Commercial law:
This work presents a clear and detailed account of commercial law, covering the fundamental principles and how the law works in practice. References to further reading and web-based sources at the end of each chapter enable students to expand their knowledge should they wish to do so.
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
[London]
Thomson, Sweet & Maxwell
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 7. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Textbook series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | This work presents a clear and detailed account of commercial law, covering the fundamental principles and how the law works in practice. References to further reading and web-based sources at the end of each chapter enable students to expand their knowledge should they wish to do so. |
| Beschreibung: | Bis 6. Aufl u.d.T.: Dobson, Alan P.: Sale of goods and consumer credit |
| Beschreibung: | XLVII, 507 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780421901308 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137354862002176 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Page
Preface
v
Acknowledgments
vii
Contents
ix
Table of Cases
xxv
Table of Statutes
xxxvii
Table of Statutory Instruments
xliii
Table of EC and International Legislation
xlvii
PART I—SALE OF GOODS
1.
Introduction and Definition of a Contract of Sale of Goods
3
What this Book is About
3
Historical Development of Sale of Goods Legislation
4
The Role of Agency in Commercial Law
5
The Sale of Goods
5
Definition
5
Sale Distinguished From Other Transactions
7
Contracts for Labour and Materials Supplied
7
Contracts to Supply Computer Software
8
Contracts of Hire-Purchase
9
Contracts of Agency
10
Contracts of Hire
11
The Importance of the Definition
11
2.
Formation and Cancellation of the Contract
13
Formation of the Contract
13
Time of Making the Contract
13
Sales Via the Internet
16
Unsolicited Goods and Services
16
Form of the Contract
18
Capacity
18
The Price
19
The Amount
19
Valuation
20
Deposits
20
ix
χ
Contents
Cancellation
21
Cancellable Agreements
21
Excepted Contracts
22
Cooling-offPeriod
23
Effect of Cancellation
24
Relationship with Cancellation Provisions of the Consumer Credit Act
25
Relationship with Distance-selling Provisions
25
3.
The Passing of Property and Risk
27
Introduction
27
Classification of the Contract
28
Specific Goods
28
Unascertained Goods
29
Future Goods
30
General Reading
31
The Time of the Transfer of Property
31
Specific Goods
31
Unascertained Goods
32
Rules in Section
18 33
Rule
1 33
Rule
2 35
Rule
3 36
Rule
4 36
Rule
5 37
Section
19 42
Transfer of Risk in Non-Consumer Cases
43
Section
20 43
Section
20(2) 43
Section
20(3) 43
Unless otherwise agreed
43
Effect of Loss Falling on One Party
45
Transfer of Risk in Consumer Cases
45
General Reading
46
Unascertained Goods from an Identified Bulk
47
Insufficient Quantity in the Bulk
49
The Seller Makes Contracts Under Which the Total Quantity Contracted
to be Sold Out of the Bulk is Greater Than the Total Quantity in the
Specified Bulk
49
The Seller Delivers Goods Out of the Bulk to Another Buyer in Pursuance
of a Contract Other Than One to Supply Goods from That Particular Bulk
50
The Bulk is Destroyed, Reduced or Damaged by Accident or Act of God
50
Limits to the New Rules
51
General Reading
52
Retention of Title Clauses
52
The
Rompala Case
53
Mixed Goods
54
Contents
xi
Unmixed Goods
54
Proceeds of Sale of Unmixed Goods
55
General Reading
56
4.
Perishing of Goods
57
Goods Perishing Before the Contract is Made
57
Perish
58
Unascertained Goods
58
Contrary Agreement
59
Goods Perishing After the Contract is Made
60
The Time of Perishing
60
Perish
60
Unascertained Goods
61
The Passing of Risk and Property
61
Effect of the Contract Being Frustrated or Avoided
62
Effect of Section 20A
63
5.
Seller not the Owner
65
Introduction
65
The General Principle Nemo Dot
Non
Quod
Habet 65
Nemo
Dat
65
A Claim for Conversion
66
Exceptions to the Nemo
Dat
Principle
67
Sale by Agent
67
Estoppel
68
Owner s Signature on Document Intended to Have Legal Effect
71
Mercantile Agents
72
The Seller Must be a Mercantile Agent, i.e. a Factor
73
The Mercantile Agent Must be in Possession of the Goods or Documents of
Title; and He Must Have the Possession at the Time He Sells, Pledges or
Otherwise Disposes of the Goods
74
The Mercantile Agent Must be in Possession of the Goods or Documents of
Title in His Capacity as a Mercantile Agent
74
The Mercantile Agent Must be in Possession of the Goods or Documents of
ЋИе
with the Consent of the Owner
75
The Mercantile Agent in Disposing of the Goods Must Have Been Acting in
the Ordinary Course of Business of a Mercantile Agent
76
The Person Taking the Goods Must Have Taken Them in Good Faith Without
Notice of the Agent s Lack of Authority
77
Market Overt
77
Sale Under a Voidable Title
78
Seller in Possession
80
The Seller Must Have Been in Possession of the Goods or Documents of Title
81
The Subsequent Purchaser Must Be In Good Faith and Without Notice of
the Previous Sale
81
xii
Contents
Buyer in Possession
82
The Person Selling (Pledging, etc.) Must Be Someone Who Has Bought or
Agreed to Buy
83
The Person Selling the Goods Must Have Been a Buyer In Possession ,
i.e.
He Must Have Obtained With the Consent of the Seller, Possession of
the Goods or Documents of Title to the Goods
83
There Must Be a Delivery or Transfer of the Goods or Documents of Title
to the Innocent Sub-Purchaser
84
The Buyer in Possession Must Have Acted in the Normal Course of Business
of a Mercantile Agent
84
The Sub-Purchaser Must Be
Bona Fide
and Unaware that the Original Seller
has any Rights in Respect of the Goods
85
Disposition of Motor Vehicles under the Hire Purchase Act
1964,
РгШ
85
The Seller Must Be Someone Who is Hiring the Vehicle Under a Hire-
Purchase Agreement or Buying It Under a Conditional Sale Agreement
86
The Purchaser Must Be a Private Purchaser
87
The Goods Involved Must Be a Motor Vehicle
88
The Private Purchaser Must Be
Bona Fide
and Unaware of any Relevant
Hire-Purchase or Conditional Sale Agreement
88
The Transaction Under Which the Private Purchaser Buys the Goods Must
Be an Ordinary Sale, or Hire-Purchase or Conditional Sale Agreement
89
Sale under a Common Law or Statutory Power
89
Sale under a Court Order
90
Effect of Writ of Execution
90
General Reading
90
6.
Misrepresentation
91
General Introduction
91
What Amounts to an Actionable Misrepresentation?
91
Remedies
93
Rescission
93
Damages
94
Exclusion
95
Additional or Alternative Defendant
95
General Reading
96
7.
Terms of the Contract
97
Introduction
97
Freedom of Contract
97
Rights of Third Parties
98
Express Terms
99
Warranties and Conditions
100
Stipulations As To Time
101
Implied Terms—Sections
12-15 102
Title
—
Section
12 103
Contents
xiii
Description
—
Section
13 106
Quality—Section
14 108
Satisfactory Quality
—
Section
14(2) 109
Fitness for Purpose
—
Section
14(3) 116
Relationship Between Sections
14(2)
and
14(3) 118
Sample—Section
15 119
Remedies
120
General Reading
120
8.
Supply of Goods and Services Act
1982 123
The First Set—Contracts for the Transfer of Goods
123
Collateral Contracts which are not Contracts of Sale of Goods
124
Contracts of Barter or Exchange
125
Contracts where Payment for Goods is Made by Cheque, Trading Check,
Credit Card, or other Voucher
125
Contracts for Work with Materials Supplied
126
Excepted Contracts
127
The Second Set—Contracts of Hire
127
The Third Set—Contracts for Services
128
9.
Product Liability
131
The Contract of Sale
131
Collateral Contract or Guarantee
132
Negligence
133
Product Liability
135
Basis of the Claim
—
Section
2 135
Meaning of Defect
136
Meaning of Product
139
Damage
—
Section
5 140
The Defendant—Section
2 141
Defences
—
Section
4 142
Exclusion of Liability and Limitation
143
Part II of the Consumer Protection Act
1987 144
The General Product Safety Regulations
2005 145
Scope of the Regulations
146
Meaning of Safe
146
Who is Liable?
148
Defences
148
Prohibition Notices, Notices to Warn, Suspension Notices
149
General Reading
151
10.
Exemption Clauses and Unfair Terms
153
Introduction
153
Incorporation
154
Oral Agreement between Buyer and Seller
154
xiv
Contents
Signed Contractual Document
154
Unsigned Contractual Document
155
Displayed Notices
155
Previous Course of Dealing
156
Trade Usage
157
Overriding Oral Warranty
157
Misrepresentation
157
Privity of Contract
158
Scope of the Clause
159
Old Approach to Interpretation
159
New Approach to Interpretation
159
Introduction to the Unfair Contract Terms Act
1977 161
Exemptions From Sections
12-15
of the Sale of Goods Act: Section
6 162
Consumer Deals
162
Non-Consumer Deals
165
Exemptions from other Terms of the Contract: Section
3 167
Exemptions from Liability for Negligence: Section
2 169
Exemptions from Liability for Misrepresentation: Section
8 169
Business Liability
169
Mixed Exemption Clauses
170
Contracts Other than for the Sale of Goods
170
The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations
1999 171
Contracts to which the Regulations Apply
172
Clarity and Interpretation
172
What is an Unfair Term?
173
Effect of a Term being Unfair
175
Relationship with other Legislation
175
Power of the Office of Fair Trading
176
Reform
176
Consumer Contracts
177
Business to Business Contracts
178
Micro-Business Contracts
179
The Fair and Reasonable Test
179
General Reading
180
It. Delivery and Payment
181
Introduction
181
Concurrent Conditions
181
Delivery
182
Place of Delivery
182
Time of Delivery
183
Expenses
183
Delivery of Wrong Quantity
183
Delivery by Instalments
184
Delivery to a Carrier
186
Payment
186
Contents
xv
12.
Seller s Remedies
189
Personal Remedies
189
The Price
189
Damages for
Non-
Acceptance
190
Remedies Against the Goods
190
Lien
191
Stoppage in Transit
194
Resale
195
General Reading
196
13.
Buyer s Remedies
197
Introduction
197
Specific Performance
197
Rejection of the Goods
198
Trivial Breaches of Implied Condition
199
Acceptance
199
Partial Rejection
202
Waiver
203
Treatment of Contract as Repudiated
203
Action for Damages
204
Recovery of Purchase Price
204
Additional Remedies Available in Consumer Sales
205
Repair or Replacement
206
Reduction in Price or Rescission
208
Additional or Alternative Defendant
208
General Reading
209
14.
The Measure of Damages
211
General Contractual Principles
21
і
Prima
Facie Rules
211
Non-
Acceptance
212
Non-Delivery
213
Anticipatory Breach
214
Late Delivery
215
Breach of Condition
216
Breach of Warranty
216
Sub-Sales
217
Non-Delivery
217
Late Delivery
218
Breach of Term as to Quality
219
Mitigation
219
Penalties
220
General Reading
221
xvi
Contents
15.
Auction Sales
223
Advertisements before the Auction Sale
223
Section
57
of the Sale of Goods Act
1979
223
Reserve Price
224
Exemption Clauses
224
Position of the Auctioneer
225
Contract between Auctioneer and Owner (Vendor)
225
Contract between Auctioneer and Highest Bidder (Purchaser)
226
Auctions (Bidding Agreements) Acts
1927-69
226
Mock Auctions
227
General Reading
228
16.
E-Commerce and Distance Selling
229
Introduction
229
E-Commerce
229
Electronic Communications Act
2000
and the Electronic Signatures
Regulations
2002
229
Electronic Commerce Directive
2000
231
Distance Selling
233
Distance Selling Regulations
233
Contracting Out
234
Distance Contracts
234
Excepted Contracts
235
Information to Consumer
236
Pre-Contract Information
236
Information in Durable Form
237
Notice of Cancellation Rights and Where to Complain etc
237
Cancellation
238
Cancellable Agreements
238
Cancellation Notice
238
Cancellation Period
239
Effect of Cancellation
239
Performance
240
Fraudulent Use of Payment Cards
241
Enforcement
241
Cross-Border Contracts
241
Jurisdiction
242
Branch or Agency
243
Country of Performance
243
Claim by Consumer
243
Claim Relating to Land
244
Non-European Connection
245
Applicable Law
245
Enforcement of a Foreign Judgment
246
General Reading
246
Contents
xvii
17.
Unfair Trading Practices
249
Introduction
249
The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
2005 250
Scope of the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations
2008 250
Unfair Commercial Practices
251
Practices Deemed Unfair as being Contrary to the General Prohibition of
Unfair Commercial Practices
252
Misleading Actions
253
Misleading Omissions
254
Aggressive Practices
256
Unfair in All Circumstances
256
Defences
259
Enforcement
261
Impact on Previous Consumer Protection Measures
261
Trade Descriptions Act
1968 261
Part HI of the Consumer Protection Act
1987 262
Control of Misleading Advertisements Regulations
1988 262
Business Protection from Misleading Marketing Regulations
2008 263
Fair Trading Act
1973
and the Enterprise Act
2002 265
Creation of Criminal Offences
—
An Outdated Mechanism
266
Power to Enforce the General Law on Protection of Consumers
267
General Reading
268
PART
П—
CONSUMER CREDIT
18.
Introduction and Definition of Hire Purchase and Other Forms of
Never-Never
273
Distinction Between Hire Purchase and Sale
273
Conditional Sale and Credit Sale Agreements
276
The Finance Company
276
The Dealer
277
Dealer and Customer
277
Dealer and Finance Company
278
Guarantors and Indemnifiers
278
Other Forms of Never-Never
279
Unsecured Loan
280
Unsecured Credit
280
Secured Credit
281
Guarantee or Indemnity
281
Mortgage of Goods (Chattel Mortgage)
281
Pledge
281
Mortgage of Land
281
Assignment of Life Assurance Policy
282
xviii
Contents
Methods of Providing Credit
282
Bank Loan
283
Bank Overdraft
283
Bank s Revolving Credit
283
Shop s Revolving Credit
283
Check Trading
284
Credit Cards
284
Rental Agreements
287
Credit-Hire Agreements
287
General Reading
288
19.
The Consumer Credit Act
1974 289
Introduction
289
Definitions
291
Consumer Credit Agreements
291
Former Financial Ceiling
292
Abolition of Financial Ceiling
294
Consumer Hire Agreements
295
Regulated Agreements
296
Restricted Use and Unrestricted-Use Agreements
, 296
Debtor-Creditor and Debtor-Creditor-Supplier Agreements
297
Electronic Funds Transfer and Debit Cards
298
Exempt Agreements
299
Small Agreements
303
Non-Commercial Agreements
303
Linked Transactions
304
The Total Charge For Credit
306
The General Rule
307
The Exceptions
308
General Reading
309
20.
Licensing
311
Business Needing a Licence
312
Partial Exclusions
314
Unlicensed Trading
315
Agreements Rendered Unenforceable
316
Regulated Agreements Made by Unlicensed Creditor or Owner
316
Agreements for the Services of Unlicensed Ancillary Credit Trader
317
Regulated Agreements Made After Introduction by Unlicensed
Credit Broker
317
Office of Fair Trading s Licensing Powers
318
21.
Advertising and Seeking Business
321
Canvassing off Trade Premises
321
Canvassing a Consumer to Make a Regulated Agreement
321
Contents
xix
Canvassing the Services of an Ancillary Credit Trader
322
Criminal Offences
323
Circulars to Minors
323
Unsolicited Credit Tokens
323
Advertising
324
Advertisements Controlled by the Act
324
The Control
325
Advertising Regulations
325
Quotations, Advertisements and Health Warnings
326
General Reading
327
22.
Formation of a Consumer Credit Agreement
329
Hire-Purchase, Conditional Sale and Credit Sale Agreements
329
Offer, Acceptance and Revocation
329
Uncertainty
331
Mistake
331
Non Est Factum
333
Misrepresentation
334
Legality
335
Other Regulated Agreements
336
Customer s Representative
336
Negotiator in Antecedent Negotiations
337
Offer and Acceptance
338
Withdrawal of Offer
339
Credit Cards
340
Check Trading
341
Cash Loan
342
Consumer Hire Agreements
342
Credit Broker s Fees and Credit Reference Agencies
343
Credit Broker s Fees
343
Credit Reference Agencies
344
Formalities
344
Agreements Subject to the Formalities Requirements
345
Form and Content
346
Signatures
347
Copies
347
Special Formalities for Cancellable Agreements
349
Special Formalities for Second Mortgage
349
Effect of Non-Compliance with the Requirements
350
Security
352
Cancellation
354
Cancellable Agreements
354
Notice of Cancellation
356
Time Limit
356
Effect of the Notice
357
xx
Contents
23.
Creditor s Liability in Respect of Goods or Services Supplied
361
Introduction
361
Terms of the Goods or Services Agreement
361
Creditor s Liability for the Supplier s Breach
362
Hire-purchase
365
Title
366
Description
368
Quality
369
Sample
369
Delivery and Payment
369
Remedies
370
Exclusion
372
Credit Sale and Conditional Sale
372
General Reading
373
24.
Enforcement by the Creditor or Owner
375
Broad Principles of Enforcement
375
County Court
375
Payment Ahead of Time
376
Payment Behind Time
376
Unfair Agreements
376
Alternative Legislative Provisions
378
Default Notice
379
Death of the Debtor
381
Non-Default Notice
384
Time Order
385
Court s Supplementary Powers
386
Suspended and Conditional Court Orders
386
Amendment of Agreement
386
25.
Termination of Hire-Purchase Contracts
389
Events Causing Termination
390
Mutual Agreement
390
Exercise by the Debtor of a Right of Termination
391
Breach of the Agreement by the Debtor
392
Other Stipulated Events
394
Default Notice and Non-Default Notice
395
Exactly When Will Termination Occur?
395
Can the Notice Requirements Ever Prevent Termination Occurring
Altogether?
395
Recovery of the Goods by the Creditor from the Debtor
396
Common Law
396
Regulated Agreements
397
Protected Goods
397
The Definition
398
Contents
xxi
The Protection
399
Court Action
400
Money Claim by Creditor from Debtor
400
Damages
400
Damages for Repudiation
401
Damages Where the Debtor Does Not Repudiate
401
Damages Where Debtor s Breach is a Breach of Condition
402
Claim Against a Guarantor or Indemnifier
402
Minimum Payments
403
Penalties
403
Regulated Agreements
405
Powers of the Court in the Case of Regulated Agreements
406
Recovery of the Goods by the Creditor in the Hands of a Third Party
407
Sale of the Goods by the Debtor
407
Debtor Creates a Lien
410
Debtor s Landlord Levies Distress
411
Goods Bailed Under a Hire-Purchase Agreement, etc.
411
Goods in the Tenant s Possession with the Owner s Consent in such
Circumstances that the Tenant is the Reputed Owner of Them
411
Debtor Goes Bankrupt
412
Sheriff Levies Execution on the Debtor
412
26.
Termination of Credit Sale, Conditional Sale and Consumer Hire AgreementsH5
Credit Sale Agreements
415
Conditional Sale Agreements
416
Agreements that are not Regulated Agreements
416
Regulated Agreements
416
Buyer s Landlord Levies Distress or Buyer Becomes Bankrupt
417
Consumer Hire Agreements
417
Breach by the Hirer
418
Other Stipulated Events
418
Exercise by the Hirer of a Right of Termination
419
Recovery of the Goods by Owner from Hirer
420
Financial Relief for the Hirer
420
Hirer Wrongfully Disposes of the Goods
420
Hirer s Landlord Levies Distress or Hirer Becomes Bankrupt
421
PART III—AGENCY
27.
The Law of Agency
425
Introduction
425
Definition
425
Authority
426
Consent
426
General Reading
427
xxii
Contents
28.
The Creation of Agency
429
Introduction
429
Creation With Consent
429
Actual Authority
429
Implied Authority
430
Creation Without Consent
431
Apparent Authority
431
Representation from the Principal to the Third Party that the Agent has
Authority
432
Reliance Upon the Representation
433
Third Party Must be Unaware of the Agent s Lack of Authority
433
Usual Authority
434
Necessity
436
Ratification
438
The Principal Must be in Existence at the Time of the Agent s Act
438
The Agent Must Profess to Act as an Agent for the Principal
439
The Principal Must Have the Capacity to Act at the Time of the
Agent s Act
440
The Principal Must Have the Capacity to Act at the Time of the
Ratification
440
General Reading
441
29.
The Duties of an Agent
443
Introduction
443
Performance of Contractual Undertaking
444
Reasonable Skill and Care
446
Fiduciary Duties
447
Definition and Application
447
Conflict of Interests
449
Secret Profits
450
Duty to Account
451
General Reading
452
30.
The Rights of an Agent Against his Principal
453
Introduction
453
Right to Remuneration
453
Right to Indemnity
455
Lien
456
31.
Contracts Made by Agents
457
Introduction
457
The Relationship Between Principal and Third Party
457
Disclosed Principal
457
Undisclosed Principal
458
Merger and Election
461
Contents
xxiii
Third Party s Right to Set-Off
461
The Relationship Between Agent and Third Party
462
Contractual Liability
462
Contractual Rights
464
Liability for Breach of Warrant of Authority
464
General Reading
465
32.
Commercial Agents
467
Introduction
467
Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations
1993 467
Application and Scope
467
Obligations of a Commercial Agent to his Principal
471
Obligations of a Principal to his Commercial Agent
472
Remuneration
472
Termination
474
Restraint of Trade Agreements
477
General Reading
478
33.
Termination Of Agency
479
Introduction
479
The Termination of the Agency
479
Termination by Agreement
479
Termination of Principal s Business
480
Death of Principal or Agent
481
Insanity of Principal or Agent
482
Irrevocable Authority
482
Irrevocable Powers of Attorney
482
Authority Coupled with an Interest
483
Personal Liability of Agent
484
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Page
Preface
v
Acknowledgments
vii
Contents
ix
Table of Cases
xxv
Table of Statutes
xxxvii
Table of Statutory Instruments
xliii
Table of EC and International Legislation
xlvii
PART I—SALE OF GOODS
1.
Introduction and Definition of a Contract of Sale of Goods
3
What this Book is About
3
Historical Development of Sale of Goods Legislation
4
The Role of Agency in Commercial Law
5
The Sale of Goods
5
Definition
5
Sale Distinguished From Other Transactions
7
Contracts for Labour and Materials Supplied
7
Contracts to Supply Computer Software
8
Contracts of Hire-Purchase
9
Contracts of Agency
10
Contracts of Hire
11
The Importance of the Definition
11
2.
Formation and Cancellation of the Contract
13
Formation of the Contract
13
Time of Making the Contract
13
Sales Via the Internet
16
Unsolicited Goods and Services
16
Form of the Contract
18
Capacity
18
The Price
19
The Amount
19
Valuation
20
Deposits
20
ix
χ
Contents
Cancellation
21
Cancellable Agreements
21
Excepted Contracts
22
Cooling-offPeriod
23
Effect of Cancellation
24
Relationship with Cancellation Provisions of the Consumer Credit Act
25
Relationship with Distance-selling Provisions
25
3.
The Passing of Property and Risk
27
Introduction
27
Classification of the Contract
28
Specific Goods
28
Unascertained Goods
29
Future Goods
30
General Reading
31
The Time of the Transfer of Property
31
Specific Goods
31
Unascertained Goods
32
Rules in Section
18 33
Rule
1 33
Rule
2 35
Rule
3 36
Rule
4 36
Rule
5 37
Section
19 42
Transfer of Risk in Non-Consumer Cases
43
Section
20 43
Section
20(2) 43
Section
20(3) 43
"Unless otherwise agreed"
43
Effect of Loss Falling on One Party
45
Transfer of Risk in Consumer Cases
45
General Reading
46
Unascertained Goods from an Identified Bulk
47
Insufficient Quantity in the Bulk
49
The Seller Makes Contracts Under Which the Total Quantity Contracted
to be Sold Out of the Bulk is Greater Than the Total Quantity in the
Specified Bulk
49
The Seller Delivers Goods Out of the Bulk to Another Buyer in Pursuance
of a Contract Other Than One to Supply Goods from That Particular Bulk
50
The Bulk is Destroyed, Reduced or Damaged by Accident or Act of God
50
Limits to the New Rules
51
General Reading
52
Retention of Title Clauses
52
The
Rompala Case
53
Mixed Goods
54
Contents
xi
Unmixed Goods
54
Proceeds of Sale of Unmixed Goods
55
General Reading
56
4.
Perishing of Goods
57
Goods Perishing Before the Contract is Made
57
"Perish"
58
"Unascertained Goods"
58
Contrary Agreement
59
Goods Perishing After the Contract is Made
60
The Time of Perishing
60
"Perish"
60
"Unascertained Goods"
61
The Passing of Risk and Property
61
Effect of the Contract Being Frustrated or Avoided
62
Effect of Section 20A
63
5.
Seller not the Owner
65
Introduction
65
The General Principle Nemo Dot
Non
Quod
Habet 65
Nemo
Dat
65
A Claim for Conversion
66
Exceptions to the Nemo
Dat
Principle
67
Sale by Agent
67
Estoppel
68
Owner's Signature on Document Intended to Have Legal Effect
71
Mercantile Agents
72
The Seller Must be a Mercantile Agent, i.e. a Factor
73
The Mercantile Agent Must be in Possession of the Goods or Documents of
Title; and He Must Have the Possession at the Time He Sells, Pledges or
Otherwise Disposes of the Goods
74
The Mercantile Agent Must be in Possession of the Goods or Documents of
Title in His Capacity as a Mercantile Agent
74
The Mercantile Agent Must be in Possession of the Goods or Documents of
ЋИе
with the Consent of the Owner
75
The Mercantile Agent in Disposing of the Goods Must Have Been Acting in
the Ordinary Course of Business of a Mercantile Agent
76
The Person Taking the Goods Must Have Taken Them in Good Faith Without
Notice of the Agent's Lack of Authority
77
Market Overt
77
Sale Under a Voidable Title
78
Seller in Possession
80
The Seller Must Have Been in Possession of the Goods or Documents of Title
81
The Subsequent Purchaser Must Be "In Good Faith and Without Notice of
the Previous Sale"
81
xii
Contents
Buyer in Possession
82
The Person Selling (Pledging, etc.) Must Be Someone Who Has "Bought or
Agreed to Buy"
83
The Person Selling the Goods Must Have Been a Buyer "In Possession",
i.e.
He Must Have Obtained "With the Consent of the Seller, Possession of
the Goods or Documents of Title to the Goods"
83
There Must Be a Delivery or Transfer of the Goods or Documents of Title
to the Innocent Sub-Purchaser
84
The Buyer in Possession Must Have Acted in the Normal Course of Business
of a Mercantile Agent
84
The Sub-Purchaser Must Be
Bona Fide
and Unaware that the Original Seller
has any Rights in Respect of the Goods
85
Disposition of Motor Vehicles under the Hire Purchase Act
1964,
РгШ
85
The Seller Must Be Someone Who is Hiring the Vehicle Under a Hire-
Purchase Agreement or Buying It Under a Conditional Sale Agreement
86
The Purchaser Must Be a Private Purchaser
87
The Goods Involved Must Be a Motor Vehicle
88
The Private Purchaser Must Be
Bona Fide
and Unaware of any Relevant
Hire-Purchase or Conditional Sale Agreement
88
The Transaction Under Which the Private Purchaser Buys the Goods Must
Be an Ordinary Sale, or Hire-Purchase or Conditional Sale Agreement
89
Sale under a Common Law or Statutory Power
89
Sale under a Court Order
90
Effect of Writ of Execution
90
General Reading
90
6.
Misrepresentation
91
General Introduction
91
What Amounts to an Actionable Misrepresentation?
91
Remedies
93
Rescission
93
Damages
94
Exclusion
95
Additional or Alternative Defendant
95
General Reading
96
7.
Terms of the Contract
97
Introduction
97
Freedom of Contract
97
Rights of Third Parties
98
Express Terms
99
Warranties and Conditions
100
Stipulations As To Time
101
Implied Terms—Sections
12-15 102
Title
—
Section
12 103
Contents
xiii
Description
—
Section
13 106
Quality—Section
14 108
Satisfactory Quality
—
Section
14(2) 109
Fitness for Purpose
—
Section
14(3) 116
Relationship Between Sections
14(2)
and
14(3) 118
Sample—Section
15 119
Remedies
120
General Reading
120
8.
Supply of Goods and Services Act
1982 123
The First Set—Contracts for the Transfer of Goods
123
Collateral Contracts which are not Contracts of Sale of Goods
124
Contracts of Barter or Exchange
125
Contracts where Payment for Goods is Made by Cheque, Trading Check,
Credit Card, or other Voucher
125
Contracts for Work with Materials Supplied
126
Excepted Contracts
127
The Second Set—Contracts of Hire
127
The Third Set—Contracts for Services
128
9.
Product Liability
131
The Contract of Sale
131
Collateral Contract or Guarantee
132
Negligence
133
Product Liability
135
Basis of the Claim
—
Section
2 135
Meaning of "Defect"
136
Meaning of "Product"
139
Damage
—
Section
5 140
The Defendant—Section
2 141
Defences
—
Section
4 142
Exclusion of Liability and Limitation
143
Part II of the Consumer Protection Act
1987 144
The General Product Safety Regulations
2005 145
Scope of the Regulations
146
Meaning of "Safe"
146
Who is Liable?
148
Defences
148
Prohibition Notices, Notices to Warn, Suspension Notices
149
General Reading
151
10.
Exemption Clauses and Unfair Terms
153
Introduction
153
Incorporation
154
Oral Agreement between Buyer and Seller
154
xiv
Contents
Signed Contractual Document
154
Unsigned Contractual Document
155
Displayed Notices
155
Previous Course of Dealing
156
Trade Usage
157
Overriding Oral Warranty
157
Misrepresentation
157
Privity of Contract
158
Scope of the Clause
159
Old Approach to Interpretation
159
New Approach to Interpretation
159
Introduction to the Unfair Contract Terms Act
1977 161
Exemptions From Sections
12-15
of the Sale of Goods Act: Section
6 162
Consumer Deals
162
Non-Consumer Deals
165
Exemptions from other Terms of the Contract: Section
3 167
Exemptions from Liability for Negligence: Section
2 169
Exemptions from Liability for Misrepresentation: Section
8 169
Business Liability
169
Mixed Exemption Clauses
170
Contracts Other than for the Sale of Goods
170
The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations
1999 171
Contracts to which the Regulations Apply
172
Clarity and Interpretation
172
What is an Unfair Term?
173
Effect of a Term being Unfair
175
Relationship with other Legislation
175
Power of the Office of Fair Trading
176
Reform
176
Consumer Contracts
177
Business to Business Contracts
178
Micro-Business Contracts
179
The "Fair and Reasonable" Test
179
General Reading
180
It. Delivery and Payment
181
Introduction
181
Concurrent Conditions
181
Delivery
182
Place of Delivery
182
Time of Delivery
183
Expenses
183
Delivery of Wrong Quantity
183
Delivery by Instalments
184
Delivery to a Carrier
186
Payment
186
Contents
xv
12.
Seller's Remedies
189
Personal Remedies
189
The Price
189
Damages for
Non-
Acceptance
190
Remedies Against the Goods
190
Lien
191
Stoppage in Transit
194
Resale
195
General Reading
196
13.
Buyer's Remedies
197
Introduction
197
Specific Performance
197
Rejection of the Goods
198
Trivial Breaches of Implied Condition
199
Acceptance
199
Partial Rejection
202
Waiver
203
Treatment of Contract as Repudiated
203
Action for Damages
204
Recovery of Purchase Price
204
Additional Remedies Available in Consumer Sales
205
Repair or Replacement
206
Reduction in Price or Rescission
208
Additional or Alternative Defendant
208
General Reading
209
14.
The Measure of Damages
211
General Contractual Principles
21
і
Prima
Facie Rules
211
Non-
Acceptance
212
Non-Delivery
213
Anticipatory Breach
214
Late Delivery
215
Breach of Condition
216
Breach of Warranty
216
Sub-Sales
217
Non-Delivery
217
Late Delivery
218
Breach of Term as to Quality
219
Mitigation
219
Penalties
220
General Reading
221
xvi
Contents
15.
Auction Sales
223
Advertisements before the Auction Sale
223
Section
57
of the Sale of Goods Act
1979
223
Reserve Price
224
Exemption Clauses
224
Position of the Auctioneer
225
Contract between Auctioneer and Owner (Vendor)
225
Contract between Auctioneer and Highest Bidder (Purchaser)
226
Auctions (Bidding Agreements) Acts
1927-69
226
Mock Auctions
227
General Reading
228
16.
E-Commerce and Distance Selling
229
Introduction
229
E-Commerce
229
Electronic Communications Act
2000
and the Electronic Signatures
Regulations
2002
229
Electronic Commerce Directive
2000
231
Distance Selling
233
Distance Selling Regulations
233
Contracting Out
234
Distance Contracts
234
Excepted Contracts
235
Information to Consumer
236
Pre-Contract Information
236
Information in Durable Form
237
Notice of Cancellation Rights and Where to Complain etc
237
Cancellation
238
Cancellable Agreements
238
Cancellation Notice
238
Cancellation Period
239
Effect of Cancellation
239
Performance
240
Fraudulent Use of Payment Cards
241
Enforcement
241
Cross-Border Contracts
241
Jurisdiction
242
Branch or Agency
243
Country of Performance
243
Claim by Consumer
243
Claim Relating to Land
244
Non-European Connection
245
Applicable Law
245
Enforcement of a Foreign Judgment
246
General Reading
246
Contents
xvii
17.
Unfair Trading Practices
249
Introduction
249
The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
2005 250
Scope of the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations
2008 250
Unfair Commercial Practices
251
Practices Deemed Unfair as being Contrary to the General Prohibition of
Unfair Commercial Practices
252
Misleading Actions
253
Misleading Omissions
254
Aggressive Practices
256
Unfair in All Circumstances
256
Defences
259
Enforcement
261
Impact on Previous Consumer Protection Measures
261
Trade Descriptions Act
1968 261
Part HI of the Consumer Protection Act
1987 262
Control of Misleading Advertisements Regulations
1988 262
Business Protection from Misleading Marketing Regulations
2008 263
Fair Trading Act
1973
and the Enterprise Act
2002 265
Creation of Criminal Offences
—
An Outdated Mechanism
266
Power to Enforce the General Law on Protection of Consumers
267
General Reading
268
PART
П—
CONSUMER CREDIT
18.
Introduction and Definition of Hire Purchase and Other Forms of
Never-Never
273
Distinction Between Hire Purchase and Sale
273
Conditional Sale and Credit Sale Agreements
276
The Finance Company
276
The Dealer
277
Dealer and Customer
277
Dealer and Finance Company
278
Guarantors and Indemnifiers
278
Other Forms of Never-Never
279
Unsecured Loan
280
Unsecured Credit
280
Secured Credit
281
Guarantee or Indemnity
281
Mortgage of Goods (Chattel Mortgage)
281
Pledge
281
Mortgage of Land
281
Assignment of Life Assurance Policy
282
xviii
Contents
Methods of Providing Credit
282
Bank Loan
283
Bank Overdraft
283
Bank's Revolving Credit
283
Shop's Revolving Credit
283
Check Trading
284
Credit Cards
284
Rental Agreements
287
Credit-Hire Agreements
287
General Reading
288
19.
The Consumer Credit Act
1974 289
Introduction
289
Definitions
291
Consumer Credit Agreements
291
Former Financial Ceiling
292
Abolition of Financial Ceiling
294
Consumer Hire Agreements
295
Regulated Agreements
296
Restricted Use and Unrestricted-Use Agreements
, 296
Debtor-Creditor and Debtor-Creditor-Supplier Agreements
297
Electronic Funds Transfer and Debit Cards
298
Exempt Agreements
299
Small Agreements
303
Non-Commercial Agreements
303
Linked Transactions
304
The Total Charge For Credit
306
The General Rule
307
The Exceptions
308
General Reading
309
20.
Licensing
311
Business Needing a Licence
312
Partial Exclusions
314
Unlicensed Trading
315
Agreements Rendered Unenforceable
316
Regulated Agreements Made by Unlicensed Creditor or Owner
316
Agreements for the Services of Unlicensed Ancillary Credit Trader
317
Regulated Agreements Made After Introduction by Unlicensed
Credit Broker
317
Office of Fair Trading's Licensing Powers
318
21.
Advertising and Seeking Business
321
Canvassing off Trade Premises
321
Canvassing a Consumer to Make a Regulated Agreement
321
Contents
xix
Canvassing the Services of an Ancillary Credit Trader
322
Criminal Offences
323
Circulars to Minors
323
Unsolicited Credit Tokens
323
Advertising
324
Advertisements Controlled by the Act
324
The Control
325
Advertising Regulations
325
Quotations, Advertisements and Health Warnings
326
General Reading
327
22.
Formation of a Consumer Credit Agreement
329
Hire-Purchase, Conditional Sale and Credit Sale Agreements
329
Offer, Acceptance and Revocation
329
Uncertainty
331
Mistake
331
Non Est Factum
333
Misrepresentation
334
Legality
335
Other Regulated Agreements
336
Customer's Representative
336
Negotiator in Antecedent Negotiations
337
Offer and Acceptance
338
Withdrawal of Offer
339
Credit Cards
340
Check Trading
341
Cash Loan
342
Consumer Hire Agreements
342
Credit Broker's Fees and Credit Reference Agencies
343
Credit Broker's Fees
343
Credit Reference Agencies
344
Formalities
344
Agreements Subject to the Formalities Requirements
345
Form and Content
346
Signatures
347
Copies
347
Special Formalities for Cancellable Agreements
349
Special Formalities for Second Mortgage
349
Effect of Non-Compliance with the Requirements
350
Security
352
Cancellation
354
Cancellable Agreements
354
Notice of Cancellation
356
Time Limit
356
Effect of the Notice
357
xx
Contents
23.
Creditor's Liability in Respect of Goods or Services Supplied
361
Introduction
361
Terms of the Goods or Services Agreement
361
Creditor's Liability for the Supplier's Breach
362
Hire-purchase
365
Title
366
Description
368
Quality
369
Sample
369
Delivery and Payment
369
Remedies
370
Exclusion
372
Credit Sale and Conditional Sale
372
General Reading
373
24.
Enforcement by the Creditor or Owner
375
Broad Principles of Enforcement
375
County Court
375
Payment Ahead of Time
376
Payment Behind Time
376
Unfair Agreements
376
Alternative Legislative Provisions
378
Default Notice
379
Death of the Debtor
381
Non-Default Notice
384
Time Order
385
Court's Supplementary Powers
386
Suspended and Conditional Court Orders
386
Amendment of Agreement
386
25.
Termination of Hire-Purchase Contracts
389
Events Causing Termination
390
Mutual Agreement
390
Exercise by the Debtor of a Right of Termination
391
Breach of the Agreement by the Debtor
392
Other Stipulated Events
394
Default Notice and Non-Default Notice
395
Exactly When Will Termination Occur?
395
Can the Notice Requirements Ever Prevent Termination Occurring
Altogether?
395
Recovery of the Goods by the Creditor from the Debtor
396
Common Law
396
Regulated Agreements
397
Protected Goods
397
The Definition
398
Contents
xxi
The Protection
399
Court Action
400
Money Claim by Creditor from Debtor
400
Damages
400
Damages for Repudiation
401
Damages Where the Debtor Does Not Repudiate
401
Damages Where Debtor's Breach is a Breach of Condition
402
Claim Against a Guarantor or Indemnifier
402
Minimum Payments
403
Penalties
403
Regulated Agreements
405
Powers of the Court in the Case of Regulated Agreements
406
Recovery of the Goods by the Creditor in the Hands of a Third Party
407
Sale of the Goods by the Debtor
407
Debtor Creates a Lien
410
Debtor's Landlord Levies Distress
411
Goods Bailed Under a Hire-Purchase Agreement, etc.
411
Goods in the Tenant's Possession with the Owner's Consent in such
Circumstances that the Tenant is the Reputed Owner of Them
411
Debtor Goes Bankrupt
412
Sheriff Levies Execution on the Debtor
412
26.
Termination of Credit Sale, Conditional Sale and Consumer Hire AgreementsH5
Credit Sale Agreements
415
Conditional Sale Agreements
416
Agreements that are not Regulated Agreements
416
Regulated Agreements
416
Buyer's Landlord Levies Distress or Buyer Becomes Bankrupt
417
Consumer Hire Agreements
417
Breach by the Hirer
418
Other Stipulated Events
418
Exercise by the Hirer of a Right of Termination
419
Recovery of the Goods by Owner from Hirer
420
Financial Relief for the Hirer
420
Hirer Wrongfully Disposes of the Goods
420
Hirer's Landlord Levies Distress or Hirer Becomes Bankrupt
421
PART III—AGENCY
27.
The Law of Agency
425
Introduction
425
Definition
425
Authority
426
Consent
426
General Reading
427
xxii
Contents
28.
The Creation of Agency
429
Introduction
429
Creation With Consent
429
Actual Authority
429
Implied Authority
430
Creation Without Consent
431
Apparent Authority
431
Representation from the Principal to the Third Party that the Agent has
Authority
432
Reliance Upon the Representation
433
Third Party Must be Unaware of the Agent's Lack of Authority
433
Usual Authority
434
Necessity
436
Ratification
438
The Principal Must be in Existence at the Time of the Agent's Act
438
The Agent Must Profess to Act as an Agent for the Principal
439
The Principal Must Have the Capacity to Act at the Time of the
Agent's Act
440
The Principal Must Have the Capacity to Act at the Time of the
Ratification
440
General Reading
441
29.
The Duties of an Agent
443
Introduction
443
Performance of Contractual Undertaking
444
Reasonable Skill and Care
446
Fiduciary Duties
447
Definition and Application
447
Conflict of Interests
449
Secret Profits
450
Duty to Account
451
General Reading
452
30.
The Rights of an Agent Against his Principal
453
Introduction
453
Right to Remuneration
453
Right to Indemnity
455
Lien
456
31.
Contracts Made by Agents
457
Introduction
457
The Relationship Between Principal and Third Party
457
Disclosed Principal
457
Undisclosed Principal
458
Merger and Election
461
Contents
xxiii
Third Party's Right to Set-Off
461
The Relationship Between Agent and Third Party
462
Contractual Liability
462
Contractual Rights
464
Liability for Breach of Warrant of Authority
464
General Reading
465
32.
Commercial Agents
467
Introduction
467
Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations
1993 467
Application and Scope
467
Obligations of a Commercial Agent to his Principal
471
Obligations of a Principal to his Commercial Agent
472
Remuneration
472
Termination
474
Restraint of Trade Agreements
477
General Reading
478
33.
Termination Of Agency
479
Introduction
479
The Termination of the Agency
479
Termination by Agreement
479
Termination of Principal's Business
480
Death of Principal or Agent
481
Insanity of Principal or Agent
482
Irrevocable Authority
482
Irrevocable Powers of Attorney
482
Authority Coupled with an Interest
483
Personal Liability of Agent
484 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Dobson, Alan P. 1945- Stokes, Robert |
| author_GND | (DE-588)128853409 |
| author_facet | Dobson, Alan P. 1945- Stokes, Robert |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Dobson, Alan P. 1945- |
| author_variant | a p d ap apd r s rs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023098266 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | KD1629 |
| callnumber-raw | KD1629 |
| callnumber-search | KD1629 |
| callnumber-sort | KD 41629 |
| callnumber-subject | KD - United Kingdom and Ireland |
| classification_rvk | PU 4361 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)233265605 (DE-599)BVBBV023098266 |
| dewey-full | 346.4207 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 346 - Private law |
| dewey-raw | 346.4207 |
| dewey-search | 346.4207 |
| dewey-sort | 3346.4207 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 7. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Großbritannien |
| id | DE-604.BV023098266 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:43:48Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:10:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780421901308 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016301033 |
| oclc_num | 233265605 |
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| physical | XLVII, 507 S. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
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| publisher | Thomson, Sweet & Maxwell |
| record_format | marc |
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| spelling | Dobson, Alan P. 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)128853409 aut Commercial law Paul Dobson ; Robert Stokes 7. ed. [London] Thomson, Sweet & Maxwell 2008 XLVII, 507 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Textbook series Bis 6. Aufl u.d.T.: Dobson, Alan P.: Sale of goods and consumer credit This work presents a clear and detailed account of commercial law, covering the fundamental principles and how the law works in practice. References to further reading and web-based sources at the end of each chapter enable students to expand their knowledge should they wish to do so. Commercial law England Commercial law Wales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd rswk-swf Handelsrecht (DE-588)4023249-9 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4153616-2 Fallsammlung gnd-content 2\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Handelsrecht (DE-588)4023249-9 s 3\p DE-604 Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 s 4\p DE-604 Stokes, Robert Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016301033&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Dobson, Alan P. 1945- Stokes, Robert Commercial law Commercial law England Commercial law Wales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd Handelsrecht (DE-588)4023249-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066510-0 (DE-588)4023249-9 (DE-588)4022153-2 (DE-588)4153616-2 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Commercial law |
| title_auth | Commercial law |
| title_exact_search | Commercial law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Commercial law |
| title_full | Commercial law Paul Dobson ; Robert Stokes |
| title_fullStr | Commercial law Paul Dobson ; Robert Stokes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Commercial law Paul Dobson ; Robert Stokes |
| title_short | Commercial law |
| title_sort | commercial law |
| topic | Commercial law England Commercial law Wales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd Handelsrecht (DE-588)4023249-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Commercial law England Commercial law Wales Wirtschaftsrecht Handelsrecht Großbritannien Fallsammlung Lehrbuch |
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