Totally accessible MRI: a user's guide to principles, technology, and applications
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY
Springer
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 313 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0387488952 9780387488950 |
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Contents
Foreword by Emanuel Kanal vii
Why This Book? ix
A User's Guide xi
Acknowledgments xv
Part I In the Beginning: Generating, Detecting, and Manipulating
the MR (NMR) Signal
1 Laying the Foundation: Nuclear Magnetism, Spin,
and the NMR Phenomenon 3
The Overall Aim 3
Where Does the MRI Signal Come From? 4
Interaction of Protons with a Static Magnetic Field (B) 10
The Energy Configuration Approach: A Painless (Really!)
Bit of Quantum Mechanics 12
One More Thing. What Exactly Is the MRI Signal
That We Measure? 18
2 Rocking the Boat: Resonance, Excitation,
and Relaxation 19
Introduction: How Can We Find a Signal to Measure? 19
Generating Net Transverse Magnetization 20
3 Relaxation: What Happens Next? 27
What Happens When the Radiofrequency Is Shut Off? 27
Separate, but Equal (Sort of): Two Components
of Relaxation 27
The Spin Echo 32
4 Image Contrast: Tl, T2, T2*, and Proton Density 38
72/72* Contrast 38
Tl Contrast 40
Proton Density Contrast 44
Putting Things Together to Control Image Contrast 45
xvii
xviii Contents
5 Hardware, Especially Gradient Magnetic Fields 47
Why This Chapter? 47
The Bo Magnetic Field 47
Radiofrequency Transmission 55
The Gradient Magnetic Field 55
The RF Coils 60
The Receiver (A2D) 65
The Computer 66
Shielding 68
The Prescan Process 71
Part II User Friendly: Localizing and Optimizing the MRI Signal
for Imaging
6 Spatial Localization: Creating an Image 75
What Is an Image? 75
Understanding and Exploiting Bo Homogeneity 77
Slice Selection Using the Gradient
Magnetic Field 78
Localizing Signal Within the Plane of the Slice:
Background for Frequency
and Phase Encoding 82
Frequency Encoding: The Next Stage 84
Phase Encoding and the Two-dimensional
Fourier Transform 90
Some Comments Regarding k-Space 97
7 Denning Image Size and Spatial Resolution 101
How Much Area Will Be Included in the Image? 101
Specifying the Field of View 102
Aliasing and Its Fixes 103
Refining the Field of View 107
A Footnote Regarding Receiver Bandwidth 109
8 Putting It All Together: An Introduction to
Pulse Sequences 110
Putting It All Together 110
What Exactly Is a Pulse Sequence? 110
The Pulse Sequence Diagram Ill
Building the Pulse Sequence 113
The Spin Echo Pulse Sequence: A First Example 113
What Happens After TE: Multiple Echoes
and Multiple Slices 116
The Gradient Echo Pulse Sequence 119
Contrast Modification in SE and GRE Imaging 127
Contents xix
9 Understanding, Assessing, and Maximizing
Image Quality 128
What Is the Measure of a Good Image? 128
What Is Noise? 129
Signal-to-Noise Ratio: Measuring Image Quality 129
What Affects Signal to Noise? 131
Contrast-to-Noise Ratio: Measuring
Diagnostic Utility 134
Quality Assurance 135
10 Artifacts: When Things Go Wrong, It's Not Necessarily
All Bad 139
Things Do Go Wrong .but It's Not All Bad News 139
Motion 139
Undersampling (Wraparound Artifact) 141
Susceptibility Effects: Signal Loss and
Geometric Distortion 144
Truncation (Gibbs Artifact) 146
Radiofrequency Leak (Zipper Artifact) 149
k-Space Corruption: (Corduroy, Herringbone, and
Spike Artifacts) 150
Chemical Shift Artifact 151
Slice Profile Interactions (Cross-Talk Artifact) 153
11 Safety: First, Do No Harm 154
Who Cares? 154
The Safety ofMRI Versus Iatrogenic Injury 154
Types ofMRI Risk 155
Keeping It Safe: S* 159
Part HI To the Limit: Advanced MRI Applications
12 Preparatory Modules: Saturation Techniques 165
Inversion-Recovery Imaging 165
Spectral Saturation Techniques 169
Hybrid Techniques 170
Selective Excitation 170
Spatial Saturation 171
Magnetization Transfer Contrast 172
13 Readout Modules: Fast Imaging 174
Gradient Echo Approaches 174
Steady-State Free Precession 177
Manipulating k-Space 177
Hyperspace: Echoplanar Imaging 182
Further Exploits in k-Space 185
xx Contents
14 Volumetric Imaging: The Three-dimensional
Fourier Transform 187
Multislice Versus Volumetric Imaging:
Three-dimensional Versus Two-dimensional 187
Two-dimensional Imaging: How Do We Do It? 187
Three-dimensional Imaging: How Do We Do It? 188
15 Parallel Imaging: Acceleration with SENSE
and SMASH 194
Why Another Imaging Technique? 194
So What's New? 194
Basics of Parallel Techniques 195
Sensitivity Encoding: SENSE 197
Simultaneous Acquisition of Spatial Harmonics:
SMASH 198
What Do We Actually Gain and at What Cost? 198
16 Flow and Angiography: Artifacts and Imaging of
Coherent Motion 200
What Is Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Anyway? 200
Basic Principles of Flow for Students of MRI 201
Impact of Flow on the MR Signal 203
Time-of-Flight MRA 212
Something Different: Contrast-Enhanced MRA 221
Don't Forget This Pitfall! 225
Phase-Contrast MRA 226
Where Do We Go from Here? 232
17 Diffusion: Detection of Microscopic Motion 233
Introduction 233
What Is Diffusion? 233
Effect of Diffusion on the MR Signal 234
Making the MR Image Sensitive to Diffusion 234
What Do Diffusion-Sensitized Images Look Like? 236
Quantitative Diffusion Imaging: The ADC 238
Directional Information: DTI 239
18 Understanding and Exploiting Magnetic
Susceptibility 245
What Is Magnetic Susceptibility (%) Anyway? 245
Proton-Electron Dipole Interactions: The Other Face of
Paramagnetism 248
Susceptibility-Related Effects I: Artifacts 248
Susceptibility-Related Effects II: Hemorrhage 249
Susceptibility-Related Effects III: Contrast Agents 254
Contents xxi
Susceptibility-Related Effects TV: Perfusion Imaging 255
Susceptibility-Related Effects V: Functional MRI 259
19 Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging: In Vivo
Chemical Assays by Exploiting the Chemical Shift 263
Introduction 263
The Chemical Basis of MRS 263
What Then Is Spectroscopy (MRS) and How Is It
Different from MRI? 264
Abundance, Resolution, and Detection 265
The Importance of Field Homogeneity 266
Localization: Single-Voxel Methods 267
Localization: Chemical Shift Imaging 270
Brain Chemistry: Brief Overview of
the Proton Spectrum 272
Appendices
Appendix 1 Understanding and Manipulating Vectors 277
Appendix 2 Glossary of Terms 279
Appendix 3 Glossary of Common MRI Acronyms,
Abbreviations, and Notations 291
Appendix 4 Resources for Reference and Further Study 297
Index 299 |
| adam_txt |
Contents
Foreword by Emanuel Kanal vii
Why This Book? ix
A User's Guide xi
Acknowledgments xv
Part I In the Beginning: Generating, Detecting, and Manipulating
the MR (NMR) Signal
1 Laying the Foundation: Nuclear Magnetism, Spin,
and the NMR Phenomenon 3
The Overall Aim 3
Where Does the MRI Signal Come From? 4
Interaction of Protons with a Static Magnetic Field (B) 10
The Energy Configuration Approach: A Painless (Really!)
Bit of Quantum Mechanics 12
One More Thing. What Exactly Is the MRI Signal
That We Measure? 18
2 Rocking the Boat: Resonance, Excitation,
and Relaxation 19
Introduction: How Can We Find a Signal to Measure? 19
Generating Net Transverse Magnetization 20
3 Relaxation: What Happens Next? 27
What Happens When the Radiofrequency Is Shut Off? 27
Separate, but Equal (Sort of): Two Components
of Relaxation 27
The Spin Echo 32
4 Image Contrast: Tl, T2, T2*, and Proton Density 38
72/72* Contrast 38
Tl Contrast 40
Proton Density Contrast 44
Putting Things Together to Control Image Contrast 45
xvii
xviii Contents
5 Hardware, Especially Gradient Magnetic Fields 47
Why This Chapter? 47
The Bo Magnetic Field 47
Radiofrequency Transmission 55
The Gradient Magnetic Field 55
The RF Coils 60
The Receiver (A2D) 65
The Computer 66
Shielding 68
The Prescan Process 71
Part II User Friendly: Localizing and Optimizing the MRI Signal
for Imaging
6 Spatial Localization: Creating an Image 75
What Is an Image? 75
Understanding and Exploiting Bo Homogeneity 77
Slice Selection Using the Gradient
Magnetic Field 78
Localizing Signal Within the Plane of the Slice:
Background for Frequency
and Phase Encoding 82
Frequency Encoding: The Next Stage 84
Phase Encoding and the Two-dimensional
Fourier Transform 90
Some Comments Regarding k-Space 97
7 Denning Image Size and Spatial Resolution 101
How Much Area Will Be Included in the Image? 101
Specifying the Field of View 102
Aliasing and Its Fixes 103
Refining the Field of View 107
A Footnote Regarding Receiver Bandwidth 109
8 Putting It All Together: An Introduction to
Pulse Sequences 110
Putting It All Together 110
What Exactly Is a Pulse Sequence? 110
The Pulse Sequence Diagram Ill
Building the Pulse Sequence 113
The Spin Echo Pulse Sequence: A First Example 113
What Happens After TE: Multiple Echoes
and Multiple Slices 116
The Gradient Echo Pulse Sequence 119
Contrast Modification in SE and GRE Imaging 127
Contents xix
9 Understanding, Assessing, and Maximizing
Image Quality 128
What Is the Measure of a Good Image? 128
What Is Noise? 129
Signal-to-Noise Ratio: Measuring Image Quality 129
What Affects Signal to Noise? 131
Contrast-to-Noise Ratio: Measuring
Diagnostic Utility 134
Quality Assurance 135
10 Artifacts: When Things Go Wrong, It's Not Necessarily
All Bad 139
Things Do Go Wrong .but It's Not All Bad News 139
Motion 139
Undersampling (Wraparound Artifact) 141
Susceptibility Effects: Signal Loss and
Geometric Distortion 144
Truncation (Gibbs Artifact) 146
Radiofrequency Leak (Zipper Artifact) 149
k-Space Corruption: (Corduroy, Herringbone, and
Spike Artifacts) 150
Chemical Shift Artifact 151
Slice Profile Interactions (Cross-Talk Artifact) 153
11 Safety: First, Do No Harm 154
Who Cares? 154
The Safety ofMRI Versus Iatrogenic Injury 154
Types ofMRI Risk 155
Keeping It Safe: S* 159
Part HI To the Limit: Advanced MRI Applications
12 Preparatory Modules: Saturation Techniques 165
Inversion-Recovery Imaging 165
Spectral Saturation Techniques 169
Hybrid Techniques 170
Selective Excitation 170
Spatial Saturation 171
Magnetization Transfer Contrast 172
13 Readout Modules: Fast Imaging 174
Gradient Echo Approaches 174
Steady-State Free Precession 177
Manipulating k-Space 177
Hyperspace: Echoplanar Imaging 182
Further Exploits in k-Space 185
xx Contents
14 Volumetric Imaging: The Three-dimensional
Fourier Transform 187
Multislice Versus Volumetric Imaging:
Three-dimensional Versus Two-dimensional 187
Two-dimensional Imaging: How Do We Do It? 187
Three-dimensional Imaging: How Do We Do It? 188
15 Parallel Imaging: Acceleration with SENSE
and SMASH 194
Why Another Imaging Technique? 194
So What's New? 194
Basics of Parallel Techniques 195
Sensitivity Encoding: SENSE 197
Simultaneous Acquisition of Spatial Harmonics:
SMASH 198
What Do We Actually Gain and at What Cost? 198
16 Flow and Angiography: Artifacts and Imaging of
Coherent Motion 200
What Is Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Anyway? 200
Basic Principles of Flow for Students of MRI 201
Impact of Flow on the MR Signal 203
Time-of-Flight MRA 212
Something Different: Contrast-Enhanced MRA 221
Don't Forget This Pitfall! 225
Phase-Contrast MRA 226
Where Do We Go from Here? 232
17 Diffusion: Detection of Microscopic Motion 233
Introduction 233
What Is Diffusion? 233
Effect of Diffusion on the MR Signal 234
Making the MR Image Sensitive to Diffusion 234
What Do Diffusion-Sensitized Images Look Like? 236
Quantitative Diffusion Imaging: The ADC 238
Directional Information: DTI 239
18 Understanding and Exploiting Magnetic
Susceptibility 245
What Is Magnetic Susceptibility (%) Anyway? 245
Proton-Electron Dipole Interactions: The Other Face of
Paramagnetism 248
Susceptibility-Related Effects I: Artifacts 248
Susceptibility-Related Effects II: Hemorrhage 249
Susceptibility-Related Effects III: Contrast Agents 254
Contents xxi
Susceptibility-Related Effects TV: Perfusion Imaging 255
Susceptibility-Related Effects V: Functional MRI 259
19 Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging: In Vivo
Chemical Assays by Exploiting the Chemical Shift 263
Introduction 263
The Chemical Basis of MRS 263
What Then Is Spectroscopy (MRS) and How Is It
Different from MRI? 264
Abundance, Resolution, and Detection 265
The Importance of Field Homogeneity 266
Localization: Single-Voxel Methods 267
Localization: Chemical Shift Imaging 270
Brain Chemistry: Brief Overview of
the Proton Spectrum 272
Appendices
Appendix 1 Understanding and Manipulating Vectors 277
Appendix 2 Glossary of Terms 279
Appendix 3 Glossary of Common MRI Acronyms,
Abbreviations, and Notations 291
Appendix 4 Resources for Reference and Further Study 297
Index 299 |
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| spelling | Lipton, Michael L. Verfasser aut Totally accessible MRI a user's guide to principles, technology, and applications Michael L. Lipton New York, NY Springer 2008 XXI, 313 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic resonance imaging Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 gnd rswk-swf Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-387-48896-7 text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2863097&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016290483&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lipton, Michael L. Totally accessible MRI a user's guide to principles, technology, and applications Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic resonance imaging Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 gnd |
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| title | Totally accessible MRI a user's guide to principles, technology, and applications |
| title_auth | Totally accessible MRI a user's guide to principles, technology, and applications |
| title_exact_search | Totally accessible MRI a user's guide to principles, technology, and applications |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Totally accessible MRI a user's guide to principles, technology, and applications |
| title_full | Totally accessible MRI a user's guide to principles, technology, and applications Michael L. Lipton |
| title_fullStr | Totally accessible MRI a user's guide to principles, technology, and applications Michael L. Lipton |
| title_full_unstemmed | Totally accessible MRI a user's guide to principles, technology, and applications Michael L. Lipton |
| title_short | Totally accessible MRI |
| title_sort | totally accessible mri a user s guide to principles technology and applications |
| title_sub | a user's guide to principles, technology, and applications |
| topic | Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic resonance imaging Kernspintomografie (DE-588)4120806-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic resonance imaging Kernspintomografie |
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