Environmental history of the Rhine-Meuse Delta: an ecological story on evolving human-environmental relations coping with climate change and sea-level rise
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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[Berlin u.a.]
Springer
2008
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 640 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781402082115 1402082118 9781402082139 |
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MARC
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| 020 | |a 1402082118 |c Gb. : ca. EUR 170.13 (freier Pr.) |9 1-402-08211-8 | ||
| 020 | |a 9781402082139 |9 978-1-4020-8213-9 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Nienhuis, Pieter H. |d 1938- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)135734754 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Environmental history of the Rhine-Meuse Delta |b an ecological story on evolving human-environmental relations coping with climate change and sea-level rise |c Piet H. Nienhuis |
| 264 | 1 | |a [Berlin u.a.] |b Springer |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 640 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Humanökologie |0 (DE-588)4026152-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umwelt |0 (DE-588)4061616-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Rhein-Maas-Delta |0 (DE-588)4116988-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Rhein-Maas-Delta |0 (DE-588)4116988-8 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Umwelt |0 (DE-588)4061616-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Rhein-Maas-Delta |0 (DE-588)4116988-8 |D g |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Humanökologie |0 (DE-588)4026152-9 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 2 | |a Geschichte |A z |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016309027 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137367069523968 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface
............................................................................................................... xvii
1
Introduction
................................................................................................ 1
1.1
Developments in Environmental History; Motives
to Write this Book
............................................................................... 1
1.2
Additional Motives and Aims of the Book
......................................... 5
1.3
General Considerations
....................................................................... 8
1.3.1
The Definition of the Delta
..................................................... 9
1.3.2
The Demographic Developments Underlying
the Ecological History
............................................................. 10
1.3.3
Sea-Level Rise and Ordnance Datum
..................................... 10
1.3.4
The Constitution of the State of the Netherlands
.................... 12
Part I Human Occupation and Management of a Fertile Delta
............... 13
2
Prehistory and Early History of the Delta
............................................... 17
2.1
Introduction
......................................................................................... 17
2.2
From the Old Stone Age to the Roman Period
................................... 18
2.2.1
The Dawn Of the Delta
........................................................... 18
2.2.2
Closed Forest or Park Landscape
............................................ 23
2.2.3
From Hunters to Settlers
......................................................... 26
2.2.4
Prehistoric Water Management
............................................... 28
2.3
The Roman Period
............................................................................... 28
2.3.1
River landscape in the early Roman period
............................ 28
2.3.2
How the Romans Saw the Delta
.............................................. 29
2.3.3
The Border of
Germania
Inferior
............................................ 32
2.3.4
The Roman Waterworks
.......................................................... 34
2.3.5
Exploitation of the River and Floodplains
.............................. 35
2.3.6
Growing Demand for Food: Cultivation of the Raised Bog
... 36
2.3.7
The Collapse of the Roman Empire
........................................ 38
2.4
After the Romans, the Period from ad
400
to
800.............................. 39
2.4.1
Constraints by Sea-Level Rise
................................................ 39
viii Contents
2.4.2
Peat and Salt
............................................................................ 41
2.4.3
Initial Outline of the Present River Landscape
....................... 43
2.5
Conclusions
......................................................................................... 45
3
The Delta in the Later Middle Ages
(800-1500)..................................... 49
3.1
Introduction
......................................................................................... 49
3.2
The Black Death
.................................................................................. 50
3.3
Weather and Climate
........................................................................... 51
3.4
Reclamation of Peat Bogs
................................................................... 53
3.4.1
Climate Change and the Exploitation
of the Raised Bogs
................................................................... 53
3.4.2
Systematic Exploitation of the Raised Bogs
and Land Subsidence
............................................................... 54
3.5
The Large Rivers
................................................................................. 59
3.5.1
Early River Management
......................................................... 59
3.5.2
Where the Rhine Touches the Ice-Pushed
Pleistocene Ridges
................................................................... 60
3.5.3
Differences Between East and West
........................................ 62
3.6
Trade Routes in the Late Middle Ages
................................................ 66
3.6.1
Trade Routes Water-Oriented
.................................................. 66
3.6.2
The Ussel Trade
....................................................................... 68
3.6.3
Iron, Forests and Rivers
........................................................... 70
3.6.4
Urbanisation in the Late Middle Ages
.................................... 71
3.7
Land Loss
............................................................................................ 74
3.7.1
Land Loss Owing to Human Occupation
................................ 74
3.7.2
The Zuiderzee
.......................................................................... 75
3.7.3
The South-Western Delta
........................................................ 76
3.8
Conclusions
......................................................................................... 77
4
Technical Achievements in River Management
(1500-1800)................. 81
4.1
Introduction
......................................................................................... 81
4.2
Dredging of Peat
................................................................................. 82
4.3
Windmills, Typically Dutch
.............................................................. 85
4.4
Gaining Land from the Sea
................................................................. 88
4.5
Reclamation of Peat Lakes
.................................................................. 90
4.6
Hydrology and Geomorphology of Rivers
.......................................... 95
4.7
Transportation and Navigability
.......................................................... 96
4.7.1
Waterways and Navigation
...................................................... 96
4.7.2
Wax and Wane of the Track-Boat
........................................... 99
4.7.3
Traffic and Transport Over Land
............................................. 102
4.7.4
Socio-Economic Relations Across Rivers
............................... 105
4.8
Water Defence Lines
........................................................................... 107
4.9
Conclusions
......................................................................................... 109
Contents ix
5 River Management
after
1800:
Complete
Regulation
and Canalisation
........................................................................................ 111
5.1
Introduction....................................................................................... Ill
5.2
Intensified River Management
.......................................................... 112
5.3
The Rhine Normalisation
.................................................................. 116
5.3.1
Closure of the Upstream Mouth of the
Oude Rijn
............... 116
5.3.2
The Nederrijn and the
Lek
.................................................... 117
5.3.3
The Waal
............................................................................... 117
5.3.4
The Merwede
........................................................................ 120
5.4
The
Meuse
Normalisation
................................................................. 122
5.4.1
The
Grensmaas
...................................................................... 122
5.4.2
The
Gestuwde
Maas.............................................................. 123
5.4.3
The
Getijde
Maas.................................................................. 124
5.4.4
The
Zandmaas
and
Meuse
Route projects
............................ 124
5.4.5
The Beerse
Maas................................................................... 125
5.5
The Great Age of Digging Canals
.................................................... 126
5.6
Introduction of Steam Power
............................................................ 128
5.7
Reclamation of the
Haarlemmermeer
............................................... 129
5.8
Water Defence Line
.......................................................................... 131
5.9
The Ijsselmeerpolders
....................................................................... 132
5.10
Dredge, Drain, Reclaim. The Art of a Nation
................................ 135
5.11
Conclusions
....................................................................................... 138
Part II The Legacy of Human Intervention
................................................ 141
6
Changes in the Relation Between Man and Nature
................................ 143
6.1
Introduction
......................................................................................... 143
6.2
Medieval Images of Plants and Animals and their Perception
............ 144
6.3
The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment
.................. 146
6.4
Dutch Naturalists in the 16th and 17th Centuries
............................... 147
6.5
Dutch Naturalists in the 18th and 19th Centuries
............................... 151
6.5.1
The Expansion of Linnaean Taxonomy
.................................. 151
6.5.2
Johannes Florentinus Martinet
(1729-1795)........................... 153
6.5.3
Walking Vicars
........................................................................ 155
6.6
Nature Protection
-
Late 19th, Early 20th Century
............................. 158
6.7
The Development of the Aquatic Sciences and Water
Management
........................................................................................ 162
6.8
Conclusions
......................................................................................... 167
7
Land Use: Agriculture and Use of Wood
................................................. 169
7.1
Introduction
......................................................................................... 169
7.2
Agriculture from Prehistoric Times until
1900
in a Nutshell
.............. 171
7.3
Cultivated Crops from the Past
........................................................... 173
x
Contents
7.3.1
Hemp
..................................................................................... 173
7.3.2
Potato
..................................................................................... 174
7.3.3
Hops, Tobacco, Flax and Madder
......................................... 175
7.3.4
Sugar Beet
............................................................................. 176
7.4
Small Landscape Elements
................................................................. 176
7.4.1
Woodland Management
........................................................ 176
7.4.2
Willow-Coppice
.................................................................... 179
7.4.3
Reed Marshes
........................................................................ 180
7.4.4
Bulrush Marshes
................................................................... 181
7.4.5
Hedges
................................................................................... 182
7.4.6
Orchards of Tall Growth
....................................................... 184
7.4.7
Stinzen Groves
.................................................................... 185
7.4.8
Poplar Groves and Plague Proves
......................................... 185
7.4.9
Ridge-and-Furrow System
.................................................... 186
7.4.10
Duck Decoys
......................................................................... 187
7.5
Agriculture in the 19th and 20th Centuries
......................................... 188
7.5.1
The Farmers Life in the 19th Century
................................. 188
7.5.2
Land Consolidation in the 20th Century
............................... 191
7.5.3
Land Use in the
Bommelerwaard
in
1825
and
2000............ 193
7.6
Grassland: The Dilemma Ecology Versus Agriculture
....................... 196
7.6.1
Ecological Values of Grassland
............................................ 196
7.6.2
Agricultural Misery of Grassland
......................................... 198
7.7
Brickworks
.......................................................................................... 199
7.8
Conclusions
......................................................................................... 200
8
River Fisheries Through the Ages
............................................................ 203
8.1
Introduction
......................................................................................... 203
8.2
Inland Fisheries in the Past
................................................................. 204
8.3
The Catches of the River Fishermen
................................................... 208
8.3.1
Sturgeon (Acipenser
sturici)
.................................................. 208
8.3.2
Eel
{Anguilla anguilla).........................................................
209
8.3.3
Allis Shad
(Alosa alosa)
and Twaite Shad (A. fallax)
.......... 211
8.3.4
Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus)
................................................... 213
8.3.5
Coregonids
............................................................................ 214
8.3.6
Sea Trout
(Salmo trutta trutta)
............................................. 214
8.3.7
Salmon
(Salmo salar)
........................................................... 215
8.4
Fishermen and Fishing Gear
............................................................... 221
8.5
Inland Fisheries in the 20th Century
................................................... 224
8.5.1
Changes from Saltwater to Freshwater
................................. 224
8.5.2
Future Perspectives of the Professional Inland
Fisheries
................................................................................ 225
8.6
Introduced Fish and Stocked Surface Waters
...................................... 226
8.7
Conclusions
......................................................................................... 228
Contents xi
9
Floods and Flood Protection
................................................................... 231
9.1
Introduction
.................................................................................... 231
9.2
The History of Floods
..................................................................... 232
9.2.1
Floods Through the Ages
.................................................. 232
9.2.2
Relation Between Storm Surges,
River Floods and Climate Change
.................................... 238
9.2.3
Relation Between Ice Forming and River Floods
............. 241
9.2.4
Notorious Storm Floods and River Floods
....................... 244
9.3
The History of Flood Protection
..................................................... 253
9.3.1
The Construction of Dykes Through
the Ages
............................................................................. 253
9.3.2
The Shipworm Invasion
.................................................... 258
9.3.3
History of Embankment of the
Bommelerwaard,
a Case Study
...................................................................... 259
9.3.4
Strong Dykes in the 20th Century
.................................... 263
9.4
Changing Standards, Changing Risks
............................................ 265
9.5
Conclusions
.................................................................................... 267
10
Human Intervention in the SW Delta
.................................................... 269
10.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 269
10.2
Estilarme
Gradients and Zoning Before
1950................................. 270
10.2.1
Gradients and Zoning in the SW Delta
............................. 270
10.2.2
Gradients and Zoning of Benthic
Algae in Perspective
.......................................................... 281
10.3
The Delta Project
............................................................................ 282
10.3.1
The Delta Project and its Consequences
........................... 282
10.3.2
The Northern Part of the SW Delta
.................................. 286
10.3.3
Krammer-Volkerak............................................................
290
10.3.4
The Crown on the Delta Project,
the Oosterschelde
.............................................................. 291
10.4
The Scheldt River and Estuary
........................................................ 292
10.4.1
Hydrography and Biogeochemistry
.................................. 293
10.4.2
The Estuarine Food Web
................................................... 294
10.4.3
Past and Future of an Estuary
........................................... 296
10.5
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 297
11
Human Intervention in Tributaries of the Large Rivers
...................... 299
11.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 299
11.2
Groundwater- and Surface Water-Fed Brooks
Along the IJssel
............................................................................... 302
11.3
Environmental History of the
Dommel
Catchment,
a Case Study
.................................................................................... 306
11.3.1
The
Dommel
Catchment
................................................... 306
xii Contents
11.3.2
Water and Soil Pollution
................................................... 314
11.3.3
Human Occupation of the
Dommel
Basin: s-Hertogenbosch
................................................... 315
11.4
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 324
Part III History of Industrial Pollution and its Control
............................ 327
12
Changing Rhine Ecosystems: Pollution and Rehabilitation
................ 329
12.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 329
12.2
The Rhine, its Subdivisions
............................................................ 330
12.3
Changing Rhine Ecosystems
.......................................................... 335
12.4
Severe Pollution and the Deterioration of Biodiversity
.................. 340
12.4.1
From the Industrial Revolution to an Open Sewer
........... 340
12.4.2
Deterioration of Biodiversity
............................................ 344
12.5
Ecological Rehabilitation
................................................................ 349
12.6
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 352
13
Changing
Meuse
Ecosystems: Pollution and Rehabilitation
............... 355
13.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 355
13.2
The
Meuse,
its Subdivisions
........................................................... 357
13.3
Changing
Meuse
Ecosystems
......................................................... 360
13.3.1
First Canalisation
(1800-1880)......................................... 361
13.3.2
Adaptation and Stagnation
(1880-1918).......................... 361
13.3.3
Modernisation (from
1918
to the Present Day)
................ 362
13.4
Severe Pollution and the Deterioration of Biodiversity
.................. 363
13.4.1
The Industrial Revolution and its Consequences
.............. 363
13.4.2
Severely Polluted Sediments
............................................. 364
13.4.3
Water Quality
.................................................................... 368
13.4.4
Deterioration of Biodiversity
............................................ 369
13.5
Ecological Rehabilitation
................................................................ 373
13.6
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 377
14
Pollution and Rehabilitation of the Aquatic
Environment in the Delta
........................................................................ 379
14.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 379
14.2
Hydrology and Water Quality
......................................................... 380
14.3
Eutrophication: A Chronic Environmental Problem
....................... 385
14.3.1
The Eutrophication Process in Shallow Peat Lakes
......... 385
14.3.2
Eutrophication and Biogeochemical Processes
................ 388
14.4
Water Pollution
............................................................................... 390
14.4.1
Pollution as a Result of Human Intervention
.................... 390
14.4.2
Water Pollution: The Case of Amsterdam
........................ 391
14.4.3
The Early Decades of the 20th Century
........................... 393
14.5
Recent Water Pollution and Rehabilitation
..................................... 394
Contents xiii
14.5.1
The Scope of the Problem
................................................. 394
14.5.2
The Reservoir of the SW Delta
......................................... 396
14.5.3
Impact of Heavy Metals and Micro-Pollutants
on River Food Webs
.......................................................... 397
14.6
Case Studies: Eel, Cormorant and Beaver
...................................... 399
14.6.1
Eel
..................................................................................... 399
14.6.2
Cormorant
......................................................................... 400
14.6.3
Beaver
................................................................................ 401
14.7
Present Status of River Pollution
.................................................... 402
14.8
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 403
Part IV Ecology of Biota in a Man-Made Landscape:
Deterioration and Rehabilitation
................................................... 405
15
River-Fish Fauna of the Delta
................................................................. 407
15.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 407
15.2
Prehistorical and Historical Records
.............................................. 408
15.3
Longitudinal Zonation Concepts for Large Rivers
......................... 411
15.4
Developments After
1950
and Present-Day
Fish Fauna
....................................................................................... 413
15.4.1
Fieldwork and Survey of Species
..................................... 413
15.4.2
Ecological Fish Guilds
...................................................... 416
15.4.3
The Transversal Flood Plain Gradient
of Regulated Rivers
........................................................... 416
15.4.4
Relation Between Current Velocities and
Reproductive Behaviour
.................................................... 421
15.5
River Rehabilitation
........................................................................ 421
15.5.1
Rehabilitating River Habitats to Enhance
Biodiversity Recovery
....................................................... 421
15.5.2
Actual Rehabilitation Measures and Nature
Development
..................................................................... 422
15.6
Recruitment of the
Meuse
from
its Tributaries
.................................................................................. 425
15.7
Bream and
Biomanipulation
........................................................... 426
15.8
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 428
16
Ëelgrass
Wax and Wane: A Case Study
................................................ 429
16.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 429
16.2
Eelgrass in the
Wadden
Sea
............................................................ 430
16.3
Eelgrass in
Grevelingen
Lagoon
..................................................... 432
16.4
The Eelgrass Food Web
.................................................................. 435
16.5
The Wasting Disease
....................................................................... 439
16.5.1
Wasting Disease and the Eelgrass Population
in the
Wadden
Sea
............................................................. 439
xiv Contents
16.5.2
Wasting Disease in the
Grevelingen
Population?
........................................................................ 440
16.5.3
Recent Ideas
...................................................................... 441
16.6
The Economic Use of Eelgrass
....................................................... 442
16.6.1
Wadden
Sea
....................................................................... 442
16.6.2
SW Delta
........................................................................... 446
16.7
Restoration of Lost Eelgrass Beds
.................................................. 447
16.8
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 448
17
Exotics and Invasions of Plants and Animals
........................................ 451
17.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 451
17.2
The History of Invasions
................................................................. 452
17.3
What Makes an Invasion Successful?
............................................. 453
17.4
Invasions of Invertebrates
............................................................... 455
17.4.1
Migration and Range Extensions
...................................... 455
17.4.2
The Ponto-Caspian Connection
........................................ 458
17.5
Case Studies of Introduced Bivalve Species
................................... 461
17.5.1
Dreissena polymorpha
..................................................... 461
17.5.2
Corbicula fluminalis and C. fluminea
............................... 466
17.6
Invasions of Higher Plants
.............................................................. 470
17.6.1
Migration and Range Extensions
...................................... 470
17.6.2
Giants Among the Shore Weeds
....................................... 472
17.6.3
Case Studies of Introduced Water Plants
.......................... 473
17.7
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 478
18
Changes in Biodiversity: Lower Organisms,
Vegetation and Flora
............................................................................... 481
18.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 481
18.2
Changes in Biodiversity, Lower Organisms
.................................... 482
18.2.1
Plankton
............................................................................. 482
18.2.2
Aquatic Macro-Invertebrates
............................................. 483
18.3
Ecological Connectivity in River Flood Plains
............................... 486
18.4
Changes in Vegetations of Higher Plants
........................................ 489
18.4.1
Impediments to Fieldwork
................................................ 489
18.4.2
Aquatic Macrophytes
........................................................ 490
18.4.3
Terrestrial Vegetation
........................................................ 491
18.4.4
Changes in Habitat Structure and Vegetation
.................. 494
18.5
The Biesbosch Wetland: A Case Study
.......................................... 497
18.5.1
The Vegetation of the Biesbosch
...................................... 497
18.5.2
Changes After
1970.......................................................... 501
18.5.3
Human Use of Trees and Herbs
........................................ 504
18.6
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 505
Contents xv
19
Changes
in
Biodiversity: Birds and Mammals and their Use
............. 509
19.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 509
19.2
The Avifauna of the Delta
............................................................... 510
19.2.1
Prehistoric and Historic Trends
........................................ 510
19.2.2
Waterfowl and Agriculture in the 20th Century
............... 512
19.2.3
Avian Biodiversity
............................................................. 514
19.3
The Mammals of the Delta
............................................................. 526
19.3.1
Introduction
....................................................................... 526
19.3.2
The Wild Boar and Deer
................................................... 526
19.3.3
The Harbour Seal
.............................................................. 527
19.3.4
The Otter
........................................................................... 530
19.3.5
The Beaver
........................................................................ 531
19.3.6
The Muskrat
...................................................................... 533
19.3.7
The Coypus
....................................................................... 534
19.4
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 535
Part V An Ecological Story on Evolving Human-Environmental
Relations Coping with Climate Change and Sea-level
Rise
-
A Synthesis
.............................................................................. 537
20
The Making of the Delta
......................................................................... 539
20.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 539
20.2
Human Occupation and Management of a Fertile Delta
................ 540
20.2.1
Prehistory and Early History of the Delta
........................ 540
20.2.2
The Delta in the Later Middle Ages
................................. 541
20.2.3
Technical Achievements, the Wind-Watermill
in Water Management
....................................................... 543
20.2.4
River Management After
1800:
Complete
Regulation and Canalisation
............................................. 545
20.2.5 1953
and
1995:
The Delta Plan and the Delta
Plan Large Rivers
.............................................................. 547
20.3
The Legacy of Human Intervention
................................................ 549
20.3.1
Changes in the Relation Between Man and Nature
.......... 549
20.3.2
Exploitation of Land and Water, and the
Transition Land-Water
...................................................... 550
20.3.3
Floods and Flood Protection
............................................. 552
20.4
History of Industrial Pollution and its Control
............................... 555
20.4.1
Changing Rhine and
Meuse
Ecosystems:
Pollution and Rehabilitation
............................................. 555
20.4.2
Pollution and Rehabilitation of the Aquatic
Environment in the Delta
.................................................. 557
20.5
Ecology of Biota in a Man-Made Landscape:
Deterioration and Rehabilitation
..................................................... 558
xvi Contents
20.5.1
Changes
in
Biodiversity: Lower Organisms,
Vegetation and Flora
....................................................... 558
20.5.2
Changes in Biodiversity: Fish, Birds
and Mammals and their Use
........................................... 560
21
The Future of the Delta
........................................................................... 563
21.1
Introduction
................................................................................... 563
21.2
Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise
............................................. 564
21.3
The Inescapable Fate of the Delta
................................................. 566
21.4
Room for the River
..................................................................... 568
21.5
Back to the Past: Dwelling Mounds
.............................................. 571
21.6
Nature Development
................................................................... 573
21.7
The Fifth Dimension
..................................................................... 576
21.8
If You Cannot Beat the River, You d Better Join It
....................... 578
21.8.1
Continuation of a Dutch Tradition
.................................. 578
21.8.2
Restoration of Tidal Dynamics
....................................... 578
21.9
Double Shrinkage: Decline of Human Population
and Decrease of Dry Land
............................................................ 582
21.10
The International Dimension
........................................................ 586
References
......................................................................................................... 589
Subject Index
.................................................................................................... 619
Taxonomie
Index
.............................................................................................. 631
Geographic Index
............................................................................................. 637
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface
. xvii
1
Introduction
. 1
1.1
Developments in Environmental History; Motives
to Write this Book
. 1
1.2
Additional Motives and Aims of the Book
. 5
1.3
General Considerations
. 8
1.3.1
The Definition of the Delta
. 9
1.3.2
The Demographic Developments Underlying
the Ecological History
. 10
1.3.3
Sea-Level Rise and Ordnance Datum
. 10
1.3.4
The Constitution of the State of the Netherlands
. 12
Part I Human Occupation and Management of a Fertile Delta
. 13
2
Prehistory and Early History of the Delta
. 17
2.1
Introduction
. 17
2.2
From the Old Stone Age to the Roman Period
. 18
2.2.1
The Dawn Of the Delta
. 18
2.2.2
Closed Forest or Park Landscape
. 23
2.2.3
From Hunters to Settlers
. 26
2.2.4
Prehistoric Water Management
. 28
2.3
The Roman Period
. 28
2.3.1
River landscape in the early Roman period
. 28
2.3.2
How the Romans Saw the Delta
. 29
2.3.3
The Border of
Germania
Inferior
. 32
2.3.4
The Roman Waterworks
. 34
2.3.5
Exploitation of the River and Floodplains
. 35
2.3.6
Growing Demand for Food: Cultivation of the Raised Bog
. 36
2.3.7
The Collapse of the Roman Empire
. 38
2.4
After the Romans, the Period from ad
400
to
800. 39
2.4.1
Constraints by Sea-Level Rise
. 39
viii Contents
2.4.2
Peat and Salt
. 41
2.4.3
Initial Outline of the Present River Landscape
. 43
2.5
Conclusions
. 45
3
The Delta in the Later Middle Ages
(800-1500). 49
3.1
Introduction
. 49
3.2
The Black Death
. 50
3.3
Weather and Climate
. 51
3.4
Reclamation of Peat Bogs
. 53
3.4.1
Climate Change and the Exploitation
of the Raised Bogs
. 53
3.4.2
Systematic Exploitation of the Raised Bogs
and Land Subsidence
. 54
3.5
The Large Rivers
. 59
3.5.1
Early River Management
. 59
3.5.2
Where the Rhine Touches the Ice-Pushed
Pleistocene Ridges
. 60
3.5.3
Differences Between East and West
. 62
3.6
Trade Routes in the Late Middle Ages
. 66
3.6.1
Trade Routes Water-Oriented
. 66
3.6.2
The Ussel Trade
. 68
3.6.3
Iron, Forests and Rivers
. 70
3.6.4
Urbanisation in the Late Middle Ages
. 71
3.7
Land Loss
. 74
3.7.1
Land Loss Owing to Human Occupation
. 74
3.7.2
The Zuiderzee
. 75
3.7.3
The South-Western Delta
. 76
3.8
Conclusions
. 77
4
Technical Achievements in River Management
(1500-1800). 81
4.1
Introduction
. 81
4.2
Dredging of Peat
. 82
4.3
Windmills, 'Typically Dutch'
. 85
4.4
Gaining Land from the Sea
. 88
4.5
Reclamation of Peat Lakes
. 90
4.6
Hydrology and Geomorphology of Rivers
. 95
4.7
Transportation and Navigability
. 96
4.7.1
Waterways and Navigation
. 96
4.7.2
Wax and Wane of the Track-Boat
. 99
4.7.3
Traffic and Transport Over Land
. 102
4.7.4
Socio-Economic Relations Across Rivers
. 105
4.8
Water Defence Lines
. 107
4.9
Conclusions
. 109
Contents ix
5 River Management
after
1800:
Complete
Regulation
and Canalisation
. 111
5.1
Introduction. Ill
5.2
Intensified River Management
. 112
5.3
The Rhine Normalisation
. 116
5.3.1
Closure of the Upstream Mouth of the
Oude Rijn
. 116
5.3.2
The Nederrijn and the
Lek
. 117
5.3.3
The Waal
. 117
5.3.4
The Merwede
. 120
5.4
The
Meuse
Normalisation
. 122
5.4.1
The
Grensmaas
. 122
5.4.2
The
Gestuwde
Maas. 123
5.4.3
The
Getijde
Maas. 124
5.4.4
The
Zandmaas
and
Meuse
Route projects
. 124
5.4.5
The Beerse
Maas. 125
5.5
The Great Age of Digging Canals
. 126
5.6
Introduction of Steam Power
. 128
5.7
Reclamation of the
Haarlemmermeer
. 129
5.8
Water Defence Line
. 131
5.9
The Ijsselmeerpolders
. 132
5.10
'Dredge, Drain, Reclaim. The Art of a Nation'
. 135
5.11
Conclusions
. 138
Part II The Legacy of Human Intervention
. 141
6
Changes in the Relation Between Man and Nature
. 143
6.1
Introduction
. 143
6.2
Medieval Images of Plants and Animals and their Perception
. 144
6.3
The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment
. 146
6.4
Dutch Naturalists in the 16th and 17th Centuries
. 147
6.5
Dutch Naturalists in the 18th and 19th Centuries
. 151
6.5.1
The Expansion of Linnaean Taxonomy
. 151
6.5.2
Johannes Florentinus Martinet
(1729-1795). 153
6.5.3
Walking Vicars
. 155
6.6
Nature Protection
-
Late 19th, Early 20th Century
. 158
6.7
The Development of the Aquatic Sciences and Water
Management
. 162
6.8
Conclusions
. 167
7
Land Use: Agriculture and Use of Wood
. 169
7.1
Introduction
. 169
7.2
Agriculture from Prehistoric Times until
1900
in a Nutshell
. 171
7.3
Cultivated Crops from the Past
. 173
x
Contents
7.3.1
Hemp
. 173
7.3.2
Potato
. 174
7.3.3
Hops, Tobacco, Flax and Madder
. 175
7.3.4
Sugar Beet
. 176
7.4
Small Landscape Elements
. 176
7.4.1
Woodland Management
. 176
7.4.2
Willow-Coppice
. 179
7.4.3
Reed Marshes
. 180
7.4.4
Bulrush Marshes
. 181
7.4.5
Hedges
. 182
7.4.6
Orchards of Tall Growth
. 184
7.4.7
'Stinzen' Groves
. 185
7.4.8
Poplar Groves and Plague Proves
. 185
7.4.9
Ridge-and-Furrow System
. 186
7.4.10
Duck Decoys
. 187
7.5
Agriculture in the 19th and 20th Centuries
. 188
7.5.1
The Farmers' Life in the 19th Century
. 188
7.5.2
Land Consolidation in the 20th Century
. 191
7.5.3
Land Use in the
Bommelerwaard
in
1825
and
2000. 193
7.6
Grassland: The Dilemma Ecology Versus Agriculture
. 196
7.6.1
Ecological Values of Grassland
. 196
7.6.2
Agricultural Misery of Grassland
. 198
7.7
Brickworks
. 199
7.8
Conclusions
. 200
8
River Fisheries Through the Ages
. 203
8.1
Introduction
. 203
8.2
Inland Fisheries in the Past
. 204
8.3
The Catches of the River Fishermen
. 208
8.3.1
Sturgeon (Acipenser
sturici)
. 208
8.3.2
Eel
{Anguilla anguilla).
209
8.3.3
Allis Shad
(Alosa alosa)
and Twaite Shad (A. fallax)
. 211
8.3.4
Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus)
. 213
8.3.5
Coregonids
. 214
8.3.6
Sea Trout
(Salmo trutta trutta)
. 214
8.3.7
Salmon
(Salmo salar)
. 215
8.4
Fishermen and Fishing Gear
. 221
8.5
Inland Fisheries in the 20th Century
. 224
8.5.1
Changes from Saltwater to Freshwater
. 224
8.5.2
Future Perspectives of the Professional Inland
Fisheries
. 225
8.6
Introduced Fish and Stocked Surface Waters
. 226
8.7
Conclusions
. 228
Contents xi
9
Floods and Flood Protection
. 231
9.1
Introduction
. 231
9.2
The History of Floods
. 232
9.2.1
Floods Through the Ages
. 232
9.2.2
Relation Between Storm Surges,
River Floods and Climate Change
. 238
9.2.3
Relation Between Ice Forming and River Floods
. 241
9.2.4
Notorious Storm Floods and River Floods
. 244
9.3
The History of Flood Protection
. 253
9.3.1
The Construction of Dykes Through
the Ages
. 253
9.3.2
The Shipworm Invasion
. 258
9.3.3
History of Embankment of the
Bommelerwaard,
a Case Study
. 259
9.3.4
Strong Dykes in the 20th Century
. 263
9.4
Changing Standards, Changing Risks
. 265
9.5
Conclusions
. 267
10
Human Intervention in the SW Delta
. 269
10.1
Introduction
. 269
10.2
Estilarme
Gradients and Zoning Before
1950. 270
10.2.1
Gradients and Zoning in the SW Delta
. 270
10.2.2
Gradients and Zoning of Benthic
Algae in Perspective
. 281
10.3
The Delta Project
. 282
10.3.1
The Delta Project and its Consequences
. 282
10.3.2
The Northern Part of the SW Delta
. 286
10.3.3
Krammer-Volkerak.
290
10.3.4
The 'Crown' on the Delta Project,
the Oosterschelde
. 291
10.4
The Scheldt River and Estuary
. 292
10.4.1
Hydrography and Biogeochemistry
. 293
10.4.2
The Estuarine Food Web
. 294
10.4.3
Past and Future of an Estuary
. 296
10.5
Conclusions
. 297
11
Human Intervention in Tributaries of the Large Rivers
. 299
11.1
Introduction
. 299
11.2
Groundwater- and Surface Water-Fed Brooks
Along the IJssel
. 302
11.3
Environmental History of the
Dommel
Catchment,
a Case Study
. 306
11.3.1
The
Dommel
Catchment
. 306
xii Contents
11.3.2
Water and Soil Pollution
. 314
11.3.3
Human Occupation of the
Dommel
Basin: 's-Hertogenbosch
. 315
11.4
Conclusions
. 324
Part III History of Industrial Pollution and its Control
. 327
12
Changing Rhine Ecosystems: Pollution and Rehabilitation
. 329
12.1
Introduction
. 329
12.2
The Rhine, its Subdivisions
. 330
12.3
Changing Rhine Ecosystems
. 335
12.4
Severe Pollution and the Deterioration of Biodiversity
. 340
12.4.1
From the Industrial Revolution to an Open Sewer
. 340
12.4.2
Deterioration of Biodiversity
. 344
12.5
Ecological Rehabilitation
. 349
12.6
Conclusions
. 352
13
Changing
Meuse
Ecosystems: Pollution and Rehabilitation
. 355
13.1
Introduction
. 355
13.2
The
Meuse,
its Subdivisions
. 357
13.3
Changing
Meuse
Ecosystems
. 360
13.3.1
First Canalisation
(1800-1880). 361
13.3.2
Adaptation and Stagnation
(1880-1918). 361
13.3.3
Modernisation (from
1918
to the Present Day)
. 362
13.4
Severe Pollution and the Deterioration of Biodiversity
. 363
13.4.1
The Industrial Revolution and its Consequences
. 363
13.4.2
Severely Polluted Sediments
. 364
13.4.3
Water Quality
. 368
13.4.4
Deterioration of Biodiversity
. 369
13.5
Ecological Rehabilitation
. 373
13.6
Conclusions
. 377
14
Pollution and Rehabilitation of the Aquatic
Environment in the Delta
. 379
14.1
Introduction
. 379
14.2
Hydrology and Water Quality
. 380
14.3
Eutrophication: A Chronic Environmental Problem
. 385
14.3.1
The Eutrophication Process in Shallow Peat Lakes
. 385
14.3.2
Eutrophication and Biogeochemical Processes
. 388
14.4
Water Pollution
. 390
14.4.1
Pollution as a Result of Human Intervention
. 390
14.4.2
Water Pollution: The Case of Amsterdam
. 391
14.4.3
The Early Decades of the 20th Century
. 393
14.5
Recent Water Pollution and Rehabilitation
. 394
Contents xiii
14.5.1
The Scope of the Problem
. 394
14.5.2
The Reservoir of the SW Delta
. 396
14.5.3
Impact of Heavy Metals and Micro-Pollutants
on River Food Webs
. 397
14.6
Case Studies: Eel, Cormorant and Beaver
. 399
14.6.1
Eel
. 399
14.6.2
Cormorant
. 400
14.6.3
Beaver
. 401
14.7
Present Status of River Pollution
. 402
14.8
Conclusions
. 403
Part IV Ecology of Biota in a Man-Made Landscape:
Deterioration and Rehabilitation
. 405
15
River-Fish Fauna of the Delta
. 407
15.1
Introduction
. 407
15.2
Prehistorical and Historical Records
. 408
15.3
Longitudinal Zonation Concepts for Large Rivers
. 411
15.4
Developments After
1950
and Present-Day
Fish Fauna
. 413
15.4.1
Fieldwork and Survey of Species
. 413
15.4.2
Ecological Fish Guilds
. 416
15.4.3
The Transversal Flood Plain Gradient
of Regulated Rivers
. 416
15.4.4
Relation Between Current Velocities and
Reproductive Behaviour
. 421
15.5
River Rehabilitation
. 421
15.5.1
Rehabilitating River Habitats to Enhance
Biodiversity Recovery
. 421
15.5.2
Actual Rehabilitation Measures and Nature
Development
. 422
15.6
Recruitment of the
Meuse
from
its Tributaries
. 425
15.7
Bream and
Biomanipulation
. 426
15.8
Conclusions
. 428
16
Ëelgrass
Wax and Wane: A Case Study
. 429
16.1
Introduction
. 429
16.2
Eelgrass in the
Wadden
Sea
. 430
16.3
Eelgrass in
Grevelingen
Lagoon
. 432
16.4
The Eelgrass Food Web
. 435
16.5
The Wasting Disease
. 439
16.5.1
Wasting Disease and the Eelgrass Population
in the
Wadden
Sea
. 439
xiv Contents
16.5.2
Wasting Disease in the
Grevelingen
Population?
. 440
16.5.3
Recent Ideas
. 441
16.6
The Economic Use of Eelgrass
. 442
16.6.1
Wadden
Sea
. 442
16.6.2
SW Delta
. 446
16.7
Restoration of Lost Eelgrass Beds
. 447
16.8
Conclusions
. 448
17
Exotics and Invasions of Plants and Animals
. 451
17.1
Introduction
. 451
17.2
The History of Invasions
. 452
17.3
What Makes an Invasion Successful?
. 453
17.4
Invasions of Invertebrates
. 455
17.4.1
Migration and Range Extensions
. 455
17.4.2
The Ponto-Caspian Connection
. 458
17.5
Case Studies of Introduced Bivalve Species
. 461
17.5.1
Dreissena polymorpha
. 461
17.5.2
Corbicula fluminalis and C. fluminea
. 466
17.6
Invasions of Higher Plants
. 470
17.6.1
Migration and Range Extensions
. 470
17.6.2
Giants Among the Shore Weeds
. 472
17.6.3
Case Studies of Introduced Water Plants
. 473
17.7
Conclusions
. 478
18
Changes in Biodiversity: Lower Organisms,
Vegetation and Flora
. 481
18.1
Introduction
. 481
18.2
Changes in Biodiversity, Lower Organisms
. 482
18.2.1
Plankton
. 482
18.2.2
Aquatic Macro-Invertebrates
. 483
18.3
Ecological Connectivity in River Flood Plains
. 486
18.4
Changes in Vegetations of Higher Plants
. 489
18.4.1
Impediments to Fieldwork
. 489
18.4.2
Aquatic Macrophytes
. 490
18.4.3
Terrestrial Vegetation
. 491
18.4.4
Changes in Habitat Structure and Vegetation
. 494
18.5
The Biesbosch Wetland: A Case Study
. 497
18.5.1
The Vegetation of the Biesbosch
. 497
18.5.2
Changes After
1970. 501
18.5.3
Human Use of Trees and Herbs
. 504
18.6
Conclusions
. 505
Contents xv
19
Changes
in
Biodiversity: Birds and Mammals and their Use
. 509
19.1
Introduction
. 509
19.2
The Avifauna of the Delta
. 510
19.2.1
Prehistoric and Historic Trends
. 510
19.2.2
Waterfowl and Agriculture in the 20th Century
. 512
19.2.3
Avian Biodiversity
. 514
19.3
The Mammals of the Delta
. 526
19.3.1
Introduction
. 526
19.3.2
The Wild Boar and Deer
. 526
19.3.3
The Harbour Seal
. 527
19.3.4
The Otter
. 530
19.3.5
The Beaver
. 531
19.3.6
The Muskrat
. 533
19.3.7
The Coypus
. 534
19.4
Conclusions
. 535
Part V An Ecological Story on Evolving Human-Environmental
Relations Coping with Climate Change and Sea-level
Rise
-
A Synthesis
. 537
20
The Making of the Delta
. 539
20.1
Introduction
. 539
20.2
Human Occupation and Management of a Fertile Delta
. 540
20.2.1
Prehistory and Early History of the Delta
. 540
20.2.2
The Delta in the Later Middle Ages
. 541
20.2.3
Technical Achievements, the Wind-Watermill
in Water Management
. 543
20.2.4
River Management After
1800:
Complete
Regulation and Canalisation
. 545
20.2.5 1953
and
1995:
The Delta Plan and the Delta
Plan Large Rivers
. 547
20.3
The Legacy of Human Intervention
. 549
20.3.1
Changes in the Relation Between Man and Nature
. 549
20.3.2
Exploitation of Land and Water, and the
Transition Land-Water
. 550
20.3.3
Floods and Flood Protection
. 552
20.4
History of Industrial Pollution and its Control
. 555
20.4.1
Changing Rhine and
Meuse
Ecosystems:
Pollution and Rehabilitation
. 555
20.4.2
Pollution and Rehabilitation of the Aquatic
Environment in the Delta
. 557
20.5
Ecology of Biota in a Man-Made Landscape:
Deterioration and Rehabilitation
. 558
xvi Contents
20.5.1
Changes
in
Biodiversity: Lower Organisms,
Vegetation and Flora
. 558
20.5.2
Changes in Biodiversity: Fish, Birds
and Mammals and their Use
. 560
21
The Future of the Delta
. 563
21.1
Introduction
. 563
21.2
Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise
. 564
21.3
The Inescapable Fate of the Delta
. 566
21.4
'Room for the River'
. 568
21.5
Back to the Past: Dwelling Mounds
. 571
21.6
'Nature Development'
. 573
21.7
The Fifth Dimension
. 576
21.8
If You Cannot Beat the River, You'd Better Join It
. 578
21.8.1
Continuation of a Dutch Tradition
. 578
21.8.2
Restoration of Tidal Dynamics
. 578
21.9
Double Shrinkage: Decline of Human Population
and Decrease of Dry Land
. 582
21.10
The International Dimension
. 586
References
. 589
Subject Index
. 619
Taxonomie
Index
. 631
Geographic Index
. 637 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Nienhuis, Pieter H. 1938- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)135734754 |
| author_facet | Nienhuis, Pieter H. 1938- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Nienhuis, Pieter H. 1938- |
| author_variant | p h n ph phn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023106365 |
| classification_rvk | RL 20844 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)254709796 (DE-599)DNB986703877 |
| dewey-full | 304.2094924 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 304 - Factors affecting social behavior |
| dewey-raw | 304.2094924 |
| dewey-search | 304.2094924 |
| dewey-sort | 3304.2094924 |
| dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Soziologie Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Geologie / Paläontologie Soziologie Geographie |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Rhein-Maas-Delta (DE-588)4116988-8 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rhein-Maas-Delta |
| id | DE-604.BV023106365 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:46:48Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:11:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781402082115 1402082118 9781402082139 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016309027 |
| oclc_num | 254709796 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XVIII, 640 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Nienhuis, Pieter H. 1938- Verfasser (DE-588)135734754 aut Environmental history of the Rhine-Meuse Delta an ecological story on evolving human-environmental relations coping with climate change and sea-level rise Piet H. Nienhuis [Berlin u.a.] Springer 2008 XVIII, 640 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Humanökologie (DE-588)4026152-9 gnd rswk-swf Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd rswk-swf Rhein-Maas-Delta (DE-588)4116988-8 gnd rswk-swf Rhein-Maas-Delta (DE-588)4116988-8 g Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 s Geschichte z DE-604 Humanökologie (DE-588)4026152-9 s Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016309027&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nienhuis, Pieter H. 1938- Environmental history of the Rhine-Meuse Delta an ecological story on evolving human-environmental relations coping with climate change and sea-level rise Humanökologie (DE-588)4026152-9 gnd Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026152-9 (DE-588)4061616-2 (DE-588)4116988-8 |
| title | Environmental history of the Rhine-Meuse Delta an ecological story on evolving human-environmental relations coping with climate change and sea-level rise |
| title_auth | Environmental history of the Rhine-Meuse Delta an ecological story on evolving human-environmental relations coping with climate change and sea-level rise |
| title_exact_search | Environmental history of the Rhine-Meuse Delta an ecological story on evolving human-environmental relations coping with climate change and sea-level rise |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Environmental history of the Rhine-Meuse Delta an ecological story on evolving human-environmental relations coping with climate change and sea-level rise |
| title_full | Environmental history of the Rhine-Meuse Delta an ecological story on evolving human-environmental relations coping with climate change and sea-level rise Piet H. Nienhuis |
| title_fullStr | Environmental history of the Rhine-Meuse Delta an ecological story on evolving human-environmental relations coping with climate change and sea-level rise Piet H. Nienhuis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental history of the Rhine-Meuse Delta an ecological story on evolving human-environmental relations coping with climate change and sea-level rise Piet H. Nienhuis |
| title_short | Environmental history of the Rhine-Meuse Delta |
| title_sort | environmental history of the rhine meuse delta an ecological story on evolving human environmental relations coping with climate change and sea level rise |
| title_sub | an ecological story on evolving human-environmental relations coping with climate change and sea-level rise |
| topic | Humanökologie (DE-588)4026152-9 gnd Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Humanökologie Umwelt Rhein-Maas-Delta |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016309027&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nienhuispieterh environmentalhistoryoftherhinemeusedeltaanecologicalstoryonevolvinghumanenvironmentalrelationscopingwithclimatechangeandsealevelrise |