Vlastnictví periodického tisku v české republice ve letech 1989 - 2006:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Univ. Karlova, Nakl. Karolinum
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 273 S. CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 9788024613871 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137335928913920 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | OBSAH
1.
ÚVOD DO PROBLEMATIKY
.......................................
И
Důvody zvolení tématu
-
osobní motivace
............................... 11
Předmět zájmu práce
................................................ 13
Metodika
.......................................................... 13
Formulace a zdůvodnění hypotézy
..................................... 15
Zhodnocení relevantní sekundární literatury a pramenů
к
danému tématu
...... 16
2.
LEGISLATIVNÍ RÁMEC PERIODICKÉHO TISKU
V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE
............................................ 23
2.1
PRÄVNÍ
PŘEDPISY A JEJICH STRUKTURA, PRÁVNÍ RÁD
........ 23
2.1.
A Vnitrostátní předpisy ČR
..................................... 24
2.1.B Vyhlášené mezinárodní dohody
................................ 24
2.1.
С
Evropské právo
............................................ 25
2.2
POZICE MEDIÁLNÍ LEGISLATIVY V RÁMCI
ČESKÉHO PRÁVNÍHO ŘÁDU:
VÝVOJ TISKOVÉHO PRÁVA V LETECH
1989-2006............... 27
2.2.A Obecné a speciální právní normy regulující tištěná média
s
výjimkou tiskového zákona
................................. 27
2.2.B Tiskový zákon
............................................. 34
2.3
PLATNÁ PRÁVNÍ ÚPRAVA ČESKÝCH TIŠTĚNÝCH MÉDIÍ
......... 46
2.3.
A Ústava a ústavní zákony, vyhlášené mezinárodní smlouvy
.......... 46
2.3.B Předpisy obecné
............................................ 49
2.3.C Tiskový zákon
............................................. 50
2.3.D Ostatní speciální právní normy regulující tištěná média
............. 54
2.3.E Evropské právo
............................................ 55
3.
VLASTNICTVÍ PERIODICKÉHO TISKU V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE
........ 57
Srovnání struktury vlastnictví periodického tisku v ČR
s
ostatními státy
tzv. středovýchodní Evropy a vybranými zeměmi západní Evropy
......... 59
Vliv ekonomiky na mediální subjekt
.................................... 68
Základní vývojové tendence vlastnictví periodického tisku v ČR
............. 76
Deskripce vzniku tržního prostředí
..................................... 84
3.1
ČESKÝ CELOSTÁTNÍ DENNÍ TISK V LETECH
1989-2006......... 87
3.1.A Stav vlastnictví českého celostátního denního tisku v roce
1989...... 87
3.1
.B Český celostátní denní tisk v letech
1989-1992................... 88
3.1
.B.l Tzv. „spontánníprivatizace let
1990-1992............... 88
3.13.2
Vývoj nezprivatizovaných deníků
....................... 103
3.1
.B.3 Nové tituly založené českými vydavateli
.................. 105
3.1
.B.4 Nové tituly založené zahraničními vydavateli
.............. 108
3.1
.C Český celostátní denní tisk v letech
1993-2000................... 109
3.1
.C.l Přesun vlastnictví do majetku zahraničních společností
...... 109
3.1
.C.2 Deníky většinově ovládané českými subjekty
.............. 116
3.1
.D Český celostátní denní tisk v letech
2001-2006................... 119
3.2
AKTUÁLNÍ STRUKTURA VLASTNICTVÍ
ČESKÉHO CELOSTÁTNÍHO DENNÍHO TISKU
.................... 126
3.3
ČESKÝ REGIONÁLNÍ DENNÍ TISK V LETECH
1989-2006......... 134
3.3.A Stav vlastnictví českého regionálního denního tisku v roce
1989..... 135
3.3.B Český regionální denní tisk v letech
1989-1992.................. 135
3.3.
С
Český regionální denní tisk v letech
1993-2000.................. 139
3.3.D Český regionální denní tisk v letech
2001-2006.................. 143
3.4
AKTUÁLNÍ STRUKTURA VLASTNICTVÍ ČESKÉHO
REGIONÁLNÍHO DENNÍHO TISKU
.............................. 151
3.5
ČESKÝ REGIONÁLNÍ TISK
S
DELŠÍ
NEŽ DENNÍ PERIODICITOU
.................................... 162
3.6
ČESKÉ NEDĚLNÍKY
........................................... 174
3.7
ČESKÉ ČASOPISECKÉ TITULY V LETECH
1989-2006............ 176
3.7
.A Vývoj českých časopiseckých titulů v letech
1989-2006............ 176
3.7.
В
České časopisecké tituly v letech
1989-1992..................... 177
3.7.
С
České časopisecké tituly v letech
1993-2000..................... 180
3.7
.D České časopisecké tituly v letech
2001-2006.................... 183
3.8
AKTUÁLNÍ STRUKTURA VLASTNICTVÍ
ČESKÝCH ČASOPISECKÝCH TITULŮ
........................... 186
4.
ZÁVĚR
.......................................................... 216
Zhodnocení poznatků a argumentů, formulace
a odůvodnění stanoviska
к
hypotéze
................................ 216
Možné přístupy
к
problematice transparence vlastnictví
a pluralismu periodického tisku
.................................... 221
ENGLISH SUMMARY................................................
224
ČESKÝ PERIODICKÝ TISK
1989-2006
V DATECH
..................... 229
SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZKRATEK
..................................... 242
PRAMENY
..........................................................245
LITERATURA
.......................................................258
SEZNAM PŘÍLOH NA CD
............................................267
JMENNÝ REJSTŘÍK
.................................................268
ENGLISH
SUMMARY
The key purpose of this work is to describe and analyze in detail the present
ownership structure of periodicals in the Czech Republic and its development in
the years
1989-2006
(with respect to the development up to January
31,2007).
This work also wants to record the development and present state of Czech media
legislature and system of Czech law in general, inclusive of relevant European
law regulations and judicature.
The work is divided into two fundamental sections:
-
legislative frame of periodicals in the Czech Republic, criticizing general
legal question relating to Czech Republic, dealing with history of Czech Press
Law and interrelated legal regulations, as well as analysis of valid precepts of
law regulating print media and their ownership;
-
ownership of periodicals in the Czech Republic, which is by far the most
extensive part of the work. It describes and analyzes in detail the development
of ownership of periodicals in the years
1989-2006
and current state of
ownership of periodicals (national daily newspapers, regional daily
newspapers, regional and local newspapers with longer than daily periodicity,
Sunday newspapers, magazines) in the Czech Republic in the scope, in which
it is possible by available sources and literature;
The closing summary evaluates the acquired findings of the preceding
sections and summarizes the current state of ownership of periodicals Czech
republic, also with certain respect to other East Central European and West
European countries, as well as the reasons for the present ownership of
periodicals structure, particularly the individual steps, which led to the present
state. The possible future approach to the ownership transparency and pluralism
of the periodicals is also being indicated.
At the end of this work an extensive survey of various supplements is
annexed, from which especially the detailed tables and schemes, as well as the
graphs of the ownership relations inside the most important publishing
companies in Czech Republic, further detailed chronology of the Czech
224
ownership of periodicals structure development in the Czech Republic in the
years
1989 - 2006,
detailed overviews of the national and regional daily
newspapers ownership structure, as well as the main magazine publishers and
their magazines including circulation figures in Czech Republic as well as very
detailed overview of the Czech regional press with longer than daily periodicity,
in its prevailing majority with news-content, is necessary to stress.
The hypothesis I determined at the beginning of the research, was the
following: Whereas in the western half of Europe the pluralistic democracies
based on the principles of free market were renewed, in the eastern half the
were installed authoritative regimes oriented towards the USSR. Whereas in
the western half the private enterprising was flourishing
f
or decades, in the
eastern something like that was not possible. Thanks to this, the differences
—
or the gap
-
between the western and eastern half of Europe deepened. When,
after
1989,
the states of the Eastern Europe were endeavoring to the comeback
to the free market economy, the states of Western Europe had big competitive
advantage against them. The states of Western Europe had advanced
technologies, free capital sources, experiences and also saturated markets. In
the Eastern Europe the situation was markedly different and the publishers
mainly from Western Europe had used the opportunity and gained control over
these markets.
The structure of periodicals ownership periodicals in the Czech Republic
and also in the other states of East-Central Europe is a complicated
conglomerate, which developed rapidly from the political changes in
1989
and
generally
-
in connection with the fundamental changes in the political and
economical structure of the Czech Republic as well as the whole East Central
and Eastern Europe in general
-
has been changed essentially in the past
fifteen years, whereas dominant position has been acquired by foreign
publishers. In contrary to this, in Western Europe this structure was already
stabilized in
1989
and such fundamental changes as happened in the countries
of the East Central Europe did not happen there in the monitored period at all;
the exception are periodicals issued on the territory of the former German
Democratic Republic (DDR). Thanks to this, periodicals in the West-European
countries remained under the control of domestic subjects.
As results from the extensive economical analysis of the ownership of
periodicals, the structure of periodicals ownership in Czech Republic (with
present concentration of ownership, legislature, key development characteristics)
is in general comparable to the state in the other East Central European states.
The first thesis of the second paragraph of the hypothesis proved to be true, but
with the exception of the last sentence.
225
It is unquestionable that in Poland and Hungary the extent of foreign
periodicals ownership is comparable to the level in the Czech Republic. In
Slovakia it is somewhat lower, but this fact is given to the certain extent by the
lesser interest of foreign investors for the weak Slovak advertising market and
specific development in Slovakia until
1998.
Moreover the relevant values are
slightly distorted by import of Czech and Hungarian periodicals to Slovakia.
Large Czech, but also Hungarian, Polish and Slovak publishers, which are
producing newspapers or high-circulation consumer magazines (especially
women s and general interest magazines, TV programm weeklies), thus the most
profitable market sectors, are at present largely dominated by foreign owners,
most of them originates in Germany, Switzerland and Scandinavia. This
phenomenon is common denominator for all states of the East Central Europe
except Slovenia. Here is the situation profoundly different. Most of the publishers
in Slovenia is owned by domestic owners, the majority of which is to the certain
extent controlled by the state. Thus, Slovenia is the only state from the East
Central Europe, where the foreign owners do not have dominant position in the
area of periodicals. Therefore the last sentence of the first thesis of the second
paragraph of work proved to be true only in part.
As is extensively described in the work, foreign, mostly West European
publishers were entering the Czech national market of periodicals (and of course
also in the national markets of the other East Central European states) shortly
after
1989.
They disposed of necessary know-how, had good financial
background and the competitive advantage of non-saturated markets. This newly
emerged branches of western publishers co-existed besides the national
publishers, which by assorted ways of privatization, generally for low prices or
even absolutely for free ( spontaneous privatization ) got out of state property to
the property of private subjects, or which were established by these subjects in
a few years after the revolutions.
Hereto comes about the fundamental ownership turnover. In the atmosphere
of under-capitalized economic of the Czech republic (and of course also in the
other states of the East Central Europe) were no sufficient financial resources for
financing of essential technological transforms and modernizations. Also the fact
that a number of individuals acquired the individual publishing companies very
easily and neither had owner relationships to them at all, nor even understood
economic regularities and the principles of business management. The majority
of periodicals was sold by these domestic owners for easy money to foreign
investors, or ceased to exist. This was the way how the strong dominance of
foreign publishers in the Czech republic and other countries of East Central
Europe arisen, being now subject to frequent criticism.
226
In Czech Republic it is often stressed that Czech Republic (or Czechoslovakia
respectively) after
1989
fully opened itself to foreign capital inflow, this also to
domestic media. In the other comparable states (Poland, Hungary, Slovakia) the
situation had not been substantially different. At present the state of periodicals
ownership is analogous. The sector of periodicals in all states of the East Central
Europe (with the exception of Slovenia) is considerably internationalized,
whereas the most important positions are being held by publishers from Germany
and Switzerland. Important positions belongs also to Scandinavian, French and
American publishers. Many of these companies derive benefit from the
possibility of advantageous taxation and act in the East Central European states
through their Dutch subsidiaries.
The contribution of foreign investors was positive in many respects: with the
aid of financial funds brought by these companies it had been possible to
overcome the technical backwardness of the editor s offices and to extend the
insufficient printing plants capacity in relatively short period of time. The
publishers of periodicals, primarily dailies, with foreign investor were more
resistant against the influence of political crisis and economical pressures. They
were able to sample with greater distance and criticism some negative
phenomenons of the political representations in the East Central European
countries (i.e. the non-transparent financing of political parties) as well as non-
observance of the fundamental principles of market economy and consequent
problems (i.e. banking socialism
-
in Czech Republic the case of IPB).
But their presence had also its negative aspects: the foreign owners consider
periodicals as economic units only, whose only purpose is to generate profit. The
cultural role of periodicals, which has subsequent effect to social processes in the
individual countries, receded into the background. The problem is not the fact
that the foreign owners would exercise an influence on the content of periodicals,
intermeddle with editor s work and determine the themes and content of news
and commentaries. The problem is the fact that the foreign investors are
interested in business figures and especially profit only and the rest retains in the
powers of its domestic employees. Just these domestic managers and editors-in-
chief are determining the profile of individual periodicals. In that they in the
number of cases are trying to increase readership at any price, they contribute to
opinion sloppiness of the periodicals (mainly newspapers) in the East Central
European countries. The endeavor to open up solutions, which are acceptable
both for foreign owners and the political and social scene of the individual East
Central European states, is missing to these executives.
The state of periodicals ownership in the large states of Western Europe (e.g.
Germany, France) is, in contrary to all states of East Central Europe with the
227
exception
of Slovenia, markedly different. Most of publishers is being owned by
domestic subjects. Nothing had been changed on this fact even by the
development after
1989,
thought it is possible to trace up that also in the large
West European countries (Germany and especially France) that foreign
companies are entering their national markets, this by buying shares in existing
companies or by establishing branches of foreign publishers. On the territory of
former DDR the majority of publishers had been acquired by companies from
olď
Bundesländer,
or ceased to exist. Therefore the second and third thesis of
the second paragraph of hypothesis proved to be true.
In all states of East Central Europe as well as large West European states,
especially in the field of daily newspapers, frequent examples of vertical
concentrations of ownership are existing. The publisher is often also the owner
of printing plants and together with others publishers the co-owner of distributor
of periodicals. Horizontal concentration of ownership is also distinctively
developed. Diagonal concentration is more markedly developed in the large
states of Western Europe than in East Central Europe. Thanks to the development
after
1989,
when West European publishers gained control of the number of East
Central European publishers, the transnational ownership of periodicals is
considerably developed.
The key market segments of national and regional daily newspapers and
consumer magazines is in almost all countries of East Central Europe dominated
by foreign companies (the only exception is Slovenia), which owns the
publishing companies, whereas these markets in the states of Western Europe are
dominated by national publishers. The sector of regional periodicals with longer
than daily duration of cycle is dominated by national publishers in all of the
countries.
The key for understanding of this state lies inside the historical development
in both halves of Europe after
1945.
As it is stated in the first paragraph of the
hypothesis, that it is necessary to seek for the reasons for differences in
periodicals ownership in the different development in both halves of Europe after
1945,
proved to be true in countries of Western Europe as well as countries of
East Central Europe, but with the exception of Slovenia.
228
|
| adam_txt |
OBSAH
1.
ÚVOD DO PROBLEMATIKY
.
И
Důvody zvolení tématu
-
osobní motivace
. 11
Předmět zájmu práce
. 13
Metodika
. 13
Formulace a zdůvodnění hypotézy
. 15
Zhodnocení relevantní sekundární literatury a pramenů
к
danému tématu
. 16
2.
LEGISLATIVNÍ RÁMEC PERIODICKÉHO TISKU
V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE
. 23
2.1
PRÄVNÍ
PŘEDPISY A JEJICH STRUKTURA, PRÁVNÍ RÁD
. 23
2.1.
A Vnitrostátní předpisy ČR
. 24
2.1.B Vyhlášené mezinárodní dohody
. 24
2.1.
С
Evropské právo
. 25
2.2
POZICE MEDIÁLNÍ LEGISLATIVY V RÁMCI
ČESKÉHO PRÁVNÍHO ŘÁDU:
VÝVOJ TISKOVÉHO PRÁVA V LETECH
1989-2006. 27
2.2.A Obecné a speciální právní normy regulující tištěná média
s
výjimkou tiskového zákona
. 27
2.2.B Tiskový zákon
. 34
2.3
PLATNÁ PRÁVNÍ ÚPRAVA ČESKÝCH TIŠTĚNÝCH MÉDIÍ
. 46
2.3.
A Ústava a ústavní zákony, vyhlášené mezinárodní smlouvy
. 46
2.3.B Předpisy obecné
. 49
2.3.C Tiskový zákon
. 50
2.3.D Ostatní speciální právní normy regulující tištěná média
. 54
2.3.E Evropské právo
. 55
3.
VLASTNICTVÍ PERIODICKÉHO TISKU V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE
. 57
Srovnání struktury vlastnictví periodického tisku v ČR
s
ostatními státy
tzv. středovýchodní Evropy a vybranými zeměmi západní Evropy
. 59
Vliv ekonomiky na mediální subjekt
. 68
Základní vývojové tendence vlastnictví periodického tisku v ČR
. 76
Deskripce vzniku tržního prostředí
. 84
3.1
ČESKÝ CELOSTÁTNÍ DENNÍ TISK V LETECH
1989-2006. 87
3.1.A Stav vlastnictví českého celostátního denního tisku v roce
1989. 87
3.1
.B Český celostátní denní tisk v letech
1989-1992. 88
3.1
.B.l Tzv. „spontánníprivatizace" let
1990-1992. 88
3.13.2
Vývoj nezprivatizovaných deníků
. 103
3.1
.B.3 Nové tituly založené českými vydavateli
. 105
3.1
.B.4 Nové tituly založené zahraničními vydavateli
. 108
3.1
.C Český celostátní denní tisk v letech
1993-2000. 109
3.1
.C.l Přesun vlastnictví do majetku zahraničních společností
. 109
3.1
.C.2 Deníky většinově ovládané českými subjekty
. 116
3.1
.D Český celostátní denní tisk v letech
2001-2006. 119
3.2
AKTUÁLNÍ STRUKTURA VLASTNICTVÍ
ČESKÉHO CELOSTÁTNÍHO DENNÍHO TISKU
. 126
3.3
ČESKÝ REGIONÁLNÍ DENNÍ TISK V LETECH
1989-2006. 134
3.3.A Stav vlastnictví českého regionálního denního tisku v roce
1989. 135
3.3.B Český regionální denní tisk v letech
1989-1992. 135
3.3.
С
Český regionální denní tisk v letech
1993-2000. 139
3.3.D Český regionální denní tisk v letech
2001-2006. 143
3.4
AKTUÁLNÍ STRUKTURA VLASTNICTVÍ ČESKÉHO
REGIONÁLNÍHO DENNÍHO TISKU
. 151
3.5
ČESKÝ REGIONÁLNÍ TISK
S
DELŠÍ
NEŽ DENNÍ PERIODICITOU
. 162
3.6
ČESKÉ NEDĚLNÍKY
. 174
3.7
ČESKÉ ČASOPISECKÉ TITULY V LETECH
1989-2006. 176
3.7
.A Vývoj českých časopiseckých titulů v letech
1989-2006. 176
3.7.
В
České časopisecké tituly v letech
1989-1992. 177
3.7.
С
České časopisecké tituly v letech
1993-2000. 180
3.7
.D České časopisecké tituly v letech
2001-2006. 183
3.8
AKTUÁLNÍ STRUKTURA VLASTNICTVÍ
ČESKÝCH ČASOPISECKÝCH TITULŮ
. 186
4.
ZÁVĚR
. 216
Zhodnocení poznatků a argumentů, formulace
a odůvodnění stanoviska
к
hypotéze
. 216
Možné přístupy
к
problematice transparence vlastnictví
a pluralismu periodického tisku
. 221
ENGLISH SUMMARY.
224
ČESKÝ PERIODICKÝ TISK
1989-2006
V DATECH
. 229
SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZKRATEK
. 242
PRAMENY
.245
LITERATURA
.258
SEZNAM PŘÍLOH NA CD
.267
JMENNÝ REJSTŘÍK
.268
ENGLISH
SUMMARY
The key purpose of this work is to describe and analyze in detail the present
ownership structure of periodicals in the Czech Republic and its development in
the years
1989-2006
(with respect to the development up to January
31,2007).
This work also wants to record the development and present state of Czech media
legislature and system of Czech law in general, inclusive of relevant European
law regulations and judicature.
The work is divided into two fundamental sections:
-
legislative frame of periodicals in the Czech Republic, criticizing general
legal question relating to Czech Republic, dealing with history of Czech Press
Law and interrelated legal regulations, as well as analysis of valid precepts of
law regulating print media and their ownership;
-
ownership of periodicals in the Czech Republic, which is by far the most
extensive part of the work. It describes and analyzes in detail the development
of ownership of periodicals in the years
1989-2006
and current state of
ownership of periodicals (national daily newspapers, regional daily
newspapers, regional and local newspapers with longer than daily periodicity,
Sunday newspapers, magazines) in the Czech Republic in the scope, in which
it is possible by available sources and literature;
The closing summary evaluates the acquired findings of the preceding
sections and summarizes the current state of ownership of periodicals Czech
republic, also with certain respect to other East Central European and West
European countries, as well as the reasons for the present ownership of
periodicals structure, particularly the individual steps, which led to the present
state. The possible future approach to the ownership transparency and pluralism
of the periodicals is also being indicated.
At the end of this work an extensive survey of various supplements is
annexed, from which especially the detailed tables and schemes, as well as the
graphs of the ownership relations inside the most important publishing
companies in Czech Republic, further detailed chronology of the Czech
224
ownership of periodicals structure development in the Czech Republic in the
years
1989 - 2006,
detailed overviews of the national and regional daily
newspapers ownership structure, as well as the main magazine publishers and
their magazines including circulation figures in Czech Republic as well as very
detailed overview of the Czech regional press with longer than daily periodicity,
in its prevailing majority with news-content, is necessary to stress.
The hypothesis I determined at the beginning of the research, was the
following: "Whereas in the western half of Europe the pluralistic democracies
based on the principles of free market were renewed, in the eastern half the
were installed authoritative regimes oriented towards the USSR. Whereas in
the western half the private enterprising was flourishing
f
or decades, in the
eastern something like that was not possible. Thanks to this, the differences
—
or the gap
-
between the western and eastern half of Europe deepened. When,
after
1989,
the states of the Eastern Europe were endeavoring to the comeback
to the free market economy, the states of Western Europe had big competitive
advantage against them. The states of Western Europe had advanced
technologies, free capital sources, experiences and also saturated markets. In
the Eastern Europe the situation was markedly different and the publishers
mainly from Western Europe had used the opportunity and gained control over
these markets.
The structure of periodicals ownership periodicals in the Czech Republic
and also in the other states of East-Central Europe is a complicated
conglomerate, which developed rapidly from the political changes in
1989
and
generally
-
in connection with the fundamental changes in the political and
economical structure of the Czech Republic as well as the whole East Central
and Eastern Europe in general
-
has been changed essentially in the past
fifteen years, whereas dominant position has been acquired by foreign
publishers. In contrary to this, in Western Europe this structure was already
stabilized in
1989
and such fundamental changes as happened in the countries
of the East Central Europe did not happen there in the monitored period at all;
the exception are periodicals issued on the territory of the former German
Democratic Republic (DDR). Thanks to this, periodicals in the West-European
countries remained under the control of domestic subjects."
As results from the extensive economical analysis of the ownership of
periodicals, the structure of periodicals ownership in Czech Republic (with
present concentration of ownership, legislature, key development characteristics)
is in general comparable to the state in the other East Central European states.
The first thesis of the second paragraph of the hypothesis proved to be true, but
with the exception of the last sentence.
225
It is unquestionable that in Poland and Hungary the extent of foreign
periodicals ownership is comparable to the level in the Czech Republic. In
Slovakia it is somewhat lower, but this fact is given to the certain extent by the
lesser interest of foreign investors for the weak Slovak advertising market and
specific development in Slovakia until
1998.
Moreover the relevant values are
slightly distorted by import of Czech and Hungarian periodicals to Slovakia.
Large Czech, but also Hungarian, Polish and Slovak publishers, which are
producing newspapers or high-circulation consumer magazines (especially
women's and general interest magazines, TV programm weeklies), thus the most
profitable market sectors, are at present largely dominated by foreign owners,
most of them originates in Germany, Switzerland and Scandinavia. This
phenomenon is common denominator for all states of the East Central Europe
except Slovenia. Here is the situation profoundly different. Most of the publishers
in Slovenia is owned by domestic owners, the majority of which is to the certain
extent controlled by the state. Thus, Slovenia is the only state from the East
Central Europe, where the foreign owners do not have dominant position in the
area of periodicals. Therefore the last sentence of the first thesis of the second
paragraph of work proved to be true only in part.
As is extensively described in the work, foreign, mostly West European
publishers were entering the Czech national market of periodicals (and of course
also in the national markets of the other East Central European states) shortly
after
1989.
They disposed of necessary know-how, had good financial
background and the competitive advantage of non-saturated markets. This newly
emerged branches of western publishers co-existed besides the national
publishers, which by assorted ways of privatization, generally for low prices or
even absolutely for free ("spontaneous privatization") got out of state property to
the property of private subjects, or which were established by these subjects in
a few years after the revolutions.
Hereto comes about the fundamental ownership turnover. In the atmosphere
of under-capitalized economic of the Czech republic (and of course also in the
other states of the East Central Europe) were no sufficient financial resources for
financing of essential technological transforms and modernizations. Also the fact
that a number of individuals acquired the individual publishing companies very
easily and neither had owner relationships to them at all, nor even understood
economic regularities and the principles of business management. The majority
of periodicals was sold by these domestic owners for easy money to foreign
investors, or ceased to exist. This was the way how the strong dominance of
foreign publishers in the Czech republic and other countries of East Central
Europe arisen, being now subject to frequent criticism.
226
In Czech Republic it is often stressed that Czech Republic (or Czechoslovakia
respectively) after
1989
fully opened itself to foreign capital inflow, this also to
domestic media. In the other comparable states (Poland, Hungary, Slovakia) the
situation had not been substantially different. At present the state of periodicals
ownership is analogous. The sector of periodicals in all states of the East Central
Europe (with the exception of Slovenia) is considerably internationalized,
whereas the most important positions are being held by publishers from Germany
and Switzerland. Important positions belongs also to Scandinavian, French and
American publishers. Many of these companies derive benefit from the
possibility of advantageous taxation and act in the East Central European states
through their Dutch subsidiaries.
The contribution of foreign investors was positive in many respects: with the
aid of financial funds brought by these companies it had been possible to
overcome the technical backwardness of the editor's offices and to extend the
insufficient printing plants capacity in relatively short period of time. The
publishers of periodicals, primarily dailies, with foreign investor were more
resistant against the influence of political crisis and economical pressures. They
were able to sample with greater distance and criticism some negative
phenomenons of the political representations in the East Central European
countries (i.e. the non-transparent financing of political parties) as well as non-
observance of the fundamental principles of market economy and consequent
problems (i.e. banking socialism
-
in Czech Republic the case of IPB).
But their presence had also its negative aspects: the foreign owners consider
periodicals as economic units only, whose only purpose is to generate profit. The
cultural role of periodicals, which has subsequent effect to social processes in the
individual countries, receded into the background. The problem is not the fact
that the foreign owners would exercise an influence on the content of periodicals,
intermeddle with editor's work and determine the themes and content of news
and commentaries. The problem is the fact that the foreign investors are
interested in business figures and especially profit only and the rest retains in the
powers of its domestic employees. Just these domestic managers and editors-in-
chief are determining the profile of individual periodicals. In that they in the
number of cases are trying to increase readership at any price, they contribute to
opinion sloppiness of the periodicals (mainly newspapers) in the East Central
European countries. The endeavor to open up solutions, which are acceptable
both for foreign owners and the political and social scene of the individual East
Central European states, is missing to these executives.
The state of periodicals ownership in the large states of Western Europe (e.g.
Germany, France) is, in contrary to all states of East Central Europe with the
227
exception
of Slovenia, markedly different. Most of publishers is being owned by
domestic subjects. Nothing had been changed on this fact even by the
development after
1989,
thought it is possible to trace up that also in the large
West European countries (Germany and especially France) that foreign
companies are entering their national markets, this by buying shares in existing
companies or by establishing branches of foreign publishers. On the territory of
former DDR the majority of publishers had been acquired by companies from
"olď'
Bundesländer,
or ceased to exist. Therefore the second and third thesis of
the second paragraph of hypothesis proved to be true.
In all states of East Central Europe as well as large West European states,
especially in the field of daily newspapers, frequent examples of vertical
concentrations of ownership are existing. The publisher is often also the owner
of printing plants and together with others publishers the co-owner of distributor
of periodicals. Horizontal concentration of ownership is also distinctively
developed. Diagonal concentration is more markedly developed in the large
states of Western Europe than in East Central Europe. Thanks to the development
after
1989,
when West European publishers gained control of the number of East
Central European publishers, the transnational ownership of periodicals is
considerably developed.
The key market segments of national and regional daily newspapers and
consumer magazines is in almost all countries of East Central Europe dominated
by foreign companies (the only exception is Slovenia), which owns the
publishing companies, whereas these markets in the states of Western Europe are
dominated by national publishers. The sector of regional periodicals with longer
than daily duration of cycle is dominated by national publishers in all of the
countries.
The key for understanding of this state lies inside the historical development
in both halves of Europe after
1945.
As it is stated in the first paragraph of the
hypothesis, that it is necessary to seek for the reasons for differences in
periodicals ownership in the different development in both halves of Europe after
1945,
proved to be true in countries of Western Europe as well as countries of
East Central Europe, but with the exception of Slovenia.
228 |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:39:08Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:10:40Z |
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| isbn | 9788024613871 |
| language | Czech |
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| spelling | Benda, Josef Verfasser aut Vlastnictví periodického tisku v české republice ve letech 1989 - 2006 Josef Benda Vyd. 1. Praha Univ. Karlova, Nakl. Karolinum 2007 273 S. CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1989-2006 gnd rswk-swf Eigentümer (DE-588)4151183-9 gnd rswk-swf Presse (DE-588)4047150-0 gnd rswk-swf Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 gnd rswk-swf Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 g Presse (DE-588)4047150-0 s Eigentümer (DE-588)4151183-9 s Geschichte 1989-2006 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016288860&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016288860&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Benda, Josef Vlastnictví periodického tisku v české republice ve letech 1989 - 2006 Eigentümer (DE-588)4151183-9 gnd Presse (DE-588)4047150-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4151183-9 (DE-588)4047150-0 (DE-588)4303381-7 |
| title | Vlastnictví periodického tisku v české republice ve letech 1989 - 2006 |
| title_auth | Vlastnictví periodického tisku v české republice ve letech 1989 - 2006 |
| title_exact_search | Vlastnictví periodického tisku v české republice ve letech 1989 - 2006 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Vlastnictví periodického tisku v české republice ve letech 1989 - 2006 |
| title_full | Vlastnictví periodického tisku v české republice ve letech 1989 - 2006 Josef Benda |
| title_fullStr | Vlastnictví periodického tisku v české republice ve letech 1989 - 2006 Josef Benda |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vlastnictví periodického tisku v české republice ve letech 1989 - 2006 Josef Benda |
| title_short | Vlastnictví periodického tisku v české republice ve letech 1989 - 2006 |
| title_sort | vlastnictvi periodickeho tisku v ceske republice ve letech 1989 2006 |
| topic | Eigentümer (DE-588)4151183-9 gnd Presse (DE-588)4047150-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Eigentümer Presse Tschechien |
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