after them. The
influence of migrations also changed, but with less regularity.
Lately, migrations have illustrated a prominent lack of homoge¬
neity in this territory. The urban area of
Novi Sad
is the immigra-
tional zone, whereas the remaining part of the region is primarily
the emigrational zone. The number of inhabitants of individual
settlements has changed in accordance with that.
This used to be a markedly rural population and it was so
until after the Second World War. In
1953
agricultural popula¬
tion was not dominant in only three towns:
Beočin, Petrovaradin
and
Šid.
As the process of urbanization progressed, it affected the
region of
Fruška
Gora,
but the agricultural character of the popu¬
lation remained in the large part of the territory for a long time.
The centers of the development of urban processes were
Beočin,
Petrovaradin,
Šid, Vrdnik
and
Ilok.
The share of the population
employed in agriculture decreased from
71.7%
in
1953
to
20.1%
in
2002.
Lately, tertiary activities have become dominant
(56.2%),
with industry being dominant only in
Beočin
and the surround¬
ing villages. The increase of traffic conditions and the construc¬
tion of small production plants in villages conditioned the in¬
crease of the
non-
agricultural population in these villages. These
processes, however, are not of such intensity as to be able to stop
all negative sides of the development of village population, such
as emigration, decrease of the number of inhabitants, population
aging, decrease of the number of people in households, etc.
Throughout the whole observed period the dominant ethnic
group on
Fruška
Gora
have been Serbs. After the Second World
War their number has kept rising because of birth rate and migra¬
tions. Other ethnic groups here are Croats, Slovaks, Hungarians
and
Ruthenians.
The area of
Fruška
Gora
is the place where different forces
ornature
influence one another. The timid outlines of the moun¬
tain merely hide the traces of the tumultuous geological history
and the dynamics of modern natural processes. With only a few
peaks over
500
meters,
Fruška
Gora
barely meets the formal geo¬
graphical demand to be categorized as a low mountain. Despite
this, the island mass of
Fruška
Gora
is the most conspicuous
oro¬
graphie
whole in the relief of
Vojvodina.
Because
ofthat
the natu¬
ral processes of
Fruška
Gora are
quite different from those that
take place in the regions of the surrounding plains. On the other
hand, this relatively small area is characterized by a complex geo¬
logical evolution that has formed the unique tectonic, lithological
and
stratigraphie
mosaic. That is why this singular island moun¬
tain represents an unusual treasure of geological, relief, climatic,
hydrological, pedological and biodiversity.
The history of studying
Fruška
Gora
is very long. During
the three centuries of research a large number of papers have been
published, some of which go beyond the local importance and are
considered to be references significant for the global development
of geo-sciences. Due to this fact
Fruška
Gora
is one of the best
investigated areas of Serbia in respect of geological, physical and
geographical research.
There are very few regions that have this much geological
diversity in such a small area. This mountain is
a horst
form that
gradually rises unlike most of the surrounding tectonic blocks
which have been sinking for millions of years and are covered in
increasingly younger sediment. The build of
Fruška
Gora
was in¬
fluenced by numerous
stratigraphie
formations which have, dur¬
ing the long geological history, passed through dynamic tectonic
processes and were occasionally accompanied by strong volcanic
activity. This was the basis for the reconstruction of the sequence
of natural changes that occurred on
Fruška
Gora
500
million
years ago and have been happening until today.
Modern
géomorphologie
processes on
Fruška
Gora
have
modeled the tectonic relief predispositions. Generally, there are
two main
morphostructures
of the relief whole: the
Fruška
Gora
mountain mass and the surrounding loess plain.
The region of
Fruška
Gora
is situated in the area of moder¬
ate continental climate of the
Pannonian
type, but the climate of
Fruska
Gora
is significantly different from the typical steppe con¬
tinental climatic conditions characteristic of the surrounding area
of the plain. The morphology of
Fruska
Gora
significantly modi¬
fies the climatic conditions, primarily by increasing the amount of
rainfall and by reducing the temperature extremes.
As an island mountain,
Fruska
Gora
is an isolated and char¬
acteristic hydrological whole. Despite the small surface of the col¬
lection region, it has a diversity of underground waters, a plethora
>48
SUMMARY
of different types of springs and a significant density of river net¬
works. Underground and surface waters are characterized by a
weak, but relatively steady abundance.
Exposed to long processes of physical and chemical decom¬
position, a diverse stony foundation along with other pedogenetic
factors has conditioned the formation of an extremely diverse
pedological cover. Besides the pedological cover, especially in the
loess sediment, a significant diversity of paleoland has been pre¬
served.
Since ancient times people have identified
Fruska
Gora
as
their home. Using the ample natural resources the inhabitants of
this mountain disturbed the natural balance on many localities.
However, despite numerous problems the largest part of
Fruska
Gora
still stands as the oasis of preserved nature. In order to save
the most important natural values of
Fruska
Gora,
we need to
understand better the laws of natural processes. The respect for
natural specificities should be the foundation for creating a model
of sustainable development of this mountain.
ANIMAL WORLD
Because of its position, relief and presence of herbal families,
Fruska
Gora
has attracted numerous researchers of some groups
and kinds of fauna from mid 19th century until today. The results
of these explorations have been collected both in many published
papers and in significant naturalistic collections in museums and
other scientific institutions in Serbia.
This "island" mountain on the southern rim of the
Pannonian
Plain is characterized by a large number of animals and presence
of many rare species, from an endemic kind of a syrphid (Cheilosia
griseifaci) to the impressive imperial eagle (Aljuila heliaca), for
which
Fruska
Gora
is probably the only active nesting place in all
Serbia. Besides having extreme national importance as being a sig¬
nificant reproductive center and the center of biodiversity of am¬
phibian and reptile fauna in Serbia and one of the most important
points of biological diversity of birds and mammals, this area holds
an internationally acknowledged status. Because of the fact that it
is the nesting place of a large number of species classified accord¬
ing to many criteria as birds of international importance,
Fruska
Gora
was declared an internationally important bird habitat in
Europe
(IBA
area) with the surface of
42,000
hectares.
Due to its many singular characteristics,
Fruska
Gora
with
its surface of
25,393
hectares was declared the first national park
in Serbia in
1960.
Many animal and plant species found here are
protected by the law as natural rarities and have become part of
the Red List of Europe and the world.
However, even after half the century of protection, the na¬
ture of the National Park suffers constant changes caused by the
intensive use of forests and by the spread of weekend settlements
and traffic routes, but especially by the development of industry
and mining, with attempts to open new mines and re-open the
old ones that have been closed for a longer time.
The diversity of animal world of
Fruska
Gora
is the wealth
we must preserve. This unique mountain with its peaks and ra¬
vines, its forests and meadows offers food and shelter to all its
animals. Man, who leaves trails of his existence everywhere, has
the duty to correct what he has damaged and must act in such
a way as to perpetually study, follow and improve what he has
found in order to preserve it for future generations of this country
and the whole planet.
PLANT WORLD
The unique plant world of
Fruska
Gora
is the consequence
of its "island" character and isolation, of a distributed relief, ped¬
ological, geological and climatic features as well as the negative
effects of man's presence. On this mountain
1454
species can be
found and, in comparison with
3562
species of flora in Serbia, this
is an indicator of a great diversity. Besides an enormous wealth
of flora in such a small area, the value of herbal species of
Fruska
Gora
consists of natural rarities originating in
14
herbal-geo¬
graphical provinces.
There were recently two rare plants that have been found for
the first time on
Fruska
Gora:
globe daisies
(Globularia elongata)
and bee orchids (Ophrys oestrifera). This information and the fact
that some species considered to be extinct were found indicates
that the flora of
Fruska
Gora
is richer than previously assumed.
The oldest plant species of the
Fruska
Gora
mountain are the re¬
mains of the Tertiary, such as Russian Hibiscus (Kitaibelia vitifo-
lia). Russian Hibiscus and
31
species of orchids are also significant
as
taxons
of global interest for the preservation of plant diversity.
Rare species include numerous steppe relicts, among which there
is an exclusive rarity, Tartar bread plant, (Crambe tataria). Many
relict species, the mentioned orchids,
Pannonian
endemics and
subendemics, alongside with other kinds of rare elements of flora
found on
Fruska
Gora are
protected in Serbia.
Besides in the species themselves, great value lies in their
combinations on this mountain because they are new families
for science. They are a symbol of plant life of
Fruska
Gora
and,
as its particularity, are important regionally and even wider.
The diversity of habitats has resulted in a complex and varied
vegetation which is dominated by over
20
separate forest fami¬
lies. Climatically, the central part of
Fruska
Gora
belongs to the
forest vegetation dominated by oak communities of the type
Quercetum montanum and oak and hornbeam forests
(Quercete
-
Carpinetum
betuli),
whereas the beech forests of the Fagetum
submontanum type grow in individual ecologically more favora¬
ble places. There are also scattered xerothermal oak forests
Aceri
tatarko
-
Quercion.
Regarding the ecosystems of grass, the most important
steppe combination Festucion rupicolae is secondarily developed
on the habitat of the destroyed xerothermal forests. The excep¬
tion is the Inulo-Chrysopogonetum grylli family, which is also ex¬
tremely valuable as the only steppe phytocenosis on
Fruška
Gora
that has been a permanent stadium on the driest, sunny southern
slopes.
Fruska
Gora,
being one of the representative
Pannonian
"island" mountains with a preserved
floristic
diversity and a het¬
erogeneous structure of forest and steppe vegetation, presents a
type of Vojvodinian, Serbian and European region in its own right
and is priceless as a natural heritage.
549
IN PRFHÍSľOK'v
Fruska Gora
is a mountain in
Vojvodina
with no particular
geomorphological area as its natural center favorable for settlement.
However, a definite exception is a rocky ridge of the Petrovaradin
Fortress, which was inhabited with slight interruptions during the
whole pre-history of the region. The remains of the following cul¬
tures can be found here: Mustier, mid-Paleolithic;
Starčevo,
early
Neolithic;
Vinca, late
Neolithic and early Eneolithic; the cultures
of late Eneolithic
-
Kostolac and
Vučedol.
It has been established
that the buildings of late Eneolithic form a ring in the central part
of
Fruška
Gora,
starting from the biggest fort in the Rivica settle¬
ment, outlining a military defense of sort in relation to the plains
along the Danube and the
Sava.
The early Bronze Age is reflected in the
Vinca
culture, while
the remains of the early Iron Age can be seen in the
Kalakača
cul¬
ture. The developed Iron Age is seen in the culture of Bosut but
that has not been present on
Fruška
Gora
long. Similarly, there is
no data on the existence of permanent settlements of Scordistae
Celts. Their presence is indicated only by individual graves and
accidental finds of metal objects.
Although individual buildings on
Fruška
Gora
continued
through Bronze and Iron Ages, their number still gradually de¬
creased. The focus of development moved to the plains of Lower
Srem and the
Sava
region.
Archaeological finds from prehistoric localities of
Fruška
Gora
have not so far offered special types of ceramics and
figurai
plastics, which is an indication of a local area. It was appreciated
because of the favorable living conditions, but is mainly devoid of
larger strategic importance, except for the period of late Eneolithic
to a certain extent. Scordistae Celts, the carriers of Late Iron Age
in Srem, lost their independence around
0
AD, so
Fruška
Gora
entered the antique period not so much as a military camp but as
an attractive living environment.
IN
ЛК'ТІҐИ.Т
TIMES
Together with the area between the rivers
Sava
and Danube,
Fruška
Gora
fell under the Roman rule at the beginning of the 1st
century AD. At the beginning of the following century it became
part of the newly formed province of Lower
Pannonia.
Its west¬
ern part overlapped with the territory of the colony Sirmium and
its eastern part with the territory of the town Bassianae (see pic¬
ture
1).
After the Diocletian reforms it became part of the prov¬
ince Second
Pannonia
and in the 5th century AD part of the East
Section of the Empire.
Avars conquering Sirmium in
582
AD marked the end of
antique times for the region of
Fruška
Gora.
At the time of the
principate
in this area there were several military units, both
infantry and cavalry. One part of the II Adiutrix legion was sta¬
tioned in Basiana, while other units were distributed along the
Danube limes in present-day
Banoštor, Petrovaradin,
Slankamen
and
Banovci
(Bononia, Cusum, Acumincum, Burgenae).
At the beginning of the 4th century two new legions were
organized,
V lovia
and VIHerculia, as well as several smaller com¬
panies which were connected in order to defend the limes from
attacks from the Sarmats. Besides that, even since the 1st century
AD, there had been a river fleet,
Classis Flavia
Pannonica.
The area of
Fruska
Gora
flourished economically even in
the Roman times. Sirmium, and Basiana to a smaller extent, were
modeled upon Roman cities. Soldiers, veterans and Italian land¬
owners influenced the development of the trade and crafts, but
also the acceptance of Roman customs, cults and way of life. The
evidence of this lies in archaeological finds, not only from the
mentioned towns, but also from smaller localities all over
Fruska
Gora:
tombstones with inscriptions, tools, ceramics, glass arti¬
facts, Roman coins (see pictures
3 - 13).
Pictures and inscriptions most often mention Jupiter, the
supreme divinity of the Roman Pantheon. In the later period one
comes across Mithra, the eastern divinity of light. The prosecu¬
tions of Christians at the beginning of the 4th century AD were
documented in Sirmium and the history of Christianity, especial¬
ly of
Arianism,
is well known from modern literary sources.
¡Ν ΓΗΕ
MIDDLE AGES
After the fall of the Roman Empire there were many lords
and masters on the soil of
Fruska
Gora. In
the middle ages many
nations moved across its slopes, stopped for a while and ruled the
area for a shorter or longer time. These nations were the Huns,
Goths, Gepids, Avars, Slavs, Francs, Bulgarians, Byzantines,
Hungarians, Serbs and Turks. The great migration of nations "un¬
settled" the peaceful
Fruska
Gora.
Sirmium was one of the first to
feel the strike of Attilas Huns. After his death in
453
the territory of
the present-day Srem fell under the rule of East Goths. After them
the historical stage of
Fruska
Gora
was dominated by Gepids.
At the beginning of the second half of the 6th century
Avars appeared in Srem. The Gepid state was destroyed by the
Langobards
in
567
in alliance with the Avars.
Langobards,
con¬
sequently, left for Italy and at the same time Slavs descended to¬
wards the south. Sirmium fell under the Avar rule in
582.
The
Avar conquest started a long and unfamiliar period in the history
of
Fruska
Gora.
The Avar Kaganat was destroyed by Charles the
Great during the
791 - 796
war. The only thing Francs left behind
was the name
Fruska
Gora
and toponyms Kovilj and Vilovo, de¬
scending from the word
Francovilla.
A great change in the history of
Fruska
Gora
occurred at the
end of the 9th century when Hungarians migrated to this area. In
the middle of the
1
1th century Hungarians attacked Sirmium and
its vicinity. One reliable piece of information on the Hungarian
authorities in Sirmium refers to the period of
1071 - 1072,
when
the Hungarian King
István
(997 - 1038)
attacked Sirmium and
other towns on the Danube border. Under the Hungarian rule
Srem was organized as a frontier area and was named
Marchia
(border, frontier).
The fall of Constantinople in
1204,
when the crusaders con¬
quered it, practically deduced the Byzantine influence in Srem to
the church and local areas. In the 12th century the meaning of the
name of Sirmium came to refer not just to the town itself, but also
to the whole area between the rivers
Sava
and Danube.
After the battle of Kosovo in
1389
Turkish army units started
to invade Srem. At the beginning of
1404
Despot Stefan
Lazarević
formed an alliance with the Hungarian King Szigmund, which
radically changed the situation and position of Serbs in Hungary.
The migration of Serbs onto the Hungarian soiled turned them
550
! MM AR
Y
into a significant and politically important factor. In Srem Despot
Stefan received from King Szigmund the areas of
Kupnik, Zemun,
Mitrovica and
Slankamen.
Turkish pillaging and looting resulted
in another migration of the population towards the north.
King Matija
Korvin
(1458 - 1490)
restored the dignity of
Serbian Despots. He confirmed the Despot decorum to the mem¬
bers of the royal
Branković
family and gave them estates in Srem.
The
Branković's
of Srem are the descendants of the last rulers of
the Serbian Despot state.
Fruška
Gora
became a new and impor¬
tant Serbian core where Serbs nurtured illusions of renewing the
Serbian state.
Vuk Grgurević
was the first
Branković
from Srem to bear
the title of Despot. King Matija gave him many estates all over
Hungary. His heroic bravery earned him the nickname
Zmaj
Ognjeni Vuk
(the Fire Breathing Dragon
Vuk)
while he was still
alive. He is the one who is responsible for
Fruška
Gora
becoming
the place where Serbs gathered even after the fall of the Despot
state.
The new Despot was
Đorđe Branković,
the older son of the
Despot Stefan the Blind. He renounced the Despot title, entered
the monastic order and became the peaceful monk Maksim.
After
Đorđe
withdrew from secular life,
Jovan
was the only
Serbian Despot in Southern Hungary. With his death in
1502
the
role of the
Branković
family ended on the historical stage of the
Serbian people.
King Vladislav the Second named a Croatian nobleman
Ivaniš Berislavić
to be the Serbian Despot. It was the first time
that the dignity of the Despots of Serbia was separated from the
Serbian royal family and given to a "foreign nobleman." The army
of the Sultan Suleiman the Second
(1520 - 1566)
occupied
Šabac
on
10
July
1521
and then robbed and burned places all over Srem.
After a long siege this army took Belgrade on
29
August.
After the defeat of Hungary on the
Mohács
Field in
1526
Turks retreated across the Danube, but they left their army gar¬
risons in Srem.
Fruska
Gora,
therefore, completely fell under the
rule of Turks. Despot
Đorđe
Archbishop Maksim and Despot
Jovan,
as well as their father Despot Stefan the Blind and their
mother "holy mother Angelina" were declared Serbian saints and
the cult of the last
Branković's
of Srem quickly developed among
Serbs.
UNDER THE TURKISH RULE
Srem was first devastated during the Turkish invasion of
1521
when they conquered Belgrade. After the Battle of
Mohács
in
1526
Srem fell under the Turkish rule and remained part of
the
Osman
Empire for entire
172
years, i.e. until the end of the
Great Vienna War in
1699,
when it was returned to Hungary,
i.e.
the Habsburgh Monarchy. The arrival of Osmans in Srem meant
the change in the ethnic structure of the population. Turks popu¬
lated partially devastated territories of Srem by the Serbs from
the Smederevo and Zvornik Sanjaks. These people had the status
of noblemen and these privileges therefore extended over all the
masses living in the Srem Sanjak. Instead of a large tax the masses
paid a much smaller1 tax to the state. This custom remained in
Srem for a long time because this was a way for Turkish authori¬
ties to conduct the colonization of deserted and destroyed areas.
The character and composition of the population changed com¬
pletely: Mitrovica and
Ilok
had the majority of Muslim population,
whereas
Karlovci, Zemun
and
Irig
remained mainly Christian.
The population and ethnic composition of Srem are best
seen in the Turkish census books from that period (16th and 17th
centuries). That information coincides with the reports of many
European travel writers and diplomats who passed through this
area on their way to Constantinople. Another characteristic of
this region was the extraordinary wine which was mentioned and
praised by almost all travel writers.
A new ethnic change in Srem happened after the Peace of
Karlovci
of
1699.
Srem then almost completely lost its Muslim
population and became almost exclusively Christian. The lower
part of the Srem region was populated by the Orthodox people
and the upper part by mainly Catholic population, which is the
feature that extends to the present-day.
ON THE BORDER OF TWO EMPIRES
The Great Vienna War
(1683 - 1699)
led to the division of
Srem between two empires, Turkey and Austria and it ended the
co-existence of Serbs and Turks, the consequence of which was the
migration of the Serbian people under the leadership of Patriarch
Arsenije III Čarnojević.
After the Great Migration Serbian people
lived in very difficult conditions. However, at the very end of the
war Austrian authorities started to take care of the situation in
Srem. During
1702
the court established the
Sava
military border
along the river
Sava
and another border along the river Danube.
Part of Srem left outside the military border was under the civil
rule of Prince
Livije Odeskalski.
When it seemed that the situation would stabilize, there was
another Austrian
-
Turkish war
(1716 - 1718),
which was again
fought in the area of Srem and
Fruska
Gora.
After the war ended,
Turks were banished from Srem. New difficulties for Srem and
Fruska
Gora
came with another war between Austria and Turkey
(1737 - 1739),
which caused the Second Migration of Serbs under
the leadership of Arsenije IV
Jovanović Šakabenta.
At the end of
the war there was an outbreak of plague which lasted until
1741
and claimed thousands of lives. Those years are remembered in
the history of Srem and
Fruška
Gora
as a time of constant weep¬
ing and desperation.
In Srem agrarian relations were very chaotic, which is why
emperor Charles VI brought a feudal law to arrange all the re¬
lations between peasants and landowners. Simultaneously Serbs
in the Monarchy attempted to formalize their privileges institu¬
tionally. In
1745
they managed to establish the Illyr Court Office
which contributed to the "religious and national affirmation of
Serbs and their independence". In order to improve the position
of peasants in
1753
empress Marie
Thérèse
brought a new feudal
law and its application alongside with the later reforms of emperor
Joseph II improved the general position of peasants in Srem. All
of this influenced the improvement in the whole agricultural do¬
main in the second half of the 18th century. At that time, in
1790,
at the National and Church Assembly in
Timişoara
Serbs again
raised the question of their territorial and political autonomy in
the Monarchy.
551
IN
1ΉΓ:
SPIRIT OF NATIONAL
Kt
VIVA!
In the area that was once the
Fruska
Gora Srem, a
military-
border and a province, from the end of the 18th century until
1918,
the population lived in different socio-economic condi¬
tions. They were mostly involved in the agricultural production
and concerned with the circumstances which affected their sta¬
tus and obligations as frontiersmen. Land farming was more de¬
veloped than cattle farming and the most frequently cultivated
crops were wheat, corn, silk worms and vines. Town economy
was especially thriving in the market places in
Irig,
Ruma
and
Sremska Mitrovica. Serbs were the absolute majority of popula¬
tion and they were active in every form of battle for national and
democratic rights of their people. In the First Serbian Uprising
they were active helpers in the battle against Turks and during the
war of
1848 - 49,
they confronted the Hungarians and stated the
demand for the freedom of Serbian
Vojvodina in
the Habsburgh
Monarchy. The cultural and educational circumstances in the
Fruska
Gora Srem
from
1790
to
1918
were marked by the forma¬
tion of libraries and reading rooms, by the progress of the educa¬
tion system and the foundation of the
Karlovci
Grammar School.
During World War I the Serbs in Srem were exposed to arrests,
imprisonments and executions by hanging or shooting. The Srem
Brigade of Volunteers was famous for its heroism and the decision
of the Serbs in Srem to live as part of Serbia was confirmed on the
meeting in
Ruma
on
24
November
1918.
IN YUGOSLAVIA AND SERBIA
On
10
November
1918
the army of the Kingdom of Serbia
liberated almost all districts in Srem, thus creating the conditions
for the state and legal breakup with Austria-Hungary and for the
union of Srem and
Fruška
Gora
with the Kingdom of Serbia. At
the assembly of representatives of National Councils from Srem
held in
Ruma
on
24
November 1918 a special resolution was for¬
mulated, containing demands for the immediate union with the
Kingdom of Serbia.
When Srem and
Fruska
Gora
joined the newly formed state,
the circumstances of their economic development changed. This
conditioned a new orientation in economic activities, the breaking
of the existing ties and the establishing of new ones on the terri¬
tory of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The economy
of Srem relied on small industry and craftsmanship. At the begin¬
ning of
1930s
there was a general economic crisis in all branches
of economy. The establishment of the Danube
Banovina
in
1929,
which united Srem,
Banat, Bačka, Baranja
and
Šumadija,
did not
contribute significantly to the economic integration of this region,
although it was one of the most developed in Yugoslavia.
All leading parties in Serbia were present in the political
life of Srem and
Fruška
Gora
(Radical, Democratic, Agricultural),
but there was also the Independent Democratic Party. The influ¬
ence of Radical and Democratic Parties eventually grew weaker,
which created the atmosphere for the political influence of the
Croatian Peasants' Party and Agricultural Party. Political life was
particularly marked by the
Cvetković-Maček
agreement, which
worsened the relationship between Serbs and Croats to a great
extent. The Serbian people stood against
Maček
and his territo¬
rial pretensions towards Srem. Namely, Serbs found the borders
of
Banovina
Croatia unacceptable because they were aware of the
danger awaiting them in such a country after they had been sepa¬
rated from the rest of their people.
In the April war of
1941
Srem and
Fruška
Gora
were oc¬
cupied by Germans and became part of Croatia after the proc¬
lamation of the Independent State of Croatia on
10
April
1941,
which was "the most extreme anti-Yugoslav act on the soil of the
temporarily occupied Kingdom of Yugoslavia." The fascist and
racial character of the occupational system in Srem was the im¬
mediate influence on the development of the armed uprising of
the Serbian people.
During
1943
the idea of Vojvodinian autonomy became
clear, especially when the Communist Party of Yugoslavia pre¬
sented their political platform for
Vojvodina:
Our party has the
opinion that
Vojvodina,
which consists of Srem,
Banat, Bačka
and
Baranja,
is one whole with regard to its multi-national structure.
All problems that all nations in
Vojvodina
have can be resolved
through joint cooperation of all people and by giving autonomy to
Vojvodina.
At the end of September
1944
the offense of all forces
of the People's Liberation Movement began on the territory of
Srem. The battles which took place in Srem were part of the largest
Belgrade operation. After the liberation of Belgrade the People's
Liberation Army of Yugoslavia and Red Army troops continued
to liberate Srem. In the fall of
1944,
after the liberation of east
Srem, the front stabilized on the route west of
Šid
and
Lipovac
and on the left bank of Bosut, where a new front was established
-
the Srem Front. The brigades of the First Army breached the
Srem Front on
11
April
1945
as part of the final offensive for the
liberation of Yugoslavia and on
13
April liberated the remaining
part of Srem and
Fruška
Gora.
The question of borders of federal units of Democratic
Federative Yugoslavia, i.e. between Serbia and Croatia, was raised
in
1945.
The suggestion for delimitation was adopted at the assem¬
bly of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party of Yugoslavia on
26
July
1945
when the border between
Serbia and Croatia was drawn, damaging the Serbian people.
The "temporarily" questionable territory of
Baranja,
the district
Vukovar,
the town of
Ilok
and two districts of the
Sombor
county,
Dard
and
Batine,
were given to the defeated Croatia. Then, on
1
September
1945
they adopted the Law on the establishment and
organization of the Autonomous Province of
Vojvodina,
accord¬
ing to which it was "part of Serbia." This was the legal act through
which Srem and
Fruška
Gora
were re-joined with Serbia.
In the war Srem and
Fruška
Gora
suffered significant losses
with regard to population and material goods. During the post¬
war period the economic map of Srem and
Fruška
Gora
was
changed. The disintegration of Yugoslavia brought the economy
of Srem to a very bad situation. The solution was found in the re-
establishment of capitalist social and economic relations. At the
end of the 1980's Srem and
Vojvodina
became more integrated
into Serbia after the annulment of the Constitution of the Socialist
Autonomous Province of
Vojvodina
of
28
February of
1974,
which separated "all functions from the Province and gave them to
the Republic: from the government, economy, education to sport
and tourism." In October
1988
the mass national movement over¬
threw the alienated autonomous core and created the precondi¬
tions for the "return of the Vojvodinian autonomy to its original
552
SUMMARY
and natural boundaries within the Republic of Serbia," which was
legalized in the constitution of
1990.
After the disintegration of
the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia was founded and then later the state union of Serbia
and Montenegro. When Montenegro left the union in
2006,
Serbia
adopted a new constitution in
2007
and returned to its old name,
with Srem and
Fruska
Gora
being their inseparable part.
Medieval towns on
Fruska
Gora
were the forts capable of
defense consisting of a tower for living and extensive walls. Towns
in Srem and
Fruska
Gora
did not present "any defensive closed
political whole" but were "part of the defense system belonging to
the southern section of former Hungary," first towards Byzantine
and then towards Turkey. R. Schmidt lists four lines of defense:
"the first line goes along the Danube and the
Sava;
the second goes
away from the Danube and covers the southern rim of
Fruska
Gora;
the third stretches from
Slankamen
on the northern rim of
Fruska
Gora
and on the southern bank of the Danube; the forth
goes along
Mošorin
(northeast of our territory) and cuts across
Bačka
towards the mouth of the
Drava.
Between these lines there
are individual fortified places which protect certain regions or
some landowning families."
At that time Srem was particularly well fortified and togeth¬
er with
Fruška
Gora
it presented a defense belt of sort. Important
forts in Srem on the
Sava
were in
Zemun, Kupinovo
and Mitrovica,
on the Danube in
Slankamen, Varadin,
Ilok
and
Šarengrad,
and
Berkasovo and Vrdnik in the interior. After the Turkish conquest,
forts were not reconstructed and even the buildings that were not
damaged got ruined over time. One such testimony comes from
Prandstet from
1608
who says: "all the towns, castles and places
Turks have conquered were completely destroyed and torn down.
They do not even maintain beautiful old towers and towns that
were whole and undamaged, not even roofs, attics, windows or
flats, as can be seen in
Budim, Tolna, Mohács,
Vukovar,
this little
town of
Ilok
and all other towns and houses. And here all beauti¬
ful houses have been torn down and are now deserted and in their
places ugly shacks made of shrub and mud are built, the sort of
houses not even a cattle farmer would be happy to live in." So after
the Turkish conquest all towns in Srem and
Fruška
Gora
were a
sad sight. Instead of former numerous towns and castles along the
Danube and all over
Fruška
Gora,
only ruins could be seen.
MOUNT
ATHOS
OF
FRUŠKA
CORA
The monasteries of
Fruška
Gora are
situated in the area of
Srem (old Sirmia), on the slopes where they were built in the 15th
century. At that time Srem was part of Hungary and this region
between the Danube and lower part of the
Sava
was inhabited by
Serbs after the Turkish conquests of the Serbian medieval state.
The presence of the fleeing royal family of
Branković
is of vital
importance because they were the members of the last Serbian
ruling family. In that period well-known noble families moved
to the area around the Danube, but also the monks of ancient
Serbian medieval monasteries on the Balkans. Among them were
the patrons of the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora.
Positioned and
scattered in a relatively small region covered in forests, the mon¬
asteries compose a vivid panorama of this landscape. Today this
can be seen with the following monasteries:
Krušedol, Hopovo,
Velika Remeta, Beočin, Bešenovo, Vrdnik-Ravanica, Grgeteg,
Divša, Jazak, Kuveždin, Mala Remeta, Petkovica,
Pribina
Glava,
Rakovac and Šišatovac.
Architecturally speaking, the first churches imitated late
medieval style in construction and they had either cross-shaped
or leaf-shaped ground plans. Late Byzantine style was charac¬
teristic of icons and wall paintings (frescoes). Frescoes of great
artistic value were preserved in the monasteries of Hopovo and
Petkovica and partially preserved in the monasteries of Rakovac
and
Krušedol.
At the beginning of the 18th century the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora
accepted the influence of the east which came from
Russia (Kiev, present-day Ukraine) and in the second half of
the
Ιδ"1
century came influences from the west, primarily from
Vienna. It was the beginning of the transformation of Serbian
church art which was very visible in the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora.
There were big changes in the architecture of churches and
church quarters, which gradually changed their traditional, late
medieval architectural appearance. Many construction interven¬
tions and additions were undertaken that were in the baroque
style. In that period smaller monastery churches were demolished
and in their place new ones were built in the style of late baroque
and classicism, often with the help of foreign architects.
Changes in style were visible in visual art, frescoes and icons
as well. At that time painters from Kiev came to
Fruška
Gora
and
contributed significantly to the style of Orthodox, baroque under¬
standing of church art. The most noticeable examples of this style
can be seen in the frescoes of the monastery of
Krušedol,
originat¬
ing in mid 18th century.
In the second half of the 18th century Serbian painters at¬
tended Viennese painting workshops and then the Vienna Painting
Academy. In that period tall, carved, gilded partitions
(iconostases)
were constructed in churches. They contained icons distributed in
four or five rows with forty to fifty paintings drawing themes from
the life of Christ and Holy Mother. There were other compositions
from the New Testament and less frequent were some themes
from the Old Testament. At that time people started seeing icons
as something of religious importance under the influence of the
west European art. The monasteries of
Fruška
Gora
contain some
of the best works of the following painters:
Dimitrije Bačević,
Vasa
Ostojić,
Janko
Halkozović, Jakov
Orfelin and Teodor
Kračun.
In
the 19th century there were new innovations in style: painting was
dominated by dassicism-bidermeyer. At the end of the 19th centu¬
ry in monastery Grgeteg
Uroš Predić,
a Viennese student, painted
religions compositions in the style of academic realism.
During World War II the German Reich made a decision
to give the rule over Srem to Independent State of Croatia. In that
period Serbian church monuments were systematically destroyed
and robbed and the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora
suffered the
most. The barbaric acts of destruction affected the architecture of
churches and church quarters containing
iconostases,
whole gal¬
leries of religious paintings, old manuscripts and printed books,
archive material and various artistic and craft artifacts.
553
After World War
II the new communist leadership had
political reasons not to allow the historical research of the great
crime of the destruction of the monasteries of
Fruska
Gora.
As a
consequence, the process of restoration and conservation lasted a
long time. Although the activities of the Provincial Institute for the
Protection of Monuments of Culture yielded certain results that
can be seen in the monasteries of Hopovo, Rakovac and Grgeteg,
this process of restoration and conservation is still not finished.
MO NAST
1С
IS
M
The first monasteries on
Fruska
Gora
were built by Serbian
rulers King
Dragutin
and the members of the royal dynasty of
Branković
who were inspired by the beauty of this mountain. The
physiognomy of this mountain was favorable for the monastic ex¬
ploit. Since the 13th century monks were living on
Fruška
Gora
ac¬
cording to the scripts of the holy fathers of the Orthodox Church,
especially Saint
Sava,
who was the founder of monasticism in this
country. As time went by, however, there were deviations from
the authentic monastic life, primarily because of the material
wealth of the monastery and the life of monks in idiorhythm.
The Metropolitans of
Karlovci strived
to bring the monasticism
on
Fruška
Gora
to the right path through fasting, prayer, obedi¬
ence and all other evangelic values that qualify Orthodox monas¬
ticism. Especially distinguished in their efforts in this field were
Metropolitan
Pavle
Nenadović
and Patriarch
Georgije Branković,
the founder of the monk school in the Hopovo Monastery.
Before World War II
Fruška
Gora
witnessed the "Monk
Spring" primarily because of the Russian nuns who played the
crucial part in the renewal of the female monasticism in our
church, which originated on
Fruška
Gora:
the monasteries of
Hopovo and
Kuveždin.
Tribulations during World War II did
not spare the monks and monasteries of the Serbian
Aton.
The
renewal of the demolished and deserted monasteries happened
soon after the end of the war.
A special ornament and value of the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora are
the relics of saints: Saint
Teodor
Tirón,
members of the
holy family of
Branković:
Angelina, Maksim,
Jovan
and Stefan,
holy emperor
Uroš
as well as the particles of many saints, which
have been spread over holy places of
Fruška
Gora.
Today there are
17
active and mainly restored monasteries
where monks and nuns are trying to revive the holy monastic tra¬
ditions of holy forefathers by serving God and their people.
F.TI INC HOGICAL
CI ¡ARACTFRISTiCS
According to folk belief,
Fruška
Gora
belongs to the
mountainous, vine growing upper Srem, as opposed to the flat,
pig growing lower Srem. Besides the mountain itself, the whole
is composed of the settlements along the Danube which stretch
from
Neštin
to
Stari
Slankamen.
The center of the mountain and
of the whole
Fruška
Gora
is Sremski
Karlovci.
Villages and towns here are very old, which is testified by
the artifacts found in the area. During the 16th century settle¬
ments were founded on the monastery estates where servants
used to live.
The population is of different ethnic origins, mainly of
Serbian. Besides Serbs, as the native nation reinforced through
the migrations of
1690
and
1739,
Ruthenians,
Germans, Slovaks,
Croats and Hungarians have lived here and have been settling
here since mid 18th century.
The particularity of
Fruška
Gora
as opposed to other flat parts
of
Vojvodina
is in the way settlements, houses and other facilities
look. The dominant construction materials, besides earth used to
make mud bricks, are unbaked and baked bricks, wood and stone.
The appearance of settlements and the type of construction
were influenced by the government, migrations and local builders
themselves. An example of military influence is the proposition
of military authorities in
1786
to close water mills and to build
treadmills instead.
Most of the houses in
Fruška
Gora
villages are elongated,
positioned from the edge of the farmstead to the street extending
towards the inside of the yard. The back side of the house is on-
looking the neighbor's furrow and the front side is turned towards
the yard and, preferably, the sun. The few that extended along the
street had several rooms facing the street and were mainly public
in character or were the places where wealthier families lived.
The development of settlements can be traced from the
simplest underground caves, semi-caves, basements dug into
the steep banks of the Danube, through cabins up to comfort¬
able houses. Although after the colonization in the 18th century an
earthen house has been the dominant housing type in
Vojvodina,
people used hand-woven constructions filled with wattles to a
great extent on
Fruška
Gora
until the end of the 19th century.
Besides reed, ample trees on
Fruška
Gora
enabled a wider
use of shingles for roofing until mid 19th century, when both ma¬
terials were replaced by roof tiles.
Richly decorated wooden barns were built next to houses,
which was a way of pointing out the economic power of a family.
Grain was mainly ground in stream watermills and not as
often in watermills on the Danube, in treadmills or in windmills.
Vine growing has been flourishing here since the Roman times.
Every household on
Fruška
Gora
used to have a wine cellar and the
wealth of a family was not measured with the number of heads of cat¬
tle but with the number of wine barrels. Sremski
Karlovci
is the most
famous town of all because of its vineyards and wines.
In the
Fruška
Gora
region the family needs for clothes and
linen were usually the concern of the housewife. Textile culture
was mainly uniform both in respect to the shapes of textile and
in respect to the process of manufacture and the tools used. The
traditional clothes were replaced by the Serbian national attire in
the period between the two world wars.
The spiritual and social life and customs on
Fruška
Gora
were
rich. The most frequent patron saint's day of both people who lived
on the mountain and people who lived near the Danube was St.
Nikola. Celebrations of patron saint's days in certain villages were
very famous. On
Fruška
Gora
people used to gather in large numbers
in Vrdnik at
Vidovdan
and in
Krušedol
at Mother Angelina's Day.
In the cycle of yearly church holidays, the most important
one was Christmas and in the secular cycle the most important
were wedding customs. Wine was drunk in all occasions, it was
used to water the grave of a deceased man and as a gift to the ones
who spilled it. The new water, in which wine was added, was used
for washing one's face on Christmas morning.
554
SUMMARY
Serbian culture has been traditionally identified in several ge¬
ographically scattered and distant regions. Usually when a culture
is so positioned, it is considered to be decentralized and dispersed
unless this characteristic is understood as having firm strongholds
which preserve the identity in various cultural surroundings. One
such stronghold is the locality of
Fruska
Gora.
The mountain which
could in its geographical position represent the borderline of the
great
Pannonian
Plain has, however, proven to be the unifying fac¬
tor of river borders of the Danube and the
Sava
and, a bit further on,
the
Tisa.
It is actually a locality which has in its territory embraced
very different cultures which have created points of similarity as a
consequence of many centuries of coexistence.
The population of the small and not very high mountain
has been formed for centuries. It encompassed both Serbs and
Turks, but the migrations increased the proportion of Orthodox
population. Later, Hungarians, Germans and Slovaks settled here
and introduced the elements of a foreign culture into their own.
The wooded mountain enabled a peaceful development of the
spiritual and material life and the quiet of a refugee tragedy. Thus,
a typical quality of the Balkan culture world
-
the feeling of anx-
iousness and quiet
-
was annulled through a particular kind of life
in this "blessed mountain." It was the cross section of the Serbian,
Hungarian and German cultures which is today visible in a cer¬
tain lifestyle, in vine growing, in house construction and in adapt¬
ing foreign words phonologically to the Serbian language.
The everyday life of the population of
Fruška
Gora
took place
alongside many monasteries, in the center of the village or in small
towns. On Sundays and on holidays people used to go to the nature,
to different picnic sites, which helped develop the cult of nature that
was reflected in growing a maidens garden, a garden to accompany
a larger estate or in looking after the natural surroundings of the
monastery estate. The testimonies of such claims can be found in
the artistic engravings from the
Іб"1
century which show how the
beautiful nature reflected the culture of the man from
Fruska
Gora
and his enlightened sense of spotting the well-being in nature.
One of the natural resources, the vine, was sung about in
many folk and authored poems which, like the medieval collec¬
tion
Carmina
Burana,
glorified the cult of wine and the pleasures
one gets when drinking red or white wine (the courage to state
ones affections, the bold look of a young man and also spending
one's fortunes in a rich
café
life). Lack of measure was, of course,
punished, especially in the parts of
Fruška
Gora
which were un¬
der the military rule, an example of which was the Petrovaradin
District of the 18th century.
The provincial milieu proved increasingly more that it was
Europized: children were educated, foreign languages were taught,
there was social life and fashionable clothes and many private li¬
braries were formed. In such an environment, unlike the one in
villages, women were also allowed to be educated and to lead the
life of intellectuals. Patriarchal culture here lost its primacy, so
many writers criticized the corruption of the basic forms of moral
behavior (e.g. Mihailo
Maksimović
in a satirical book from
1792
A Small Primer for Big Children). Even when conditions changed
and the influence of the West grew, the Serbian culture of
Fruška
Gora
did not forget its main feature reflected in the typical quali¬
ties of hospitality and friendship. This was sung about in many
folk poems and in Serbian middle-class poetry, often written
in both Serbian and German verses. That characteristic in itself
has shown that the citizens of
Fruška
Gora
belong to the cosmo¬
politism of the European New Age.
FRUSKA
GORA IN
LITERATURE
Before the Great Migration of
1690
and another century
after that literary activities on
Fruska
Gora
and in other re¬
gions north of the
Sava
and Danube populated by Serbs were
deduced to the copying of the church service books and look¬
ing after their decoration and preservation. The main centers
of this earliest literary activity in the Serbian language were the
monasteries on
Fruska
Gora
and the people who were involved
were students and monks. Their notes on the margins of copied
manuscripts were the only testimony of real life and of different
localities on
Fruska
Gora.
A very early trace of the existence of some form of literature
on the slopes of
Fruska
Gora
is found in the travel writings of
the Pecs bishop
Antun Vrančić
from
1553,
where it is said that
"Kamenica,
which used to be thickly populated, is an excellent
and rich Srem town, famous for literary games (literariis ludis)."
There are also written sources on the so-called
Irig
Blind Academy
which was probably founded in the 16th century and was closed
by the Emperors decree in
1780.
Fruška
Gora
is seldom found to be a site for heroic deeds in
folk epic poems: in two poems
oí
Erlangen
Manuscript, in several
poems on the death of Despot
Jovan
and in one drinking poem
from the collections of
Vuk
Karadžič.
The students from Sremski
Karlovci
actually contributed to
the real renewal of the secular lyric literature. This is where their
most important and most famous poet,
Branko Radičević,
origi¬
nated from. Another poet from this circle was Nikanor
Grujić,
Episkope
of
Pakrac,
who had been a priest in
Karlovci.
Students
from
Karlovci
used to copy verses into handwritten collections of
poems and sing them, thus opening a possibility for
Fruška
Gora
to become a poetic toponym. This was realized in the verses of
Branko Radičević,
who turned a small mountain and a student's
life on its slopes into a myth. In one of his most famous poems, A
Students' Farewell, he says goodbye to his friends, to
Karlovci,
to
the Danube, to
Belilo,
to vineyards and grape-picking, barefoot
girls, dances and a mountain covered in linden.
In
1877
an idea occurred to transport the poet's remains
from Vienna to
Stražilovo
and
Jovan Jovanović Zmaj
published
the poem Branko's Land to support the idea. On the other hand,
Laza Kostić
opposed the idea and wrote the poem Real Branko's
Land to show this. The events that followed showed that both po¬
ets were right and in
1883
the remains of
Branko Radičević
were
laid in a grave on
Stražilovo.
The poetic image of
Stražilovo
en¬
dured all the changes and modified and adjusted as time went by.
Milica Stojadinović
built a different image of life on the
slopes of
Fruška
Gora,
especially in Vrdnik, where her diary, In
Fruška
Gora in
1854,
was written. This book is very diverse in con¬
tent; it contains the descriptions of
Fruška
Gora,
its landscapes,
monasteries, customs (grape-picking, corn digging, harvesting),
fortune telling and casting spells, poems (both folk poems and the
ones she wrote herself).
555
Fruska Gora,
its monasteries and Karlovci, as one of the most
significant spiritual centers of the Serbian people, with its Patriarch's
Court, Grammar School and Seminary, were the topics of works of
art of writers and poets in the 20th century who were connected
with this area in one way or another, whether they were students
here or just people who fell in love with the wavy landscapes cov¬
ered in vineyards and the scent of old estate houses and streets
which keep secrets of the times past. The most beautiful poem
about
Fruska
Gora
and
Stražilovo,
however, was written by
Miloš
Crnjanski
(1893 - 1977),
a man born in
Banat,
thus showing that
each poet's concept and idea of homeland is deeply connected with
personal and collective archetypes. In the poem
Stražilovo
(1921)
the decision to choose this kind of spiritual environment is seen, on
the one hand, as the choice of romanticism, of
Branko,
of lyricism,
as an expression of a personal, individual, unique voice, and on the
other hand as a strong connection with the collective conscious¬
ness of the Serbian people. This link between the individual and the
people can be detected in all those writers and poets who wrote of
Fruška
Gora
and Sremski Karlovci after Crnjanski.
In his six-volume autobiography, with the title which pic¬
turesquely represents the destiny of the center of migrational
Serbianness, a literary and a historian of art
Dejan
Medaković
(1922)
dedicates one significant section to the period of his edu¬
cation in Sremski Karlovci prior to World War II. Tied by birth,
but not by choice by "this unattainable unknown called my
Serbian people"
Dejan
Medaković
in Ephemeris, a Chronicle of a
Family, a family whose story is inseparable from the story of Serbs
in the Habsburgh Monarchy, is a direct witness of the decline and
destruction of one of the most important political, religious and
cultural centers of a small nation who has fought for over two
centuries to survive in a foreign state.
Teodora Petrović
(1898 - 1981)
in her less known Memories
(1981)
described her life which was, with short interruptions,
always bound to Sremski Karlovci and to the Grammar School
where she received her education and where she spent her whole
life teaching. Karlovci and the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora
were
the topics of warm and melancholic works of the famous Serbian
story-teller and poet
Veljko Petrović
(1884 - 1967).
However, if
Dejan
Medaković
and
Teodora Petrović
devoted most of their
attention to Karlovci between the two wars,
Vida Ognjenović,
a
modern Serbian writer, in her collection of short stories called
Poisonous Milk of Dandelions, presents the reader with the at¬
mosphere of this little town in the years following World War II.
The reader then feels that, as time goes by, the shadow of history
of mythical proportions that has overarched this little town and
these people is increasingly more disproportionate with the mo¬
dernity and sensitivity of the new man who is trying to escape this
past and defend himself from it.
The illusions are broken in the novel Singer by
Boško
Petrović
(1915 - 2001),
a novel full of contrasts and contradic¬
tions, where the writer, from the hills of
Fruška
Gora,
looks onto
Serbia and from Serbia onto the land "abroad" through the eyes of
his heroes, thinking about the dualities and differences which di¬
vide the present and the past, about the Serbian people as the na¬
tion of warriors and poets, about how he entered culture through
foreign land, about his divisions inner and outer, collective and
individual splits in synchrony and diachrony, and about the bur¬
den of history that individuals have to bear even today. The in¬
tegration with the
topos
in the literature about
Fruška
Gora
has
thus as a rule turned into an integration with history or at least
an attempt to see and interpret the present and the past of the
Serbian people in the reciprocal artistic reflection.
1.
Marcus Aurelius Probus (Sirmium,
232 - 282),
Roman
emperor whose name is associated with bringing vine to
Fruška
Gora.
2.
Angelina
Branković
(Mother Angelina)
-
(Albania,
?
-
Krušedol,
1516),
a Serbian Despot, together with her sons
Maksim and
Jovan
founded several monasteries on
Fruška
Gora.
In Srem there is a cult of holy Mother Angelina.
3.
Jovan Rajić
(Sremski Karlovci,
1726 -
Kovilj Monastery,
1801),
father of late Serbian historiography, literary and theologi¬
cal writer, archimandrite of Kovilj.
4.
Zaharija
Orfelin
(Vukovar,
1726 -
Novi Sad,
1785),
origi¬
nator of new Serbian literature, typographer and historian, editor
and publisher, author of manuals on the production of wines on
Fruška
Gora.
5.
Simeon
Piščević (Šid,
1731 -
Novi Mirgorod,
1797),
of¬
ficer
and historian, writer of a memoir book on wars that Serbs
waged for other's interests and their migrations.
6.
Teodor
Kračun
(?, 1732 -
Sremski Karlovci,
1781),
paint¬
er of icons and portraits, his work was closely connected with the
holy Orthodox places in Srem and on
Fruška
Gora.
7.
Dositej
Obradović (Čakovo,
1739-42 -
Belgrade,
1811),
writer and philosopher, educator, creator of new Serbian litera¬
ture, first minister of education in the liberated Serbia.
8.
Stefan
Stratimirović (Kulpin,
1757 -
Sremski Karlovci,
1836),
metropolitan of Karlovci, gathered all educated people of
his time and raised important buildings in Sremski Karlovci and
in
Novi Sad.
9.
Eustahija
Arşic (Irig,
1776 -
Arad,
1843),
first Serbian
writer, associate of
Matica Srpska
and great benefactor.
10.
Lukiján
Mušicki (Temerin,
1777 -
Karlovac,
1837),
bishop and writer, helped
Vuk
Karadzic to collect Serbian folk
poems.
11.
Georije Bakalović (Kula,
1786 -
Ruma,
1837),
painter
of icons and portraits, worked in Srem until
1837
and then in the
Principality of Serbia.
12.
Dimitrije Frušić (Divoš,
1790 -
Triesta,
1838),
doctor,
journalist and publisher of one of the first papers in Serbian pub¬
lished in Vienna.
13.
Gligorije Vozarević (Ležimir,
1790 -
Belgrade,
1848),
book binder, book seller and publisher, founder of one of the first
public libraries in Belgrade.
14.
Georgije Nikolajević (Jazak,
1807 -
Sarajevo,
1896),
metropolitan, teacher, author and theological writer.
15.
Đorđe Natošević
(Stari
Slankamen,
1821 -
Karlovac,
1887),
doctor
and writer, reformer of Serbian schools, founder
and editor of the first newspaper for children.
16.
Branko Radičević (Slavonski Brod,
1824 -
Vienna,
1853),
poet who loved youth and wrote of love and patriotic pas¬
sion, had a special connection with Sremski Karlovci and
Fruška
Gora.
■ ■ ■ ■■ ■■■■■■
^
■■■:■'■■·.■■.,:■:■: .· ■:■
556
SUMMARY
17.
Ilija Okrugić Sremac (Sremski Karlovci,
1827 -
Petrovaradin,
1897),
Catholic priest and writer, author of popular
books which glorify
Fruska
Gora
and Srem.
18.
Milica Stojadinović Srpkinja (Bukovac,
1828 -
Belgrade,
1878),
one of the first Serbian writers, called "Fairy from Vrdnik",
wrote verse filled with national passion.
19.
Georgije Branković (Kulpin,
1830 -
Sremski
Karlovci,
1907),
Serbian Patriarch, responsible for the reconstruction of al¬
most all monasteries on
Fruška
Gora.
20.
Ilarion Ruvarac (Sremska Mitrovica,
1832 -
Grtegeg
monastery,
1905),
archimandrite of Grtegeg, theological pedago-
gist, considered to be the father of Serbian critical historiography.
21.
Jovan Jovanović Zmaj (Novi Sad,
1833 -
Sremska
Kamenica,
1904),
doctor, writer and publisher of magazines, the
most popular children's and folk poet until present day.
22.
Dimitrije Ruvarac
(Stari Banovci,
1842 -
Sremski
Karlovci,
1931),
priest and historian, fruitful
archiver
and publi¬
cist, wrote much about the past and the life of the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora.
23.
Jovan Grčić
Milenko
(Čerević,
1846 -
Beočin
monas¬
tery,
1875),
writer, author of sincere love, patriotic and descriptive
poems, called the "Nightingale of
Fruška
Gora".
24.
Pavle
Markovié
Adamov
(Novi Karlovci,
1855 -
Sremski
Karlovci,
1907),
told stories of villages in Srem, founded and ed¬
ited an important literary weekly journal "Brankovo
kolo".
25.
Vladimir
Nikolić
(Senta,
1857 -
Sremski
Karlovci,
1922),
architect, made projects of the most famous buildings in Sremski
Karlovci
and all over the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy.
26.
Sava Petković
(Sremska Mitrovica,
1878 -
Privina
Glava
monastery,
1957),
archimandrite of
Krušedol,
historian, stud¬
ied the history of the monasteries of
Fruška
Gora
and Church
Slavonic.
27.
Ilija Bašičević Bosilj (Šid,
1895 - 1972),
self-taught
painter, inspired by the Bible, folk tales, poems and legends.
28.
Sava Šumanović (Vinkovci,
1896 -
Sremska Mitrovica,
1942),
painter, one of the most important representatives of
Serbian and European modern art of the 20th century.
29.
Jovan Soldatović (Čerević,
1920 -
Novi Sad,
2005),
sculptor and art pedagogist, famous for many impressive monu¬
ments and lyrical sculptures.
30.
Borislav
Mihajlović Mihiz
(Irig,
1922 -
Belgrade,
1977),
writer and literary critic, playwright, journalist, excellent
polemicist.
31.
Vasa
Popović (Jazak,
1923 -
Belgrade,
2006),
writer and
journalist, master of humorous and satirical texts.
ECONOMY
Fruška
Gora
has the characteristics of a low and accessible
mountain. It lies between the Danube on the north and the
Sava
on the south. Its morphology and other complementary natural
features influence certain particularities of economy in relation to
the flat parts of
Vojvodina.
It is noticed that the northern, steeper slopes have the small¬
est percentage of arable land
(75%)
and a relatively high share of
pastures (around
20%)
in the structure of agricultural surfaces.
Farming is the
primáry
branch
óf
agricultural production. Corn
is the most important grain, followed by wheat, barley, etc. As for
industrial plants, the most important one is the sunflower, which is
sewn on average of
19,900
hectares
(6%
of arable land). The tradi¬
tion of growing sugar beet is less prominent. Vegetables are manu¬
factured extensively and this requires a lot of work force. The pro¬
duction of vegetables on private properties has its advantages as well
as its downsides and, therefore, can be considered a less important
supplier of the agricultural industry. The most frequently grown
plants are potato, melons and watermelons, beans, tomato, onion
and garlic, peas and green pepper. The largest number of trees can
be found on the south and east slopes of
Fruška
Gora.
The most fre¬
quent ones are apples, plums, peaches and apricots, which are often
grown in the vicinity of vacation houses and weekend houses.
Cattle farming is one of the oldest branches of economy. It
began to develop more significantly in mid 18th century and then
became the primary branch of agriculture until mid 19th century,
when plant production took over. Cattle farming is based on the
following animals: cows, pigs, sheep, horses, poultry as well as
bees, pigeons and rabbits.
The forests of
Fruška
Gora are
primarily composed of decid¬
uous trees and there are very few evergreen ones. Deciduous trees
are mostly of mixed kinds, the most dominant being common
oak, hornbeam, European Turkey oak and linden. They are main¬
ly found around the towns of Erdevik,
Ležimir, Beočin,
Vrdnik
and Sremska
Kamenica
at the altitudes of
200
to
350
meters. AH
ridges and peaks above the altitude of
400
meters are dominantly
covered in durmast oak. The mountain forests of beeches spread
across narrow valleys in shadowy places.
The municipality of
Šid
has the largest surface covered in
forests
(35.6%)
and is followed by
Beočin
(10.4%),
Irig
(6.8%)
and
Sremski
Karlovci
with the smallest surface.
Coal mining on
Fruška
Gora
has a long tradition. The main
resources are found on
Fruška
Gora
itself, but also on the areas of
forest depots around
Fruška
Gora
and least of all beyond these ar¬
eas. The most diverse and richest mineral raw materials belong to
non-metals bound primarily to the
Fruška
Gora Zone.
The domi¬
nant ores are cement marls, trachits, dacite-andesites, tuffs, lime¬
stones, dolomites, silified rocks, sandstones, magnezites, asbestos,
clays, quartz sands and brick soils.
In the domain of metal industry there are a few plants of
metal processing, machine construction and electricity. Chemical
industry is particularly rare and the most important plant is
"Hempro" in
Šid,
which produces chemical products. In this re¬
gion there are also several companies which produce knitted fab¬
rics: "Vojvodanka" in
Ruma, "Fruška
Gora"
in
Šid, "Šik" in Šid,
etc. Other clothes factories are
"Budućnost"
in Sremski
Karlovci.
The food industry includes grinding and peeling grain
(Šid),
processing and preserving fruit and vegetables
(Irig),
meat
processing
(Irig),
milk processing
(Šid)
and oil production
(Šid).
The analysis of crafts tendencies on the territory of
Fruška
Gora,
since the time the first data was collected until today, indi¬
cates that the total number of craftsmen is decreasing and that the
number of crafts is increasing,
i.e.
is becoming more diverse in
accordance with the needs of a modern world.
The most important routes on the mountain could have
been built on the mountain crest as well as in the more spacious
valleys of streams and rivers that go deeper into the mountain and
come close to the crest itself.
557
The railroad
Novi Sad
-
Belgrade partially goes across
Fruska
Gora
along the route Petrovaradin
-
Sremski
Karlovci
-
Čortanovci
-
Beška
-
Indija
-
Stara Pazova
-
Nova Pazova and
is
49
kilometers long. It is of big importance and connects Central
Europe and the Balkan Peninsula.
The data available on the retail indicates that the number
of shops, the size of retail space and the number of staff have in¬
creased on
Fruška
Gora.
The number of shops increases all the
time, primarily because of the surge in private ownership, which
neutralizes the consequences of the decrease of the number of
state-owned shops.
VINT GROWING AND WINES
Fruska
Gora
is a lonely mountain surrounded by the
Pannonian
Plain. It is situated in Srem next to the river Danube
and stretches in the direction west
-
east for
80
kilometers. On
its wavy northern and southern slopes, between the plain and
forests, from approximately
100
to
300
meters above sea level, lie
fields particularly good for vineyards. The climate, types of soil and
orography of these parts are quite favorable for vine growing.
Although it is well known that vine has been grown in
the
Pannonian
Plain since before the Romans arrived, the true
beginning of vine growing in this region is connected with the
Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius Probus
(232 - 282),
who
started first vineyards on
Fruska
Gora.
Since the 3rd century AD
many nomadic peoples have passed through this region and ul¬
timately Hungarians and Slavs settled here. From that time there
are records of the development of vine growing and the wines of
Fruska
Gora
were famous even then.
Between
1521
and
1699
Srem was occupied by the Turks. At
that time vine growing changed significantly in two respects:
(1)
new sorts of vines started being grown (Skadarka) and
(2)
there was
a more intensive growth of table sorts of grapes
(Čauš, Kozje Sise).
After the
Karlovci
Treaty in
1699
Srem became part of
Austria and, because of its position,
Fruška
Gora
became the most
important area in the empire, which opened new possibilities for
vine growing. Prosperity and even a "gold age" of vine growing on
Fruška
Gora
lasted until the end of the 19th century. Due to good
connections, vine growing was also developed in other parts of the
Habsburgh Monarchy. Because of the development of science new
vineyards had sorts of vines which gave better quality wine than
the old sorts grown on
Fruška
Gora.
All of this led to the problem
of how to sell wines from
Fruška
Gora.
The crisis culminated with
the appearance of phylloxera, a specific parasite insect (Phyloxera
vastatrix), which within two decades destroyed almost all vineyards
in Europe, and with the infection caused by two fungi (Uncinula
necator and Plasmopara
viticola)
that had to be regularly treated
chemically every year in order to protect the vines.
The changes in the way vines were grown happened very
slowly and periodically. The immediate causes of changes were
the consequence of the appearance of some pathogenous organ¬
isms which extremely endangered the production and because of
the changes in the geopolitical situation and social conditions af¬
ter the great wars.
The manner of growing vine in ancient history was fairly
simple and it stayed that way until the end of the 19th century.
The infection of phylloxera, the Second World War and the fall of
socialism are all events that are considered to be turning points
in the development of vine growing. Having this in mind, vine
growing and wine production of many regions in the
Pannonian
Plain, including
Fruska
Gora,
can be divided into four periods:
1.
before phylloxera
2.
from the end of the 19th century until mid 20th century
3.
second half of the 20th century until the fall of socialism
4.
the last decade of the 20th century until the present day.
1.
The basic characteristics of vine growing before phyl¬
loxera were: irregular distribution of grapevines: there were
10,000
to
20,000
grapevines per one hectare. Before planting the soil was
just dug or plants were put into holes and mainly grafts were used.
Grapevines were grown low to the ground, they were cut shortly
and there was no support for them. Nothing was known about the
protection of plants because the most dangerous parasites (rust
fungus and oidium) were not present and the only gardening that
was done included weeding and breaking. The fertilizer which
was used was stable manure and the soil was normally farmed
5
times a year. Autochthonous Balkan sorts of vine were grown,
with the dominant red grapes, especially Skadarka.
2.
The infection of phylloxera appeared in Srem at the end of
the 19th century and caused a massive drying of vineyards. Within
20
years many good vineyards went bankrupt. During the renew¬
al of vineyards after
1890
people started grafting domestic vines
with American sorts
(Riparia
portalis, Vitis
solonis
and Rupestris
du
Lot). With new vineyards new measures of protection were in¬
troduced: before the planting the soil was overturned, grafts were
used in planting, grapevines were planted at a regular distance
from one another, the number of grapevines per unit of surface
was reduced and stabilized to around
10,000
per one hectare, they
were cut into short grafts, there was a stick next to each grapevine,
regular chemical protection against rust fungus and oidium was
applied. There was an essential change of sorts of wine: instead of
the red wine sorts, now there were white wine sorts. The vineyards
in Srem were dominated by the sort Slankamenka red, but other
sorts were planted as well: white and red Rose,
Bouvier,
Italian
Riesling, Portugeser, Prokupac, Muscat Hamburg, etc.
3.
After the Second World War the way of growing vines
changed drastically with the introduction of high and wide rows
and the number of grapevines was reduced to about
3000
per hec¬
tare. The new manner of growing, as opposed to the "old" one,
demanded less manual labor and enabled the application of very
efficient mechanization. Manual labor that remained to be done
was made much easier. Simultaneously with the change of the
growing technique there was a great change of the sorts of vines
grown. The sorts occidentalis-galica were introduced on a mass
scale because they were much more resistant to low winter tem¬
peratures than the autochthonous sorts pontica-balcanica, which
made their growing a more secure business. The most planted
vine was Italian Riesling and other significant newly introduced
sorts from west Europe were Traminer,
Riesling, Pinot blanc,
Sauvignon, Semillon, Chardonnay. Less manual labor, the appli¬
cation of very efficient machines and high quality sorts of vines
significantly improved the efficiency of the vine production.
The Institute for vine and fruit growing, founded in
1947
in
Sremski
Karlovci,
solves professional and developmental issues in
558
••UvlMARN
the domain of vine growing and wine production. Among other,
they created several new sorts, some of which have already found
their place in production (Neoplanta,
Župljanka, Sila, Petra, Lasta,
Karmen).
The Riesling sort was successful in cloning selection and
the SK-
13
and SK-54 clones are thriving. Several new sorts that were
created were acknowledged several years ago and have a high de¬
gree of resistance to low temperatures and to the most widespread
fungi diseases and are, thus, very convenient for ecological wine
production
(Bačka,
Panonia,
Morava,
Kosmopolita, Rubinka).
4.
During the 1990's there were big changes in the structure
of vine growing and wine production. The estates that belonged to
the state had great production capacities, but stagnated and even
failed, while on the other hand small private manufacturers of
grapes and wine started developing. The wine production intro¬
duced significant novelties that contributed to the quality of wine
(prochrome
vessels, cold fermentation, barique technology).
The last decade has shown the tendency to increase the
number of plants per unit of surface to about
5000
grapevines per
hectare. Thus, the desired harvest is accomplished with smaller
individual loads per grapevine, which contributed to the increase
in quality.
Lately new vineyards are grown with certified grafts cloned
from the following sorts: Chardonnay, Riesling, Sauvignon,
Gewürztraminer,
Riesling
Italien,
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot,
Cabernet Franc,
Frankovka.
TOURISM
Fruška
Gora
is special because of the contrast of the plain
that surrounds it and the mountain itself, its vineyards, lakes,
springs, spas, landscapes, flora, fauna and the area where the
Danube meets the mountain. The
Fruska
Gora area
is the place
with a large concentration of tourist resources: cultural-historical
wholes, famous places, cultural monuments, ethno heritage (folk¬
lore, beliefs, customs), various events and cultural institutions.
Among the most important things in the material cultural
heritage of
Fruska
Gora
is the complex of Serbian Orthodox mon¬
asteries. There is an initiative to put this cultural heritage of uni¬
versal value on the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.
Part of the European monument heritage are other places, exam¬
ples of folk constructions, individual cultural monuments and
famous places, the most popular of which are the Petrovaradin
Fortress, the monuments of Sremski
Karlovci
and ethno houses
in Jazak, Neridin and
Maradik.
Cultural events of great importance for tourism are of local
and regional character and some of even national and interna¬
tional significance. Among the most prominent ones in respect of
tourism is the EXIT Festival.
The tradition of vine growing had been kept for centuries and
is one of the oldest in Europe. Fine and valued wines and wine-re¬
lated events have made the
Fruška
Gora area
one of the most recog¬
nizable and appreciated wine and tourist regions in Serbia.
Modern tourist trends are bringing tourism closer to the
definition that "it is a way of life for Europeans." This has condi¬
tioned new concepts of tourist demands and more frequent vaca¬
tions. The offer is now turned towards individual guests, families
and special groups, while the demand is directed at the areas with
intact
nature1, rich cultural heritage and tourist products which
enable people to actively participate in the life of local communi¬
ties. In that context
Fruška
Gora
should be a highly developed
tourist destination, but it is still a collection of various tourist des¬
tinations which are valorized differently.
With respect to the tourist offer, the area of
Fruška
Gora
can offer cultural tourism: visits to monasteries, baroque towns,
various events, ethno houses, museums, food and wine tours, but
it can also offer possibilities for nautical tourism and special in¬
terests tourism (hiking, fishing, hunting, bird watching, cycling,
recreation, picnic programs and schools in nature). A diverse
and recognizable tourist offer, good communication with poten¬
tial and existing markets and a great human potential are a solid
foundation for the formation of tourist products on
Fruška
Gora,
but this has so far not been adequately defined nor highly com¬
mercialized.
NATIONAL PARK
"FRUŠKA
GORA"
One part of
Fruška
Gora
was declared National Park in
I960
and it was the first national park in Serbia. The purpose of
declaring
Fruška
Gora a
national park was to protect and improve
natural and cultural values.
The area of the National Park
Fruška
Gora
is defined
through three regimes of protection. The first regime of protec¬
tion covers
4.59%
of the total surface of the National Park and
includes the localities with specific geological and geomorpho-
logical phenomena, significant forest ecosystems and habitats of
protected plant and animal species.
Within the boundaries of the National Park the following
have been singled out:
• 8
localities with significant forest ecosystems
• 10
geological and geomorphological localities
• 4
important habitats of endangered species
• 5
habitats of endangered species of insects
• 22
important habitats of endangered species of birds.
Among them the following localities are of special inter¬
est:
Stene Orlovac,
Grgeteg, the cave on the Popov
Čot, Čerevićki
Potok,
Papratski Do,
Zmajevac, Stražilovo, Kraljevac,
Jazak,
Ravne, Kraljeve Stolice,
Kalin
Potok, Beočinske Livade,
etc.
In the second regime of protection there is
81.63%
of the
total surface of the National Park. This regime covers the majority
of the forest complex in the National Park which demands special
care.
In the third regime of protection there is
13.78%
of the total
surface and these are primarily tourist-recreational and cultural-
historical localities.
The protection and development of the National Park
Fruška
Gora
is conducted according to the annual Program of Protection
and Development of the National Park which was made in ac¬
cordance with the Spatial Plan and other documents based on the
law. In the area of the National Park general and special measures
of protection have been defined. General measures of protection
are defined for the whole area of the National Park in accordance
with the Law on the National Park, whereas special measures of
protection refer to important individual natural wholes.
Translated into English
by Biljana
Radić-Bojanić
559 |
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| geographic | Fruška gora (DE-588)4086557-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Fruška gora |
| id | DE-604.BV023107402 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:47:03Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:11:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788617148810 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016310056 |
| oclc_num | 220392653 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | 598 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 1 Kt.-Beil. - CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Zavod za Udžbenike |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | 880-02 Fruška gora napis. Dinko Davidov ... 1. izd. Beograd Zavod za Udžbenike 2007 598 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 1 Kt.-Beil. - CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. und russ. Sprache Fruška gora (DE-588)4086557-5 gnd rswk-swf Fruška gora (DE-588)4086557-5 g DE-604 880-01 Davidov, Dinko Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016310056&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016310056&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 700-01/(N Давидов, Динко th 245-02/(N Фрушка гора |
| spellingShingle | Fruška gora |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4086557-5 |
| title | Fruška gora |
| title_auth | Fruška gora |
| title_exact_search | Fruška gora |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Fruška gora |
| title_full | Fruška gora napis. Dinko Davidov ... |
| title_fullStr | Fruška gora napis. Dinko Davidov ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fruška gora napis. Dinko Davidov ... |
| title_short | Fruška gora |
| title_sort | fruska gora |
| topic_facet | Fruška gora |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016310056&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016310056&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT davidovdinko fruskagora |